independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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The vineyard and the tenants — the beloved son rejected 12:1–12
vv. 1–8 — the parable told: the sendings and the son
1
Καὶ ἤρξατο αὐτοῖς ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖν·independent — ingressive ἤρξατο + infinitive — the speech-frame; αὐτοῖς: the leaders of 11:27
Ἀμπελῶνα ἄνθρωπος ἐφύτευσεν,content — Isa 5:1–2 — the Song of the Vineyard reopened; the object fronted
καὶ περιέθηκεν φραγμὸνcontent — Isa 5:2 — the owner's lavish care itemized
καὶ ὤρυξεν ὑπολήνιονcontent — ὑπολήνιον for Isa 5's winepress — the vat beneath the press
καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν πύργον,content — the watchtower — οἰκοδομέω, the verb that returns with the builders (v. 10)
καὶ ἐξέδετο αὐτὸν γεωργοῖς,content — the lease — the tenants are Israel's entrusted leaders
καὶ ἀπεδήμησεν.content — the absence that sets up the testing
2
καὶ ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς τοὺς γεωργοὺς τῷ καιρῷ δοῦλον,content — the first sending — ἀποστέλλω, the verb of prophetic mission; τῷ καιρῷ, at vintage
ἵνα παρὰ τῶν γεωργῶν λάβῃ ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος·purpose — the errand — the owner's rightful share
3
καὶ λαβόντες αὐτὸνparticipial — preposed aorist participle — the seizure before the verbs strike; leans on ἔδειραν
ἔδειρανcontent — the first outrage — δέρω, thrashed
καὶ ἀπέστειλαν κενόν.content — κενόν — the rent refused
4
καὶ πάλιν ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἄλλον δοῦλον·content — πάλιν — the pattern repeats
κἀκεῖνον ἐκεφαλίωσανcontent — κεφαλιόω — a rare verb; the violence escalates
καὶ ἠτίμασαν.content — ἀτιμάζω — injury now insult
5
καὶ ἄλλον ἀπέστειλεν·content — the third sending, compressed
κἀκεῖνον ἀπέκτειναν,content — the escalation reaches murder, anticipating the son
καὶ πολλοὺς ἄλλους,content — elliptical — the sending-verb implied; the whole prophetic history in summary
οὓς μὲν δέροντες,participial — distributive οὓς μέν — the ongoing pattern depicted
οὓς δὲ ἀποκτέννοντες.participial — οὓς δέ — the correlative close of the servant-history
6
ἔτι ἕνα εἶχεν, υἱὸν ἀγαπητόν·content — the turning point — ἔτι ἕνα: one remained; ἀγαπητός, the baptism-and-transfiguration word (1:11; 9:7)
ἀπέστειλεν αὐτὸν ἔσχατον πρὸς αὐτοὺςcontent — ἔσχατον — the final envoy
λέγων ὅτιparticipial — speech-participle with recitative ὅτι — the owner's inner hope
Ἐντραπήσονται τὸν υἱόν μου.content — the hope that misreads the tenants — inner speech one deeper
7
ἐκεῖνοι δὲ οἱ γεωργοὶ πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς εἶπαν ὅτιcontent — the counter-speech-frame — the tenants confer
Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ κληρονόμος·content — the recognition that damns — they know exactly who he is
δεῦτε ἀποκτείνωμεν αὐτόν,content — hortatory plot — cf. Gen 37:20, Joseph's brothers
καὶ ἡμῶν ἔσται ἡ κληρονομία.content — the motive — ἡμῶν fronted: the inheritance seized
8
καὶ λαβόντεςparticipial — preposed participle — the plot enacted; leans on ἀπέκτειναν
ἀπέκτειναν αὐτόν,content — the murder — the parable's climax
καὶ ἐξέβαλον αὐτὸν ἔξω τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος.content — death outside — cf. crucified outside the city (Heb 13:12)
vv. 9–11 — the verdict-question and the rejected stone
9
τί οὖν ποιήσει ὁ κύριος τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος;content — Jesus asks the verdict-question himself (cf. Isa 5:4)
ἐλεύσεταιcontent — and answers it — the owner's visitation in judgment
καὶ ἀπολέσει τοὺς γεωργούς,content — the tenants destroyed
καὶ δώσει τὸν ἀμπελῶνα ἄλλοις.content — the vineyard given ἄλλοις — new stewards, left unnamed: the allegory's open edge
10
οὐδὲ τὴν γραφὴν ταύτην ἀνέγνωτε·content — the rabbinic challenge — 'have you not even read?'
Λίθον ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες, οὗτος ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας·content — Ps 118:22 (117:22 LXX) — prolepsis: Λίθον drawn forward, resumed by οὗτος; the rejected son becomes the cornerstone
11
παρὰ κυρίου ἐγένετο αὕτη,content — Ps 118:23 — the reversal is the Lord's own doing; fem. αὕτη a Hebraism
καὶ ἔστιν θαυμαστὴ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς ἡμῶν;content — θαυμαστή — the vindication beheld
v. 12 — the hearers convict themselves
12
Καὶ ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν κρατῆσαι,independent — conative imperfect — frustrated, ongoing intent
καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν τὸν ὄχλον,independent — adversative καί — popular favor restrains the leaders
ἔγνωσαν γὰρcause — the narrator's γάρ — the parable landed
ὅτι πρὸς αὐτοὺς τὴν παραβολὴν εἶπεν.content — πρὸς αὐτούς — told against them; they convict themselves
καὶ ἀφέντες αὐτὸνparticipial — preposed participle — leans on ἀπῆλθον
ἀπῆλθον.independent — the scene closes; the trap-questions now begin
Caesar's coin — the tribute question 12:13–17
vv. 13–14 — the trap set: flattery, then the dilemma
13
Καὶ ἀποστέλλουσιν πρὸς αὐτόν τινας τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ τῶν Ἡρῳδιανῶνindependent — historic present — the unlikely coalition of 3:6 returns: anti-tax Pharisees, pro-Rome Herodians
ἵνα αὐτὸν ἀγρεύσωσιν λόγῳ.purpose — ἀγρεύω — a hunting verb: the verbal snare
14
καὶ ἐλθόντεςparticipial — preposed participle — leans on λέγουσιν
λέγουσιν αὐτῷ·independent — historic present — the speech-frame
Διδάσκαλε,phrase modifier — vocative of address — the respectful mask
οἴδαμενcontent — the flattery begins
ὅτι ἀληθὴς εἶcontent — ironically, every word of the flattery is accurate
καὶ οὐ μέλει σοι περὶ οὐδενός,content — impersonal μέλει — impartial, courting no one's favor
οὐ γὰρ βλέπεις εἰς πρόσωπον ἀνθρώπων,cause — the Semitism — 'regard the face' = show partiality
ἀλλ' ἐπ' ἀληθείας τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ θεοῦ διδάσκεις·cause — the positive counterpart — coordinate with the γάρ clause
ἔξεστιν δοῦναι κῆνσον Καίσαρι ἢ οὔ;content — the dilemma — κῆνσος, the Roman poll-tax: unlawful to some, obligatory to Rome
δῶμεν ἢ μὴ δῶμεν;content — deliberative subjunctives — the press for yes-or-no
vv. 15–17 — the coin and the verdict
15
ὁ δὲ εἰδὼς αὐτῶν τὴν ὑπόκρισινparticipial — preposed causal participle — the ὑπόκρισις seen through; leans on εἶπεν
εἶπεν αὐτοῖς·independent — the reply begins
Τί με πειράζετε;content — the intent named outright — πειράζω, the tester's verb
φέρετέ μοι δηνάριονcontent — the counter-move — the coin summoned; he carries none
ἵνα ἴδω.purpose — the object-lesson requested
16
οἱ δὲ ἤνεγκαν.independent — they produce the denarius — complicity in hand
καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς·independent — historic present — the examination
Τίνος ἡ εἰκὼν αὕτη καὶ ἡ ἐπιγραφή;content — verbless question — εἰκών and ἐπιγραφή, the argument's two hinges
οἱ δὲ εἶπαν αὐτῷ·independent — the answer extracted
Καίσαρος.content — one word — their own mouths concede his sphere
17
ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς·independent — the verdict-frame
Τὰ Καίσαρος ἀπόδοτε Καίσαριcontent — ἀπόδοτε — give back what is owed; the coin bears his image
καὶ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τῷ θεῷ.content — elliptical — the verb carried over; the unstated premise: what bears God's image is owed to God
καὶ ἐξεθαύμαζον ἐπ' αὐτῷ.independent — ἐκθαυμάζω — utter amazement; the snare closes on no one
The Sadducees and the resurrection — the God of the living 12:18–27
vv. 18–23 — the levirate riddle: seven brothers, one wife
18
Καὶ ἔρχονται Σαδδουκαῖοι πρὸς αὐτόν,independent — historic present — the third delegation; their only Markan appearance
οἵτινες λέγουσιν ἀνάστασιν μὴ εἶναι,relative — qualitative οἵτινες — the party defined by its denial
καὶ ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸνindependent — inceptive imperfect — the interrogation opens
λέγοντες·participial — pleonastic speech-participle — the frame for the riddle
19
Διδάσκαλε, Μωϋσῆς ἔγραψεν ἡμῖν ὅτιcontent — Deut 25:5–6 — the levirate law, cited from the Torah they accept
ἐάν τινος ἀδελφὸς ἀποθάνῃconditional — protasis inside the citation — leaning on the ἵνα-apodosis below
καὶ καταλίπῃ γυναῖκαconditional — second protasis — the widow left
καὶ μὴ ἀφῇ τέκνον,conditional — third protasis — the line at risk
ἵνα λάβῃ ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ τὴν γυναῖκαcontent — imperatival ἵνα as apodosis — the levir's duty
καὶ ἐξαναστήσῃ σπέρμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ.content — ἐξαναστήσῃ — ironically a 'raising' verb inside an anti-resurrection argument
20
ἑπτὰ ἀδελφοὶ ἦσαν·content — the constructed case opens — the hypothetical as narrative chain
καὶ ὁ πρῶτος ἔλαβεν γυναῖκα,content — the first marriage
καὶ ἀποθνῄσκων οὐκ ἀφῆκεν σπέρμα·content — the first childless death — the internal participle kept in line
21
καὶ ὁ δεύτερος ἔλαβεν αὐτήν,content — the pattern rolls on
καὶ ἀπέθανεν μὴ καταλιπὼν σπέρμα·content — the second childless death
καὶ ὁ τρίτος ὡσαύτως·content — ὡσαύτως — the narration elides; verbless
22
καὶ οἱ ἑπτὰ οὐκ ἀφῆκαν σπέρμα.content — the seven summed
ἔσχατον πάντων καὶ ἡ γυνὴ ἀπέθανεν.content — the stage cleared for the punch
23
ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει ὅταν ἀναστῶσινconditional — temporal ὅταν (typed cnd) with its fronted sphere — ὅταν ἀναστῶσιν bracketed/omitted by some witnesses
τίνος αὐτῶν ἔσται γυνή;content — the punch — resurrection presumed to mean resumed marriage
οἱ γὰρ ἑπτὰ ἔσχον αὐτὴν γυναῖκα.cause — the γάρ that presses the supposed absurdity
vv. 24–27 — the double ignorance answered
24
ἔφη αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς·independent — the answer begins
Οὐ διὰ τοῦτο πλανᾶσθεcontent — counter-question expecting 'yes' — the diagnosis; cataphoric διὰ τοῦτο
μὴ εἰδότες τὰς γραφὰς μηδὲ τὴν δύναμιν τοῦ θεοῦ;participial — causal participle — the two failures the next verses take in turn
25
ὅταν γὰρ ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῶσιν,conditional — temporal ὅταν (typed cnd) — γάρ: the power of God answered first
οὔτε γαμοῦσιν οὔτε γαμίζονται,content — resurrection life is not resumed marriage — the riddle dissolves
ἀλλ' εἰσὶν ὡς ἄγγελοι ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς.content — ὡς ἄγγελοι — transformed, deathless existence, not disembodiment
26
περὶ δὲ τῶν νεκρῶν ὅτι ἐγείρονται,phrase modifier — fronted topic with epexegetic ὅτι — leans on ἀνέγνωτε
οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ Μωϋσέως ἐπὶ τοῦ βάτουcontent — the Scriptures answered second — ἐπὶ τοῦ βάτου: the passage-locator ('at the Bush' section), not the place
πῶς εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ θεὸς λέγων·content — indirect question — the Torah made to testify against its keepers
Ἐγὼ ὁ θεὸς Ἀβραὰμ καὶ ὁ θεὸς Ἰσαὰκ καὶ ὁ θεὸς Ἰακώβ;content — Exod 3:6 — verbless: the present tense of the covenant carries the whole argument
27
οὐκ ἔστιν θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων.content — the inference clinched — the patriarchs live to him, resurrection-bound
πολὺ πλανᾶσθε.content — πολὺ πλανᾶσθε — the inclusio with v. 24 closes as verdict
The first commandment — the Shema and the neighbor 12:28–34
vv. 28–31 — the question and the double command
28
Καὶ προσελθὼν εἷς τῶν γραμματέων,participial — preposed participle — the one sincere questioner; leans on ἐπηρώτησεν
ἀκούσας αὐτῶν συζητούντων,participial — second preposed participle — he has overheard the contests
ἰδὼνparticipial — third preposed participle — impressed, not hostile
ὅτι καλῶς ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς,content — the verdict that draws him
ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτόν·independent — the question posed in earnest
Ποία ἐστὶν ἐντολὴ πρώτη πάντων;content — the rabbinic ranking-question — πρώτη, chief in rank
29
ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὅτιindependent — the answer-frame with recitative ὅτι
Πρώτη ἐστίν·content — the ranking accepted
Ἄκουε, Ἰσραήλ,content — Deut 6:4 — the Shema, Israel's daily confession
κύριος ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν κύριος εἷς ἐστιν,content — the oneness of God — the ground of the command
30
καὶ ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου ἐξ ὅλης τῆς καρδίας σου καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς ψυχῆς σου καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς διανοίας σου καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς ἰσχύος σου.content — Deut 6:5 — imperatival future; the fourfold 'heart, soul, mind, strength' (διάνοια added to the list)
31
δευτέρα αὕτη·content — verbless — the unasked-for second, volunteered
Ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν.content — Lev 19:18 — neighbor-love bound inseparably to the Shema
μείζων τούτων ἄλλη ἐντολὴ οὐκ ἔστιν.content — the closure — τούτων plural: the two stand together
vv. 32–34 — the scribe's echo and the verdict
32
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ γραμματεύς·independent — unique in Mark — a scribe agreeing
Καλῶς, διδάσκαλε,content — verbless exclamation of approval
ἐπ' ἀληθείας εἶπεςcontent — ἐπ' ἀληθείας — the flatterers' phrase (v. 14) now sincere
ὅτι εἷς ἐστινcontent — the Shema echoed in the scribe's own words
καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλος πλὴν αὐτοῦ·content — Deut 4:35 / Isa 45:21 — 'no other besides him'
33
καὶ τὸ ἀγαπᾶν αὐτὸν ἐξ ὅλης τῆς καρδίας καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς συνέσεως καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς ἰσχύοςcontent — suspended articular-infinitive subject — the paraphrase substitutes σύνεσις for the Shema's 'soul'
καὶ τὸ ἀγαπᾶν τὸν πλησίον ὡς ἑαυτὸνcontent — the second infinitive-subject — neighbor-love, still suspended
περισσότερόν ἐστιν πάντων τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων καὶ θυσιῶν.content — the prophetic verdict (1 Sam 15:22; Hos 6:6) — said inside the temple courts
34
καὶ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἰδὼν αὐτὸνparticipial — preposed participle with prolepsis (αὐτόν drawn forward) — leans on εἶπεν
ὅτι νουνεχῶς ἀπεκρίθηcontent — νουνεχῶς — 'with understanding,' a NT hapax
εἶπεν αὐτῷ·independent — the commendation-frame
Οὐ μακρὰν εἶ ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ.content — nearness declared, entry left open
καὶ οὐδεὶς οὐκέτι ἐτόλμα αὐτὸν ἐπερωτῆσαι.independent — οὐδεὶς οὐκέτι — the reinforced double negative; the testing section closes
David's son and David's Lord 12:35–37
35
Καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦςparticipial — Semitic 'answering' participle with no question pending — Jesus now takes the initiative; leans on ἔλεγεν
ἔλεγενindependent — inceptive imperfect
διδάσκων ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ·participial — concurrent participle — the setting of the counter-riddle
Πῶς λέγουσιν οἱ γραμματεῖςcontent — the counter-riddle — the scribes' Davidic formula probed
ὅτι ὁ χριστὸς υἱὸς Δαυίδ ἐστιν;content — true as far as it goes — but is it the whole truth?
36
αὐτὸς Δαυὶδ εἶπεν ἐν τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ·content — the citation-frame — inspiration (ἐν τῷ πνεύματι) grounds the argument
Εἶπεν κύριος τῷ κυρίῳ μου·content — Ps 110:1 (109:1 LXX) — the two κύριοι set the riddle: YHWH speaks to David's Lord
Κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μουcontent — the enthronement at the right hand — the position of honor and authority
ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν σου.conditional — temporal ἕως ἄν (typed cnd) — the subjugation awaited
37
αὐτὸς Δαυὶδ λέγει αὐτὸν κύριον,content — the premise restated — αὐτός emphatic
καὶ πόθεν αὐτοῦ ἐστιν υἱός;content — πόθεν — in what sense his son? more than David's descendant; the riddle left standing
καὶ ὁ πολὺς ὄχλος ἤκουεν αὐτοῦ ἡδέως.independent — durative imperfect — the crowd's delight closes the teaching
Beware of the scribes 12:38–40
38
Καὶ ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ αὐτοῦ ἔλεγεν·independent — imperfect of habitual teaching — the warning-frame
Βλέπετε ἀπὸ τῶν γραμματέωνcontent — βλέπετε ἀπό — watch out for; the chapter's third scribes-passage
τῶν θελόντων ἐν στολαῖς περιπατεῖνparticipial — attributive participle — the wanting-catalogue opens: the paraded στολαί
καὶ ἀσπασμοὺς ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖςphrase modifier — second object of the wanting — deferential public recognition
39
καὶ πρωτοκαθεδρίας ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖςphrase modifier — the front bench facing the congregation
καὶ πρωτοκλισίας ἐν τοῖς δείπνοις·phrase modifier — the couch of honor at table — precedence craved in every sphere
40
οἱ κατεσθίοντες τὰς οἰκίας τῶν χηρῶνparticipial — nominative in loose apposition — the case slips as the indictment sharpens; predation on the protected class
καὶ προφάσει μακρὰ προσευχόμενοι·participial — προφάσει — long prayers as cover for the greed
οὗτοι λήμψονται περισσότερον κρίμα.content — resumptive οὗτοι — the heavier sentence; the widow-theme leads straight into vv. 41–44
The widow's two lepta 12:41–44
vv. 41–42 — the treasury watched
41
Καὶ καθίσας κατέναντι τοῦ γαζοφυλακίουparticipial — preposed participle — καθίσας (some editions read ἐκάθισεν); leans on ἐθεώρει
ἐθεώρειindependent — durative imperfect — deliberate, sustained observation
πῶς ὁ ὄχλος βάλλει χαλκὸν εἰς τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον·content — indirect question — vivid present βάλλει; χαλκός, coin by coin
καὶ πολλοὶ πλούσιοι ἔβαλλον πολλά·independent — iterative imperfect — many and much, the foil
42
καὶ ἐλθοῦσα μία χήρα πτωχὴparticipial — preposed participle — the class the scribes devour (v. 40) enters; leans on ἔβαλεν
ἔβαλεν λεπτὰ δύο,independent — the two smallest coins in circulation — she keeps back neither
ὅ ἐστιν κοδράντης.phrase modifier — Mark's gloss for Roman readers — a quadrans, Rome's smallest coin
vv. 43–44 — the pronouncement: more than all
43
καὶ προσκαλεσάμενος τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦparticipial — preposed participle — the disciples summoned for a pronouncement; leans on εἶπεν
εἶπεν αὐτοῖς·independent — the saying-frame
Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖνcontent — the Ἀμήν-formula — solemn asseveration
ὅτι ἡ χήρα αὕτη ἡ πτωχὴ πλεῖον πάντων ἔβαλεν τῶν βαλλόντων εἰς τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον·content — the reversal — by heaven's measure the most, not the least
44
πάντες γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ περισσεύοντος αὐτοῖς ἔβαλον,cause — the γάρ grounds — the rest gave from surplus
αὕτη δὲ ἐκ τῆς ὑστερήσεως αὐτῆς πάντα ὅσα εἶχεν ἔβαλεν,cause — the antithesis carried by δέ — ἐκ τῆς ὑστερήσεως, from her lack
ὅλον τὸν βίον αὐτῆς.phrase modifier — apposition — ὅλον τὸν βίον: her whole living, her very life; praise, or lament before 13:2 — left open
Analysis. Mark 12 is the temple showdown, and the layout shows one man answering — and finally out-asking — every party in Jerusalem. The narrative frames keep to the flush-left purple column (they send, they come, he sat, he said, historic presents flagged as they land), but the chapter's weight hangs blue beneath the verbs of speaking: the parable of the tenants runs as a coordinate cnt catena under λαλεῖν (v. 1) — planted, fenced, dug, built, leased, left, one clause per line, the Isa 5:1–2 furniture in place before the first servant is sent — with the owner's hope (Ἐντραπήσονται τὸν υἱόν μου) and the tenants' plot (δεῦτε ἀποκτείνωμεν) each a speech-within-the-speech, one level deeper. Four Scripture quotations hang as cnt with their sources in the tags: Ps 118:22–23 under ἀνέγνωτε (vv. 10–11), Exod 3:6 under the second ἀνέγνωτε (v. 26), the Shema with Lev 19:18 under Jesus' ἀπεκρίθη (vv. 29–31), and Ps 110:1 under David's Spirit-borne εἶπεν (v. 36). Protases and ὅταν/ἕως-temporals (typed cnd) lean forward anchor-less — the levirate ἐάν-chain of v. 19 one deeper than its imperatival-ἵνα apodosis, ὅταν ἀναστῶσιν twice (vv. 23, 25; the v. 23 words are bracketed or omitted by some witnesses). The cruxes are named rather than hidden: how far the parable's allegory runs (the Isa 5 opening and the ἀγαπητός of 1:11 and 9:7 invite full decoding — owner/God, servants/prophets, son/Jesus — but the ἄλλοι of v. 9 stay unidentified); the tribute verdict's suppressed premise (the coin bears Caesar's εἰκών and goes back to him — humanity bears God's image and owes itself to God; the second colon stands verbless, the verb carried over); ἐπὶ τοῦ βάτου in v. 26 read as a passage-locator ('at the Bush,' the section of Exodus) rather than a place; and the widow of vv. 41–44 — traditionally the exemplar of total giving (ὅλον τὸν βίον, her whole living, her very life), yet standing between the scribes who devour widows' houses (v. 40) and the prediction that this treasury's temple will be thrown down (13:2), so that some read lament rather than praise. The lines carry the commendation; the tags keep the question open.