independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecontentphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
Flush-left = a main (independent) clause. Each dependent line begins directly beneath the word it attaches to in the line above — the anchor word is dotted-underlined, and lights up when you hover its dependent clause; each tag also names the attachment. A dashed border marks verbless, elliptical, or suspended lines. Where a long sentence's staircase runs wider than the page, the diagram scrolls sideways. (In print, or without JavaScript, lines fall back to stepped indent columns.)
Remind them — the church's face to the world 3:1–2
1
Ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺςindependent — the present imperative — a standing, repeated reminding; the infinitive column below is its content
ἀρχαῖς ἐξουσίαις ὑποτάσσεσθαι,content — indirect command — the asyndetic pair ἀρχαῖς ἐξουσίαις, the civic powers (cf. Rom 13:1)
πειθαρχεῖν,content — the active compliance submission entails — πειθαρχέω, obedience to ἀρχή
πρὸς πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν ἑτοίμους εἶναι,content — the chapter's keynote struck — 'good work(s)' returns at vv. 8 and 14
2
μηδένα βλασφημεῖν,content — restraint of speech — βλασφημεῖν here of human targets
ἀμάχους εἶναι, ἐπιεικεῖς,content — restraint of temper — ἄμαχος and ἐπιεικής, the overseer's own virtues (1 Tim 3:3) asked of all
πᾶσαν ἐνδεικνυμένους πραΰτητα πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους.participial — manner participle — the triple πᾶς (v. 1 πᾶν, πᾶσαν, πάντας) stretches the meekness to everyone, preparing the 'we too' of v. 3
For we too were once — but when the kindness appeared 3:3–7
v. 3 — the former life: a vice-column in the imperfect
3
Ἦμεν γάρ ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀνόητοι, ἀπειθεῖς, πλανώμενοι,independent — γάρ grounds the meekness of v. 2 — emphatic καὶ ἡμεῖς; ἀπειθεῖς the exact negation of πειθαρχεῖν (v. 1); the imperfect frames a habitual past
δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις,participial — predicate participle — sin as servitude (cf. Rom 6:17), the passions as masters
ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες,participial — the manner of life — διάγοντες with βίον understood; κακία the foil to God's χρηστότης (v. 4)
στυγητοί,phrase modifier — a bare predicate adjective resumes the column — στυγητός, objects of loathing as well as agents
μισοῦντες ἀλλήλους.participial — the climax — mutual hatred, the social fruit of the old life
vv. 4–7 — the great sentence: one finite verb, ἔσωσεν, and everything leaning on it
4
ὅτε δὲ ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν θεοῦ,relative — ὅτε-temporal leaning forward on ἔσωσεν below (cf. Gal 4:4) — the hinge against ποτε (v. 3); ἐπεφάνη, epiphany language (2:11)
5
οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων τῶν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃphrase modifier — the denied ground, fronted and suspended before the verb — even righteous deeds excluded (cf. Eph 2:8–9)
ἃ ἐποιήσαμεν ἡμεῖςrelative — on ἔργων — the emphatic ἡμεῖς: emphatically our deeds, and still not the cause
ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεοςphrase modifier — the ἀλλά counter-ground, likewise leaning on ἔσωσεν — αὐτοῦ fronted: the mercy is wholly God's
ἔσωσεν ἡμᾶςindependent — the sentence's one main verb, flush left — the subject reaching back to θεοῦ (v. 4)
διὰ λουτροῦ παλιγγενεσίας καὶ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου,phrase modifier — the means — read as ONE washing with two aspects: the single διά and single λουτροῦ govern both genitives, rebirth and Spirit-renewal as one baptismal cleansing; the two-event reading (washing + separate renewal) is possible
6
οὗ ἐξέχεεν ἐφ' ἡμᾶς πλουσίως διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἡμῶν,relative — on πνεύματος (οὗ attracted to its antecedent's genitive) — ἐκχέω, the Pentecost verb (Joel 3:1 LXX; Acts 2:17); σωτήρ now said of Christ, as of God in v. 4
7
ἵνα δικαιωθέντες τῇ ἐκείνου χάριτι κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν κατ' ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου.purpose — the saving purpose, back on ἔσωσεν — ἐκείνου pointing to God the Savior; χάριτι answering οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων; heirs-in-hope closes the arc (cf. 1:2; 2:13)
A trustworthy saying — insist on these things 3:8
8
Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος,independent — the Pastorals' formula (1 Tim 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Tim 2:11) — here pointing BACKWARD, certifying the gospel sentence of vv. 4–7
καὶ περὶ τούτων βούλομαί σε διαβεβαιοῦσθαι,independent — the apostolic directive — διαβεβαιόομαι, to affirm with confidence; τούτων the truths just certified
ἵνα φροντίζωσιν καλῶν ἔργων προΐστασθαι οἱ πεπιστευκότες θεῷ.purpose — the purpose of the insisting — doctrine (vv. 4–7) issuing in practice; προΐστασθαι, 'be busy with, practice' (again v. 14); the perfect πεπιστευκότες, a settled faith
ταῦτά ἐστιν καλὰ καὶ ὠφέλιμα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις.independent — the verdict — ὠφέλιμα echoing the φιλανθρωπία of v. 4; the exact foil for v. 9's ἀνωφελεῖς
What to shun — and the divisive person 3:9–11
9
μωρὰς δὲ ζητήσεις καὶ γενεαλογίας καὶ ἔρεις καὶ μάχας νομικὰς περιΐστασο,independent — the δέ-antithesis to v. 8 — four piled objects before the verb; περιΐστασο, give them a wide berth (2 Tim 2:16); cf. 1 Tim 1:4
εἰσὶν γὰρ ἀνωφελεῖς καὶ μάταιοι.cause — the ground — ἀνωφελής undoing v. 8's ὠφέλιμα word for word
10
αἱρετικὸν ἄνθρωπον μετὰ μίαν καὶ δευτέραν νουθεσίαν παραιτοῦ,independent — the protocol — αἱρετικός read as 'factious, party-forming' (from αἵρεσις, faction), not yet the later 'heretic'; two admonitions before refusal (cf. Matt 18:15–17)
11
εἰδὼςparticipial — causal participle — Titus acts on settled knowledge, not temper
ὅτι ἐξέστραπται ὁ τοιοῦτος καὶ ἁμαρτάνειcontent — the content — perfect ἐξέστραπται, a fixed warp; present ἁμαρτάνει, unrepentant persistence
ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος.participial — on ὁ τοιοῦτος — αὐτοκατάκριτος (NT hapax): his own refusal of the two warnings passes the sentence, not Titus's verdict
Nicopolis, the travelers, and the grace 3:12–15
vv. 12–14 — two errands, and the lesson they teach
12
Ὅταν πέμψω Ἀρτεμᾶν πρὸς σὲ ἢ Τυχικόν,relative — ὅταν-temporal leaning forward on σπούδασον — the relief worker who frees Titus from Crete; Artemas named only here, Tychicus the trusted courier (2 Tim 4:12)
σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν πρός με εἰς Νικόπολιν,independent — the summons — σπούδασον, without delay (cf. 2 Tim 4:9); Nicopolis most likely the Epirote city on the Adriatic
ἐκεῖ γὰρ κέκρικα παραχειμάσαι.cause — the ground — perfect κέκρικα, a settled resolve; sea travel ceased in winter (Acts 27:12; 1 Cor 16:6)
13
Ζηνᾶν τὸν νομικὸν καὶ Ἀπολλῶν σπουδαίως πρόπεμψον,independent — the second errand — προπέμπω, the near-technical verb of outfitting travelers (3 John 6); Apollos the Alexandrian (Acts 18:24), Zenas otherwise unknown
ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ.purpose — the aim of the provisioning — generosity measured by the travelers' need
14
μανθανέτωσαν δὲ καὶ οἱ ἡμέτεροι καλῶν ἔργων προΐστασθαι εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας,independent — the errand generalized — καὶ οἱ ἡμέτεροι, the whole community; the refrain καλῶν ἔργων προΐστασθαι repeated verbatim from v. 8, now aimed at concrete χρεῖαι
ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι.purpose — negative purpose — ἄκαρπος: a faith without works is barren (cf. 2 Pet 1:8)
v. 15 — greetings, and the grace to you all
15
Ἀσπάζονταί σε οἱ μετ' ἐμοῦ πάντες.independent — the greeting from Paul's circle — the epistolary present
ἄσπασαι τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς ἐν πίστει.independent — the greeting returned — φιλοῦντας ἐν πίστει, affection bounded and grounded by shared belief
ἡ χάρις μετὰ πάντων ὑμῶν.independent — the verbless benediction — the plural ὑμῶν reaches past Titus to the whole Cretan church
Analysis. The chapter divides at its one great sentence. First a column of duties: Ὑπομίμνῃσκε αὐτοὺς stands alone at the margin and six infinitive lines hang from it — submission, obedience, readiness for every good work (the chapter's refrain, vv. 1, 8, 14), no slander, no fighting, forbearance — with ἐνδεικνυμένους tucked one step deeper as the manner of the last pair, its triple πᾶς universalizing the meekness. Verse 3 grounds the gentleness (γάρ): Ἦμεν ποτε καὶ ἡμεῖς heads its own vice-column of participles — we ourselves were once what they are. Then vv. 4–7, a single sentence with a single finite verb: the ὅτε-temporal leans forward (typed as a leaning temporal-relative, after Gal 4:4), and beneath it two dashed, suspended grounds lean likewise — οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων with its emphatic relative ἃ ἐποιήσαμεν ἡμεῖς, then ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος — before ἔσωσεν ἡμᾶς lands flush left, two words carrying the whole paragraph. From ἔσωσεν hangs the means, διὰ λουτροῦ παλιγγενεσίας καὶ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου, kept as one line because the layout takes a side: one washing with two aspects — the single διά and single λουτροῦ are read as governing both genitives, rebirth and renewal the two faces of one baptismal cleansing whose working agent is the Spirit — not two separate events (a washing plus a later Spirit-renewal), though that reading remains defensible; the relative οὗ (attracted to the case of πνεύματος) then pours the Spirit out through Jesus Christ — σωτήρ said of the Father in v. 4 and of Christ in v. 6 — and the ἵνα line closes the arc from mercy through justification to heirs of eternal life. Πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (v. 8) is taken as pointing backward, certifying vv. 4–7 (unlike 1 Tim 3:1, where the formula points forward), and the insistence-clause turns doctrine to practice: καλῶν ἔργων προΐστασθαι. The negative counterpart (vv. 9–11) sets περιΐστασο over its γάρ-ground — ἀνωφελεῖς the exact undoing of the ὠφέλιμα of v. 8 — then the αἱρετικός protocol: παραιτοῦ with the εἰδώς-chain stepping down to the man's own verdict, ὢν αὐτοκατάκριτος; αἱρετικός is read as 'factious, party-forming', not yet the later technical 'heretic'. The close is flush-left staccato: the ὅταν-temporal leans on σπούδασον, the two errands take their γάρ and ἵνα lines, v. 14 turns the provisioning of Zenas and Apollos into the whole church's curriculum (μανθανέτωσαν … ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι), and the grace widens from the singular σε to πάντων ὑμῶν.