independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecomparativecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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Crave the pure spiritual milk 2:1–3
1
Ἀποθέμενοι οὖν πᾶσαν κακίαν καὶ πάντα δόλον καὶ ὑποκρίσεις καὶ φθόνους καὶ πάσας καταλαλιάς,participial — fronted renunciation — leans on the imperative below; the garment of the old life put off
2
ὡς ἀρτιγέννητα βρέφηcomparative — the simile — newborns of 1:23, leaning on the imperative below
τὸ λογικὸν ἄδολον γάλα ἐπιποθήσατε,independent — the one imperative — ἄδολον answering the δόλος just laid aside
ἵνα ἐν αὐτῷ αὐξηθῆτε εἰς σωτηρίαν,purpose — the craving's goal — growth unto final salvation
3
εἰ ἐγεύσασθεconditional — backward protasis — first-class, 'since you have tasted'
ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ κύριος.content — Ps 34:8 (LXX 33:9) — χρηστός punning on Χριστός
The living stone and the chosen people 2:4–10
vv. 4–5 — coming to the living Stone, built into a spiritual house
4
πρὸς ὃν προσερχόμενοι, λίθον ζῶντα,participial — πρὸς ὅν resumes ὁ κύριος (v. 3) — the cultic approach; leans on οἰκοδομεῖσθε below
ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων μὲν ἀποδεδοκιμασμένονparticipial — the human verdict — the μέν limb (Ps 118:22 anticipated)
παρὰ δὲ θεῷ ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον,phrase modifier — the divine verdict — the δέ limb (Isa 28:16 anticipated)
5
καὶ αὐτοὶ ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε οἶκος πνευματικὸςindependent — the main clause — οἰκοδομεῖσθε read as indicative: God's building work
εἰς ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον,purpose — the building's goal — Exod 19:6 anticipated
ἀνενέγκαι πνευματικὰς θυσίας εὐπροσδέκτους θεῷ διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ.purpose — infinitive — the priesthood's function, acceptable only through the Mediator
vv. 6–8 — the stone testimonia: Isa 28:16, Ps 118:22, Isa 8:14
6
διότι περιέχει ἐν γραφῇ·cause — the scriptural ground of vv. 4–5
Ἰδοὺ τίθημι ἐν Σιὼν λίθον ἀκρογωνιαῖον ἐκλεκτὸν ἔντιμον,content — Isa 28:16 — God himself lays the cornerstone
καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ’ αὐτῷ οὐ μὴ καταισχυνθῇ.content — Isa 28:16 — faith vindicated: οὐ μή, the strongest denial
7
ὑμῖν οὖν ἡ τιμὴ τοῖς πιστεύουσιν·independent — the application — believers share the Stone's ἔντιμον honor
ἀπιστοῦσιν δὲindependent — the counter — an ellipse completed by the citations that follow
λίθος ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες,content — Ps 118:22 (LXX 117:22) — the stone as casus pendens
οὗτος ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίαςcontent — Ps 118:22 — the reversal: rejected, now keystone
8
καὶ λίθος προσκόμματος καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου·content — Isa 8:14 — the same stone, a trap to unbelief
οἳ προσκόπτουσινrelative — on ἀπιστοῦσιν — the stumblers named
τῷ λόγῳ ἀπειθοῦντες,participial — causal — unbelief as disobedience
εἰς ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν.relative — the hard clause — appointed (divine passive) to the stumbling itself
vv. 9–10 — the honor-titles of the people of God (Exod 19:6; Isa 43:20–21; Hos 1–2)
9
ὑμεῖς δὲ γένος ἐκλεκτόν,independent — the bright antithesis — Isa 43:20: the elect race
βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα,phrase modifier — Exod 19:6 — the kingdom of priests
ἔθνος ἅγιον,phrase modifier — Exod 19:6 — the holy nation
λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν,phrase modifier — Isa 43:21 / Exod 19:5 — the acquired people
ὅπως τὰς ἀρετὰς ἐξαγγείλητεpurpose — the vocation — Isa 43:21: the priestly people's witness
τοῦ ἐκ σκότους ὑμᾶς καλέσαντος εἰς τὸ θαυμαστὸν αὐτοῦ φῶς·participial — whose excellencies — the Caller, from darkness to marvelous light
10
οἵ ποτε οὐ λαὸς νῦν δὲ λαὸς θεοῦ,relative — Hos 1:9; 2:23 — no-people made God's people
οἱ οὐκ ἠλεημένοι νῦν δὲ ἐλεηθέντες.relative — Hos 2:23 — the unpitied shown mercy: the panel's seal
Sojourners among the Gentiles, subjects under every institution 2:11–17
vv. 11–12 — the appeal: abstain, and keep your conduct beautiful
11
Ἀγαπητοί, παρακαλῶ ὡς παροίκους καὶ παρεπιδήμουςindependent — the appeal — addressed to resident aliens and passing strangers
ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν σαρκικῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν,content — complement infinitive — the appeal's content
αἵτινες στρατεύονται κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς·relative — qualitative αἵτινες — passions of the sort that campaign against the soul
12
τὴν ἀναστροφὴν ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἔχοντες καλήν,participial — the positive side of the appeal — conduct visibly good
ἵνα ἐν ᾧ καταλαλοῦσιν ὑμῶν ὡς κακοποιῶν,purpose — purpose opened by the embedded relative — the very point of slander
ἐκ τῶν καλῶν ἔργων ἐποπτεύοντες δοξάσωσιν τὸν θεὸν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπισκοπῆς.purpose — the ἵνα clause's verb — slanderers turned doxologists
vv. 13–17 — submit for the Lord's sake; the four-beat close
13
Ὑποτάγητε πάσῃ ἀνθρωπίνῃ κτίσει διὰ τὸν κύριον·independent — the command — subjection with a theological motive
εἴτε βασιλεῖ ὡς ὑπερέχοντι,phrase modifier — the first limb — the emperor
14
εἴτε ἡγεμόσιν ὡς δι’ αὐτοῦ πεμπομένοις εἰς ἐκδίκησιν κακοποιῶν ἔπαινον δὲ ἀγαθοποιῶν·phrase modifier — the second limb — governors, with their double commission
15
ὅτι οὕτως ἐστὶν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ,cause — the ground of the command
ἀγαθοποιοῦντας φιμοῦν τὴν τῶν ἀφρόνων ἀνθρώπων ἀγνωσίαν·content — epexegetic infinitive — the will defined: good deeds muzzle ignorance
16
ὡς ἐλεύθεροι,phrase modifier — the frame of the submitting (read with v. 13) — free people
καὶ μὴ ὡς ἐπικάλυμμα ἔχοντες τῆς κακίας τὴν ἐλευθερίαν,participial — the abuse denied — freedom no cloak for κακία (v. 1)
ἀλλ’ ὡς θεοῦ δοῦλοι.phrase modifier — the paradox — free precisely as God's slaves
17
πάντας τιμήσατε,independent — the staccato — beat 1: honor to all
τὴν ἀδελφότητα ἀγαπᾶτε,independent — beat 2 — love within the family
τὸν θεὸν φοβεῖσθε,independent — beat 3 — fear reserved for God (Prov 24:21 recast)
τὸν βασιλέα τιμᾶτε.independent — beat 4 — the emperor honored, not feared
Household servants under the suffering Christ 2:18–25
vv. 18–20 — unjust suffering endured: this is grace
18
Οἱ οἰκέται ὑποτασσόμενοι ἐν παντὶ φόβῳ τοῖς δεσπόταις,independent — imperatival participle — the household code's first station
οὐ μόνον τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς καὶ ἐπιεικέσιν ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς σκολιοῖς.phrase modifier — the scope — even the crooked master
19
τοῦτο γὰρ χάριςindependent — the maxim — τοῦτο defined by the protasis that follows
εἰ διὰ συνείδησιν θεοῦ ὑποφέρει τις λύπαςconditional — backward protasis — endurance out of God-consciousness
πάσχων ἀδίκως.participial — the circumstance — the suffering undeserved
20
ποῖον γὰρ κλέοςindependent — the verbless question — what κλέος?
εἰ ἁμαρτάνοντες καὶ κολαφιζόμενοι ὑπομενεῖτε;conditional — backward protasis — deserved blows earn no credit
ἀλλ’ εἰ ἀγαθοποιοῦντες καὶ πάσχοντες ὑπομενεῖτε,conditional — protasis — leans on the verdict below: doing good yet suffering
τοῦτο χάρις παρὰ θεῷ.independent — apodosis — the maxim of v. 19 sealed
vv. 21–25 — called to this: the ὅς-hymn of the suffering Christ (Isa 53)
21
εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ ἐκλήθητε,independent — the ground of vv. 18–20 — suffering-with-endurance is the calling
ὅτι καὶ Χριστὸς ἔπαθεν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν,cause — the christological ground — καὶ Χριστός, the pattern and the price
ὑμῖν ὑπολιμπάνων ὑπογραμμὸνparticipial — ὑπογραμμός — the copybook-line left to trace
ἵνα ἐπακολουθήσητε τοῖς ἴχνεσιν αὐτοῦ·purpose — the example's purpose — walking in his footprints
22
ὃς ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ ἐποίησενrelative — the ὅς-column opens — Isa 53:9: no sin done
οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ·relative — Isa 53:9 — no δόλος (v. 1) in his mouth
23
ὃς λοιδορούμενος οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει,relative — the second ὅς — reviled without retort
πάσχων οὐκ ἠπείλει,relative — the ὅς-clause continued — suffering without threat
παρεδίδου δὲ τῷ κρίνοντι δικαίως·relative — the counter — imperfect παρεδίδου: kept handing (himself/it) over to the just Judge
24
ὃς τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν αὐτὸς ἀνήνεγκεν ἐν τῷ σώματι αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον,relative — the third ὅς — Isa 53:4, 12: he himself bore, ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον (Deut 21:23)
ἵνα ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἀπογενόμενοι τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ ζήσωμεν·purpose — the bearing's purpose — dead to sins, alive to righteousness
οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε.relative — Isa 53:5 — οὗ on Christ: healed by his welt
25
ἦτε γὰρ ὡς πρόβατα πλανώμενοι,cause — why healing was needed — Isa 53:6: the straying flock
ἀλλὰ ἐπεστράφητε νῦν ἐπὶ τὸν ποιμένα καὶ ἐπίσκοπον τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν.cause — the return — to the Shepherd and Overseer: the chapter's close
Analysis. 1 Peter 2 moves through four textures, and the shape shows each. Verses 1–3 hang everything on one purple imperative — ἐπιποθήσατε, crave the milk — with the fronted renunciation-participle (v. 1) and the newborn simile leaning forward onto it, an amber growth-purpose beneath it, and the tasting-protasis of Ps 34:8 (LXX 33:9) anchored backward as its ground. Verses 4–10 are the stone panel: the προσερχόμενοι line leans onto the flush-left οἰκοδομεῖσθε, and from the two anchors περιέχει and the dative fragment ἀπιστοῦσιν δέ hang the testimonia in blue columns — Isa 28:16 spoken by God, then Ps 118:22 (LXX 117:22) and Isa 8:14 as the unbelievers' portion — before the emphatic ὑμεῖς δέ opens a verbless column of Israel's honor-titles (Exod 19:6; Isa 43:20–21) sealed by the Hosea reversal. Verses 11–17 are exhortation: two purple appeals (παρακαλῶ, Ὑποτάγητε) each trailing their qualifications, and the four-beat staccato of v. 17 flush left. Verses 18–25 descend from the servants' submission through the twin grace-maxims (their protases olive, one anchored backward, one leaning forward) into the calling-sentence whose ὅτι carries the Isaiah-53 hymn — a ὅς-column of four relative lines all hanging from the one word Χριστός, like the ὅς-hymn of 1 Tim 3:16 — down to the chapter's deepest lines, the straying-and-returned sheep grounding οὗ τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε. Interpretive choices the layout takes a side on: οἰκοδομεῖσθε (v. 5) is read as indicative (God's building work), not imperative; ἡ τιμή (v. 7) is taken as the believers' share in the Stone's ἔντιμον honor, with the datives ἀπιστοῦσιν δέ left as an ellipse completed by the citations themselves; εἰς ὃ καὶ ἐτέθησαν (v. 8) is read as divine appointment of the disobedient to their stumbling; ὡς ἐλεύθεροι and ὡς θεοῦ δοῦλοι (v. 16) are construed with Ὑποτάγητε (v. 13), not with v. 17; ὑποτασσόμενοι (v. 18) is an imperatival participle and so sits flush left; and οὗ (v. 24) is Christ, the Isa 53:5 wound by which you were healed.