independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecontentdashed = verbless / suspended
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John the herald in the wilderness 3:1–6
vv. 1–3 — the appearing, the proclamation, and the Isaiah identification
1
Ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις παραγίνεται Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστὴςindependent — historic present παραγίνεται — John thrust onto the stage; the same verb will bring Jesus (v. 13)
κηρύσσων ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ τῆς Ἰουδαίαςparticipial — manner participle — the herald's verb, κηρύσσω, in the herald's place, the ἔρημος
2
καὶ λέγων·participial — coordinate speech-participle — the frame for the proclamation
μετανοεῖτε·content — the one-word summons — the identical proclamation Jesus takes up at 4:17
ἤγγικεν γὰρ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν.cause — the ground — perfect ἤγγικεν, arrived at the threshold; 'of heaven,' Matthew's reverent periphrasis
3
οὗτος γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ῥηθεὶς διὰ Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος·cause — narrator's γάρ — the fulfillment formula identifies John himself with the prophecy
φωνὴ βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ·content — Isa 40:3 LXX — the herald reduced to a voice; verbless
ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν κυρίου,content — the voice's summons — κύριος (YHWH in Isaiah) applied to the coming Jesus
εὐθείας ποιεῖτε τὰς τρίβους αὐτοῦ.content — the parallel command — repentance levels the royal road
vv. 4–6 — the Elijah garb and the stream to the Jordan
4
αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ Ἰωάννης εἶχεν τὸ ἔνδυμα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τριχῶν καμήλου καὶ ζώνην δερματίνην περὶ τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ,independent — descriptive imperfect — the dress of Elijah (2 Kgs 1:8); the new-Elijah claim made by wardrobe
ἡ δὲ τροφὴ ἦν αὐτοῦ ἀκρίδες καὶ μέλι ἄγριον.independent — the ascetic diet — clean desert fare (Lev 11:22), the antithesis of soft robes (11:8)
5
τότε ἐξεπορεύετο πρὸς αὐτὸν Ἱεροσόλυμα καὶ πᾶσα ἡ Ἰουδαία καὶ πᾶσα ἡ περίχωρος τοῦ Ἰορδάνου,independent — iterative imperfect — the continual stream; hyperbolic πᾶσα, city and regions for their people
6
καὶ ἐβαπτίζοντο ἐν τῷ Ἰορδάνῃ ποταμῷ ὑπ’ αὐτοῦindependent — iterative imperfect — the repeated dipping in the river of Israel's entry
ἐξομολογούμενοι τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν.participial — concurrent participle — repentance enacted aloud as the rite is administered
The preaching to the Pharisees and Sadducees — axe, fan, and fire 3:7–12
vv. 7–10 — brood of vipers: the axe already at the root
7
Ἰδὼν δὲ πολλοὺς τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ Σαδδουκαίων ἐρχομένους ἐπὶ τὸ βάπτισμα αὐτοῦparticipial — preposed perception participle — leans on εἶπεν; the rival parties paired as one front
εἶπεν αὐτοῖς·independent — the speech-frame — one εἶπεν carries the whole sermon of vv. 7–12
γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν,content — vocative of insult — venomous progeny (cf. 12:34; 23:33); verbless
τίς ὑπέδειξεν ὑμῖν φυγεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς μελλούσης ὀργῆς;content — sarcastic rhetorical question — vipers darting from the field before the harvest fire
8
ποιήσατε οὖν καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μετανοίας·content — the inferential demand — singular collective καρπόν (Luke 3:8 has the plural)
9
καὶ μὴ δόξητε λέγειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς·content — prohibitive subjunctive — the complacent inward assumption forbidden
πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν Ἀβραάμ.content — the quoted boast — speech inside speech, one deeper; pedigree as false security
λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖνcontent — the solemn counter-assertion grounding the prohibition (γάρ)
ὅτι δύναται ὁ θεὸς ἐκ τῶν λίθων τούτων ἐγεῖραι τέκνα τῷ Ἀβραάμ.content — ὅτι-content — the stones-saying; the Semitic pun bānîm/'ăbānîm, children from riverbed rock
10
ἤδη δὲ ἡ ἀξίνη πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν δένδρων κεῖται·content — fronted ἤδη — judgment poised at the root, not the branches
πᾶν οὖν δένδρον μὴ ποιοῦν καρπὸν καλὸν ἐκκόπτεταιcontent — the gnomic verdict — inferential οὖν; πᾶν admits no exception
καὶ εἰς πῦρ βάλλεται.content — coordinate gnomic present — felled and burned; the fire-motif enters (vv. 11, 12)
vv. 11–12 — the Coming One: Spirit and fire, wheat and chaff
11
ἐγὼ μὲν ὑμᾶς βαπτίζω ἐν ὕδατι εἰς μετάνοιαν,content — the μέν-member — emphatic ἐγώ; water, and only unto repentance
ὁ δὲ ὀπίσω μου ἐρχόμενος ἰσχυρότερός μού ἐστιν,content — the δέ-member — ὁ ἐρχόμενος, near-title of the Messiah (11:3); later in time, greater in rank
οὗ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς τὰ ὑποδήματα βαστάσαι·relative — John beneath the lowest slave's task — Matthew's 'carry' where Mark/Luke have 'untie'
αὐτὸς ὑμᾶς βαπτίσει ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί·content — emphatic αὐτός — the greater baptism; the ἐν πυρί crux: purifying Pentecost or the judgment of v. 12, left open
12
οὗ τὸ πτύον ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦrelative — verbless relative — the fan already in hand; the sifting is underway
καὶ διακαθαριεῖ τὴν ἅλωνα αὐτοῦcontent — coordinate future resuming the mainline of the saying — διά-intensive, a complete clearing
καὶ συνάξει τὸν σῖτον αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν ἀποθήκην,content — the wheat gathered — the kingdom's ingathering (cf. 13:30)
τὸ δὲ ἄχυρον κατακαύσει πυρὶ ἀσβέστῳ.content — the antithesis closed — fronted τὸ ἄχυρον; πυρὶ ἀσβέστῳ, the fire of final judgment
The baptism of Jesus — all righteousness fulfilled 3:13–17
vv. 13–15 — John's protest overruled
13
Τότε παραγίνεται ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰορδάνην πρὸς τὸν Ἰωάννηνindependent — historic present — the same παραγίνεται that brought John (v. 1); the two arrivals matched
τοῦ βαπτισθῆναι ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ.purpose — τοῦ + infinitive of purpose — the stated intent that scandalizes John
14
ὁ δὲ Ἰωάννης διεκώλυεν αὐτὸνindependent — conative imperfect — kept trying to stop him; only Matthew records the protest
λέγων·participial — pleonastic speech-participle — the frame for the objection
ἐγὼ χρείαν ἔχω ὑπὸ σοῦ βαπτισθῆναι,content — emphatic ἐγώ against σύ — the roles as John knows they should run
καὶ σὺ ἔρχῃ πρός με;content — the astonished question — the Greater submitting to the lesser's rite
15
ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦςparticipial — preposed Semitic 'answered and said' participle — leans on εἶπεν
εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν·independent — Jesus' first spoken words in the Gospel follow
ἄφες ἄρτι,content — aorist imperative + ἄρτι — overrule the scruple for the present hour
οὕτως γὰρ πρέπον ἐστὶν ἡμῖν πληρῶσαι πᾶσαν δικαιοσύνην.cause — the programmatic ground — πληρῶσαι πᾶσαν δικαιοσύνην, the crux: obedience to God's saving plan, Jesus in solidarity with the penitent people; ἡμῖν binds John into it
τότε ἀφίησιν αὐτόν.independent — historic present ἀφίησιν — John yields with the very verb of Jesus' ἄφες
vv. 16–17 — the opened heavens, the dove, and the voice
16
βαπτισθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦςparticipial — preposed temporal participle — the baptism itself passed over in a participle; leans on ἀνέβη
εὐθὺς ἀνέβη ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος·independent — εὐθύς — the heavenly response follows the obedience without pause
καὶ ἰδοὺ ἠνεῴχθησαν αὐτῷ οἱ οὐρανοί,independent — first ἰδού — divine passive (cf. Ezek 1:1; Isa 64:1); αὐτῷ read, though some witnesses omit
καὶ εἶδεν τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ θεοῦ καταβαῖνον ὡσεὶ περιστερὰνindependent — the vision — Jesus the seer; the dove-simile recalls Gen 1:2 and the dove of Gen 8
καὶ ἐρχόμενον ἐπ’ αὐτόν·participial — coordinate perception participle — ἐπ' αὐτόν, the messianic anointing (Isa 11:2; 42:1; 61:1)
17
καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶνindependent — second ἰδού — the climax; verbless, the verb of coming left unexpressed
λέγουσα·participial — the feminine participle agreeing with φωνή — the Father's own utterance framed
οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός,content — Ps 2:7 — Matthew's third-person οὗτος (Mark: σὺ εἶ): the oracle made public proclamation, addressed to bystanders and reader
ἐν ᾧ εὐδόκησα.relative — Isa 42:1 — the chosen Servant fused with the royal Son; timeless aorist of settled delight
Analysis. Matthew 3 is narrative framed by a matched pair of historic presents: παραγίνεται brings John onto the stage at v. 1 and the very same verb brings Jesus at v. 13, and the layout lets the two arrivals stand flush-left in the same purple. Around that mainline the chapter's real bulk hangs blue — speech under its verbs of saying: John's proclamation under κηρύσσων/λέγων (v. 2), the Isaiah 40:3 citation under the fulfillment-formula's λέγοντος (v. 3, the voice's two commands one step deeper under βοῶντος), and above all the sermon of vv. 7–12, a single unbroken cnt column under one εἶπεν — vocative insult, sarcastic question, imperative, prohibition (with the quoted boast πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν Ἀβραάμ hanging one deeper, speech inside speech), the axe-saying, and the μέν … δέ antithesis of the two baptisms with its relative clauses (the sandals; the winnowing fork). Preposed participles lean forward, anchor-less, on the verb below them (Ἰδὼν δὲ πολλούς, ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς, βαπτισθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς) — Matthew's regular hinge into a new speech or scene. The cruxes are named rather than solved: πληρῶσαι πᾶσαν δικαιοσύνην (v. 15) is glossed as conformity to God's saving will — Jesus identifying with the penitent people — but the phrase's exact force (obedience? fulfillment of prophecy? covenant solidarity?) is the chapter's famous open question; the ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί of v. 11 may promise one purifying baptism or two destinies (Spirit for wheat, fire for chaff — v. 12's πυρὶ ἀσβέστῳ pulls toward judgment, but Pentecost's tongues of fire keep the other reading alive); and at v. 17 Matthew's third-person οὗτός ἐστιν (against Mark's σὺ εἶ) turns the private oracle into a public christological proclamation — Ps 2:7 and Isa 42:1 fused, addressed as much to the reader as to Jesus.