independentrelativepurposecausecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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Welcome the weak — without disputes 14:1–4
1
Τὸν δὲ ἀσθενοῦντα τῇ πίστει προσλαμβάνεσθε,independent — the section's governing command — receive him
μὴ εἰς διακρίσεις διαλογισμῶν.phrase modifier — the welcome qualified — not to argue him out of his scruples
2
ὃς μὲν πιστεύει φαγεῖν πάντα,independent — the antithesis, first limb — the strong's freedom
ὁ δὲ ἀσθενῶν λάχανα ἐσθίει.independent — the second limb — the weak's restriction, level with the first
3
ὁ ἐσθίων τὸν μὴ ἐσθίοντα μὴ ἐξουθενείτω,independent — prohibition to the strong — no contempt
ὁ δὲ μὴ ἐσθίων τὸν ἐσθίοντα μὴ κρινέτω,independent — prohibition to the weak — no condemnation
ὁ θεὸς γὰρ αὐτὸν προσελάβετο.cause — the ground of both prohibitions — God's προσελάβετο answers v. 1
4
σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ κρίνων ἀλλότριον οἰκέτην;independent — the rebuke — emphatic σύ (cf. 9:20)
τῷ ἰδίῳ κυρίῳ στήκει ἢ πίπτει·independent — the verdict belongs to his own master
σταθήσεται δέ,independent — the assurance — divine passive
δυνατεῖ γὰρ ὁ κύριος στῆσαι αὐτόν.cause — the ground — the Lord's power to uphold his servant
Days and foods — unto the Lord 14:5–9
vv. 5–6 — days and foods: each to the Lord, with thanksgiving
5
ὃς μὲν γὰρ κρίνει ἡμέραν παρ' ἡμέραν,independent — the second antithesis — κρίνει here 'esteem', not 'condemn'
ὃς δὲ κρίνει πᾶσαν ἡμέραν·independent — the second limb — all days equal
ἕκαστος ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ νοῒ πληροφορείσθω.independent — the ruling — settled conviction, not coercion
6
ὁ φρονῶν τὴν ἡμέραν κυρίῳ φρονεῖ·independent — the unto-the-Lord series opens — the day-keeper
καὶ ὁ ἐσθίων κυρίῳ ἐσθίει,independent — the eater — the same dative κυρίῳ
εὐχαριστεῖ γὰρ τῷ θεῷ·cause — the proof — thanksgiving consecrates the eating
καὶ ὁ μὴ ἐσθίων κυρίῳ οὐκ ἐσθίει,independent — the abstainer — his refusal is also worship
καὶ εὐχαριστεῖ τῷ θεῷ.independent — coordinate — the weak man's thanksgiving too
vv. 7–9 — we are the Lord's, living or dying
7
οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἡμῶν ἑαυτῷ ζῇ,independent — the ground beneath the series (γάρ) — no self-referential living
καὶ οὐδεὶς ἑαυτῷ ἀποθνῄσκει·independent — the pair completed — not even our dying is our own
8
ἐάν τε γὰρ ζῶμεν,conditional — protasis — leans on the apodosis below
τῷ κυρίῳ ζῶμεν,independent — apodosis — living lands on κυρίῳ
ἐάν τε ἀποθνῄσκωμεν,conditional — protasis — leans on the apodosis below
τῷ κυρίῳ ἀποθνῄσκομεν.independent — apodosis — dying lands on κυρίῳ too
ἐάν τε οὖν ζῶμεν ἐάν τε ἀποθνῄσκωμεν,conditional — the doubled protasis — both cases gathered up (οὖν)
τοῦ κυρίου ἐσμέν.independent — the punchline — the genitive of belonging
9
εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ Χριστὸς ἀπέθανεν καὶ ἔζησενcause — the ground of the belonging — his death and resurrection (ἔζησεν ingressive)
ἵνα καὶ νεκρῶν καὶ ζώντων κυριεύσῃ.purpose — the purpose — lordship over both realms, εἰς τοῦτο resolved
The judgment seat of God 14:10–12
10
σὺ δὲ τί κρίνεις τὸν ἀδελφόν σου;independent — to the weak — the judge challenged (σύ as in v. 4)
ἢ καὶ σὺ τί ἐξουθενεῖς τὸν ἀδελφόν σου;independent — to the strong — the despiser challenged
πάντες γὰρ παραστησόμεθα τῷ βήματι τοῦ θεοῦ·cause — the ground of both questions — 'of God' with the printed text (v.l. 'of Christ')
11
γέγραπται γάρ·cause — the warrant from Scripture
Ζῶ ἐγώ, λέγει κύριος,content — the oath formula (Isa 49:18) prefixed to the citation
ὅτι ἐμοὶ κάμψει πᾶν γόνυ,content — Isa 45:23 — every knee
καὶ πᾶσα γλῶσσα ἐξομολογήσεται τῷ θεῷ.content — Isa 45:23 — every tongue, before God alone
12
ἄρα οὖν ἕκαστος ἡμῶν περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λόγον δώσει τῷ θεῷ.independent — the drawn conclusion (ἄρα οὖν) — of himself, not of his brother
Do not destroy the work of God 14:13–23
vv. 13–15 — from judging to caring: nothing unclean, yet love limits liberty
13
Μηκέτι οὖν ἀλλήλους κρίνωμεν·independent — the hortatory turn — μηκέτι closes vv. 1–12
ἀλλὰ τοῦτο κρίνατε μᾶλλον,independent — the re-point — κρίνω turned from condemning to resolving
τὸ μὴ τιθέναι πρόσκομμα τῷ ἀδελφῷ ἢ σκάνδαλον.content — epexegetic articular infinitive — the content of τοῦτο
14
οἶδα καὶ πέπεισμαι ἐν κυρίῳ Ἰησοῦindependent — the strong conviction — Paul stands with the strong
ὅτι οὐδὲν κοινὸν δι' ἑαυτοῦ·content — the content — κοινός, the purity vocabulary of the law (verb supplied)
εἰ μὴ τῷ λογιζομένῳ τι κοινὸν εἶναι,conditional — the exceptive εἰ μή — leans on the verdict below
ἐκείνῳ κοινόν.phrase modifier — the verbless verdict — conscience makes it so for him (on οὐδὲν κοινόν)
15
εἰ γὰρ διὰ βρῶμα ὁ ἀδελφός σου λυπεῖται,conditional — protasis — leans on the verdict below
οὐκέτι κατὰ ἀγάπην περιπατεῖς.independent — apodosis — liberty measured by the love command (13:8–10)
μὴ τῷ βρώματί σου ἐκεῖνον ἀπόλλυεindependent — the prohibition sharpened — your food against his ruin
ὑπὲρ οὗ Χριστὸς ἀπέθανεν.relative — on ἐκεῖνον — the brother priced at the cross
vv. 16–19 — the kingdom is not food and drink: pursue peace
16
μὴ βλασφημείσθω οὖν ὑμῶν τὸ ἀγαθόν.independent — the liberty itself must not become a scandal
17
οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις,cause — the ground — the kingdom defined negatively
ἀλλὰ δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χαρὰ ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ·cause — the positive triad — ἐστιν carried over (elliptical)
18
ὁ γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ δουλεύων τῷ Χριστῷ εὐάρεστος τῷ θεῷ καὶ δόκιμος τοῖς ἀνθρώποις.cause — the ground beneath — ἐν τούτῳ, in that sphere (copula supplied)
19
ἄρα οὖν τὰ τῆς εἰρήνης διώκωμεν καὶ τὰ τῆς οἰκοδομῆς τῆς εἰς ἀλλήλους·independent — the drawn conclusion (ἄρα οὖν, as v. 12) — hortatory
vv. 20–23 — do not tear down God's work: keep your faith before God
20
μὴ ἕνεκεν βρώματος κατάλυε τὸ ἔργον τοῦ θεοῦ.independent — κατάλυε against οἰκοδομή (v. 19) — demolition versus building
πάντα μὲν καθαρά,independent — the concession — the strong's principle granted (verbless)
ἀλλὰ κακὸν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τῷ διὰ προσκόμματος ἐσθίοντι.independent — the counter — read of the strong whose eating occasions offense (verbless)
21
καλὸν τὸ μὴ φαγεῖν κρέα μηδὲ πιεῖν οἶνονindependent — the positive maxim — abstinence for love's sake (verbless)
μηδὲ ἐν ᾧ ὁ ἀδελφός σου προσκόπτει.relative — the third member — elliptical: '(anything) in which he stumbles'
22
σὺ πίστιν ἣν ἔχεις κατὰ σεαυτὸν ἔχε ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ.independent — the ruling for the strong — conviction held privately, coram Deo
μακάριος ὁ μὴ κρίνων ἑαυτὸνindependent — the beatitude — an uncondemning conscience (verbless)
ἐν ᾧ δοκιμάζει·relative — the sphere — his own tested and approved practice
23
ὁ δὲ διακρινόμενοςindependent — suspended subject — διακρίνομαι, divided against himself
ἐὰν φάγῃconditional — protasis — leans on the verdict below
κατακέκριται,independent — the verdict — perfect: the sentence already standing
ὅτι οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως·cause — the reason — his eating does not proceed from conviction (elliptical)
πᾶν δὲ ὃ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως ἁμαρτία ἐστίν.independent — the closing maxim — the chapter's widest principle
Analysis. Romans 14 is pastoral diatribe, and the shape shows a chapter ruled by flush-left imperatives and matched pairs. The purple margin carries the commands — προσλαμβάνεσθε, the twin prohibitions μὴ ἐξουθενείτω / μὴ κρινέτω, πληροφορείσθω, κρίνωμεν, μὴ ἀπόλλυε, μὴ κατάλυε, διώκωμεν, ἔχε — while short red γάρ-grounds hang one step below each of them: God has welcomed him, the Lord is able to make him stand, he gives thanks, we will all stand before the judgment seat. Antithesis pairs sit level with each other on the margin (ὃς μέν / ὁ δέ eating, ὃς μέν / ὃς δέ on days, πάντα μὲν καθαρά / ἀλλὰ κακόν), so neither party ever outranks the other visually — the point of the chapter. In vv. 7–9 the olive protases show their forward lean three times (ἐάν τε… ἐάν τε…) over apodoses that keep landing on κυρίῳ, until the punchline τοῦ κυρίου ἐσμέν sits alone on the margin with Christ's death-and-life beneath it as its ground and the ἵνα κυριεύσῃ purpose beneath that. Verse 11 is a miniature catena: γέγραπται carries three blue lines of Isa 45:23 (prefixed with the Isa 49:18 oath ζῶ ἐγώ). Interpretive choices the layout takes a side on: ὁ θεὸς γὰρ αὐτὸν προσελάβετο (v. 3) is hung on the second prohibition but read as grounding both; κρίνει in v. 5 is taken as 'esteem', not 'condemn'; τὸ βῆμα is 'of God' with the printed text (v. 10, against the 'of Christ' variant); the εἰ μή of v. 14 is treated as a true exceptive protasis leaning on the verbless verdict ἐκείνῳ κοινόν; τῷ διὰ προσκόμματος ἐσθίοντι (v. 20) is read of the strong man whose eating occasions the stumbling, not of the weak man who eats against conscience; and ὁ δὲ διακρινόμενος (v. 23) is set as a suspended subject over its own conditional, with the verdict κατακέκριται returning to the margin.