independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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The naming of the Twelve 10:1–4
v. 1 — the authority delegated
1
Καὶ προσκαλεσάμενος τοὺς δώδεκα μαθητὰς αὐτοῦparticipial — preposed participle — forward-leaning on ἔδωκεν; 'the twelve' appear as a fixed band, evoking the twelve tribes (19:28)
ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ἐξουσίαν πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτωνindependent — the bestowal that grounds the whole chapter — Jesus' own authority (chs. 8–9) delegated; objective genitive
ὥστε ἐκβάλλειν αὐτὰpurpose — ὥστε + infinitive — the result the authority realizes (typed pur)
καὶ θεραπεύειν πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ πᾶσαν μαλακίαν.purpose — coordinate infinitive — the νόσος/μαλακία pair of 4:23; 9:35: the whole range of ailment
vv. 2–4 — the roster, in pairs: Peter first, Judas last
2
Τῶν δὲ δώδεκα ἀποστόλων τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν ταῦτα·independent — the list-heading — ἀπόστολος, Matthew's only use of the title; singular ἐστιν with neuter plural subject
πρῶτος Σίμων ὁ λεγόμενος Πέτρος καὶ Ἀνδρέας ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ,phrase modifier — πρῶτος — Peter's primacy, not mere sequence; the first pair of brothers (4:18)
καὶ Ἰάκωβος ὁ τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου καὶ Ἰωάννης ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ,phrase modifier — the second pair — the call-narrative quartet of 4:18–22 heads the list
3
Φίλιππος καὶ Βαρθολομαῖος, Θωμᾶς καὶ Μαθθαῖος ὁ τελώνης,phrase modifier — ὁ τελώνης — only this Gospel gives the evangelist his shaming badge (9:9)
Ἰάκωβος ὁ τοῦ Ἁλφαίου καὶ Θαδδαῖος,phrase modifier — the fifth pair-line's fourth quartet member — Θαδδαῖος where the Byzantine text adds 'Lebbaeus'
4
Σίμων ὁ Καναναῖος καὶ Ἰούδας ὁ Ἰσκαριώτης ὁ καὶ παραδοὺς αὐτόν.phrase modifier — Καναναῖος — Aramaic qanʾān, 'zealot,' not 'of Cana'; the list closes under Judas's fixed epithet ὁ παραδούς
The Mission Discourse — charge, persecutions, fear, the sword, and reward 10:5–42
v. 5a — the sending: the frame on which the whole discourse hangs
5
Τούτους τοὺς δώδεκα ἀπέστειλεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς παραγγείλας αὐτοῖς λέγων·independent — the discourse's single narrative frame — ἀποστέλλω answering ἀπόστολοι (v. 2); thirty-eight verses hang on λέγων
vv. 5b–6 — the field: not Gentiles or Samaritans, but Israel's lost sheep
Εἰς ὁδὸν ἐθνῶν μὴ ἀπέλθητεcontent — prohibitive aorist subjunctive — the mission's scope restricted first (cf. 15:24; reversed at 28:19)
καὶ εἰς πόλιν Σαμαριτῶν μὴ εἰσέλθητε·content — the second exclusion — Samaria likewise waits (cf. Acts 1:8; 8:5)
6
πορεύεσθε δὲ μᾶλλον πρὸς τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἀπολωλότα οἴκου Ἰσραήλ.content — the positive counterpart — μᾶλλον; the shepherdless flock of 9:36 (Jer 50:6; Ezek 34); perfect ἀπολωλότα, a settled lostness
vv. 7–8 — the message and the works: freely received, freely give
7
πορευόμενοι δὲ κηρύσσετε λέγοντες ὅτιcontent — temporal participle folded into the command — preaching as going-and-heralding; recitative ὅτι
Ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν.content — the identical message of the Baptist (3:2) and of Jesus (4:17) — resultative perfect: come near and pressing
8
ἀσθενοῦντας θεραπεύετε,content — four asyndetic imperatives — Jesus' own works of chs. 8–9 handed to the Twelve
νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε,content — present in the earliest text though dropped by part of the Byzantine tradition — among the kingdom-signs of 11:5
λεπροὺς καθαρίζετε,content — cf. 8:2–4 — ritual and bodily purity restored together
δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε·content — the ἐξουσία of v. 1 exercised — the fourth iterative present imperative
δωρεὰν ἐλάβετε,content — asyndetic maxim — the indicative ground of the imperative that follows; adverbial accusative δωρεάν
δωρεὰν δότε.content — the gift uncommercialized — grace passed on as it came
vv. 9–10 — travel light: the worker is worthy of his food
9
μὴ κτήσησθε χρυσὸν μηδὲ ἄργυρον μηδὲ χαλκὸν εἰς τὰς ζώνας ὑμῶν,content — κτάομαι — 'do not procure': no stocking up; the descending series gold–silver–copper means no money at all
10
μὴ πήραν εἰς ὁδὸν μηδὲ δύο χιτῶνας μηδὲ ὑποδήματα μηδὲ ῥάβδον·content — elliptical — κτήσησθε carries over; even the staff Mark allows (Mark 6:8) is here declined
ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τῆς τροφῆς αὐτοῦ.cause — verbless proverb grounding the whole provision-rule (cf. Luke 10:7; 1 Tim 5:18) — God pays his laborers through worthy hosts
vv. 11–15 — houses worthy and unworthy: peace, dust, and Sodom
11
εἰς ἣν δ’ ἂν πόλιν ἢ κώμην εἰσέλθητε,conditional — indefinite relative protasis, temporal in force — forward-leaning on ἐξετάσατε
ἐξετάσατε τίς ἐν αὐτῇ ἄξιός ἐστιν·content — ἐξετάζω, careful inquiry — the indirect question kept in the clause; ἄξιος begins its run (vv. 11–13, 37–38)
κἀκεῖ μείνατεcontent — crasis κἀκεῖ — one host, no upgrading: shopping for hospitality would dishonor the message
ἕως ἂν ἐξέλθητε.conditional — temporal — backward ἕως ἄν on μείνατε: the stay bounded only by the departure
12
εἰσερχόμενοι δὲ εἰς τὴν οἰκίανparticipial — temporal participle — forward-leaning on ἀσπάσασθε
ἀσπάσασθε αὐτήν·content — the greeting is the shalom-blessing the next verse treats as almost tangible
13
καὶ ἐὰν μὲν ᾖ ἡ οἰκία ἀξία,conditional — third-class condition, the μέν half — forward-leaning on ἐλθάτω
ἐλθάτω ἡ εἰρήνη ὑμῶν ἐπ’ αὐτήν·content — third-person imperative — the peace a real bestowal that settles on the house
ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ᾖ ἀξία,conditional — the answering δέ half — forward-leaning on ἐπιστραφήτω
ἡ εἰρήνη ὑμῶν πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐπιστραφήτω.content — the refused blessing recoils to its bearers — no word of God falls void
14
καὶ ὃς ἂν μὴ δέξηται ὑμᾶς μηδὲ ἀκούσῃ τοὺς λόγους ὑμῶν,conditional — indefinite relative as protasis (typed cnd), casus pendens — forward-leaning on ἐκτινάξατε
ἐξερχόμενοι ἔξω τῆς οἰκίας ἢ τῆς πόλεως ἐκείνηςparticipial — temporal participle — likewise forward-leaning on the command
ἐκτινάξατε τὸν κονιορτὸν τῶν ποδῶν ὑμῶν.content — the prophetic gesture of disassociation — as Jews on leaving Gentile soil (cf. Acts 13:51): the town has excluded itself
15
ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν,content — the solemn amen-formula sealing the charge
ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται γῇ Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρων ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως ἢ τῇ πόλει ἐκείνῃ.content — the a fortiori of judgment — the greater the light refused (Gen 19), the heavier the reckoning
vv. 16–18 — sheep among wolves: councils, floggings, rulers
16
Ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἀποστέλλω ὑμᾶς ὡς πρόβατα ἐν μέσῳ λύκων·content — emphatic ἐγώ — the sender owns the danger; the flock of v. 6 is itself now sent among predators
γίνεσθε οὖν φρόνιμοι ὡς οἱ ὄφεις καὶ ἀκέραιοι ὡς αἱ περιστεραί.content — the paradoxical pair — serpent-prudence without malice, dove-innocence without naivety
17
προσέχετε δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων·content — the wolves named — προσέχω ἀπό, 'be on guard against'
παραδώσουσιν γὰρ ὑμᾶς εἰς συνέδριαcause — παραδίδωμι — the verb of Jesus' own passion; first ground of the warning
καὶ ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν μαστιγώσουσιν ὑμᾶς·cause — synagogue discipline — the forty lashes less one (cf. 2 Cor 11:24); 'their' synagogues, the parting of the ways audible
18
καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας δὲ καὶ βασιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἔθνεσιν.cause — καὶ … δέ, 'and even' — the arena widens to Gentile power; the dock becomes a witness-stand (εἰς μαρτύριον)
vv. 19–20 — the promise: it is the Spirit of your Father who speaks
19
ὅταν δὲ παραδῶσιν ὑμᾶς,conditional — temporal ὅταν protasis (typed cnd) — forward-leaning on μὴ μεριμνήσητε
μὴ μεριμνήσητε πῶς ἢ τί λαλήσητε·content — μεριμνάω — the care-verb of 6:25–34; the deliberative indirect question kept in the clause
δοθήσεται γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ τί λαλήσητε·cause — divine passive — God supplies the defense at the moment it is needed, not before
20
οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστε οἱ λαλοῦντεςcause — the ground of the gift — emphatic ὑμεῖς dethroned as speaker
ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν.cause — verbless counterpart — 'the Spirit of your Father': divine speech in the human witness
vv. 21–23 — betrayal, hatred, endurance — and the Son of Man
21
παραδώσει δὲ ἀδελφὸς ἀδελφὸν εἰς θάνατον καὶ πατὴρ τέκνον,content — the tribulation-motif of Mic 7:6 — betrayal penetrates the closest bonds; παραδίδωμι a third time
καὶ ἐπαναστήσονται τέκνα ἐπὶ γονεῖςcontent — ἐπανίστημι — insurrection inside the household
καὶ θανατώσουσιν αὐτούς.content — the family sword of v. 34 at its sharpest
22
καὶ ἔσεσθε μισούμενοι ὑπὸ πάντων διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου·content — periphrastic future — a continuing state of being hated; the ground is allegiance to the Name
ὁ δὲ ὑπομείνας εἰς τέλος οὗτος σωθήσεται.content — resumptive οὗτος — perseverance the mark of the genuine; divine passive σωθήσεται
23
ὅταν δὲ διώκωσιν ὑμᾶς ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ,conditional — temporal ὅταν protasis (typed cnd) — forward-leaning on φεύγετε
φεύγετε εἰς τὴν ἑτέραν·content — strategic flight, not apostasy — move on and keep preaching
ἀμὴν γὰρ λέγω ὑμῖν,cause — the amen-formula as ground — you can afford to flee: the field will not run out
οὐ μὴ τελέσητε τὰς πόλεις τοῦ Ἰσραὴλcontent — emphatic οὐ μή — the chapter's chief crux begins
ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου.conditional — temporal — the 'coming' variously taken as resurrection vindication, A.D. 70, or the Parousia; the layout leaves the referent standing
vv. 24–25 — disciple and master: the Beelzebul slur shared
24
Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλονcontent — gnomic proverb — expect the master's treatment
οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ.content — elliptical parallel — ἔστιν carries over
25
ἀρκετὸν τῷ μαθητῇcontent — verbless impersonal — sufficiency, not parity
ἵνα γένηται ὡς ὁ διδάσκαλος αὐτοῦ,content — epexegetic ἵνα — the content of 'enough,' not purpose
καὶ ὁ δοῦλος ὡς ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ.content — elliptical coordinate — γένηται carried over
εἰ τὸν οἰκοδεσπότην Βεελζεβοὺλ ἐπεκάλεσαν,conditional — first-class condition — the slander (12:24) assumed as fact; forward-leaning on the a fortiori
πόσῳ μᾶλλον τοὺς οἰκιακοὺς αὐτοῦ.content — verbless apodosis — πόσῳ μᾶλλον: the household inherits the head's reproach (cf. v. 36 οἰκιακοί)
vv. 26–31 — fear not, three times: revelation, Gehenna, sparrows
26
μὴ οὖν φοβηθῆτε αὐτούς·content — the first 'fear not' — inferential οὖν from vv. 24–25
οὐδὲν γάρ ἐστιν κεκαλυμμένονcause — periphrastic perfect — the present covering is temporary
ὃ οὐκ ἀποκαλυφθήσεται,relative — the double negative of certainty — disclosure is coming
καὶ κρυπτὸνcause — elliptical parallel — οὐδὲν ἐστιν carried over
ὃ οὐ γνωσθήσεται.relative — truth, gospel, and vindication all destined for the light
27
ὃ λέγω ὑμῖν ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ, εἴπατε ἐν τῷ φωτί·content — the corollary — the fronted relative kept in the clause; private teaching destined for the public square
καὶ ὃ εἰς τὸ οὖς ἀκούετε, κηρύξατε ἐπὶ τῶν δωμάτων.content — from whisper to rooftop — the herald's verb κηρύσσω again (v. 7)
28
καὶ μὴ φοβεῖσθε ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποκτεννόντων τὸ σῶμα,content — the second 'fear not' — φοβέομαι ἀπό, a Semitism; the persecutors' utmost reach is the σῶμα
τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν μὴ δυναμένων ἀποκτεῖναι·participial — attributive participle on the killers — their incapacity over the ψυχή
φοβεῖσθε δὲ μᾶλλον τὸν δυνάμενον καὶ ψυχὴν καὶ σῶμα ἀπολέσαι ἐν γεέννῃ.content — the right fear — ὁ δυνάμενος read as God (so most; some say Satan): the One holding time and eternity
29
οὐχὶ δύο στρουθία ἀσσαρίου πωλεῖται;content — the third 'fear not' grounded in providence — οὐχί expects yes; genitive of price: the cheapest of birds
καὶ ἓν ἐξ αὐτῶν οὐ πεσεῖται ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἄνευ τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν.content — ἄνευ τοῦ πατρός — no sparrow drops outside the Father's knowing will
30
ὑμῶν δὲ καὶ αἱ τρίχες τῆς κεφαλῆς πᾶσαι ἠριθμημέναι εἰσίν.content — fronted emphatic ὑμῶν — periphrastic perfect: counted and on record
31
μὴ οὖν φοβεῖσθε·content — the refrain repeated — the third prohibition of fear
πολλῶν στρουθίων διαφέρετε ὑμεῖς.cause — asyndetic ground — genitive of comparison; the a fortiori of the Father's care
vv. 32–33 — confession and denial before the Father
32
Πᾶς οὖν ὅστις ὁμολογήσει ἐν ἐμοὶ ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων,conditional — casus pendens with indefinite ὅστις (typed cnd) — forward-leaning on ὁμολογήσω; ὁμολογέω ἐν, a Semitism of allegiance
ὁμολογήσω κἀγὼ ἐν αὐτῷ ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ πατρός μου τοῦ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·content — the reciprocity — κἀγώ: Jesus owns the confessor in the heavenly court
33
ὅστις δ’ ἂν ἀρνήσηταί με ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ἀνθρώπων,conditional — the dark counterpart protasis — ἀρνέομαι, allegiance repudiated
ἀρνήσομαι κἀγὼ αὐτὸν ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ πατρός μου τοῦ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς.content — the sentence mirrored word for word — discipleship's public test is decisive above
vv. 34–36 — not peace but a sword: Micah's divided house
34
Μὴ νομίσητεcontent — prohibitive aorist — a false inference forestalled (cf. 5:17)
ὅτι ἦλθον βαλεῖν εἰρήνην ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν·content — the content of the mistaken thought — the 'I came' of mission-purpose
οὐκ ἦλθον βαλεῖν εἰρήνην ἀλλὰ μάχαιραν.content — the jarring correction — the μάχαιρα is the division his claim provokes (Luke 12:51 'division'), not violence commanded
35
ἦλθον γὰρ διχάσαι ἄνθρωπον κατὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦcause — the sword unfolded — διχάζω; Mic 7:6 behind the whole triad
καὶ θυγατέρα κατὰ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῆςphrase modifier — the second pair — διχάσαι carried over
καὶ νύμφην κατὰ τῆς πενθερᾶς αὐτῆς,phrase modifier — the third pair — the line of faith cuts through three generations of one house
36
καὶ ἐχθροὶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οἱ οἰκιακοὶ αὐτοῦ.cause — verbless close of the Micah echo — οἰκιακοί again (v. 25): the front door as the dividing line
vv. 37–39 — worthy of me: cross-bearing, losing and finding life
37
Ὁ φιλῶν πατέρα ἢ μητέρα ὑπὲρ ἐμὲ οὐκ ἔστιν μου ἄξιος,content — the claim only God could rightly make — ὑπὲρ ἐμέ measures the deepest natural love against him
καὶ ὁ φιλῶν υἱὸν ἢ θυγατέρα ὑπὲρ ἐμὲ οὐκ ἔστιν μου ἄξιος·content — the parallel downward — parents, then children; ἄξιος now measured against Jesus himself (contrast vv. 11–13)
38
καὶ ὃς οὐ λαμβάνει τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκολουθεῖ ὀπίσω μου, οὐκ ἔστιν μου ἄξιος.content — Matthew's first cross-saying — before any passion prediction: the condemned man's beam shouldered behind Jesus; the subject relative kept in the clause
39
ὁ εὑρὼν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἀπολέσει αὐτήν,content — the paradox — ψυχή in its double sense: the self preserved is the self forfeited
καὶ ὁ ἀπολέσας τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ εὑρήσει αὐτήν.content — ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ — the loss that gains; the cross-logic of v. 38 stated as principle
vv. 40–42 — receiving the messengers: the chain of agency and reward
40
Ὁ δεχόμενος ὑμᾶς ἐμὲ δέχεται,content — the shaliach principle — the agent bears the sender's person
καὶ ὁ ἐμὲ δεχόμενος δέχεται τὸν ἀποστείλαντά με.content — the chain runs to the Father — sender, sent, and host bound in one welcome
41
ὁ δεχόμενος προφήτην εἰς ὄνομα προφήτου μισθὸν προφήτου λήμψεται,content — εἰς ὄνομα — 'because he is one': the host shares the calling and so the μισθός
καὶ ὁ δεχόμενος δίκαιον εἰς ὄνομα δικαίου μισθὸν δικαίου λήμψεται.content — the second rank — the pattern repeated verbatim, prophet then righteous man
42
καὶ ὃς ἂν ποτίσῃ ἕνα τῶν μικρῶν τούτων ποτήριον ψυχροῦ μόνον εἰς ὄνομα μαθητοῦ,conditional — indefinite relative protasis (typed cnd) — the scale drops to the least: a cup of cold water for the μικροί (cf. 18:6); forward-leaning across the interposed formula
ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν,content — the amen-formula interposed between protasis and apodosis — the discourse's final oath
οὐ μὴ ἀπολέσῃ τὸν μισθὸν αὐτοῦ.content — the apodosis of the ὃς ἄν protasis above — emphatic οὐ μή: the least kindness to the least disciple is eternally secure
Analysis. Matthew 10 is a frame and a single speech. The frame is brief: the delegating ἔδωκεν of v. 1 with its two ὥστε-infinitives, the roster-heading Τῶν δὲ δώδεκα ἀποστόλων τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν ταῦτα with the verbless pair-lines of the Twelve hanging as a list beneath ταῦτα (Peter marked πρῶτος, Judas closing the roll under his fixed epithet ὁ παραδούς), and then the sending sentence of v. 5a, whose λέγων carries everything else: from v. 5b to v. 42 the whole Mission Discourse is one coordinate catena of blue cnt lines at a constant depth one, so the page shows what Matthew built — the second of his five great discourses as one unbroken charge. Against that column the discourse's own grammar indents: fronted protases (ἐάν, ὅταν, and the ὅς-ἄν / ὅστις casus-pendens sentences of vv. 14, 32–33, 42) lean forward anchor-less one step above their apodoses; preposed participles do the same (vv. 12, 14); the γάρ-grounds hang cau beneath the commands they motivate (vv. 10, 17–18, 19, 23, 26, 35–36), twice chaining deeper — the Spirit-ground of v. 20 beneath the divine passive δοθήσεται of v. 19, and at v. 23 the amen-formula grounding φεύγετε with the Son-of-Man clause beneath its λέγω; the three amen-sayings (vv. 15, 23, 42) each open their content one step under λέγω, the last interposed between protasis and apodosis. Cruxes are taken openly: the ὥστε-infinitives of v. 1 are typed pur and tagged as result; v. 23's coming of the Son of Man is left with its rival referents named (resurrection vindication, A.D. 70, the Parousia), not decided; at v. 28 τὸν δυνάμενον is read as God, the minority view (Satan) conceded in the tag; and the μάχαιρα of v. 34 is glossed as the division the Messiah's claim provokes — the Micah triad of v. 35 hanging as coordinate lines under διχάσαι — not violence enjoined. The ἄξιος thread is kept visible in the tags: the worthy worker (v. 10), the worthy house (vv. 11–13), and at vv. 37–38 worthiness re-measured against Jesus himself.