Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 20ΠΡΑΞΕΙΣ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΩΝ Κ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Μετὰ δὲ τὸ παύσασθαι τὸν θόρυβον, προσκαλεσάμενος ὁ Παῦλος τοὺς μαθητὰς καὶ παρακαλέσας, ἀσπασάμενος ἐξῆλθεν πορεύεσθαι εἰς Μακεδονίαν.

After the uproar ceased, Paul sent for the disciples and, having encouraged them and said farewell, he departed to go to Macedonia.

Temporal sequenceΜετὰ δέδέ marks a narrative transition from the Ephesian riot of ch.19. Three aorist participles (προσκαλεσάμενος, παρακαλέσας, ἀσπασάμενος) frame the pastoral departure — summon, encourage, farewell — before the main verb ἐξῆλθεν.
Μετὰafterpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)
δὲandnarrative conjunction (transition)
τὸtheAccusativearticle with articular infinitive
παύσασθαιto ceaseAor Mid Inf · παύωarticular infinitive (temporal, object of μετά)→ constative aoristπαύω (mid.): 'to stop, cease'; middle = the uproar stops of itself.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with subject of infinitive
θόρυβονuproarAccusativesubject accusative of infinitiveθόρυβος: 'tumult, uproar'; the Ephesian riot of 19:23–41 instigated by Demetrius the silversmith.
προσκαλεσάμενοςhaving summonedAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · προσκαλέομαιattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristπροσκαλέομαι: 'to call to oneself, summon'; deliberate pastoral assembly before departure.
theNominativearticle with subject
ΠαῦλοςPaulNominativesubject of main verbΠαῦλος: the apostle to the Gentiles; the 'we' sections resume at v.5 with Luke rejoining.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with direct object
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativedirect object of προσκαλεσάμενοςμαθητής: 'disciple, learner'; the Ephesian Christian community gathered as a farewell assembly.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρακαλέσαςhaving encouragedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · παρακαλέωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristπαρακαλέω: 'to encourage, exhort, comfort'; the dominant pastoral register of Paul's visits throughout Acts.
ἀσπασάμενοςhaving said farewellAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀσπάζομαιattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristἀσπάζομαι: 'to greet, bid farewell'; in departure contexts = the formal farewell embrace.
ἐξῆλθενhe departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'to go out, depart'; the main narrative action following the three preparatory participles.
πορεύεσθαιto goPres Mid Inf · πορεύομαιcomplementary infinitive (purpose/direction)→ progressive present (movement in progress)πορεύομαι: 'to travel, journey'; a Lukan favourite for purposeful travel (32× in Luke, 37× in Acts).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ΜακεδονίανMacedoniaAccusativeaccusative of destinationΜακεδονία: the Roman province north of Greece; Paul revisits Philippi, Thessalonica, Beroea.
2

διελθὼν δὲ τὰ μέρη ἐκεῖνα καὶ παρακαλέσας αὐτοὺς λόγῳ πολλῷ, ἦλθεν εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα.

When he had gone through those regions and encouraged them with much exhortation, he came to Greece.

Temporal sequence (journey summary)δέTravel summary; διελθών and παρακαλέσας are aorist participles of manner framing the main verb ἦλθεν. λόγῳ πολλῷ is dative of means: 'with much discourse.' Greece = the province of Achaia; Corinth was the likely base.
διελθὼνhaving passed throughAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διέρχομαιtemporal attendant participle→ constative aoristδιέρχομαι: 'to pass through, traverse'; Luke's standard missionary travel word (Acts 13:6; 14:24; 15:3).
δὲandnarrative conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle with direct object
μέρηregionsAccusativedirect object of διελθώνμέρος: 'part, region, district'; plural = the various districts of Macedonia traversed.
ἐκεῖναthoseAccusativeattributive demonstrative
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρακαλέσαςhaving encouragedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · παρακαλέωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristπαρακαλέω: cf. v.1; Paul's pastoral ministry is consistently characterized by this verb.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of παρακαλέσας
λόγῳwith wordDativedative of meansλόγος: 'word, discourse'; the instrument of apostolic encouragement.
πολλῷmuchDativeattributive adjective modifying λόγῳ
ἦλθενhe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'to come, arrive'; the main narrative advance in this travel summary.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with place name
ἙλλάδαGreeceAccusativeaccusative of destinationἙλλάς: 'Greece' (the province of Achaia); almost certainly Corinth, Paul's extended base (cf. 18:11).
3

ποιήσας τε μῆνας τρεῖς, γενομένης αὐτῷ ἐπιβουλῆς ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων μέλλοντι ἀνάγεσθαι εἰς τὴν Συρίαν, ἐγένετο γνώμης τοῦ ὑποστρέφειν διὰ Μακεδονίας.

After spending three months there, when a plot was laid against him by the Jews as he was about to sail for Syria, he decided to return through Macedonia.

Circumstantial background + narrative pivotτετε links this closely to v.2. The genitive absolute (γενομένης … ἐπιβουλῆς) introduces the complication that reverses Paul's intended route. ἐγένετο γνώμης is an idiomatic phrase: 'he formed the intention/decision.'
ποιήσαςhaving spentAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ποιέωtemporal participle→ constative aoristποιέω: 'to do, make'; ποιεῖν + accusative of time = 'to spend (time)' — a Hellenistic idiom (cf. Acts 15:33; 18:23; Jas 4:13).
τεandconnective particle (close link to preceding)
μῆναςmonthsAccusativeaccusative of time extentμήν: 'month'; three months = likely the winter of 56–57 ce, consistent with 28:11.
τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral adjective
γενομένηςhaving arisenAor Mid Ptc Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (circumstantial)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'to come about, arise'; genitive absolute = 'when there arose.'
αὐτῷagainst himDativedative of disadvantage
ἐπιβουλῆςa plotGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteἐπιβουλή: 'plot, scheme'; occurs 4× in Acts, always of Jewish opposition to Paul (9:24; 20:3, 19; 23:30).
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with agent
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivegenitive of agentἸουδαῖος: 'Jew'; here Jewish opponents in Corinth plotting against Paul on the ship to Syria.
μέλλοντιbeing aboutPres Act Ptc Dat Sg Masc · μέλλωdative participle agreeing with αὐτῷ→ futuristic present (imminent action)μέλλω: 'to be about to'; the dative participle here modifies the implicit Paul in αὐτῷ.
ἀνάγεσθαιto set sailPres Pass Inf · ἀνάγωcomplementary infinitive with μέλλω→ progressive presentἀνάγω (pass.): nautical technical term — 'to put to sea, set sail'; frequent in Acts sea narratives (13:13; 16:11; 18:21; 20:3, 13; 21:1, 2; 27:2, etc.).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (destination)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with destination
ΣυρίανSyriaAccusativeaccusative of destinationΣυρία: the Roman province; Antioch was Paul's commissioning church (13:1–3) and natural homeward destination.
ἐγένετοhe decidedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (idiomatic: ἐγένετο γνώμης)→ constative aoristγίνομαι + genitive γνώμης: 'to decide, form a resolve'; a Hellenistic idiomatic expression.
γνώμηςof mindGenitivepredicate genitive (idiomatic with ἐγένετο)γνώμη: 'judgment, purpose, decision'; ἐγένετο γνώμης = 'he formed the resolve.'
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (content of γνώμη)
ὑποστρέφεινreturnPres Act Inf · ὑποστρέφωarticular infinitive (content of γνώμης)→ progressive presentὑποστρέφω: 'to turn back, return'; a Lukan favourite (32× in Luke–Acts).
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (route)
ΜακεδονίαςMacedoniaGenitivegenitive of route (διά + gen.)Μακεδονία: the return route reverses the outward journey, looping back north.
4

συνείπετο δὲ αὐτῷ Σώπατρος Πύρρου Βεροιαῖος, Θεσσαλονικέων δὲ Ἀρίσταρχος καὶ Σεκοῦνδος, καὶ Γάϊος Δερβαῖος καὶ Τιμόθεος, Ἀσιανοὶ δὲ Τύχικος καὶ Τρόφιμος.

Sopater son of Pyrrhus from Beroea accompanied him, and of the Thessalonians, Aristarchus and Secundus, and Gaius of Derbe, and Timothy, and of Asia, Tychicus and Trophimus.

Travel register (companion list)δέA carefully structured list of seven delegates organized by region: Beroea, Thessalonica, Derbe, Asia. Almost certainly the collection delegation for Jerusalem (cf. 1 Cor 16:3–4; Rom 15:25–28), though Acts is reticent about the collection itself. The names corroborate Paul's letters.
συνείπετοwas accompanyingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · συνέπομαιmain verb→ progressive imperfect (ongoing travel)συνέπομαι: 'to accompany, travel with'; NT hapax; the imperfect pictures sustained traveling alongside Paul.
δὲandnarrative conjunction
αὐτῷhimDativedative of association (with συν-)
ΣώπατροςSopaterNominativesubjectΣώπατρος: probably = Sosipater of Rom 16:21; from Beroea (cf. Acts 17:10–15).
Πύρρουof PyrrhusGenitivegenitive of relationship (patronymic)Πύρρος: Sopater's father; the patronymic distinguishes him from other bearers of the name.
Βεροιαῖοςa BeroeanNominativepredicate nominative of originΒεροιαῖος: 'from Beroea' (Macedonian city, Acts 17:10).
Θεσσαλονικέωνof the ThessaloniansGenitivegenitive of origin (heading the next group)Θεσσαλονικεύς: citizen of Thessalonica.
δὲandconnective particle (listing new group)
ἈρίσταρχοςAristarchusNominativesubject (list)Ἀρίσταρχος: Thessalonian companion (Acts 19:29; 27:2; Col 4:10; Phlm 24).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΣεκοῦνδοςSecundusNominativesubject (list)Σεκοῦνδος: 'Second' (Latin); Thessalonian delegate, otherwise unattested in NT.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΓάϊοςGaiusNominativesubject (list)Γάϊος: a common Latin name; the Derbean Gaius is distinct from the Macedonian Gaius of 19:29.
Δερβαῖοςof DerbeNominativepredicate nominative of originΔερβαῖος: 'from Derbe' in Lycaonia (Acts 14:6, 20).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΤιμόθεοςTimothyNominativesubject (list)Τιμόθεος: Paul's closest co-worker, from Lystra (Acts 16:1–3).
ἈσιανοὶAsiansNominativepredicate nominative of origin (heading the final pair)Ἀσιανός: 'from the province of Asia.'
δὲandconnective particle (new group)
ΤύχικοςTychicusNominativesubject (list)Τύχικος: Paul's Asian delegate (Eph 6:21; Col 4:7; 2 Tim 4:12; Tit 3:12).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΤρόφιμοςTrophimusNominativesubject (final list item)Τρόφιμος: Ephesian Asian delegate (Acts 21:29; 2 Tim 4:20).
5

οὗτοι δὲ προελθόντες ἔμενον ἡμᾶς ἐν Τρῳάδι.

These men went on ahead and were waiting for us at Troas.

Narrative transition (resumption of 'we')δέἡμᾶς signals the re-entry of the 'we' narrator (cf. 16:10–17): Luke rejoins Paul at Philippi. The seven companions go ahead; Paul and Luke linger for Passover. ἔμενον is an imperfect of expectant waiting.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun as subject
δὲandnarrative conjunction
προελθόντεςhaving gone aheadAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · προέρχομαιattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristπροέρχομαι: 'to go on ahead, precede'; the delegates travel to Troas while Paul and Luke stay in Philippi.
ἔμενονwere waitingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · μένωmain verb→ progressive imperfect (sustained waiting)μένω: 'to remain, wait, stay'; the imperfect pictures the companions expectantly waiting for Paul and Luke.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object (first-person plural: the 'we' narrator and Paul)
ἐνatpreposition + dative (location)
ΤρῳάδιTroasDativedative of placeΤρῳάς: the port city Alexandria Troas on the NW Aegean; Paul visited twice (Acts 16:8; 2 Cor 2:12).
6

ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐξεπλεύσαμεν μετὰ τὰς ἡμέρας τῶν ἀζύμων ἀπὸ Φιλίππων, καὶ ἤλθομεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν Τρῳάδα ἄχρι ἡμερῶν πέντε, οὗ διετρίψαμεν ἡμέρας ἑπτά.

We sailed from Philippi after the days of Unleavened Bread, and in five days we came to them at Troas, where we stayed seven days.

Temporal sequence ('we' resumes)δέThe first-person plural ἡμεῖς / ἤλθομεν / διετρίψαμεν marks the sustained 'we' narrative. 'After the days of Unleavened Bread' = after Passover week at Philippi. The five-day crossing (vs. the two-day crossing of 16:11–12 going the other direction, aided by prevailing winds) and the seven-day stay at Troas are precise itinerary details.
ἡμεῖςweNominativesubject (emphatic first-person pronoun)
δὲandnarrative conjunction
ἐξεπλεύσαμενwe sailed outAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἐκπλέωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκπλέω: 'to sail out, set out by sea'; nautical term; here from Neapolis (the port of Philippi).
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with temporal object
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of time (object of μετά)ἡμέρα: 'day'; the Feast of Unleavened Bread lasted seven days after Passover (Exod 12:15–20).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with noun
ἀζύμωνUnleavened BreadGenitivegenitive of descriptionἄζυμος: 'unleavened'; τὰ ἄζυμα = the Feast of Unleavened Bread / Passover week.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (origin)
ΦιλίππωνPhilippiGenitivegenitive of place of originΦίλιπποι: the leading city of Macedonia Prima; Luke's home base and the church of Acts 16.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤλθομενwe cameAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'to come, arrive'; the first-person plural sustains the 'we' narrative.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction/association)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the seven waiting companions)
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (destination)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with place name
ΤρῳάδαTroasAccusativeaccusative of destinationΤρῳάς: Alexandria Troas; the crossing from Philippi took five days (contrast the two-day crossing of 16:11 aided by favorable wind).
ἄχριinpreposition + genitive (temporal extent)
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivegenitive of extent of time (with ἄχρι)ἡμέρα: 'day.'
πέντεfiveGenitivenumeral adjective
οὗwhererelative adverb (locative)
διετρίψαμενwe stayedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · διατρίβωmain verb in relative clause→ constative aoristδιατρίβω: 'to spend time, stay, remain'; common in Acts for extended stays (Acts 12:19; 14:3, 28; 15:35; 16:12; 20:6; 25:6, 14).
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of time extentἡμέρα: 'day'; seven days includes the Sunday gathering of v.7.
ἑπτάsevenAccusativenumeral adjective
7

Ἐν δὲ τῇ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων συνηγμένων ἡμῶν κλάσαι ἄρτον, ὁ Παῦλος διελέγετο αὐτοῖς, μέλλων ἐξιέναι τῇ ἐπαύριον, παρέτεινέν τε τὸν λόγον μέχρι μεσονυκτίου.

On the first day of the week, when we were gathered together to break bread, Paul talked with them, intending to depart on the next day, and he prolonged his speech until midnight.

Scene-setting (temporal + circumstantial)δέτῇ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων ('the first of the week') is one of the NT's earliest explicit witnesses to Sunday as the community's gathering day (cf. 1 Cor 16:2; Rev 1:10). κλάσαι ἄρτον is the stated purpose of the gathering — 'to break bread,' with probable eucharistic resonance (cf. Luke 22:19; Acts 2:42; 20:11). The genitive absolute ἡμῶν … συνηγμένων maintains the 'we' perspective.
Ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)
δὲandnarrative conjunction
τῇtheDativearticle with temporal dative
μιᾷfirstDativeordinal used as cardinal (dative of time)εἷς used as ordinal: 'first'; τῇ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων = 'on the first day of the week.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with noun
σαββάτωνweekGenitivegenitive of time-unit (partitive)σάββατον: in the plural often = 'week'; τῶν σαββάτων = 'of the week' (a Semitism via Aramaic).
συνηγμένωνhaving been gatheredPerf Pass Ptc Gen Pl Masc · συνάγωgenitive absolute (circumstantial)→ intensive perfect (gathered and present)συνάγω: 'to gather together'; the perfect participle captures the assembled, present state of the community.
ἡμῶνusGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
κλάσαιto breakAor Act Inf · κλάωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristκλάω: 'to break'; κλάσαι ἄρτον = 'to break bread'; cf. Luke 22:19; Acts 2:42, 46; 27:35 — the phrase carries eucharistic weight in Luke–Acts.
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of κλάσαιἄρτος: 'bread, loaf'; in the eucharistic formula the breaking of the one loaf signifies the one body (1 Cor 10:16–17).
theNominativearticle with subject
ΠαῦλοςPaulNominativesubject of διελέγετο and παρέτεινενΠαῦλος: the apostle presiding as teacher in the Sunday assembly.
διελέγετοwas discoursingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · διαλέγομαιmain verb→ progressive imperfect (sustained discourse)διαλέγομαι: 'to discourse, reason, argue'; in Acts frequently of Paul's extended teaching dialogues (17:2, 17; 18:4, 19; 19:8–9; 20:7, 9).
αὐτοῖςwith themDativedative of indirect object (with διαλέγομαι)
μέλλωνbeing aboutPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · μέλλωattendant circumstance participle (reason/motivation)→ futuristic presentμέλλω: 'to be about to'; Paul's imminent departure motivates the all-night discourse.
ἐξιέναιto leavePres Act Inf · ἐξέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive with μέλλω→ progressive presentἐξέρχομαι / ἐξεῖμι: 'to go out, depart'; the form ἐξιέναι is from ἔξειμι (Acts 13:42; 17:15; 20:7; 27:43).
τῇon theDativearticle with temporal dative
ἐπαύριονnext dayDativedative of timeἐπαύριον: 'on the next day, tomorrow'; adverbial form often with the article τῇ.
παρέτεινένhe prolongedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρατείνωmain verb (second main verb of v.7)→ constative aoristπαρατείνω: 'to stretch out, prolong'; NT hapax; the discourse extended far beyond the normal length.
τεandconnective particle
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with direct object
λόγονdiscourseAccusativedirect object of παρέτεινενλόγος: 'word, discourse, speech'; here Paul's extended teaching address.
μέχριuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)
μεσονυκτίουmidnightGenitivegenitive of temporal limit (with μέχρι)μεσονύκτιον: 'midnight'; the discourse lasted many hours (evening through midnight at minimum).
8

ἦσαν δὲ λαμπάδες ἱκαναὶ ἐν τῷ ὑπερῴῳ οὗ ἦμεν συνηγμένοι.

There were many lamps in the upper room where we were gathered.

Descriptive backgroundδέA parenthetical setting detail: many lamps burning in the crowded upper room. Some commentators note the lamps' relevance to Eutychus's sleep (heat, smoke, oxygen depletion); others see it as an apologetic detail (witnesses, no secrecy). The 'we' continues (ἦμεν).
ἦσανthere wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίexistential main verb→ progressive imperfect (ongoing state)εἰμί: 'to be'; existential ἦσαν = 'there were.'
δὲandnarrative conjunction
λαμπάδεςlampsNominativesubject of existential verbλαμπάς: 'lamp, torch'; burning torches or oil lamps in the upper room (contrast the single lamp of a poor household).
ἱκαναὶmanyNominativepredicate adjectiveἱκανός: 'sufficient, many, considerable'; Lukan word often = 'many, a good number' (cf. Acts 9:23, 43; 11:24, 26; 12:12; etc.).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῷtheDativearticle with noun
ὑπερῴῳupper roomDativedative of locationὑπερῷον: 'upper room, upper story'; the same word used of the Jerusalem prayer room of Acts 1:13 and Tabitha's deathbed (9:37, 39).
οὗwhererelative adverb (locative)
ἦμενwe wereImpf Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίverb in relative clause→ progressive imperfectεἰμί: 'to be'; first-person plural maintains the 'we' perspective.
συνηγμένοιgatheredPerf Pass Ptc Nom Pl Masc · συνάγωpredicate participle with ἦμεν (periphrastic pluperfect)→ intensive perfect (assembled and present)συνάγω: 'to gather together'; the perfect captures the assembled, present state of the community.
9

καθήμενος δέ τις νεανίας ὀνόματι Εὔτυχος ἐπὶ τῆς θυρίδος, καταφερόμενος ὕπνῳ βαθεῖ, διαλεγομένου τοῦ Παύλου ἐπὶ πλεῖον, κατενεχθεὶς ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕπνου ἔπεσεν ἀπὸ τοῦ τριστέγου κάτω καὶ ἤρθη νεκρός.

A young man named Eutychus, sitting in the window, was sinking into a deep sleep; and as Paul talked on and on, overcome by sleep he fell from the third story down and was picked up dead.

Complication (narrative crisis)δέThe narrative crisis of the Troas episode: Eutychus (meaning 'Fortunate') ironically falls to his death during the sermon. The dual participial structure — καταφερόμενος (being sunk) → κατενεχθείς (overcome) — tracks the fatal progression. ἤρθη νεκρός is a direct statement of death, not a swoon; Luke does not equivocate here.
καθήμενοςsittingPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · κάθημαιattendant circumstance participle→ progressive presentκάθημαι: 'to sit, be seated'; the present participle pictures him seated in the window throughout.
δέandnarrative conjunction
τιςa certainNominativeindefinite pronoun (introducing new character)
νεανίαςyoung manNominativeappositive to τις (subject)νεανίας: 'young man'; probably a slave or household worker who came to the crowded assembly and found a windowsill seat.
ὀνόματιnamedDativedative of reference (onomastic formula)ὄνομα: 'name'; ὀνόματι + name = 'by name' — the standard Lukan name-introduction formula.
ΕὔτυχοςEutychusNominativenominative in appositionΕὔτυχος: 'Fortunate' (Greek); the irony — the fortunate one falls to his death — is the narrative's hinge.
ἐπὶinpreposition + genitive (position)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with noun
θυρίδοςwindowGenitivegenitive of position (with ἐπί)θυρίς: 'window, opening'; the window-sill was a coveted spot in the hot, lamp-lit, crowded room.
καταφερόμενοςbeing overcomePres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · καταφέρωcircumstantial participle (progressive condition)→ progressive present (gradual sinking)καταφέρω (pass.): 'to be borne down, overcome'; vividly depicts the gradual sinking into sleep.
ὕπνῳwith sleepDativedative of means/causeὕπνος: 'sleep'; the word recurs in κατενεχθείς ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕπνου — a double framing of Eutychus's fatal drowsiness.
βαθεῖdeepDativeattributive adjectiveβαθύς: 'deep'; the depth of the sleep intensifies the tragedy and Luke's insistence it was genuine death, not just a faint.
διαλεγομένουdiscoursingPres Mid Ptc Gen Sg Masc · διαλέγομαιgenitive absolute (temporal/causal)→ progressive presentδιαλέγομαι: 'to discourse'; cf. v.7; the genitive absolute timestamps the fall during Paul's prolonged speech.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with subject of genitive absolute
ΠαύλουPaulGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteΠαῦλος: subject of the genitive absolute.
ἐπὶon and onpreposition + accusative (extension)
πλεῖονmoreAccusativeaccusative of extent (with ἐπί)πλείων: 'more, greater'; ἐπὶ πλεῖον = 'at greater length, increasingly'; Luke's way of saying the sermon kept going.
κατενεχθεὶςovercomeAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · καταφέρωattendant circumstance participle (cause of fall)→ constative aoristκαταφέρω (pass.): 'to be brought down, overcome'; the aorist participle marks the decisive final moment of unconsciousness before the fall.
ἀπὸbypreposition + genitive (cause)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ὕπνουsleepGenitivegenitive of cause (ἀπό + gen.)ὕπνος: 'sleep'; the second occurrence of this word frames the tragic sequence.
ἔπεσενhe fellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'to fall'; the narrative climax of the Eutychus episode.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (origin/height)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
τριστέγουthird storyGenitivegenitive of place of origin (height)τρίστεγον: 'third story'; NT hapax; a fall of three storeys (c. 9–10 m) would be fatal.
κάτωdownadverb of directionκάτω: 'downward, below'; emphasizes the direction and finality of the fall.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤρθηwas picked upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'to lift, pick up'; with νεκρός the phrase means 'he was lifted up as a corpse' — Luke is unambiguous about the death.
νεκρόςdeadNominativepredicate adjective / appositionνεκρός: 'dead'; Luke's deliberate statement ensures the reader understands what follows is a genuine restoration of life.
10

καταβὰς δὲ ὁ Παῦλος ἐπέπεσεν αὐτῷ καὶ συμπεριλαβὼν εἶπεν· μὴ θορυβεῖσθε, ἡ γὰρ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐστιν.

But Paul went down and bent over him, and taking him in his arms, said, 'Do not be alarmed, for his life is in him.'

Resolution (prophetic action)δέPaul's action closely mirrors Elijah (1 Kgs 17:21 LXX: ἐπεκλίθη) and Elisha (2 Kgs 4:34–35). The declaration 'his life is in him' (ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐστιν) echoes 1 Kgs 17:22 LXX (ἐπεστράφη ἡ ψυχὴ τοῦ παιδαρίου), situating Paul in the prophetic succession. Whether Luke means the life returned or was never absent is a crux (cf. v.12: 'they took away the boy alive').
καταβὰςhaving gone downAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · καταβαίνωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'to go down, descend'; Paul descends from the upper room to the courtyard where Eutychus fell.
δὲandnarrative conjunction
theNominativearticle with subject
ΠαῦλοςPaulNominativesubjectΠαῦλος: subject of both main verbs and the participles.
ἐπέπεσενfell uponAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιπίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιπίπτω: 'to fall upon, throw oneself upon'; cf. Elijah's similar action in 1 Kgs 17:21; Elisha in 2 Kgs 4:34.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of indirect object (with ἐπί-)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συμπεριλαβὼνhaving embracedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · συμπεριλαμβάνωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristσυμπεριλαμβάνω: 'to embrace, take in the arms together'; NT hapax; a vivid term for Paul wrapping his arms around the body.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'to say, speak'; introduces the direct speech.
μὴnotnegative with imperative
θορυβεῖσθεbe alarmedPres Pass Impv 2 Pl · θορυβέωmain verb (negative command)→ progressive present (stop an action in progress)θορυβέω: 'to throw into uproar, disturb, alarm'; the cognate of θόρυβος (v.1); μὴ + present imperative = 'stop being alarmed.'
theNominativearticle with subject
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ψυχὴlifeNominativesubject of existential clauseψυχή: 'soul, life'; in this context = the life-force; echoing the LXX resuscitation accounts (1 Kgs 17:21–22).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
αὐτῷhimDativedative of location
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential/predicative)→ gnomic/punctiliar presentεἰμί: 'to be'; ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐστιν echoes 1 Kgs 17:21–22 LXX and pronounces life restored or remaining.
11

ἀναβὰς δὲ καὶ κλάσας τὸν ἄρτον καὶ γευσάμενος, ἐφ᾽ ἱκανόν τε ὁμιλήσας ἄχρι αὐγῆς, οὕτως ἐξῆλθεν.

And when Paul had gone back up and had broken bread and eaten, having conversed for a long time until daybreak, he departed.

Resumption (return to the assembly)δέPaul's return upstairs and the breaking of bread formally complete the gathering begun in v.7. The breaking of bread now follows Paul's descent — whether sequentially (he breaks bread after dealing with Eutychus) or as the main event always planned is a question; the narrative suggests the eucharistic meal continued after the crisis. ὁμιλήσας (talking, conversing) is gentler than διαλέγεσθαι, suggesting informal post-meal conversation until dawn.
ἀναβὰςhaving gone back upAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβαίνωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'to go up, ascend'; Paul returns to the upper room after caring for Eutychus below.
δὲandnarrative conjunction
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κλάσαςhaving brokenAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · κλάωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristκλάω: 'to break'; κλάσας τὸν ἄρτον = the eucharistic breaking of bread; cf. v.7 κλάσαι ἄρτον.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with direct object
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of κλάσαςἄρτος: 'bread'; the definite article refers back to the bread of the eucharistic gathering (v.7).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γευσάμενοςhaving eatenAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · γεύομαιattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristγεύομαι: 'to taste, eat, partake'; here of the communal meal — the agape/eucharist.
ἐφ᾽forpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)
ἱκανόνa long timeAccusativeaccusative of duration (ἐφ᾽ ἱκανόν = for a long while)ἱκανός: 'sufficient, considerable'; ἐφ᾽ ἱκανόν = 'for a considerable time'; informal conversational mode until dawn.
τεandconnective particle
ὁμιλήσαςhaving conversedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ὁμιλέωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristὁμιλέω: 'to converse, talk with'; different register from διαλέγεσθαι (v.7) — a more relaxed post-meal discourse.
ἄχριuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal limit)
αὐγῆςdaybreakGenitivegenitive of temporal limit (with ἄχρι)αὐγή: 'dawn, daybreak, gleam'; NT hapax; Paul talked from evening through midnight (v.7) until sunrise.
οὕτωςthusadverb of mannerοὕτως: 'in this way, thus'; summarizes the whole night's events before Paul's departure.
ἐξῆλθενhe departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'to go out, depart'; Paul's departure at dawn closes the Troas assembly scene.
12

ἤγαγον δὲ τὸν παῖδα ζῶντα, καὶ παρεκλήθησαν οὐ μετρίως.

And they brought the boy alive, and were greatly comforted.

Resolution (conclusion of Eutychus episode)δέThe episode's resolution: τὸν παῖδα ζῶντα ('the boy alive') answers the earlier ἤρθη νεκρός ('picked up dead,' v.9). The verb παρεκλήθησαν echoes the pastoral παρακαλέω group (vv.1–2), tying the raising to the larger theme of encouragement. οὐ μετρίως is a Lukan litotes — 'not moderately' = 'greatly, enormously.'
ἤγαγονthey broughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἄγωmain verb→ constative aoristἄγω: 'to lead, bring'; the assembled community brings Eutychus back up — alive.
δὲandnarrative conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with direct object
παῖδαboyAccusativedirect object of ἤγαγονπαῖς: 'child, boy, servant'; the shift from νεανίας (v.9, 'young man') to παῖς ('boy') is unexplained; both can denote a youth.
ζῶνταalivePres Act Ptc Acc Sg Masc · ζάωpredicate participle / object complement→ progressive present (living, vital)ζάω: 'to live'; the present participle ζῶντα predicates life as an active, ongoing state — direct answer to νεκρός.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρεκλήθησανthey were comfortedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · παρακαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristπαρακαλέω (pass.): 'to be comforted, encouraged'; the word bridges back to the παράκλησις of Paul's ministry (vv.1–2) — the raising itself is an act of apostolic consolation.
οὐnotnegative adverb (litotes with μετρίως)
μετρίωςmoderatelyadverb of degree (litotes: 'not moderately' = greatly)μετρίως: 'moderately, in measure'; NT hapax; οὐ μετρίως is a Lukan litotes for extreme intensity of feeling.
13

Ἡμεῖς δὲ προελθόντες ἐπὶ τὸ πλοῖον ἀνήχθημεν ἐπὶ τὴν Ἆσσον, ἐκεῖθεν μέλλοντες ἀναλαμβάνειν τὸν Παῦλον· οὕτως γὰρ διατεταγμένος ἦν, μέλλων αὐτὸς πεζεύειν.

But we went on ahead to the ship and sailed for Assos, intending to take Paul aboard there, for so he had arranged, intending himself to go overland.

Temporal transition (resumption of voyage narrative)δέThe 'we' narrator's perspective returns to the ship as Paul walks overland to Assos (c. 32 km south). The double μέλλων structure — once for the group's intention (ἀναλαμβάνειν) and once for Paul's (πεζεύειν) — mirrors the careful itinerary register of the 'we' source.
ἩμεῖςweNominativesubject (emphatic first-person plural)
δὲandnarrative conjunction
προελθόντεςhaving gone aheadAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · προέρχομαιattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristπροέρχομαι: 'to go ahead, precede'; the party sails while Paul walks.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle with noun
πλοῖονshipAccusativeaccusative of destinationπλοῖον: 'ship, boat'; the vessel that carried the whole party from Philippi to Troas.
ἀνήχθημενwe set sailAor Pass Indic 1 Pl · ἀνάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνάγω (pass.): 'to put to sea, set sail'; the standard nautical term (cf. v.3; 13:13; 16:11; 27:2).
ἐπὶforpreposition + accusative (destination)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with place name
ἎσσονAssosAccusativeaccusative of destinationἌσσος: a port city on the coast of Mysia (modern Behramkale), some 32 km south of Troas by the overland route.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (from Assos)ἐκεῖθεν: 'from there'; the plan was to pick Paul up at Assos.
μέλλοντεςintendingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · μέλλωattendant circumstance participle (purpose)→ futuristic presentμέλλω: 'to be about to, intend'; the party's pre-arranged plan.
ἀναλαμβάνεινto take aboardPres Act Inf · ἀναλαμβάνωcomplementary infinitive with μέλλοντες→ progressive presentἀναλαμβάνω: 'to take up, take aboard'; in nautical contexts = 'to pick up a passenger.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with proper noun
ΠαῦλονPaulAccusativedirect object of ἀναλαμβάνεινΠαῦλος: Paul who had arranged to walk overland.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (explanation)οὕτως: 'in this way, so'; introduces the explanatory γάρ clause.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
διατεταγμένοςhaving arrangedPerf Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διατάσσωpredicate participle with ἦν (periphrastic pluperfect)→ intensive perfect (arrangement still in force)διατάσσω: 'to arrange, give orders'; in the middle = 'to arrange for oneself, direct'; the perfect captures the standing pre-arrangement.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary in periphrastic construction→ progressive imperfectεἰμί: auxiliary for the periphrastic pluperfect with διατεταγμένος.
μέλλωνintendingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · μέλλωattendant circumstance participle (causal/explanatory)→ futuristic presentμέλλω: 'to intend, be about to'; explains Paul's arrangement — he chose the overland walk.
αὐτὸςhimselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic subject)
πεζεύεινto go on footPres Act Inf · πεζεύωcomplementary infinitive with μέλλων→ progressive presentπεζεύω: 'to travel on foot, march'; NT hapax; Paul deliberately chose the c. 32 km overland walk — perhaps for prayer, solitude, or meeting local believers.
14

ὡς δὲ συνέβαλλεν ἡμῖν εἰς τὴν Ἆσσον, ἀναλαβόντες αὐτὸν ἤλθομεν εἰς Μιτυλήνην.

And when he met us at Assos, we took him aboard and came to Mitylene.

Temporal sequence (reunion)ὡς δέA brief, precise itinerary note. ὡς introduces the temporal clause; συνέβαλλεν + dative = 'he met up with us.' The imperfect pictures the approach and meeting. Mitylene was the chief city of the island of Lesbos.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction
δὲandnarrative conjunction
συνέβαλλενhe metImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · συμβάλλωverb in temporal clause→ progressive imperfect (in process of meeting)συμβάλλω: 'to meet, encounter, engage'; in this context 'to meet up with' (intransitive).
ἡμῖνusDativedative of association
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (location of meeting)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with place name
ἎσσονAssosAccusativeaccusative of locationἌσσος: the pre-arranged meeting point (cf. v.13).
ἀναλαβόντεςhaving taken aboardAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀναλαμβάνωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristἀναλαμβάνω: 'to take up, take aboard'; fulfills the plan stated in v.13.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀναλαβόντες
ἤλθομενwe cameAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'to come, arrive'; the voyage continues southward.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)
ΜιτυλήνηνMityleneAccusativeaccusative of destinationΜιτυλήνη: the principal city of the island of Lesbos; a natural overnight harbor on the coastal route south.
15

κἀκεῖθεν ἀποπλεύσαντες τῇ ἐπιούσῃ κατηντήσαμεν ἄντικρυς Χίου, τῇ δὲ ἑτέρᾳ παρεβάλομεν εἰς Σάμον, τῇ δὲ ἐχομένῃ ἤλθομεν εἰς Μίλητον.

And sailing from there, on the following day we arrived opposite Chios; the next day we touched at Samos; and the day after that we came to Miletus.

Itinerary sequenceκἀκεῖθενA rapid, day-by-day itinerary record typical of the 'we' sections: Mitylene → off Chios → Samos → Miletus. Three consecutive days with precise nautical terminology. The detail reflects first-hand knowledge of the Aegean coastal route.
κἀκεῖθενand from therecrasis (καὶ ἐκεῖθεν); adverb of place/continuationἐκεῖθεν: 'from there'; the crasis καί + ἐκεῖθεν smoothly continues the itinerary.
ἀποπλεύσαντεςhaving sailed awayAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀποπλέωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristἀποπλέω: 'to sail away, depart by sea'; NT hapax (also 13:4; 14:26; 20:15; 27:1).
τῇtheDativearticle with temporal dative
ἐπιούσῃfollowingPres Act Ptc Dat Sg Fem · ἔπειμιsubstantival participle (temporal dative: 'on the following day')→ progressive presentἔπειμι: 'to come upon'; τῇ ἐπιούσῃ (sc. ἡμέρᾳ) = 'on the next/following day' — a common temporal formula.
κατηντήσαμενwe arrivedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · καταντάωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταντάω: 'to arrive at, reach'; used in Acts of reaching a destination after travel (13:51; 16:1; 18:19, 24; 19:1; 20:15; 21:7; 25:13; 26:7; 27:12; 28:13).
ἄντικρυςoppositeimproper preposition + genitive (position)ἄντικρυς: 'opposite, facing, directly across from'; NT hapax; they sailed past Chios without docking.
ΧίουChiosGenitivegenitive after ἄντικρυςΧίος: the Aegean island of Chios, famous for wine and mastic; they passed it without putting in.
τῇtheDativearticle with temporal dative
δὲandnarrative conjunction
ἑτέρᾳnextDativeattributive adjective (temporal dative: sc. ἡμέρᾳ)ἕτερος: 'other, another'; τῇ ἑτέρᾳ (sc. ἡμέρᾳ) = 'the next day.'
παρεβάλομενwe touchedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · παραβάλλωmain verb→ constative aoristπαραβάλλω: nautical term 'to come alongside, touch at (a port)'; NT hapax in this sense.
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (destination)
ΣάμονSamosAccusativeaccusative of destinationΣάμος: the large Aegean island off the coast of Asia Minor; a brief stop.
τῇtheDativearticle with temporal dative
δὲandnarrative conjunction
ἐχομένῃfollowingPres Mid Ptc Dat Sg Fem · ἔχωsubstantival participle (temporal dative: sc. ἡμέρᾳ)→ progressive presentἔχω (mid.): τῇ ἐχομένῃ = 'on the following, successive day'; a common temporal idiom.
ἤλθομενwe cameAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'to arrive, come'; the conclusion of the three-day coastal passage.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)
ΜίλητονMiletusAccusativeaccusative of destinationΜίλητος: a major port city at the mouth of the Meander river (modern Milet, Turkey); the stage for the great farewell address of vv.17–38.
16

κεκρίκει γὰρ ὁ Παῦλος παραπλεῦσαι τὴν Ἔφεσον, ὅπως μὴ γένηται αὐτῷ χρονοτριβῆσαι ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ· ἔσπευδεν γὰρ εἰ δυνατὸν εἴη αὐτῷ τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς γενέσθαι εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα.

For Paul had decided to sail past Ephesus, so that he would not have to spend time in Asia; for he was hurrying, if possible, to be in Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost.

Explanatory (motivation for bypassing Ephesus)γάρA double-γάρ explanation: the first explains why Miletus (not Ephesus) was chosen; the second explains Paul's urgency. The pluperfect κεκρίκει ('had decided') emphasizes a prior, firm resolution. The Pentecost deadline fits a Passover departure from Philippi (v.6) with roughly seven weeks of travel.
κεκρίκειhad decidedPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb (pluperfect)→ intensive perfect (decision firmly in place)κρίνω: 'to decide, judge'; the pluperfect underscores that Paul's decision to bypass Ephesus was prior and settled.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
theNominativearticle with subject
ΠαῦλοςPaulNominativesubjectΠαῦλος: the narrator shifts from 'we' back to Paul as the decision-maker.
παραπλεῦσαιto sail pastAor Act Inf · παραπλέωcomplementary infinitive with κεκρίκει→ constative aoristπαραπλέω: 'to sail past, bypass by sea'; NT hapax; Paul deliberately chose not to call at Ephesus.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with proper noun
ἜφεσονEphesusAccusativeaccusative of destination (bypassed)Ἔφεσος: the great city of the province of Asia where Paul spent over two years (19:8–10); bypassed here to avoid a prolonged visit.
ὅπωςso thatpurpose conjunction
μὴnotnegative in purpose clause
γένηταιit might happenAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιsubjunctive in negative purpose clause (ὅπως μή)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'to happen, come about'; here impersonal 'it might happen that' + infinitive.
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of reference (with impersonal γένηται)
χρονοτριβῆσαιto spend timeAor Act Inf · χρονοτριβέωinfinitive in indirect statement after γένηται→ constative aoristχρονοτριβέω: 'to waste/spend time'; NT hapax; a vivid compound: χρόνος + τρίβω ('rub away time').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῇtheDativearticle with place name
ἈσίᾳAsiaDativedative of placeἈσία: the Roman province of Asia (western Asia Minor); Ephesus was its capital.
ἔσπευδενhe was hurryingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · σπεύδωmain verb (second γάρ clause)→ progressive imperfect (sustained urgency)σπεύδω: 'to hurry, hasten'; the imperfect captures Paul's sustained urgency throughout the voyage.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (second γάρ)
εἰifconditional particle (with optative in remote condition)
δυνατὸνpossibleNominativepredicate adjective (impersonal: 'if it were possible')δυνατός: 'possible, able'; εἰ δυνατὸν εἴη = 'if it should be possible' — recognizes the contingency.
εἴηit might bePres Act Opt 3 Sg · εἰμίoptative in remote possibility condition→ progressive presentεἰμί: optative for remote possibility — the optative is rare in NT Greek and marks the hopeful but uncertain nature of the goal.
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of reference
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with object
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of time (object of γενέσθαι idiom)ἡμέρα: 'day'; τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς = the day of Pentecost.
τῆςofGenitivearticle with noun
ΠεντηκοστῆςPentecostGenitivegenitive of descriptionΠεντηκοστή: 'fiftieth [day]'; the feast fifty days after Passover (Lev 23:15–21); major pilgrimage festival (cf. Acts 2:1).
γενέσθαιto beAor Mid Inf · γίνομαιcomplementary infinitive (γενέσθαι εἰς = 'to arrive at')→ constative aoristγίνομαι: γενέσθαι εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα = 'to arrive in Jerusalem'; an idiomatic use of γίνομαι for arrival.
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (destination)
ἹεροσόλυμαJerusalemAccusativeaccusative of destinationἹεροσόλυμα: the Greek form of Jerusalem; the goal of Paul's final journey (Acts 20–21).
17

Ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Μιλήτου πέμψας εἰς Ἔφεσον μετεκαλέσατο τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους τῆς ἐκκλησίας.

From Miletus he sent to Ephesus and called for the elders of the church.

Narrative transition (shift to farewell address)δέThe pivot from the journey narrative to the farewell address. The Ephesian elders are summoned to Miletus (c. 50 km north of Ephesus) — Paul cannot go to Ephesus but the elders can come to him. This is the only speech in Acts explicitly addressed to church leaders.
Ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (place of origin)
δὲandnarrative conjunction
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with place name
ΜιλήτουMiletusGenitivegenitive of place of originΜίλητος: the port from which Paul sends the summons, c. 50 km south of Ephesus.
πέμψαςhaving sentAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · πέμπωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristπέμπω: 'to send'; Paul dispatched messengers to Ephesus.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination of messengers)
ἜφεσονEphesusAccusativeaccusative of destinationἜφεσος: the seat of the church Paul had planted; the elders must travel c. 50 km to Miletus.
μετεκαλέσατοhe summonedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · μετακαλέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristμετακαλέομαι: 'to call to oneself, summon to a meeting'; middle = calling for one's own purpose; cf. Acts 7:14; 10:32; 24:25.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with direct object
πρεσβυτέρουςeldersAccusativedirect object of μετεκαλέσατοπρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; in Acts the term for the appointed leaders of local churches (14:23; 15:2, 4, 6, 22, 23; 16:4; 20:17; 21:18); also called ἐπίσκοποι ('overseers') in v.28.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with noun
ἐκκλησίαςchurchGenitivegenitive of belongingἐκκλησία: 'assembly, church'; the gathered community at Ephesus; here singular for the whole Ephesian church.
18

ὡς δὲ παρεγένοντο πρὸς αὐτόν, εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Ὑμεῖς ἐπίστασθε, ἀπὸ πρώτης ἡμέρας ἀφ᾽ ἧς ἐπέβην εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν, πῶς μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν τὸν πάντα χρόνον ἐγενόμην,

And when they came to him, he said to them: 'You yourselves know how I was with you the whole time from the first day I set foot in Asia,

Temporal transition (speech opening)ὡς δέThe farewell address begins with the standard testamentary appeal to the audience's own knowledge — 'you yourselves know' (Ὑμεῖς ἐπίστασθε). The emphatic pronoun Ὑμεῖς invites the elders as witnesses to the veracity of what follows. The rhetorical form is that of the hellenistic farewell speech.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction
δὲandnarrative conjunction
παρεγένοντοthey cameAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραγίνομαιverb in temporal clause→ constative aoristπαραγίνομαι: 'to come, arrive, appear'; a common Lukan arrival verb (Luke 7:4; 8:19; Acts 5:21; 9:26; etc.).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction/approach)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'to say'; the speech introduction for the farewell address.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of indirect object
ὙμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
ἐπίστασθεknowPres Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἐπίσταμαιmain verb of speech (testamentary appeal)→ progressive present (ongoing, settled knowledge)ἐπίσταμαι: 'to know, understand'; the appeal to the audience's own knowledge is standard testamentary rhetoric (cf. 1 Thess 2:1, 2, 5, 11).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal starting point)
πρώτηςfirstGenitiveattributive adjectiveπρῶτος: 'first'; ἀπὸ πρώτης ἡμέρας = 'from the first day' — cf. Phil 1:5.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of time from whichἡμέρα: 'day'; the first day Paul set foot in Asia = Acts 18:19 (Ephesus).
ἀφ᾽from whichpreposition + relative (temporal reference)
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive of time)
ἐπέβηνI set footAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπιβαίνωverb in relative clause→ constative aoristἐπιβαίνω: 'to step upon, set foot in'; with εἰς = 'to enter (a place)'; cf. Acts 21:4.
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (direction/location)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with place name
ἈσίανAsiaAccusativeaccusative of destinationἈσία: the Roman province of Asia; cf. Acts 19 for Paul's three-year Ephesian ministry.
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb introducing indirect question
μεθ᾽withpreposition + genitive (association)
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive of association (with μετά)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with accusative of time
πάνταwholeAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, every, whole'; τὸν πάντα χρόνον = 'the entire time' of the Ephesian ministry.
χρόνονtimeAccusativeaccusative of time extentχρόνος: 'time, period'; the full three years of Paul's Ephesian ministry (cf. v.31).
ἐγενόμηνI wasAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of indirect question→ constative aorist (summary of the whole period)γίνομαι: 'to be'; ἐγενόμην μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν = 'I was with you' — the summary of three years of shared ministry.
19

δουλεύων τῷ κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ δακρύων καὶ πειρασμῶν τῶν συμβάντων μοι ἐν ταῖς ἐπιβουλαῖς τῶν Ἰουδαίων·

serving the Lord with all humility and with tears and with trials that came upon me through the plots of the Jews;

Continuation (manner of ministry)asyndetonAn asyndeton: the verse continues the indirect question of v.18 ('how I was with you … serving'). Three defining features of Paul's Ephesian ministry: ταπεινοφροσύνη (humility — a radical revaluation of the slave's posture as the minister's virtue), δάκρυα (tears), and πειρασμοί (trials from Jewish plots, cf. v.3). This triad will be repeated in v.31.
δουλεύωνservingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · δουλεύωcircumstantial participle (manner, elaborating ἐγενόμην v.18)→ progressive present (continuous service)δουλεύω: 'to serve as a slave'; the language of total, self-emptying service — Paul describes his ministry with the slave's word, not the ruler's.
τῷtheDativearticle with dative
κυρίῳLordDativedative of indirect object (person served)κύριος: 'Lord'; Paul serves the Lord Jesus, not human masters; the dative with δουλεύω.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (manner/accompaniment)
πάσηςallGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, every'; μετὰ πάσης ταπεινοφροσύνης = 'with complete humility.'
ταπεινοφροσύνηςhumilityGenitivegenitive of manner (with μετά)ταπεινοφροσύνη: 'humility, lowliness of mind'; a NT coinage (Phil 2:3; Eph 4:2; Col 2:18, 23; 3:12; 1 Pet 5:5); the slave-virtue elevated to a Christian ministerial ideal.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δακρύωνtearsGenitivegenitive of manner (parallel with ταπεινοφροσύνης)δάκρυον: 'tear'; the plural 'tears' is the mark of pastoral anguish; cf. vv.31, 37.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πειρασμῶνtrialsGenitivegenitive of manner (parallel)πειρασμός: 'trial, temptation, testing'; here = external trials from opposition, not inner moral temptation.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with participle (restrictive relative clause equivalent)
συμβάντωνthat came uponAor Act Ptc Gen Pl Masc · συμβαίνωattributive participle (relative clause: 'which came upon me')→ constative aoristσυμβαίνω: 'to happen, come upon, befall'; in the dative construction = 'happened to me.'
μοιmeDativedative of disadvantage (with συμβάντων)
ἐνthroughpreposition + dative (means/agent)
ταῖςtheDativearticle with noun
ἐπιβουλαῖςplotsDativedative of meansἐπιβουλή: 'plot, conspiracy'; plural = multiple plots; cf. v.3; the Ephesian-area Jewish opposition.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with noun
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivegenitive of agent/sourceἸουδαῖος: 'Jew'; the Jewish opponents whose plots structured Paul's ministry of suffering.
20

ὡς οὐδὲν ὑπεστειλάμην τῶν συμφερόντων τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι ὑμῖν καὶ διδάξαι ὑμᾶς δημοσίᾳ καὶ κατ᾽ οἴκους,

how I did not shrink from declaring to you anything that was profitable, and teaching you in public and from house to house,

Continuation (content of what they know)ὡςThe ὡς resumes the indirect question of v.18 (a second πῶς/ὡς clause). ὑπεστειλάμην ('shrank back') is a nautical and military term for pulling back; Paul claims total non-concealment. The δημοσίᾳ / κατ᾽ οἴκους (public / house to house) pair describes comprehensive ministry in the ancient world.
ὡςhowrelative adverb introducing indirect statement (continuation of v.18)
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object of ὑπεστειλάμην
ὑπεστειλάμηνI shrank backAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ὑποστέλλωmain verb of ὡς clause→ constative aoristὑποστέλλω (mid.): 'to draw back, shrink, hide'; a military/nautical term for pulling a sail back; Paul claims he withheld nothing useful.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with substantival participle
συμφερόντωνprofitable thingsPres Act Ptc Gen Pl Neut · συμφέρωsubstantival participle (partitive genitive: 'nothing of the profitable things')→ progressive present (generally beneficial)συμφέρω: 'to be profitable, beneficial'; the neuter plural substantivally = 'the things that are beneficial.'
τοῦfromGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (genitive of separation)
μὴnotnegative with articular infinitive
ἀναγγεῖλαιto declareAor Act Inf · ἀναγγέλλωarticular infinitive (epexegetical: defines what he did not withhold)→ constative aoristἀναγγέλλω: 'to announce, report, declare'; the public proclamation of the message; cf. v.27.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of indirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διδάξαιto teachAor Act Inf · διδάσκωcoordinate infinitive with ἀναγγεῖλαι→ constative aoristδιδάσκω: 'to teach'; the dual commission — proclamation (ἀναγγέλλω) and teaching (διδάσκω) — is characteristic of Paul's Ephesian ministry (cf. 19:8–10).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of διδάξαι
δημοσίᾳpubliclyDativedative of mannerδημόσιος: 'public'; adverbial dative = 'in public'; cf. Acts 5:18; 16:37; 18:28.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατ᾽from house topreposition + accusative (distributive)
οἴκουςhouseAccusativedistributive accusative (house by house)οἶκος: 'house, household'; κατ᾽ οἴκους = 'house by house' — the model of the house church (cf. Acts 2:46; 5:42; Rom 16:5).
21

διαμαρτυρόμενος Ἰουδαίοις τε καὶ Ἕλλησιν τὴν εἰς θεὸν μετάνοιαν καὶ πίστιν εἰς τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦν [Χριστόν].

testifying both to Jews and to Greeks of repentance toward God and of faith in our Lord Jesus Christ.

Elaboration (content of teaching)asyndetonAsyndeton, continuing the participial chain from v.19. The content of Paul's message — μετάνοια εἰς θεόν + πίστις εἰς τὸν κύριον — is a compact summary of the gospel's two-part demand (cf. Acts 26:20; Heb 6:1). The pairing 'Jews and Greeks' signals the universal scope. [Χριστόν] is bracketed in some editions (absent from P74, Aleph*).
διαμαρτυρόμενοςtestifyingPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διαμαρτύρομαιcircumstantial participle (continuation of v.18 how-clause)→ progressive present (ongoing testimony)διαμαρτύρομαι: 'to testify solemnly, bear full witness'; a solemn, emphatic form of μαρτύρομαι; common in Acts for Paul's missionary preaching (18:5; 20:21, 23, 24; 23:11; 28:23).
Ἰουδαίοιςto JewsDativedative of indirect object (audience)Ἰουδαῖος: 'Jew'; Paul's mission was to 'Jew first and also Greek' (Rom 1:16).
τεbothcorrelative particle (τε … καί = both … and)
καὶandcorrelative conjunction (τε … καί)
Ἕλλησινto GreeksDativedative of indirect object (audience)Ἕλλην: 'Greek, Gentile'; used broadly for non-Jews in Paul's mission (Rom 1:16; 10:12; 1 Cor 1:22–24).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with noun (accusative of content)
εἰςtowardpreposition + accusative (direction of turning)
θεὸνGodAccusativeaccusative of direction (with μετάνοια εἰς)θεός: 'God'; μετάνοια εἰς θεόν = repentance oriented toward God as its goal.
μετάνοιανrepentanceAccusativedirect object of διαμαρτυρόμενοςμετάνοια: 'repentance, change of mind and direction'; consistently the first demand of the apostolic gospel (Acts 2:38; 3:19; 5:31; 11:18; 17:30; 26:20).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πίστινfaithAccusativedirect object of διαμαρτυρόμενος (coordinate)πίστις: 'faith, trust, belief'; here objective faith directed toward the Lord Jesus; the companion of repentance (Heb 6:1).
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (object of faith)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with noun
κύριονLordAccusativeaccusative (object of εἰς with πίστιν)κύριος: 'Lord'; the object of saving faith — the exalted Jesus as Lord (cf. Rom 10:9–10).
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeapposition to κύριονἸησοῦς: the personal name of the Lord.
[Χριστόν][Christ]Accusativeapposition (bracketed — textually uncertain)Χριστός: 'Anointed, Messiah'; bracketed in some editions: absent from P74, Sinaiticus*, present in most witnesses.
22

καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ δεδεμένος ἐγὼ τῷ πνεύματι πορεύομαι εἰς Ἱερουσαλήμ, τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ συναντήσοντά μοι μὴ εἰδώς,

And now, behold, I am going to Jerusalem, constrained by the Spirit, not knowing what will happen to me there,

Transition (from retrospect to prospect)καὶ νῦν'And now' (καὶ νῦν) is the classic testamentary pivot from retrospect to the announcement of the speaker's departure. ἰδού draws the audience's attention. δεδεμένος ('bound') is a perfect passive participle — 'having been bound,' denoting a continuing constraint. τῷ πνεύματι may be the Holy Spirit (so most commentators) or Paul's inner spirit — most likely the former, given vv.23–24.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (testamentary pivot)νῦν: 'now'; καὶ νῦν is the classic transition from retrospective to prospective in farewell speech.
ἰδοὺbeholdattention-marker (interjection)ἰδού: 'behold, look'; a Semitism drawing audience attention to a dramatic announcement.
δεδεμένοςboundPerf Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · δέωpredicate participle (periphrastic perfect with implied εἰμί)→ intensive perfect (bound and remaining so)δέω: 'to bind'; δεδεμένος τῷ πνεύματι = 'bound by the Spirit' — a spiritual compulsion that cannot be undone; the perfect participle captures the enduring constraint.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
τῷtheDativearticle with noun
πνεύματιSpiritDativedative of agent/means (with δεδεμένος)πνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; most likely the Holy Spirit (cf. v.23 'the Holy Spirit testifies in every city'); the dative expresses the binding agent.
πορεύομαιI am goingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ futuristic present (imminent action)πορεύομαι: 'to travel, go'; the futuristic present captures the resolve already in motion.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)
ἹερουσαλήμJerusalemAccusativeaccusative of destinationἹερουσαλήμ: the Semitic (Hebrew/Aramaic) form of Jerusalem; cf. Ἱεροσόλυμα (Greek form) in v.16.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle with substantival future participle
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
αὐτῇitDativedative of place (referring to Jerusalem)
συναντήσοντάthat will meetFut Act Ptc Acc Pl Neut · συναντάωsubstantival future participle (direct object of εἰδώς)→ futuristic (prospective events)συναντάω: 'to meet, encounter, happen'; the future participle captures the yet-unknown events awaiting Paul.
μοιmeDativedative of disadvantage
μὴnotnegative with participle
εἰδώςknowingPerf Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · οἶδαattendant circumstance participle (concessive)→ intensive perfect (settled knowledge — or its absence)οἶδα: 'to know'; the perfect participle μὴ εἰδώς = 'not knowing' — the Spirit's witness gives assurance of trouble but not its details.
23

πλὴν ὅτι τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον κατὰ πόλιν διαμαρτύρεταί μοι λέγον ὅτι δεσμὰ καὶ θλίψεις με μένουσιν.

except that the Holy Spirit testifies to me in every city, saying that bonds and afflictions await me.

Qualification/exceptionπλήνπλήν introduces the one thing Paul does know: the Spirit's consistent city-by-city testimony that imprisonment and affliction lie ahead. The present tense διαμαρτύρεταί captures the ongoing, repeated nature of these prophetic warnings. κατὰ πόλιν is distributive ('in every city').
πλὴνexceptadversative/exceptive conjunctionπλήν: 'except, only, but'; qualifies the 'not knowing' of v.22 — Paul knows one thing: the Spirit's testimony.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content of πλήν
τὸtheNominativearticle with subject
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubjectπνεῦμα: here explicitly τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον = 'the Holy Spirit' — distinguishing it from Paul's own spirit (cf. v.22).
τὸtheNominativearticle with adjective (attributive)
ἅγιονHolyNominativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy, set apart'; the Holy Spirit as distinct person and divine witness.
κατὰin everypreposition + accusative (distributive)
πόλινcityAccusativedistributive accusative (κατὰ πόλιν = city by city)πόλις: 'city'; κατὰ πόλιν = 'city by city, in every city'; the repeated prophecy at each stop on the journey (cf. Acts 21:4, 10–11).
διαμαρτύρεταίtestifiesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · διαμαρτύρομαιmain verb→ progressive present (repeated testimony in each city)διαμαρτύρομαι: 'to testify solemnly'; cf. v.21; the Spirit's solemn, repetitive witness.
μοιto meDativedative of indirect object
λέγονsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Neut · λέγωattendant circumstance participle (manner)→ progressive presentλέγω: 'to say'; the present participle marks the Spirit's ongoing, recurring declaration.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing direct speech content
δεσμὰbondsNominativesubject of μένουσινδεσμόν: 'bond, chain, imprisonment'; plural = chains and imprisonments — fulfilled in Acts 21–28.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θλίψειςafflictionsNominativesubject of μένουσιν (coordinate)θλῖψις: 'affliction, tribulation, pressure'; the characteristic word for the suffering that accompanies apostolic mission (cf. 2 Cor 4:8–12; 11:23–27; Phil 4:14).
μεmeAccusativedirect object of μένουσιν
μένουσινawaitPres Act Indic 3 Pl · μένωmain verb of the Spirit's declaration→ futuristic present (certain future events described as already awaiting)μένω: 'to remain, wait, await'; here = 'await, are waiting for'; the futuristic present renders the awaiting bonds vivid and certain.
24

ἀλλ᾽ οὐδενὸς λόγου ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχήν μου τιμίαν ἐμαυτῷ, ὡς τελειῶσαι τὸν δρόμον μου καὶ τὴν διακονίαν ἣν ἔλαβον παρὰ τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ, διαμαρτύρασθαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς χάριτος τοῦ θεοῦ.

But I do not account my life of any value to myself, if only I may finish my course and the ministry that I received from the Lord Jesus, to testify to the gospel of the grace of God.

Adversative (Paul's response to the prospect of suffering)ἀλλ᾽The adversative ἀλλά sharply contrasts the announced suffering with Paul's indifference to his own life. οὐδενὸς λόγου ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχήν μου τιμίαν is an idiom — 'I count my life of no value to myself.' The δρόμος ('course') is the athletic race metaphor (2 Tim 4:7; cf. 1 Cor 9:24–27). διακονίαν — 'ministry' — is Paul's commissioned task, not merely a service.
ἀλλ᾽butadversative conjunction
οὐδενὸςof anyGenitivegenitive of value (with λόγου in idiom)
λόγουaccountGenitivegenitive of value (idiomatic: λόγου ποιεῖσθαι = 'to account')λόγος: in the idiom λόγου ποιεῖσθαι = 'to account, reckon, value'; οὐδενὸς λόγου = 'of no account/value.'
ποιοῦμαιI accountPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (idiomatic)→ progressive present (settled disposition)ποιέω (mid.): 'to regard, account, consider'; λόγου ποιεῖσθαι = to reckon, to hold in account.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with direct object
ψυχήνlifeAccusativedirect object of ποιοῦμαιψυχή: 'soul, life'; τὴν ψυχήν μου = 'my life' — Paul holds his life loosely.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
τιμίανpreciousAccusativepredicate accusative / object complementτίμιος: 'precious, valuable, dear'; Paul counts his life as not precious to himself — only finishing the race matters.
ἐμαυτῷto myselfDativedative of reference (reflexive)ἐμαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun, first person singular.
ὡςso thatpurpose conjunctionὡς: here introducing a purpose/result infinitive clause — 'if only I may.'
τελειῶσαιto finishAor Act Inf · τελειόωinfinitive of purpose (with ὡς)→ constative aoristτελειόω: 'to complete, bring to perfection/completion'; the athletic imagery of finishing the race (cf. 2 Tim 4:7 τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with direct object
δρόμονcourseAccusativedirect object of τελειῶσαιδρόμος: 'course, race-track'; the athletic metaphor for Paul's apostolic career (cf. 2 Tim 4:7; 1 Cor 9:24; Heb 12:1).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with direct object
διακονίανministryAccusativedirect object of τελειῶσαι (coordinate)διακονία: 'ministry, service, mission'; Paul's apostolic commission — not merely general service but the specific task given by the Lord.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (direct object of ἔλαβον)
ἔλαβονI receivedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωverb in relative clause→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'to receive, take'; the ministry was given — received from the Lord, not self-assumed.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with noun
κυρίουLordGenitivegenitive of source (παρά + gen.)κύριος: 'Lord'; the commission comes from the exalted Lord Jesus (Acts 9:15–16; 22:10; 26:16–18).
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition to κυρίουἸησοῦς: the personal name of the Lord.
διαμαρτύρασθαιto testifyAor Mid Inf · διαμαρτύρομαιepexegetical infinitive (defines the content of the διακονία)→ constative aoristδιαμαρτύρομαι: 'to testify solemnly'; cf. vv.21, 23; the epexegetical infinitive defines what the ministry consists in.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with direct object
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativedirect object of διαμαρτύρασθαιεὐαγγέλιον: 'gospel, good news'; the specific content of the ministry — the gospel.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with noun
χάριτοςgraceGenitivegenitive of content/characterχάρις: 'grace, favor'; 'the gospel of the grace of God' = the gospel whose content and character is God's unmerited favor.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with noun
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/agentθεός: 'God'; the grace is God's own — he is both its source and giver.
25

Καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ οἶδα ὅτι οὐκέτι ὄψεσθε τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ὑμεῖς πάντες ἐν οἷς διῆλθον κηρύσσων τὴν βασιλείαν.

And now, behold, I know that none of you among whom I have gone about proclaiming the kingdom will see my face again.

Solemn announcement (testamentary farewell)Καὶ νῦνThe second καὶ νῦν + ἰδοὺ (cf. v.22) marks a further solemn announcement. Paul's certainty that they will not see him again — stated as a fact he knows (ἐγὼ οἶδα) — is what drives the urgency of the charge in vv.28–31. Whether Paul was later released and revisited Ephesus (1 Tim 1:3; cf. Tit 1:5) is debated and was not Luke's horizon here.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νῦνnowtemporal adverb (testamentary transition)
ἰδοὺbeholdattention-markerἰδού: cf. v.22; a second solemn attention-call.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject
οἶδαknowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ intensive perfect (settled knowledge)οἶδα: 'to know'; perfect form with present meaning — Paul claims settled prophetic certainty.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content of οἶδα
οὐκέτιno longernegative adverb of continuationοὐκέτι: 'no more, no longer'; emphatic finality — the farewell is permanent.
ὄψεσθεwill seeFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb of ὅτι clause→ predictive futureὁράω: 'to see'; the future middle is the standard future of sight in NT Greek.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with noun
πρόσωπόνfaceAccusativedirect object of ὄψεσθεπρόσωπον: 'face, presence'; ὁράω τὸ πρόσωπον = 'to see the face, be in the presence of' — a Semitic idiom.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject (in apposition to the understood you)
πάντεςallNominativeappositive adjective to ὑμεῖςπᾶς: 'all'; the whole group of Ephesian elders are addressed — none will see him again.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere/group)
οἷςwhomDativerelative pronoun (dative with ἐν, referring to the elders)
διῆλθονI went throughAor Act Indic 1 Sg · διέρχομαιverb in relative clause→ constative aoristδιέρχομαι: 'to travel through, circulate among'; Paul's itinerant ministry among these communities.
κηρύσσωνproclaimingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · κηρύσσωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ progressive present (continuous proclamation)κηρύσσω: 'to proclaim, preach'; the herald's public announcement.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with direct object
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of κηρύσσωνβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; Paul's proclamation of the kingdom of God is the frame for his whole ministry (cf. Acts 19:8; 28:23, 31).
26

διότι μαρτύρομαι ὑμῖν ἐν τῇ σήμερον ἡμέρᾳ ὅτι καθαρός εἰμι ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος πάντων·

Therefore I testify to you this day that I am innocent of the blood of all of you,

Consequence/inference (from v.25)διότιThe solemn self-declaration of innocence. The phrase 'innocent of the blood' (καθαρὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος) echoes Ezekiel's watchman passages (Ezek 3:17–21; 33:1–9), where the prophet is made responsible for warning the people. 'This day' (τῇ σήμερον ἡμέρᾳ) marks the legal solemnity of the declaration — made before witnesses at a public farewell.
διότιthereforeinferential conjunctionδιότι: 'because, therefore'; here causal/inferential — 'for which reason' = 'therefore.'
μαρτύρομαιI testifyPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · μαρτύρομαιmain verb (solemn declaration)→ performative present (the declaration is the act)μαρτύρομαι: 'to testify, declare solemnly'; a legal/cultic declaration before witnesses.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of indirect object (the witnesses)
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)
τῇtheDativearticle with temporal noun
σήμερονtodayDativeadverb used attributively with ἡμέρᾳσήμερον: 'today'; τῇ σήμερον ἡμέρᾳ = 'on this very day' — the solemnity of the present moment as the day of formal declaration.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of timeἡμέρα: 'day'; τῇ σήμερον ἡμέρᾳ = 'on this present day.'
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content of declaration
καθαρόςinnocentNominativepredicate adjectiveκαθαρός: 'clean, pure, innocent'; used in the OT sense of ritual/moral innocence; καθαρὸς ἀπό = 'free from (guilt of).'
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ progressive present (present state)εἰμί: 'to be'; the copula in the predicate adjective construction.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (separation/innocence)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with noun
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive of separation (with καθαρός ἀπό)αἷμα: 'blood'; 'guilty of someone's blood' is OT idiom (Ezek 3:18; 33:8; 2 Sam 1:16; Matt 27:25); Paul is free of it because he gave the warning.
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive (objective: 'the blood of all')πᾶς: 'all'; the scope is universal — Paul has discharged his duty to every person in his sphere.
27

οὐ γὰρ ὑπεστειλάμην τοῦ μὴ ἀναγγεῖλαι πᾶσαν τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ὑμῖν.

for I did not shrink from declaring to you the whole counsel of God.

Explanatory ground (for the innocence claim)γάρThe ground of innocence: Paul declared 'the whole counsel of God' (πᾶσαν τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θεοῦ) — a phrase with OT roots (Isa 46:10 LXX; Jer 23:22; cf. Acts 2:23; Eph 1:11). ὑπεστειλάμην echoes v.20 — both are rhetorical anaphora marking the opening and close of his self-defense.
οὐnotnegative adverb
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὑπεστειλάμηνI shrank backAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ὑποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristὑποστέλλω (mid.): cf. v.20; the reiteration of this verb is anaphoric, forming a bracket with v.20.
τοῦfromGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (genitive of separation with ὑποστέλλω)
μὴnotnegative with articular infinitive
ἀναγγεῖλαιto declareAor Act Inf · ἀναγγέλλωarticular infinitive (object of ὑποστέλλω — cf. v.20)→ constative aoristἀναγγέλλω: 'to announce, declare'; cf. v.20; the anaphora seals the unit.
πᾶσανwholeAccusativeattributive adjective (emphatic before τὴν βουλήν)πᾶς: 'all, whole'; πᾶσαν τὴν βουλήν = 'the entire counsel' — nothing held back.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with direct object
βουλὴνcounselAccusativedirect object of ἀναγγεῖλαιβουλή: 'plan, counsel, purpose'; τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θεοῦ = God's redemptive plan/will, as revealed in Scripture and the gospel (cf. Acts 2:23; 4:28; Eph 1:11).
τοῦofGenitivearticle with noun
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/possessionθεός: 'God'; his βουλή is his sovereign, revealed redemptive purpose.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of indirect object
28

Προσέχετε ἑαυτοῖς καὶ παντὶ τῷ ποιμνίῳ, ἐν ᾧ ὑμᾶς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἔθετο ἐπισκόπους, ποιμαίνειν τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ θεοῦ, ἣν περιεποιήσατο διὰ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ ἰδίου.

Pay careful attention to yourselves and to all the flock, in which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to care for the church of God, which he obtained with his own blood.

Command (the charge to the elders)asyndetonThe theological and pastoral heart of the address. The double charge — to themselves, then to the whole flock — reflects the Pauline priority of the minister's own integrity before pastoral care (cf. 1 Tim 4:16). The equation πρεσβύτεροι (v.17) = ἐπίσκοποι (v.28) = ποιμαίνοντες is the classic locus for the overlap of these ecclesial terms. The textual crux τοῦ θεοῦ / τοῦ κυρίου is the most significant variant in Acts; the Alexandrian text (P74, Aleph, B) reads θεοῦ and is followed by NA28/SBLGNT. The phrase διὰ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ ἰδίου — 'through the blood of his own [Son]' or 'through his own blood' — is one of the strongest Christological statements in Acts.
Προσέχετεpay attentionPres Act Impv 2 Pl · προσέχωmain verb (command)→ progressive present (sustained vigilance)προσέχω: 'to pay attention to, watch out for, be on guard'; the present imperative commands continuous vigilance.
ἑαυτοῖςyourselvesDativedative of reflexive referenceἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; 'to yourselves first' — the minister must guard his own spiritual life before the flock's.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παντὶallDativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, every, the whole'; παντὶ τῷ ποιμνίῳ = 'the entire flock' — no part is exempt from oversight.
τῷtheDativearticle with noun
ποιμνίῳflockDativedative of reference (object of Προσέχετε)ποίμνιον: 'flock'; the shepherd-flock metaphor applied to the church (cf. Luke 12:32; 1 Pet 5:2–3); the 'little flock' entrusted to the overseers.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/context)
whichDativerelative pronoun (dative with ἐν, referring to the flock)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἔθετο
τὸtheNominativearticle with subject
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubject of ἔθετοπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Holy Spirit is the agent of appointment to oversight — the elders' authority is not self-derived or congregationally granted but pneumatically constituted.
τὸtheNominativearticle with adjective (attributive)
ἅγιονHolyNominativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy'; τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον = the Holy Spirit.
ἔθετοhas appointedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιverb in relative clause→ constative aoristτίθημι (mid.): 'to place, appoint, set'; ἔθετο ἐπισκόπους = 'appointed as overseers'; the aorist points to the definite act of appointment (through ordination, laying on of hands, etc.).
ἐπισκόπουςoverseersAccusativeobject complement (predicate accusative with ἔθετο)ἐπίσκοπος: 'overseer, bishop'; the same leaders called πρεσβύτεροι in v.17 — the terms are interchangeable in Acts and early Paul (cf. Phil 1:1; Tit 1:5–7).
ποιμαίνεινto shepherdPres Act Inf · ποιμαίνωinfinitive of purpose (defines the function of the ἐπίσκοποι)→ progressive present (ongoing shepherding)ποιμαίνω: 'to shepherd, tend, care for'; the pastoral task named explicitly — feeding, protecting, and guiding the flock.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with direct object
ἐκκλησίανchurchAccusativedirect object of ποιμαίνεινἐκκλησία: 'church, assembly'; the Ephesian church as the object of pastoral care.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with noun (textual crux)
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of possession (textual crux: θεοῦ vs. κυρίου)θεός: 'God'; the reading τοῦ θεοῦ ('church of God') is supported by P74, Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Alexandrinus and adopted by NA28/SBLGNT; the variant τοῦ κυρίου ('church of the Lord') is probably a scribal smoothing to avoid the theologically startling phrase 'God's blood.'
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (direct object of περιεποιήσατο)
περιεποιήσατοhe obtainedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · περιποιέομαιverb in relative clause→ constative aorist (the definitive, once-for-all purchase)περιποιέομαι: 'to acquire, obtain, preserve for oneself'; the middle is reflexive — he obtained for himself; LXX background in the acquisition of a people (Isa 43:21; Mal 3:17).
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with noun
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive of means (with διά)αἷμα: 'blood'; the atoning blood of Christ — the price of the church's redemption.
τοῦhisGenitivearticle with adjective (used substantivally)
ἰδίουownGenitivesubstantival adjective (genitive: 'of his own [Son/one]')ἴδιος: 'one's own'; τοῦ ἰδίου = 'of his own' — either 'his own blood' (straightforward reading, making God the subject who shed his own blood) or an ellipse for 'his own Son' (cf. Rom 8:32 τοῦ ἰδίου υἱοῦ). On the θεοῦ reading the former is the more natural grammar and the strongest Christological statement in Acts.
29

ἐγὼ οἶδα ὅτι εἰσελεύσονται μετὰ τὴν ἄφιξίν μου λύκοι βαρεῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς μὴ φειδόμενοι τοῦ ποιμνίου·

I know that after my departure fierce wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock;

Warning (external threat)asyndetonThe warning of coming dangers shifts from Paul's self-commendation to prophetic foresight. Wolves (λύκοι βαρεῖς, 'heavy/savage wolves') is OT imagery for false teachers threatening the flock (Ezek 22:27; Zeph 3:3; cf. Matt 7:15; John 10:12). The 'after my departure' (μετὰ τὴν ἄφιξίν μου) shows Paul's presence as the current protection.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
οἶδαknowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ intensive perfect (settled prophetic knowledge)οἶδα: 'to know'; the second ἐγὼ οἶδα (cf. v.25) signals another solemn prophetic declaration.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content
εἰσελεύσονταιwill come inFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb of ὅτι clause→ predictive futureεἰσέρχομαι: 'to enter, come in'; the wolves enter from outside into the flock.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with noun
ἄφιξίνdepartureAccusativeaccusative of time (object of μετά)ἄφιξις: 'departure, arrival'; NT hapax; the word can mean either 'arrival' or 'departure' — context demands 'departure' (Paul is leaving, not arriving).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
λύκοιwolvesNominativesubject of εἰσελεύσονταιλύκος: 'wolf'; the standard biblical image for predatory false teachers (Matt 7:15; 10:16; Luke 10:3; John 10:12).
βαρεῖςsavageNominativeattributive adjectiveβαρύς: 'heavy, burdensome, severe, savage'; λύκοι βαρεῖς = 'fierce, burdensome wolves' — the compound image emphasizes destructive power.
εἰςamongpreposition + accusative (direction into the community)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative of goal/direction
μὴnotnegative with participle
φειδόμενοιsparingPres Mid Ptc Nom Pl Masc · φείδομαιcircumstantial participle (manner/purpose, negative)→ progressive present (unrelenting predation)φείδομαι: 'to spare, have mercy on'; μὴ φειδόμενοι = 'not sparing' — the wolves show no mercy to the sheep.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with noun
ποιμνίουflockGenitivegenitive object of φειδόμενοιποίμνιον: 'flock'; cf. v.28; the same flock the overseers are charged to protect.
30

καὶ ἐξ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν ἀναστήσονται ἄνδρες λαλοῦντες διεστραμμένα τοῦ ἀποσπᾶν τοὺς μαθητὰς ὀπίσω αὐτῶν.

and from among your own selves men will arise speaking twisted things, to draw away the disciples after them.

Extension (internal threat)καίThe second danger: the threat comes from within (ἐξ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν) as well as without. The false teachers use 'twisted/perverse things' (διεστραμμένα — passive participle as adjective, 'distorted teachings') to create their own disciple-circles (ὀπίσω αὐτῶν). This is the clearest prediction of internal church heresy in Acts.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξfrom amongpreposition + genitive (source within)
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive of source
αὐτῶνyourselvesGenitiveintensive pronoun (emphatic: 'from your own selves')αὐτός: intensive 'themselves/yourselves' — the threat emerges from within the leadership circle.
ἀναστήσονταιwill ariseFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀνίστημιmain verb→ predictive futureἀνίστημι (intrans.): 'to arise, rise up'; the future middle pictures the internal schismatics stepping forward.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject of ἀναστήσονταιἀνήρ: 'man'; the false teachers are members of the community, probably male leaders.
λαλοῦντεςspeakingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λαλέωattributive/circumstantial participle (characterizing the men)→ progressive present (persistent false teaching)λαλέω: 'to speak, talk'; the present participle pictures continuous false discourse.
διεστραμμέναtwisted thingsPerf Pass Ptc Acc Pl Neut · διαστρέφωsubstantival participle (direct object of λαλοῦντες)→ intensive perfect (thoroughly perverted content)διαστρέφω: 'to twist, distort, pervert'; the perfect passive participle as substantive = 'perverted, distorted things' — thoroughly corrupted teaching.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (genitive of purpose)
ἀποσπᾶνdraw awayPres Act Inf · ἀποσπάωarticular infinitive of purpose→ progressive present (ongoing enticement)ἀποσπάω: 'to tear away, draw away'; the violent imagery of pulling disciples out of the community — ἀπό = away from the flock.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with direct object
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativedirect object of ἀποσπᾶνμαθητής: 'disciple'; the community members who are the target of the false teachers' proselytizing.
ὀπίσωafterpreposition + genitive (direction: following after)ὀπίσω: 'behind, after'; ὀπίσω αὐτῶν = 'after them' — the false teachers create their own disciple-bands.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive with ὀπίσω (direction after person)
31

διὸ γρηγορεῖτε, μνημονεύοντες ὅτι τριετίαν νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν οὐκ ἐπαυσάμην μετὰ δακρύων νουθετῶν ἕνα ἕκαστον.

Therefore be alert, remembering that for three years I did not cease night or day to admonish every one of you with tears.

Inference (from the warning of vv.29–30)διόThe inference from the threat: since wolves will come, 'be alert' (γρηγορεῖτε — the watchman's word). Paul grounds the charge in his own three-year example: τριετίαν ('three years,' cf. 19:8–10: two years in the hall + more) of night-and-day, tearful warning. μνημονεύοντες ('remembering') makes Paul's example a living standard for the elders' future vigilance.
διὸthereforeinferential conjunctionδιό: 'therefore, for which reason'; the logical conclusion from the threat announced.
γρηγορεῖτεbe alertPres Act Impv 2 Pl · γρηγορέωmain verb (command)→ progressive present (sustained watchfulness)γρηγορέω: 'to be awake, alert, watchful'; the watchman metaphor (cf. Matt 24:42; 25:13; 26:41; 1 Cor 16:13; 1 Thess 5:6).
μνημονεύοντεςrememberingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · μνημονεύωcircumstantial participle (manner/ground for the command)→ progressive present (sustained memory)μνημονεύω: 'to remember, keep in mind'; Paul's example is the resource for their vigilance.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content of μνημονεύοντες
τριετίανthree yearsAccusativeaccusative of time extentτριετία: 'period of three years'; NT hapax; the full term of Paul's Ephesian ministry (cf. Acts 19:8–10; 20:31).
νύκταnightAccusativeaccusative of time extent (paired with ἡμέραν)νύξ: 'night'; the pair νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν = 'night and day' — the merism for continuous, unrelenting ministry.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (merism)
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of time extentἡμέρα: 'day'; cf. v.18.
οὐκnotnegative adverb
ἐπαυσάμηνI ceasedAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · παύωmain verb (with οὐκ = did not cease)→ constative aorist (the whole three-year period)παύω (mid.): 'to cease, stop'; οὐκ ἐπαυσάμην + participle = 'I did not stop [doing X]' — a Lukan idiom for continuous action (cf. Luke 7:45; Acts 5:42; 13:10).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (manner)
δακρύωνtearsGenitivegenitive of mannerδάκρυον: 'tear'; cf. v.19; the third occurrence of the tears-motif: humility + tears + trials (v.19) → tears at farewell (v.37) — the tears frame Paul's entire ministry.
νουθετῶνadmonishingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · νουθετέωsupplementary participle with ἐπαυσάμην (the action that was not ceased)→ progressive present (continuous admonition)νουθετέω: 'to admonish, warn, counsel'; a mild but firm word (cf. Rom 15:14; Col 1:28; 3:16; 1 Thess 5:12, 14; 2 Thess 3:15).
ἕναeachAccusativepart of distributive idiom with ἕκαστον
ἕκαστονoneAccusativedirect object of νουθετῶν (distributive: 'each one individually')ἕκαστος: 'each, every one'; ἕνα ἕκαστον = 'each and every one' — Paul's ministry was both public (v.20) and individual.
32

καὶ τὰ νῦν παρατίθεμαι ὑμᾶς τῷ θεῷ καὶ τῷ λόγῳ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ, τῷ δυναμένῳ οἰκοδομῆσαι καὶ δοῦναι τὴν κληρονομίαν ἐν τοῖς ἡγιασμένοις πᾶσιν.

And now I commend you to God and to the word of his grace, which is able to build you up and to give you the inheritance among all those who are sanctified.

Commendation (transition from warning to handing over)καὶ τὰ νῦνκαὶ τὰ νῦν ('and now, as things stand') is a formal transition. The elders are 'committed' (παρατίθεμαι — middle, 'I entrust') to a dual custodian: God himself and the word of his grace — the gospel message as the ongoing pastoral resource. The relative clause τῷ δυναμένῳ ('which is able') applies to both God and the word, though most naturally to the word.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheAccusativepart of formal phrase τὰ νῦν
νῦνnowadverb (καὶ τὰ νῦν = 'and now, at this juncture')νῦν: 'now'; καὶ τὰ νῦν is a formulaic transition phrase in Hellenistic Greek.
παρατίθεμαιI commendPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · παρατίθημιmain verb→ performative present (the act of commending is the speech)παρατίθημι (mid.): 'to entrust, commit, commend'; the middle voice = for one's own purposes, with personal concern; a solemn act of placing a trust.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of παρατίθεμαι
τῷtheDativearticle with dative (to God)
θεῷGodDativedative of indirect object (the one entrusted with them)θεός: 'God'; the ultimate guardian — Paul commits the elders to God's care.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷtheDativearticle with dative
λόγῳwordDativedative of indirect object (coordinate with θεῷ)λόγος: 'word'; τῷ λόγῳ τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ = 'the word of his grace' — the gospel as ongoing pastoral resource; cf. v.24.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with noun
χάριτοςgraceGenitivegenitive of content/characterχάρις: 'grace'; the gospel is characterized by grace — God's unmerited favor.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (referring to God)
τῷthe oneDativearticle with substantival participle
δυναμένῳbeing ablePres Mid Ptc Dat Sg Masc · δύναμαιsubstantival participle (dative of reference or instrument: 'the one/that which is able')→ progressive present (continuing ability)δύναμαι: 'to be able, have power'; τῷ δυναμένῳ modifies the word (or God) as the capable agent.
οἰκοδομῆσαιto build upAor Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωcomplementary infinitive with δυναμένῳ→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'to build up, edify'; the standard Pauline term for the growth and strengthening of believers (1 Cor 8:1; 14:4; Eph 4:12, 16).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive with δυναμένῳ (coordinate)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'to give'; God/the word is able to give the inheritance — the eschatological gift.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with direct object
κληρονομίανinheritanceAccusativedirect object of δοῦναικληρονομία: 'inheritance, allotted portion'; the eschatological inheritance of the saints; LXX background in the land inheritance (Num 18:20; Deut 32:9; Ps 16:5 LXX).
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
τοῖςtheDativearticle with substantival participle
ἡγιασμένοιςsanctifiedPerf Pass Ptc Dat Pl Masc · ἁγιάζωsubstantival participle (dative of sphere: 'among all the sanctified')→ intensive perfect (definitively set apart)ἁγιάζω: 'to sanctify, set apart as holy'; the perfect participle = those who have been definitively consecrated — the community of the saved.
πᾶσινallDativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; the inheritance is shared among all the saints — universal in scope.
33

ἀργυρίου ἢ χρυσίου ἢ ἱματισμοῦ οὐδενὸς ἐπεθύμησα·

I coveted no one's silver or gold or clothing.

Ethical example (Paul's financial disinterestedness)asyndetonAsyndeton; the verse begins the financial apologia (vv.33–35). The threefold enumeration — silver, gold, clothing — covers the standard forms of ancient wealth. The position of οὐδενός ('of no one') as a fronted genitive with all three nouns emphasizes the totality of Paul's non-covetousness.
ἀργυρίουsilverGenitivegenitive of object (with ἐπεθύμησα — fronted for emphasis)ἀργύριον: 'silver, silver coin'; currency as a form of wealth.
ordisjunctive conjunction
χρυσίουgoldGenitivegenitive of object (coordinate with ἀργυρίου)χρυσίον: 'gold'; the most valuable metal currency.
ordisjunctive conjunction
ἱματισμοῦclothingGenitivegenitive of objectἱματισμός: 'clothing, apparel'; in antiquity, fine clothing was a form of storable wealth (cf. Matt 6:19–20; Jas 5:2).
οὐδενὸςno one'sGenitivegenitive of source (with all three nouns: 'no one's silver or gold or clothing')
ἐπεθύμησαI covetedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπιθυμέωmain verb→ constative aorist (the whole period of ministry)ἐπιθυμέω: 'to desire, covet'; the tenth commandment's word (Exod 20:17 LXX); Paul's claim echoes Samuel's farewell speech (1 Sam 12:3–5).
34

αὐτοὶ γινώσκετε ὅτι ταῖς χρείαις μου καὶ τοῖς οὖσιν μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ ὑπηρέτησαν αἱ χεῖρες αὗται.

You yourselves know that these hands ministered to my needs and to those who were with me.

Evidence (self-supporting labor as proof)γάρ (implied)The appeal to the elders' own knowledge (αὐτοὶ γινώσκετε, cf. v.18) grounds Paul's claim in v.33. 'These hands' (αἱ χεῖρες αὗται) is a vivid deictic — Paul may have gestured at his hands, worn from tentmaking. The labor supported not only himself but his traveling companions.
αὐτοὶyourselvesNominativeintensive pronoun (emphatic subject)αὐτός: intensive pronoun 'yourselves' — appealing to firsthand eyewitness knowledge.
γινώσκετεyou knowPres Act Indic 2 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb→ progressive present (ongoing, settled knowledge)γινώσκω: 'to know, recognize'; cf. ἐπίστασθε (v.18); appeals to the elders as eyewitnesses of Paul's labor.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content
ταῖςtheDativearticle with noun
χρείαιςneedsDativedative of indirect object (for/toward the needs)χρεία: 'need, necessity'; Paul's physical needs — food, lodging, supplies — met by his own hands.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςthoseDativearticle with substantival participle
οὖσινbeingPres Act Ptc Dat Pl Masc · εἰμίsubstantival participle (those who were with Paul)→ progressive presentεἰμί: 'to be'; τοῖς οὖσιν μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ = 'those who were with me' — the traveling co-workers.
μετ᾽withpreposition + genitive (association)
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive of association (with μετά)
ὑπηρέτησανservedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑπηρετέωmain verb of ὅτι clause→ constative aoristὑπηρετέω: 'to serve, minister to, provide for'; the ὑπηρέτης is an 'under-rower' or attendant; here Paul's own labor serves his companions.
αἱtheNominativearticle with subject
χεῖρεςhandsNominativesubject of ὑπηρέτησανχείρ: 'hand'; 'these hands' (αἱ χεῖρες αὗται) — a vivid, deictic gesture to his own work-worn hands.
αὗταιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (predicative)οὗτος: 'this'; deictic — pointing to the actual hands visible to the hearers.
35

πάντα ὑπέδειξα ὑμῖν ὅτι οὕτως κοπιῶντας δεῖ ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι τῶν ἀσθενούντων, μνημονεύειν τε τῶν λόγων τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ ὅτι αὐτὸς εἶπεν· μακάριόν ἐστιν μᾶλλον διδόναι ἢ λαμβάνειν.

In everything I showed you that by working hard in this way we must help the weak, and remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he himself said, 'It is more blessed to give than to receive.'

Ethical warrant (Paul's example as enacted teaching)asyndetonThe climax of the financial apologia and of the entire address. Paul's labor-example is paradigmatic instruction (ὑπέδειξα) for the elders' own future ministry. The verse culminates in the sole dominical agraphon in the NT — a saying of Jesus not found in any Gospel. μακάριόν ἐστιν μᾶλλον διδόναι ἢ λαμβάνειν was almost certainly a known word in early Christian tradition (possibly eucharistic or catechetical), preserved through Pauline tradition to Luke.
πάνταin everythingAccusativeadverbial accusative (extent: 'in all things')πᾶς: 'all'; πάντα = 'in all things, in every respect' — adverbial accusative of respect.
ὑπέδειξαI showedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὑποδείκνυμιmain verb→ constative aoristὑποδείκνυμι: 'to show, demonstrate, point out'; the teacher who demonstrates by example — Paul's life was the lesson.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of indirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content of ὑπέδειξα
οὕτωςin this wayadverb of manner (referring to Paul's example)οὕτως: 'in this way, thus'; the standard of labor embodied by Paul.
κοπιῶνταςworking hardPres Act Ptc Acc Pl Masc · κοπιάωparticiple in predicate accusative construction (subject of δεῖ impersonal)→ progressive present (sustained labor)κοπιάω: 'to toil, work hard, labor to exhaustion'; κόπος ('toil') is Paul's word for costly, draining labor (1 Cor 15:58; 2 Cor 6:5; 11:23–27; 1 Thess 1:3).
δεῖit is necessaryPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal main verb (divine necessity)→ progressive present (ongoing obligation)δεῖ: 'it is necessary, one must'; the Lukan word for divine obligation (Luke 2:49; 4:43; Acts 9:6; 17:3; 20:35).
ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαιto helpPres Mid Inf · ἀντιλαμβάνωcomplementary infinitive with δεῖ→ progressive presentἀντιλαμβάνομαι: 'to help, support, take the side of'; with genitive = 'to come to the aid of, support.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with substantival participle
ἀσθενούντωνweakPres Act Ptc Gen Pl Masc · ἀσθενέωsubstantival participle (genitive object of ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι)→ progressive present (those who are weak)ἀσθενέω: 'to be weak, sick, infirm'; here likely the financially or physically needy — the poor or sick of the community.
μνημονεύεινto rememberPres Act Inf · μνημονεύωcoordinate infinitive with δεῖ (obligation to remember)→ progressive present (continuous remembrance)μνημονεύω: 'to remember, keep in mind'; cf. v.31; the elders must remember the Lord's own word.
τεandconnective particle (linking ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι and μνημονεύειν)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with noun
λόγωνwordsGenitivegenitive object of μνημονεύεινλόγος: 'word, saying'; τῶν λόγων τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ = 'the words of the Lord Jesus' — a body of Jesus-tradition preserved in the early church.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with proper name
κυρίουLordGenitivegenitive of source/authorκύριος: 'Lord'; the exalted Christ as the authoritative source of the tradition.
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveapposition to κυρίουἸησοῦς: the personal name; 'the Lord Jesus' = the earthly Jesus who spoke these words now cited by Paul.
ὅτιhowrecitative ὅτι (introducing direct speech)ὅτι: recitative, introducing the direct citation of Jesus's words.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (emphasizing Jesus as the speaker)αὐτός: 'he himself'; the emphasis stresses that the Lord personally said these words — authorizing their currency as dominical tradition.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of speaking (introducing the agraphon)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'to say'; the aorist reports the historical saying of Jesus.
μακάριόνblessedNominativepredicate adjective (beatitude form: μακάριον + ἐστιν)μακάριος: 'blessed, happy'; the beatitude form familiar from the Sermon on the Mount (Matt 5:3–12) — here applied to the act of giving.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula in beatitude formula→ gnomic present (timeless truth)εἰμί: 'to be'; the gnomic present renders this a universal truth.
μᾶλλονmorecomparative adverbμᾶλλον: 'more, rather'; the comparative structures the saying as a maxim of greater blessedness.
διδόναιto givePres Act Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive as subject of ἐστιν→ progressive present (the act of giving generally)δίδωμι: 'to give'; the infinitive as subject — 'giving' is more blessed.
thancomparative conjunction
λαμβάνεινto receivePres Act Inf · λαμβάνωsecond subject of comparison (with ἢ)→ progressive presentλαμβάνω: 'to receive, take'; the agraphon inverts the natural human preference — receiving is less blessed than giving.
36

Καὶ ταῦτα εἰπὼν θεὶς τὰ γόνατα αὐτοῦ σὺν πᾶσιν αὐτοῖς προσηύξατο.

And when he had said these things, he knelt down and prayed with them all.

Transition (close of speech, move to prayer)ΚαίThe formal close of the address: εἰπὼν ταῦτα ('having said these things') is the standard Lukan speech-closing formula. The kneeling prayer (θεὶς τὰ γόνατα) is a posture of intense, reverent supplication — unusual in Jewish tradition (which favored standing) and reserved in the NT for special moments (Luke 22:41; Acts 7:60; 9:40; 21:5). σύν πᾶσιν αὐτοῖς underscores the communal character.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of εἰπὼνοὗτος: 'these (things)'; ταῦτα εἰπὼν = the standard Lukan speech-closing formula.
εἰπὼνhaving saidAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωtemporal attendant participle→ constative aoristλέγω: 'to say'; the closing formula εἰπὼν ταῦτα brackets the address.
θεὶςhaving placedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · τίθημιattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'to place, put'; θεὶς τὰ γόνατα = 'having placed the knees' = kneeling — the idiom for kneeling in prayer.
τὰtheAccusativearticle with direct object
γόναταkneesAccusativedirect object of θεὶςγόνυ: 'knee'; τιθέναι τὰ γόνατα = 'to kneel'; the gesture of solemn, reverent supplication (cf. Luke 22:41; Acts 7:60; 9:40; 21:5; Eph 3:14).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (association)
πᾶσινallDativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; σὺν πᾶσιν αὐτοῖς = 'together with all of them' — the whole group kneels.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative of association (with σύν)
προσηύξατοhe prayedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσεύχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπροσεύχομαι: 'to pray'; the climactic communal prayer that concludes the farewell address.
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ἱκανὸς δὲ κλαυθμὸς ἐγένετο πάντων, καὶ ἐπιπεσόντες ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον τοῦ Παύλου κατεφίλουν αὐτόν,

And there was much weeping on the part of all; they fell upon Paul's neck and kissed him,

Emotional response (communal grief)δέThe farewell scene is intensely vivid: ἱκανὸς κλαυθμός ('considerable/much weeping'), the embrace (ἐπιπίπτω ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον = falling on the neck — the OT farewell gesture, cf. Gen 45:14; 46:29; Luke 15:20), and the kissing (κατεφίλουν — intensive compound, imperfect of repeated action). The 'we' group is included in the weeping.
ἱκανὸςmuchNominativepredicate adjectiveἱκανός: 'considerable, much'; cf. v.8; Lukan understatement — the weeping was copious.
δὲandnarrative conjunction
κλαυθμὸςweepingNominativesubject of ἐγένετοκλαυθμός: 'weeping, crying'; intense grief expressed aloud (cf. Matt 2:18; Rev 18:15).
ἐγένετοthere wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (existential)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'to be, arise, occur'; existential — 'there was weeping.'
πάντωνof allGenitivegenitive of source/origin (partitive genitive of the weepers)πᾶς: 'all'; the entire group of elders wept.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπιπεσόντεςhaving fallen uponAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἐπιπίπτωattendant circumstance participle→ constative aoristἐπιπίπτω: 'to fall upon'; ἐπιπεσόντες ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον = 'falling on the neck' — the OT embrace of intense grief and love (Gen 45:14; 46:29; Luke 15:20).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (direction onto)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with noun
τράχηλονneckAccusativeaccusative of direction/goalτράχηλος: 'neck'; ἐπιπίπτω ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον is the idiom for the farewell embrace — throwing oneself around the neck.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with proper noun
ΠαύλουPaulGenitivegenitive of possessionΠαῦλος: the recipient of the elders' grief-embrace.
κατεφίλουνwere kissingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · καταφιλέωmain verb→ progressive imperfect (repeated, prolonged action)καταφιλέω: 'to kiss fervently, kiss again and again'; the κατά- prefix intensifies the verb; the imperfect captures the repeated, lingering farewell kisses (cf. Gen 45:15 LXX; Luke 15:20).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of κατεφίλουν
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ὀδυνώμενοι μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῷ λόγῳ ᾧ εἰρήκει ὅτι οὐκέτι μέλλουσιν τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ θεωρεῖν. προέπεμπον δὲ αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ πλοῖον.

being grieved most of all at the word he had spoken, that they would not see his face again. And they accompanied him to the ship.

Conclusion (the farewell departure)δέThe chapter's closing tableau: grief sharpened by a specific word (ὀδυνώμενοι μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῷ λόγῳ — pained most of all at the word), the word being Paul's prophecy of v.25 (οὐκέτι μέλλουσιν τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ θεωρεῖν). προέπεμπον is an imperfect of the escort — they accompanied him all the way to the ship. The 'we' narrator is present.
ὀδυνώμενοιbeing grievedPres Mid Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ὀδυνάωcircumstantial participle (manner/cause)→ progressive present (ongoing anguish)ὀδυνάω: 'to pain, grieve, cause anguish'; middle/passive = 'to be in anguish'; cf. Luke 2:48; 16:24–25 — the word captures deep emotional pain.
μάλισταmost of allsuperlative adverbμάλιστα: 'most, especially, above all'; the grief was sharpened to its keenest point by this particular word.
ἐπὶatpreposition + dative (cause/ground of emotion)
τῷtheDativearticle with noun
λόγῳwordDativedative of cause (with ἐπί)λόγος: 'word, saying'; the specific word of v.25 — 'you will see my face no more.'
whichDativerelative pronoun (dative, referring to λόγῳ)
εἰρήκειhe had spokenPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb in relative clause (pluperfect)→ intensive perfect (the word still ringing in their ears)λέγω: 'to say'; the pluperfect εἰρήκει captures the word as already spoken and its impact still reverberating.
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτι (introducing direct speech content)
οὐκέτιno longernegative adverb of continuationοὐκέτι: 'no more, no longer'; echoes v.25 exactly — the word that caused the grief.
μέλλουσινthey are aboutPres Act Indic 3 Pl · μέλλωmain verb of ὅτι clause (with infinitive)→ futuristic present (imminent, certain future)μέλλω: 'to be about to'; μέλλουσιν + infinitive = 'they are not about to see' = 'they will not see.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with direct object
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect object of θεωρεῖνπρόσωπον: 'face'; τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ θεωρεῖν = 'to see his face' — the Semitic expression for personal presence (cf. v.25).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
θεωρεῖνto seePres Act Inf · θεωρέωcomplementary infinitive with μέλλουσιν→ progressive presentθεωρέω: 'to behold, see, look at'; a stronger visual word than ὁράω (v.25) — gazing, observing — their longing gaze is precisely what is denied them.
προέπεμπονwere escortingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · προπέμπωmain verb→ progressive imperfect (the gradual, lingering escort)προπέμπω: 'to escort, accompany on one's way, send forward'; in Jewish and Hellenistic cultures escorting a departing friend was a mark of honor and affection (cf. Acts 15:3; 21:5; 1 Cor 16:6, 11; Rom 15:24; 3 John 6).
δὲandnarrative conjunction
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of προέπεμπον
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)
τὸtheAccusativearticle with noun
πλοῖονshipAccusativeaccusative of destinationπλοῖον: 'ship'; the imperfect προέπεμπον pictures the slow, grieving procession all the way to the vessel — the chapter's final image.