independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecomparativecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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The gospel handed on — died, buried, raised, appeared 15:1–11
vv. 1–2 — the gospel recalled: preached, received, stood in, saving
1
Γνωρίζω δὲ ὑμῖν, ἀδελφοί, τὸ εὐαγγέλιονindependent — disclosure formula — reminding, not revealing
ὃ εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν,relative — the relative train opens — preached
ὃ καὶ παρελάβετε,relative — παραλαμβάνω — the tradition-word (cf. v. 3)
ἐν ᾧ καὶ ἑστήκατε,relative — perfect — the ground they stand on
2
δι' οὗ καὶ σῴζεσθε,relative — present passive — salvation still in progress
τίνι λόγῳ εὐηγγελισάμην ὑμῖν εἰ κατέχετε,conditional — backward protasis on σῴζεσθε — τίνι λόγῳ fronted by prolepsis into the εἰ-clause
ἐκτὸς εἰ μὴ εἰκῇ ἐπιστεύσατε.conditional — ἐκτὸς εἰ μή — the grim double-conditional exception
vv. 3–7 — the creed handed on, with its witness list
3
παρέδωκα γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐν πρώτοιςindependent — παραδίδωμι — technical term for transmitting fixed tradition
ὃ καὶ παρέλαβον,relative — the chain of tradition — received before delivered
ὅτι Χριστὸς ἀπέθανεν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν κατὰ τὰς γραφάς,content — the creed, line 1 — died ὑπέρ, with the first γραφάς refrain
4
καὶ ὅτι ἐτάφη,content — line 2 — the burial seals the death
καὶ ὅτι ἐγήγερται τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ κατὰ τὰς γραφάς,content — line 3 — perfect ἐγήγερται: raised and still risen; the refrain again
5
καὶ ὅτι ὤφθη Κηφᾷ,content — line 4 — the witness list opens
εἶτα τοῖς δώδεκα·phrase modifier — elliptical — ὤφθη carried forward
6
ἔπειτα ὤφθη ἐπάνω πεντακοσίοις ἀδελφοῖς ἐφάπαξ,independent — the list continues in Paul's own voice
ἐξ ὧν οἱ πλείονες μένουσιν ἕως ἄρτι,relative — living witnesses — an implicit invitation to verify
τινὲς δὲ ἐκοιμήθησαν·relative — the relative continued — κοιμάομαι anticipates vv. 18, 20
7
ἔπειτα ὤφθη Ἰακώβῳ,independent — the Lord's brother
εἶτα τοῖς ἀποστόλοις πᾶσιν·phrase modifier — elliptical — ὤφθη supplied
vv. 8–11 — last of all, to me: grace not in vain
8
ἔσχατον δὲ πάντων ὡσπερεὶ τῷ ἐκτρώματι ὤφθη κἀμοί.independent — ὡσπερεὶ τῷ ἐκτρώματι — the abnormal, late-born apostle
9
Ἐγὼ γάρ εἰμι ὁ ἐλάχιστος τῶν ἀποστόλων,cause — why 'untimely born' — the digression on grace opens
ὃς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς καλεῖσθαι ἀπόστολος,relative — first person retained inside the relative
διότι ἐδίωξα τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ θεοῦ·cause — the disqualifying past
10
χάριτι δὲ θεοῦ εἰμι ὅ εἰμι,independent — the pivot — χάριτι fronted
καὶ ἡ χάρις αὐτοῦ ἡ εἰς ἐμὲ οὐ κενὴ ἐγενήθη,independent — κενή — the chapter's key word (cf. vv. 14, 58)
ἀλλὰ περισσότερον αὐτῶν πάντων ἐκοπίασα,independent — grace proved in toil
οὐκ ἐγὼ δὲ ἀλλὰ ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ ἡ σὺν ἐμοί.phrase modifier — the boast corrected mid-sentence
11
εἴτε οὖν ἐγὼ εἴτε ἐκεῖνοι,conditional — εἴτε … εἴτε — the messenger indifferent; leans on the clause below
οὕτως κηρύσσομενindependent — one message from every witness
καὶ οὕτως ἐπιστεύσατε.independent — the common ground the argument stands on
If Christ is not raised — the reductio 15:12–19
vv. 12–15 — deny the resurrection, and Christ is not raised
12
Εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς κηρύσσεταιconditional — protasis — leans on the question below
ὅτι ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγήγερται,content — the content of the preaching
πῶς λέγουσιν ἐν ὑμῖν τινεςindependent — the diatribe question — the deniers named
ὅτι ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν οὐκ ἔστιν;content — the denial quoted
13
εἰ δὲ ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν οὐκ ἔστιν,conditional — protasis — the denial assumed for argument
οὐδὲ Χριστὸς ἐγήγερται·independent — apodosis — the categories stand or fall together
14
εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς οὐκ ἐγήγερται,conditional — protasis — the cascade continues
κενὸν ἄρα τὸ κήρυγμα ἡμῶν,independent — verdict — κενόν, hollow of content
κενὴ καὶ ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν.independent — the verdict doubled — κενή echoes v. 10
15
εὑρισκόμεθα δὲ καὶ ψευδομάρτυρες τοῦ θεοῦ,independent — the apostles indicted — perjurers against God
ὅτι ἐμαρτυρήσαμεν κατὰ τοῦ θεοῦcause — ὅτι-causal — κατὰ τοῦ θεοῦ, testimony against him
ὅτι ἤγειρεν τὸν Χριστόν,content — the testimony's content
ὃν οὐκ ἤγειρενrelative — the relative that retracts — on the deniers' premise
εἴπερ ἄρα νεκροὶ οὐκ ἐγείρονται.conditional — εἴπερ — backward conditional, hanging on the retraction
vv. 16–19 — the toll: futile faith, sins retained, the dead lost
16
εἰ γὰρ νεκροὶ οὐκ ἐγείρονται,conditional — protasis — v. 13 restated to fix the premise
οὐδὲ Χριστὸς ἐγήγερται·independent — apodosis — the refrain returns
17
εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς οὐκ ἐγήγερται,conditional — protasis — the last and deadliest round
ματαία ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν,independent — ματαία — futile, achieving nothing
ἔτι ἐστὲ ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν.independent — the atonement unratified
18
ἄρα καὶ οἱ κοιμηθέντες ἐν Χριστῷ ἀπώλοντο.independent — ἄρα — 'fallen asleep' becomes 'perished'
19
εἰ ἐν τῇ ζωῇ ταύτῃ ἐν Χριστῷ ἠλπικότες ἐσμὲν μόνον,conditional — protasis — μόνον read with the whole clause
ἐλεεινότεροι πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐσμέν.independent — the reductio's floor — comparative ἐλεεινότεροι
But Christ has been raised — firstfruits and the final reign 15:20–28
vv. 20–23 — firstfruits: Adam's death undone in Christ, each in order
20
Νυνὶ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐγήγερται ἐκ νεκρῶν,independent — Νυνὶ δέ — the hypothetical world dismissed for the actual
ἀπαρχὴ τῶν κεκοιμημένων.phrase modifier — apposition — the first sheaf pledges the harvest
21
ἐπειδὴ γὰρ δι' ἀνθρώπου θάνατος,cause — fronted ἐπειδή — verbless; leans on the clause below
καὶ δι' ἀνθρώπου ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν·independent — the matching verbless half — δι' ἀνθρώπου both times
22
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν τῷ Ἀδὰμ πάντες ἀποθνῄσκουσιν,comparative — fronted comparative — the Adam solidarity
οὕτως καὶ ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ πάντες ζῳοποιηθήσονται.independent — the Christ solidarity — future ζῳοποιηθήσονται
23
ἕκαστος δὲ ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ τάγματι·independent — τάγμα — rank by rank, a military ordering
ἀπαρχὴ Χριστός,phrase modifier — rank one — the firstfruits
ἔπειτα οἱ τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν τῇ παρουσίᾳ αὐτοῦ·phrase modifier — rank two — his own, at the parousia
vv. 24–28 — the end: the kingdom handed over, death destroyed, God all in all
24
εἶτα τὸ τέλος,independent — τὸ τέλος — the consummation, verbless
ὅταν παραδιδῷ τὴν βασιλείαν τῷ θεῷ καὶ πατρί,conditional — temporal ὅταν — the handover defines the end
ὅταν καταργήσῃ πᾶσαν ἀρχὴν καὶ πᾶσαν ἐξουσίαν καὶ δύναμιν.conditional — temporal ὅταν — aorist subjunctive: abolition precedes handover
25
δεῖ γὰρ αὐτὸν βασιλεύεινcause — the divine δεῖ — Ps 110:1 behind the necessity
ἄχρι οὗ θῇ πάντας τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ.relative — ἄχρι οὗ — temporal relative; the psalm's footstool
26
ἔσχατος ἐχθρὸς καταργεῖται ὁ θάνατος·independent — the supreme enemy named — the present of certainty
27
πάντα γὰρ ὑπέταξεν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ.cause — Ps 8:6 — the warrant, unmarked citation
ὅταν δὲ εἴπῃconditional — fronted ὅταν — leans on δῆλον below
ὅτι πάντα ὑποτέτακται,content — the psalm's 'all' quoted back
δῆλον ὅτι ἐκτὸς τοῦ ὑποτάξαντος αὐτῷ τὰ πάντα.independent — the exception — the Subjector not among the subjected
28
ὅταν δὲ ὑποταγῇ αὐτῷ τὰ πάντα,conditional — fronted ὅταν — leans on the clause below
τότε καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ υἱὸς ὑποταγήσεται τῷ ὑποτάξαντι αὐτῷ τὰ πάντα,independent — the Son's own subjection — functional, not ontological demotion
ἵνα ᾖ ὁ θεὸς πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν.purpose — the goal of history — πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν
Ad hominem — living as if the dead rise 15:29–34
vv. 29–32 — if the dead are not raised, why baptism, why peril?
29
Ἐπεὶ τί ποιήσουσιν οἱ βαπτιζόμενοι ὑπὲρ τῶν νεκρῶν;independent — the crux — a Corinthian practice reported, not endorsed
εἰ ὅλως νεκροὶ οὐκ ἐγείρονται,conditional — protasis — ὅλως, 'at all'; leans on the question below
τί καὶ βαπτίζονται ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν;independent — the practice self-refuting on the deniers' premise
30
τί καὶ ἡμεῖς κινδυνεύομεν πᾶσαν ὥραν;independent — the argument turns to Paul's own life
31
καθ' ἡμέραν ἀποθνῄσκω,independent — the daily dying — hyperbole earned at Ephesus
νὴ τὴν ὑμετέραν καύχησιν, ἀδελφοί,phrase modifier — νή + accusative — the oath formula, unique in Paul
ἣν ἔχω ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ κυρίῳ ἡμῶν.relative — the boast located in Christ
32
εἰ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον ἐθηριομάχησα ἐν Ἐφέσῳ,conditional — protasis — κατὰ ἄνθρωπον: likely figurative beasts
τί μοι τὸ ὄφελος;independent — verbless — the profit question
εἰ νεκροὶ οὐκ ἐγείρονται,conditional — protasis — leans on the slogan below
φάγωμεν καὶ πίωμεν,content — Isa 22:13 — the hedonist's creed, quoted as the logical fallout
αὔριον γὰρ ἀποθνῄσκομεν.cause — the slogan's own logic — death final, so indulge
vv. 33–34 — sober up: bad company corrupts
33
μὴ πλανᾶσθε·independent — the warning formula
φθείρουσιν ἤθη χρηστὰ ὁμιλίαι κακαί.content — Menander, Thais — a proverb turned pastoral
34
ἐκνήψατε δικαίωςindependent — ἐκνήφω — out of the stupor of error
καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε,independent — present imperative — stop sinning
ἀγνωσίαν γὰρ θεοῦ τινες ἔχουσιν·cause — the denial unmasked as ἀγνωσία θεοῦ
πρὸς ἐντροπὴν ὑμῖν λαλῶ.independent — deliberate shaming — cf. 6:5
The resurrection body — sown perishable, raised glorious 15:35–49
vv. 35–38 — the objector's question and the seed
35
Ἀλλὰ ἐρεῖ τις·independent — the diatribe objector introduced
Πῶς ἐγείρονται οἱ νεκροί;content — the quoted question — the mechanism
ποίῳ δὲ σώματι ἔρχονται;content — the quoted question — the kind of body; answered first
36
ἄφρων,independent — the one-word rebuke — psalmic ἄφρων
σὺ ὃ σπείρεις οὐ ζῳοποιεῖταιindependent — σύ pendent with its relative — your own sowing answers you
ἐὰν μὴ ἀποθάνῃ·conditional — backward protasis — death the threshold of life
37
καὶ ὃ σπείρεις,relative — fronted pendent relative — leans on the clause below
οὐ τὸ σῶμα τὸ γενησόμενον σπείρειςindependent — continuity without identity of form
ἀλλὰ γυμνὸν κόκκονindependent — elliptical — σπείρεις supplied; γυμνός anticipates 2 Cor 5:3
εἰ τύχοι σίτου ἤ τινος τῶν λοιπῶν·conditional — εἰ τύχοι — the idiom 'as it may chance'
38
ὁ δὲ θεὸς δίδωσιν αὐτῷ σῶμαindependent — the decisive agent — the body is God's gift
καθὼς ἠθέλησεν,comparative — aorist — the settled creative will
καὶ ἑκάστῳ τῶν σπερμάτων ἴδιον σῶμα.independent — elliptical — δίδωσιν supplied; ἴδιον, fitting each
vv. 39–41 — kinds of flesh, grades of glory
39
οὐ πᾶσα σὰρξ ἡ αὐτὴ σάρξ,independent — the catalogue of flesh opens — verbless throughout
ἀλλὰ ἄλλη μὲν ἀνθρώπων,phrase modifier — μέν — the list begins with humanity
ἄλλη δὲ σὰρξ κτηνῶν,phrase modifier — the beasts
ἄλλη δὲ σὰρξ πτηνῶν,phrase modifier — the birds
ἄλλη δὲ ἰχθύων.phrase modifier — the fish — σάρξ now fully elided
40
καὶ σώματα ἐπουράνια,independent — from flesh to bodies — the sky enters the argument
καὶ σώματα ἐπίγεια·independent — the terrestrial counterpart
ἀλλὰ ἑτέρα μὲν ἡ τῶν ἐπουρανίων δόξα,independent — ἑτέρα — glory differs in kind
ἑτέρα δὲ ἡ τῶν ἐπιγείων.independent — the earthly glory — real, but other
41
ἄλλη δόξα ἡλίου,independent — the gradation within heaven begins
καὶ ἄλλη δόξα σελήνης,independent — the moon
καὶ ἄλλη δόξα ἀστέρων·independent — the stars
ἀστὴρ γὰρ ἀστέρος διαφέρει ἐν δόξῃ.cause — even star from star — glory endlessly graded
vv. 42–44 — sown / raised: the four antitheses
42
Οὕτως καὶ ἡ ἀνάστασις τῶν νεκρῶν.independent — the analogies land — verbless application
σπείρεται ἐν φθορᾷ,independent — antithesis 1 — sown: the burial as sowing
ἐγείρεται ἐν ἀφθαρσίᾳ·independent — antithesis 1 — raised
43
σπείρεται ἐν ἀτιμίᾳ,independent — antithesis 2 — sown
ἐγείρεται ἐν δόξῃ·independent — antithesis 2 — raised
σπείρεται ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ,independent — antithesis 3 — sown
ἐγείρεται ἐν δυνάμει·independent — antithesis 3 — raised
44
σπείρεται σῶμα ψυχικόν,independent — antithesis 4 — sown: ψυχικόν, animated by soul
ἐγείρεται σῶμα πνευματικόν.independent — antithesis 4 — raised: πνευματικόν, animated by the Spirit
εἰ ἔστιν σῶμα ψυχικόν,conditional — protasis — leans on the inference below
ἔστιν καὶ πνευματικόν.independent — the inference — the one kind implies the other
vv. 45–49 — the two Adams: dust and heaven
45
οὕτως καὶ γέγραπται·independent — the warrant — Gen 2:7
Ἐγένετο ὁ πρῶτος ἄνθρωπος Ἀδὰμ εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν·content — Gen 2:7 — with 'first' and 'Adam' added by Paul
ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν.content — Paul's antiphon to the citation — ἐγένετο elided; giver, not merely bearer, of life
46
ἀλλ' οὐ πρῶτον τὸ πνευματικὸνindependent — the ordering correction — verbless
ἀλλὰ τὸ ψυχικόν,independent — the natural first
ἔπειτα τὸ πνευματικόν.independent — sequence, not denial of the body
47
ὁ πρῶτος ἄνθρωπος ἐκ γῆς χοϊκός,independent — χοϊκός — of the dust of Gen 2:7
ὁ δεύτερος ἄνθρωπος ἐξ οὐρανοῦ.independent — origin determines the life each transmits
48
οἷος ὁ χοϊκός,comparative — fronted correlative — leans on the clause below
τοιοῦτοι καὶ οἱ χοϊκοί,independent — solidarity with the first head
καὶ οἷος ὁ ἐπουράνιος,comparative — fronted correlative — leans on the clause below
τοιοῦτοι καὶ οἱ ἐπουράνιοι·independent — solidarity with the second head
49
καὶ καθὼς ἐφορέσαμεν τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ χοϊκοῦ,comparative — fronted comparative — the image already worn
φορέσομεν καὶ τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ ἐπουρανίου.independent — future indicative φορέσομεν read (the hortatory φορέσωμεν is better attested but this text prints the promise)
The mystery and the victory 15:50–58
vv. 50–53 — the mystery: not all sleep, all changed
50
Τοῦτο δέ φημι, ἀδελφοί,independent — the solemn declaration formula
ὅτι σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα βασιλείαν θεοῦ κληρονομῆσαι οὐ δύναται,content — the thesis of the movement — mortality as it stands cannot enter
οὐδὲ ἡ φθορὰ τὴν ἀφθαρσίαν κληρονομεῖ.content — the thesis restated in the sowing vocabulary of v. 42
51
ἰδοὺ μυστήριον ὑμῖν λέγω·independent — ἰδού — apocalyptic disclosure
πάντες οὐ κοιμηθησόμεθα,content — the mystery's first limb — πάντες οὐ, the text as printed; the verse's word order is an old crux
πάντες δὲ ἀλλαγησόμεθα,content — the second limb — the change, not death, is universal
52
ἐν ἀτόμῳ,phrase modifier — ἄτομος — the indivisible instant
ἐν ῥιπῇ ὀφθαλμοῦ,phrase modifier — the eye's flicker
ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ σάλπιγγι·phrase modifier — the eschatological signal (cf. 1 Thess 4:16)
σαλπίσει γάρ,independent — impersonal σαλπίσει — 'it will trumpet'
καὶ οἱ νεκροὶ ἐγερθήσονται ἄφθαρτοι,independent — the dead first — raised already imperishable
καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀλλαγησόμεθα.independent — the living changed — Paul among them
53
δεῖ γὰρ τὸ φθαρτὸν τοῦτο ἐνδύσασθαι ἀφθαρσίανcause — the divine δεῖ — the clothing metaphor, identity kept through change
καὶ τὸ θνητὸν τοῦτο ἐνδύσασθαι ἀθανασίαν.cause — the pair completed — τοῦτο, this very body
vv. 54–58 — death swallowed up: the taunt, the thanksgiving, the charge
54
ὅταν δὲ τὸ φθαρτὸν τοῦτο ἐνδύσηται ἀφθαρσίανconditional — fronted ὅταν — leans on the fulfillment below
καὶ τὸ θνητὸν τοῦτο ἐνδύσηται ἀθανασίαν,conditional — the coordinate ὅταν-limb
τότε γενήσεται ὁ λόγος ὁ γεγραμμένος·independent — prophecy becomes event — γενήσεται
Κατεπόθη ὁ θάνατος εἰς νῖκος.content — Isa 25:8 — the aorist of the accomplished swallowing
55
ποῦ σου, θάνατε, τὸ νῖκος;content — Hos 13:14 — the taunt, joined to Isaiah in one catena
ποῦ σου, θάνατε, τὸ κέντρον;content — Hos 13:14 — θάνατε twice, where the LXX has ᾅδη once
56
τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία,independent — the gloss on the taunt — sin arms death
ἡ δὲ δύναμις τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ νόμος·independent — the Romans 5–7 nexus in one verbless line
57
τῷ δὲ θεῷ χάριςindependent — the doxological turn — verbless χάρις
τῷ διδόντι ἡμῖν τὸ νῖκος διὰ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.participial — attributive participle — present διδόντι: the victory already being given
58
Ὥστε, ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοί, ἑδραῖοι γίνεσθε, ἀμετακίνητοι,independent — the chapter's Ὥστε — doctrine issuing in stability
περισσεύοντες ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ τοῦ κυρίου πάντοτε,participial — manner — steadfastness that overflows
εἰδότεςparticipial — causal participle — the ground of the abounding
ὅτι ὁ κόπος ὑμῶν οὐκ ἔστιν κενὸς ἐν κυρίῳ.content — κενός redeemed — the reductio's 'empty' answered at the last
Analysis. The chapter's argument is visible before it is read. Verses 1–11 hang the creed from a single verb: παρέδωκα carries a column of ὅτι-lines — died, buried, raised, appeared — with the κατὰ τὰς γραφάς refrain twice over, and the appearance list trails off into Paul's own case, where the grace-digression of vv. 9–10 steps down and climbs back out (least of the apostles → χάριτι δὲ θεοῦ → not I but the grace). Verses 12–19 are the reductio, and the shape is a drumbeat of olive protases leaning forward on their apodoses — εἰ … οὐκ ἔστιν / οὐδὲ Χριστὸς ἐγήγερται, five rounds of it — each verdict flush left and often verbless (κενόν, κενή, ματαία): deny the category and everything empties. Verses 20–28 turn on Νυνὶ δέ and run to the ὅταν-clauses of the end, Ps 110:1 and Ps 8:6 doing the load-bearing, with the careful δῆλον-exception guarding the Father before the ἵνα of God all in all. In vv. 35–49 the objector's two quoted questions hang under ἐρεῖ; the seed answer scatters into the verbless catalogues of flesh and glory; then the σπείρεται/ἐγείρεται quartet beats out four antitheses in paired flush-left lines before Gen 2:7 (quoted, then answered by Paul's own ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδάμ line under the same γέγραπται) sets the two Adams in verbless opposition. Verses 50–58 disclose the mystery, fuse Isa 25:8 and Hos 13:14 into one quotation column under ὁ λόγος ὁ γεγραμμένος, gloss the taunt in two verbless equations (sting = sin, sin's power = law), and end with the Ὥστε charge whose last line redeems the reductio's keyword: your labor is not κενός. Cruxes the layout takes a side on, named honestly: v. 29's baptism ὑπὲρ τῶν νεκρῶν is laid out as a real Corinthian practice cited ad hominem — reported by Paul without endorsement, and this layout does not decide what the rite was; v. 32's ἐθηριομάχησα is tagged as likely figurative; v. 49 prints φορέσομεν (future promise) where the better-attested reading is hortatory φορέσωμεν, following the chapter data; and v. 51 prints πάντες οὐ κοιμηθησόμεθα, whose word order (and ancient variants) is an old crux — the lines render it 'we shall not all sleep,' the change universal, the sleeping not.