Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 12ΠΡΑΞΕΙΣ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΩΝ ΙΒ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνον δὲ τὸν καιρὸν ἐπέβαλεν Ἡρῴδης ὁ βασιλεὺς τὰς χεῖρας κακῶσαί τινας τῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας.

About that time Herod the king laid hands on some who belonged to the church to harm them.

Temporal setting / scene-openerδέThe mild adversative δέ marks a new narrative episode. The temporal phrase κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνον τὸν καιρόν anchors the chapter loosely to the Antioch famine-relief mission of ch. 11. Ἡρῴδης here is Agrippa I (r. 41–44 AD), the last king over all Judea.
Κατ᾽about / atpreposition + accusative (temporal)
ἐκεῖνονthatAccusativedemonstrative adjective modifying καιρόν
δὲnow / andpost-positive mild adversative / transitional
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
καιρὸνtimeAccusativeaccusative of time (object of κατά)καιρός: appointed or opportune time, not mere duration (χρόνος); here a narrative temporal marker.
ἐπέβαλενlaid / stretched outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιβάλλωmain verb→ constative aorist (single act viewed as a whole)ἐπιβάλλω: lit. 'throw upon'; ἐπιβάλλειν τὰς χεῖρας = to seize, arrest; a Lukan idiom (Luke 20:19; 21:12; Acts 5:18).
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubject nominative (proper name)Ἡρῴδης Ἀγρίππας Α′: grandson of Herod the Great, educated in Rome, king of all Judea AD 41–44; his death here is confirmed by Josephus, Ant. 19.343–352.
theNominativearticle
βασιλεὺςkingNominativenominative in apposition to Ἡρῴδηςβασιλεύς: king; Luke's title marks Herod's political authority and sets up ironic contrast with the King of the church.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeaccusative direct object (idiomatic with ἐπιβάλλω)χείρ: hand; plural idiom for physical seizure.
κακῶσαίto harmAor Act Inf · κακόωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aorist infinitiveκακόω: 'to harm, mistreat, afflict'; LXX verb for oppressing the people of God (Exod 5:22; 6:6).
τιναςsomeAccusativeaccusative object of κακῶσαί (indefinite pronoun)
τῶνof thoseGenitivearticle (partitive genitive)
ἀπὸfrom / ofpreposition + genitive (partitive / membership)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἐκκλησίαςchurch / assemblyGenitivegenitive of source/belongingἐκκλησία: 'assembly called out'; the NT term for the messianic community; in Acts increasingly the settled local congregation.
2

ἀνεῖλεν δὲ Ἰάκωβον τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰωάννου μαχαίρῃ.

He killed James the brother of John with the sword.

Continuation / first act of persecutionδέThe stark brevity is Lukan: one clause, no elaboration. James son of Zebedee is the first apostle martyred in Acts. Μαχαίρῃ ('by the sword') most likely means decapitation — consistent with a royal execution under Roman jurisdiction. The mention of John identifies which James.
ἀνεῖλενhe killedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναιρέωmain verb→ constative aorist (accomplished fact)ἀναιρέω: 'to take up, do away with, kill'; Luke's frequent verb for violent death (Luke 22:2; Acts 2:23; 5:33; 7:28; 9:23–24; 10:39).
δὲandpost-positive connective / continuative
ἸάκωβονJamesAccusativeaccusative direct objectἸάκωβος: James son of Zebedee, one of the inner three (with Peter and John); Jesus had foretold he would drink the same cup (Mark 10:39).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativeaccusative in apposition (identification)ἀδελφός: brother; used to distinguish this James from others.
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸωάννης: John son of Zebedee, James's brother; both are 'sons of thunder' (Mark 3:17).
μαχαίρῃwith the swordDativedative of instrumentμάχαιρα: a short sword or large dagger; execution by μάχαιρα could mean beheading (cf. the fate of John the Baptist, Mark 6:27) or stabbing.
3

ἰδὼν δὲ ὅτι ἀρεστόν ἐστιν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, προσέθετο συλλαβεῖν καὶ Πέτρον· ἦσαν δὲ [αἱ] ἡμέραι τῶν ἀζύμων·

And when he saw that it pleased the Jews, he proceeded to arrest Peter also — and those were the days of Unleavened Bread —

Consequential narrative / motivation statedδέThe participle ἰδών introduces the motive: popular approval. The idiom προσέθετο + infinitive is a Hebraism (LXX construction, lit. 'he added to seize'), Lukan in style (cf. Luke 19:11; 20:11–12). The Passover/Unleavened Bread bracket heightens the typology: the church's deliverer acts when Israel celebrates its first deliverance.
ἰδὼνseeing / having seenAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωadverbial participle of cause/ground (causal-temporal)→ constative aorist participleὁράω: 'to see, perceive'; the aorist participle indicates Herod perceived the political advantage before acting.
δὲandpost-positive continuative
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing indirect statement (content clause)
ἀρεστόνpleasingNominativepredicate adjectiveἀρεστός: 'pleasing, acceptable'; ἀρεστόν ἐστιν = 'it is pleasing to,' with dative of person.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of ὅτι-clause (equative)→ descriptive present (ongoing state)
τοῖςto theDativearticle
ἸουδαίοιςJewsDativedative of reference / advantageἸουδαῖος: 'Judean / Jew'; in Acts frequently the Jerusalem leadership or the broader Jewish populace.
προσέθετοhe proceeded / addedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb (Hebraism: proceeded to act)→ ingressive aorist (began/proceeded)προστίθημι: lit. 'add'; middle + infinitive is a Hebraism rendering the LXX idiom for a repeated or continued action (cf. Gen 4:2 LXX).
συλλαβεῖνto arrest / seizeAor Act Inf · συλλαμβάνωcomplementary infinitive (after προσέθετο)→ constative aorist infinitiveσυλλαμβάνω: 'to take together, arrest'; used of Jesus's arrest (Luke 22:54) and of Peter earlier (Acts 1:16 of Judas).
καὶalsoadverbial καί (adjunctive: 'even, also')
ΠέτρονPeterAccusativeaccusative direct object of συλλαβεῖνΠέτρος: Peter; the καί marks Peter as an additional target after James.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb of parenthetical clause→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing situation)
δὲnowpost-positive (parenthetical marker)
[αἱ]theNominativearticle (bracketed in critical text)
ἡμέραιdaysNominativepredicate nominative / subjectἡμέρα: day; plural 'days of…' is a Hebrew idiom.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀζύμωνUnleavened BreadGenitivegenitive of content / festival identificationἄζυμος: 'unleavened'; τὰ ἄζυμα = the feast of Unleavened Bread (15 Nisan – 21 Nisan), closely associated with Passover. Passover typology is implicit: Peter is delivered as Israel was.
4

ὃν καὶ πιάσας ἔθετο εἰς φυλακήν, παραδοὺς τέσσαρσιν τετραδίοις στρατιωτῶν φυλάσσειν αὐτόν, βουλόμενος μετὰ τὸ πάσχα ἀναγαγεῖν αὐτὸν τῷ λαῷ.

He seized him and put him in prison, handing him over to four squads of four soldiers each to guard him, intending after the Passover to bring him out before the people.

Continuation / imprisonment elaboratedasyndetonAsyndeton continues the rapid narrative pace. The elaborate guard detail (four squads of four = sixteen soldiers, rotating in three-hour watches) underscores human precaution — which divine intervention will effortlessly overcome. Βουλόμενος names Herod's plan, which God thwarts before it can be executed.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun, accusative object of πιάσας
καὶalsoadverbial καί (adjunctive)
πιάσαςhaving seizedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · πιάζωadverbial participle (antecedent action / means)→ constative aorist participleπιάζω: colloquial form of πιέζω, 'to seize, arrest'; common in John (7:30, 32, 44; 8:20) and Acts (3:7; 12:4).
ἔθετοput / placedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'to place, put'; mid. ἔθετο = 'he placed [him]'; εἰς φυλακήν = into custody.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
φυλακήνprisonAccusativeaccusative of goal/destinationφυλακή: 'guard, prison, watch'; the same word used for 'watch' (of soldiers) later in the verse.
παραδοὺςhaving handed overAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · παραδίδωμιadverbial participle of means→ constative aorist participleπαραδίδωμι: 'to hand over, deliver up'; the same verb used of the passion (Luke 22:4; 24:7); here of placing into military custody.
τέσσαρσινfourDativedative (object of παραδοὺς — indirect object)τέσσαρες: four; dative agrees with τετραδίοις.
τετραδίοιςsquads of fourDativedative indirect objectτετράδιον: 'a group of four soldiers'; four squads of four = sixteen soldiers, allowing four shifts of a full squad guarding simultaneously.
στρατιωτῶνof soldiersGenitivegenitive of compositionστρατιώτης: soldier; Roman troops stationed in Judea under Herod Agrippa I.
φυλάσσεινto guardPres Act Inf · φυλάσσωinfinitive of purpose→ progressive/continuous present infinitive (ongoing guard duty)φυλάσσω: 'to guard, keep watch'; note the irony — all this guarding fails because God acts.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of φυλάσσειν
βουλόμενοςintending / wishingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · βούλομαιadverbial participle of purpose/intention→ descriptive present participle (ongoing intention)βούλομαι: 'to wish, intend, plan'; stronger than θέλω, implying deliberate resolution.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal sequence)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing πάσχα)
πάσχαPassoverAccusativeaccusative object of μετά (temporal)πάσχα: indeclinable loanword from Aramaic/Hebrew פֶּסַח; the Passover feast itself or the week of Unleavened Bread. Herod delays execution to avoid a disturbance during the feast.
ἀναγαγεῖνto bring up / bring outAor Act Inf · ἀνάγωcomplementary infinitive (object of βουλόμενος)→ constative aorist infinitiveἀνάγω: 'to lead up'; in a judicial sense, 'to bring before' the tribunal or the people (cf. Acts 12:19 Herod's interrogation).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of ἀναγαγεῖν
τῷto theDativearticle
λαῷpeopleDativedative of indirect object / audienceλαός: 'people'; in Luke-Acts often the Jewish people as a whole (distinct from ἔθνη); a public execution would appease them.
5

ὁ μὲν οὖν Πέτρος ἐτηρεῖτο ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ· προσευχὴ δὲ ἦν ἐκτενῶς γινομένη ὑπὸ τῆς ἐκκλησίας πρὸς τὸν θεὸν περὶ αὐτοῦ.

So Peter was kept in prison, while earnest prayer for him was being made to God by the church.

Contrast / parallel narrative linesμὲν οὖν … δέThe μέν … δέ construction sets two simultaneous realities in antithesis: Peter imprisoned and the church at prayer. οὖν draws a light inferential connection from what precedes. The imperfect ἐτηρεῖτο and the periphrastic ἦν … γινομένη both express ongoing, durative action — the prison custody and the intercession run simultaneously up to the angel's arrival.
theNominativearticle (with μέν, introducing first member of antithesis)
μὲνon the one handpost-positive particle (correlative with δέ)
οὖνtherefore / theninferential / resumptive particle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject nominative
ἐτηρεῖτοwas kept / was being guardedImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · τηρέωmain verb (passive: divine perspective implied)→ descriptive imperfect (continuous state)τηρέω: 'to watch, guard, keep'; the passive ἐτηρεῖτο points to the guards as human agents, but Luke may intend a hint of God's providential watch.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)
τῇtheDativearticle
φυλακῇprisonDativedative of locationφυλακή: prison; same word as v. 4, forming an inclusion.
προσευχὴprayerNominativesubject nominative (second member of μέν … δέ contrast)προσευχή: 'prayer, prayer-meeting'; in Acts the primary activity of the community in crisis (1:14; 2:42; 4:24–31; 6:4; 13:3).
δὲbut / whilepost-positive adversative/contrastive (μέν … δέ pair)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic imperfect→ descriptive imperfect (continuous / ongoing)
ἐκτενῶςearnestly / ferventlyadverb modifying γινομένηἐκτενῶς: 'earnestly, intently, without ceasing'; cognate adj. ἐκτενής appears in 1 Pet 4:8; the adverb also in Luke 22:44 of Jesus's prayer in Gethsemane — a typological link.
γινομένηbeing made / offeredPres Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · γίνομαιperiphrastic participle with ἦν (progressive durative)→ progressive present (ongoing intercession)γίνομαι: 'to become, be, happen'; in periphrasis stresses the continuous, real character of the action.
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent, with passive construction)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἐκκλησίαςchurchGenitivegenitive of agentἐκκλησία: the church; functions as a unified agent of intercession throughout the episode.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction of prayer / addressee)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεὸνGodAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (addressee of prayer)θεός: God; the destination of the church's intercession — Luke underlines the direct address to God as the one who acts.
περὶon behalf of / concerningpreposition + genitive (reference / intercession)
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of reference (object of intercession = Peter)
6

Ὅτε δὲ ἔμελλεν αὐτὸν προάγειν ὁ Ἡρῴδης, τῇ νυκτὶ ἐκείνῃ ἦν ὁ Πέτρος κοιμώμενος μεταξὺ δύο στρατιωτῶν δεδεμένος ἁλύσεσιν δυσίν, φύλακές τε πρὸ τῆς θύρας ἐτήρουν τὴν φυλακήν.

When Herod was about to bring him out, on that very night Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, bound with two chains, and sentries before the door were guarding the prison.

Temporal setting / scene of deliveranceδέThe ὅτε δέ clause marks the precise moment of crisis — 'the very night before' — maximizing the drama. The scene is carefully constructed: chains, guards, locked door, and Peter asleep (the sleep itself signals trust or exhaustion). The τε … connects the two aspects of security (chains and door-guards).
Ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction introducing protasis
δὲnow / andpost-positive transitional
ἔμελλενwas about toImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλλωauxiliary of imminent action→ descriptive imperfect (imminence)μέλλω + inf.: 'to be about to'; signals the imminent execution and heightens the urgency of the deliverance.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of προάγειν
προάγεινto bring out / lead forthPres Act Inf · προάγωcomplementary infinitive (after ἔμελλεν)→ futuristic present infinitiveπροάγω: 'to lead before, bring forward'; for public presentation or trial.
theNominativearticle
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubject nominative
τῇtheDativearticle
νυκτὶnightDativedative of time (when)νύξ: night; ἐκείνῃ τῇ νυκτί = 'that very night.'
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective (attributive)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic imperfect→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing state)
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject nominative
κοιμώμενοςsleepingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · κοιμάομαιperiphrastic participle with ἦν→ progressive present (continuous state of sleep)κοιμάομαι: 'to sleep, fall asleep'; Peter's sleep on the night before his expected execution echoes Gethsemane but here signals trust.
μεταξὺbetweenpreposition + genitive (spatial position)μεταξύ: 'between, in the middle of'; positions Peter precisely.
δύοtwoGenitivenumeral adjective
στρατιωτῶνsoldiersGenitivegenitive object of μεταξύ
δεδεμένοςhaving been bound / boundPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · δέωattributive/circumstantial participle (state of Peter)→ intensive perfect (settled state of being chained)δέω: 'to bind, tie, chain'; the perfect stresses the established, secure bondage.
ἁλύσεσινwith chainsDativedative of instrumentἅλυσις: 'chain, shackle'; the physical means of restraint.
δυσίνtwoDativenumeral adjective modifying ἁλύσεσιν
φύλακέςsentries / guardsNominativesubject nominative (new clause with τε)φύλαξ: 'guard, sentry'; the word-cluster φυλακή/φύλαξ/φυλάσσω pervades vv. 4–10 ironically.
τεandenclitic connective τε (closely joining clauses)
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (spatial: in front of)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
θύραςdoorGenitivegenitive of location (object of πρό)θύρα: 'door'; the same word appears in v. 13 (the outer gate) and v. 16.
ἐτήρουνwere keeping / were guardingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · τηρέωmain verb (second clause)→ descriptive imperfect (continuous guard duty)τηρέω: 'to guard, watch over'; cf. v. 5 ἐτηρεῖτο — the accumulation emphasizes how humanly impossible the escape is.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
φυλακήνprisonAccusativeaccusative direct object
7

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄγγελος κυρίου ἐπέστη καὶ φῶς ἔλαμψεν ἐν τῷ οἰκήματι· πατάξας δὲ τὴν πλευρὰν τοῦ Πέτρου ἤγειρεν αὐτὸν λέγων· Ἀνάστα ἐν τάχει. καὶ ἐξέπεσαν αὐτοῦ αἱ ἁλύσεις ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν.

And behold, an angel of the Lord stood beside him, and a light shone in the cell. He struck Peter on the side and woke him, saying, 'Get up quickly!' And the chains fell from his hands.

Divine intervention / climax of deliveranceκαὶ ἰδοὺΚαὶ ἰδοὺ is the Lukan exclamative that marks a sudden divine irruption (cf. Luke 1:20, 31; 2:9; Acts 10:30). The sequence of rapid aorists (ἐπέστη, ἔλαμψεν, πατάξας, ἤγειρεν, ἐξέπεσαν) conveys the swift, decisive action. The angel 'strikes' Peter on the side — the same word (πατάξω) used in v. 23 of the angel who strikes Herod, creating an explicit antithesis.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbehold / lookinterjection (attention-getter for divine event)ἰδοὺ: imperatival aorist of ὁράω fossilized as interjection; 'Look! — Pay attention!'; marks a sudden or remarkable event.
ἄγγελοςan angelNominativesubject nominativeἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; in Acts the standard agent of divine rescue (5:19; 8:26; 10:3; 27:23).
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of relationship / source (the Lord's angel)κύριος: 'Lord'; the phrase ἄγγελος κυρίου echoes the LXX messenger-of-Yahweh formula.
ἐπέστηstood beside / appearedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐφίστημιmain verb→ ingressive aorist (sudden appearance)ἐφίστημι: 'to stand over, appear suddenly'; Lukan term for angelic appearances (Luke 2:9; Acts 10:17; 12:7; 23:11).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φῶςa lightNominativesubject nominativeφῶς: light; a common epiphany-marker (cf. 9:3 Saul's conversion).
ἔλαμψενshone / flashedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λάμπωmain verb→ ingressive aorist (light burst forth)λάμπω: 'to shine, gleam'; used of the transfiguration (Matt 17:2) and of lightning; here the prison cell is suddenly flooded with angelic light.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)
τῷtheDativearticle
οἰκήματιcell / dwellingDativedative of locationοἴκημα: 'dwelling, room, cell'; a cell or chamber of the prison; a rare term in the NT (only here).
πατάξαςstriking / having struckAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · πατάσσωadverbial participle of means / attendant circumstance→ constative aorist participleπατάσσω: 'to strike, smite'; used for the angel's blow on Peter's side (to rouse him) and — the same word — for the angel who kills Herod (v. 23). The ironic link is intentional.
δὲandpost-positive continuative
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πλευρὰνsideAccusativeaccusative direct objectπλευρά: 'side, rib'; the angel prods Peter's ribs to wake him.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΠέτρουPeterGenitivegenitive of possession
ἤγειρενraised / wokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb→ constative aoristἐγείρω: 'to raise, wake up'; same verb used of resurrection throughout Acts; the wordplay (woken from sleep → rescued from death-row) may be deliberate.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative direct object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of attendant speech (introducing direct discourse)→ descriptive present
Ἀνάσταget up / riseAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀνίστημιimperative (command)→ ingressive aorist imperative (sharp command to act)ἀνίστημι: 'to stand up, rise'; the command is the same verb used for resurrection (ἀνάστασις).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)
τάχειhaste / quicklyDativedative of manner (ἐν τάχει = quickly)τάχος: 'speed, haste'; ἐν τάχει is an idiomatic adverbial phrase = quickly, at once.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξέπεσανfell offAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκπίπτωmain verb→ constative aorist (sudden release)ἐκπίπτω: 'to fall out of, fall off'; the chains drop on their own — a miracle of loosing, recalling LXX divine rescue imagery (Ps 116:16 LXX).
αὐτοῦfrom him / hisGenitivegenitive of possession (his hands)
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἁλύσειςchainsNominativesubject nominative
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
χειρῶνhandsGenitivegenitive of separation (object of ἐκ)
8

εἶπεν δὲ ὁ ἄγγελος πρὸς αὐτόν· Ζῶσαι καὶ ὑπόδησαι τὰ σανδάλιά σου. ἐποίησεν δὲ οὕτως. καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ· Περιβαλοῦ τὸ ἱμάτιόν σου καὶ ἀκολούθει μοι.

The angel said to him, 'Dress yourself and put on your sandals.' And he did so. Then he said to him, 'Wrap your cloak around you and follow me.'

Continuation / the angel's instructionsδέThe angel's three commands (gird, sandal, cloak) mirror practical preparation for travel; the detail is realistic. The historic present λέγει (he says) in the second instruction is a Lukan stylistic device that adds vivid immediacy. Peter's quiet obedience — ἐποίησεν δὲ οὕτως — is unremarkable compliance, itself oddly calm.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech introduction)→ constative aorist
δὲandpost-positive continuative
theNominativearticle
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject nominative
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addressee of speech)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός
Ζῶσαιgird / dress yourselfAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ζώννυμιimperative (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeζώννυμι: 'to gird, put on a belt'; middle = dress oneself by girding the tunic for travel.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑπόδησαιput on / bind onAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · ὑποδέωimperative (command, second of three)→ ingressive aorist imperativeὑποδέω: 'to bind under, put on sandals'; middle = put on one's own sandals. The angel ensures Peter is shod for the journey.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
σανδάλιάsandalsAccusativeaccusative direct objectσανδάλιον: 'sandal'; same word used of the Baptist (Mark 1:7; Acts 13:25) — the detail grounds the narrative in physical reality.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (resumptive)→ constative aorist (completed compliance)ποιέω: 'to do'; ἐποίησεν δὲ οὕτως = 'and he did so' — narrative shorthand for complete obedience.
δὲandpost-positive continuative
οὕτωςthus / soadverb of manner
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid narrative vividness)λέγω: the present tense used in narrative of past events for vividness — a Lukan stylistic feature.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object
Περιβαλοῦwrap around / put onAor Mid Impv 2 Sg · περιβάλλωimperative (command, third)→ ingressive aorist imperativeπεριβάλλω: 'to throw around, wrap around'; the outer cloak (ἱμάτιον) worn over the tunic for outdoor travel.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἱμάτιόνcloak / garmentAccusativeaccusative direct objectἱμάτιον: the outer garment; 'cloak' as the traveler's wrap.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκολούθειfollowPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀκολουθέωimperative (command)→ progressive present imperative (ongoing action: keep following)ἀκολουθέω: 'to follow'; the discipleship word used with Jesus; here the angel as guide out of prison.
μοιmeDativedative of person followed (with ἀκολουθέω)
9

καὶ ἐξελθὼν ἠκολούθει, καὶ οὐκ ᾔδει ὅτι ἀληθές ἐστιν τὸ γινόμενον διὰ τοῦ ἀγγέλου, ἐδόκει δὲ ὅραμα βλέπειν.

And he went out and followed, and he did not know that what was happening through the angel was real, but thought he was seeing a vision.

Continuation / subjective experience of PeterκαίThe narrator intrudes to explain Peter's mental state: he thinks it is a ὅραμα (vision), not reality. This reflects Luke's interest in epistemology — how God's actions are known. The two imperfects (ᾔδει, ἐδόκει) describe Peter's ongoing misapprehension during the escape; v. 11 marks his coming to awareness.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθὼνgoing out / having gone outAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιadverbial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist participleἐξέρχομαι: 'to go out'; Peter goes out of the cell; the compound ἐξ- = out of.
ἠκολούθειwas followingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing action of following)ἀκολουθέω: 'to follow'; the imperfect stresses the continuous motion as they walk through the prison.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegation
ᾔδειhe knewPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (negative epistemic statement)→ pluperfect used as imperfect (ongoing state of not-knowing)οἶδα: a perfect-form verb with present sense; the plpf. ᾔδει = 'he did not know / was not aware.'
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content of knowing
ἀληθέςreal / trueNominativepredicate adjectiveἀληθής: 'true, real, genuine'; the question of ἀλήθεια (reality vs. vision) is the epistemological crux of the scene.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb (ὅτι-clause)→ descriptive present
τὸthe thingNominativearticle (substantivizer of γινόμενον)
γινόμενονhappening / being donePres Mid/Pass Ptcp Nom Sg Neut · γίνομαιsubstantival participle (subject of ἐστιν)→ progressive present (ongoing events)γίνομαι: 'to happen, occur'; the neuter substantival participle = 'what was happening.'
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (agent/instrument)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀγγέλουangelGenitivegenitive of agent (through whom God acts)
ἐδόκειhe thought / supposedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δοκέωmain verb (contrastive: ἐδόκει δέ)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing mistaken impression)δοκέω: 'to think, suppose, seem'; ἐδόκει = 'he supposed, was under the impression'; marks subjective belief without epistemic warrant.
δὲbutpost-positive adversative/contrastive
ὅραμαa visionAccusativeaccusative object of βλέπεινὅραμα: 'vision, visual apparition'; the standard Lukan term for divine visions (Acts 7:31; 9:10, 12; 10:3, 17, 19; 16:9–10; 18:9). Peter has experienced several, so the mistake is understandable.
βλέπεινto see / seeingPres Act Inf · βλέπωcomplementary infinitive (after ἐδόκει)→ progressive present infinitive (ongoing act of seeing)βλέπω: 'to see'; ὅραμα βλέπειν = 'to be seeing a vision.'
10

διελθόντες δὲ πρώτην φυλακὴν καὶ δευτέραν ἦλθαν ἐπὶ τὴν πύλην τὴν σιδηρᾶν τὴν φέρουσαν εἰς τὴν πόλιν, ἥτις αὐτομάτη ἠνοίγη αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐξελθόντες προῆλθον ῥύμην μίαν, καὶ εὐθέως ἀπέστη ὁ ἄγγελος ἀπ᾽ αὐτοῦ.

When they had passed through the first and the second guard post, they came to the iron gate leading into the city, which opened for them of its own accord. They went out and went along one street, and immediately the angel departed from him.

Continuation / route of escapeδέLuke traces the route station by station, building tension. The iron gate (πύλη σιδηρᾶ) is the final obstacle; αὐτομάτη ('of its own accord') is the only time this word appears in Acts — a miracle word used in the LXX for the Promised Land's growth (Lev 25:5, 11). The angel departs abruptly once Peter is safely in the street, leaving him to recognize what has happened.
διελθόντεςhaving passed throughAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · διέρχομαιadverbial participle (temporal/attendant circumstance; subject = angel + Peter)→ constative aorist participleδιέρχομαι: 'to go through, pass through'; the compound δι- emphasizes traversal of the guard stations.
δὲandpost-positive continuative
πρώτηνfirstAccusativeaccusative adjective (ordinal, modifying φυλακήν)
φυλακὴνguard post / watchAccusativeaccusative direct object of διελθόντεςφυλακή: here 'guard post' (= station of guards), not the prison cell itself.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δευτέρανsecondAccusativeaccusative adjective (φυλακήν implied by ellipsis)
ἦλθανthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
ἐπὶto / atpreposition + accusative (goal of motion)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πύληνgateAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπίπύλη: 'gate, large door'; the main city gate, distinct from the θύρα (door) of v. 6 and v. 13.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with following attributive adjective)
σιδηρᾶνironAccusativeattributive adjective modifying πύληνσιδηροῦς: 'made of iron'; the iron gate signals maximum security — and maximum miracle.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with following attributive participle)
φέρουσανleadingPres Act Ptcp Acc Sg Fem · φέρωattributive participle (describing the gate)→ descriptive presentφέρω: 'to bear, lead, carry'; of a road or gate, 'to lead to' a destination.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction/destination)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πόλινcityAccusativeaccusative object of εἰςπόλις: the city of Jerusalem.
ἥτιςwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἠνοίγη; qualitative ἥτις)ἥτις: the qualitative relative ('which, being the kind that…'); here introducing the remarkable character of what happened.
αὐτομάτηof its own accordNominativepredicate adjective (modal sense: by its own motion)αὐτόματος: 'self-acting, spontaneous'; a hapax legomenon in Acts; LXX uses it for self-grown crops (Lev 25:5, 11), suggesting providential/miraculous provision.
ἠνοίγηwas opened / openedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb (divine passive implied)→ constative aorist (single miraculous opening)ἀνοίγω: 'to open'; the passive ἠνοίγη is a divine passive — God opened it, using no visible agent.
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedative of advantage
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθόντεςhaving gone outAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · ἐξέρχομαιadverbial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist participle
προῆλθονthey went ahead / proceededAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπροέρχομαι: 'to go forward, advance'; they walk on down one street.
ῥύμηνstreet / laneAccusativeaccusative of extent (distance/route covered)ῥύμη: 'narrow street, alley'; a side-street in Jerusalem.
μίανoneAccusativenumeral adjective modifying ῥύμην
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb of time (immediacy)εὐθέως: 'immediately, at once'; the angel's work done, his departure is instant.
ἀπέστηdepartedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb→ ingressive aorist (sudden departure)ἀφίστημι: 'to stand away from, depart, leave'; the angel withdraws once the mission is complete.
theNominativearticle
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubject nominative
ἀπ᾽frompreposition + genitive (separation)
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of separation
11

Καὶ ὁ Πέτρος ἐν ἑαυτῷ γενόμενος εἶπεν· Νῦν οἶδα ἀληθῶς ὅτι ἐξαπέστειλεν κύριος τὸν ἄγγελον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξείλατό με ἐκ χειρὸς Ἡρῴδου καὶ πάσης τῆς προσδοκίας τοῦ λαοῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων.

When Peter came to himself, he said, 'Now I know for certain that the Lord has sent his angel and rescued me from the hand of Herod and from all that the Jewish people were expecting.'

Anagnorisis / Peter's recognition sceneκαίἐν ἑαυτῷ γενόμενος ('coming to himself') is the idiom for regaining full consciousness or one's senses (cf. Luke 15:17). The moment of recognition is structured as a mini-confession: Νῦν οἶδα ἀληθῶς ('Now I know truly') — emphasis on ἀληθῶς answering the ἀληθές of v. 9. The two verbs ἐξαπέστειλεν and ἐξείλατό summarize the entire action as God's sovereign rescue.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject nominative
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom: ἐν ἑαυτῷ γενόμενος = coming to himself)
ἑαυτῷhimselfDativedative reflexive (idiomatic with γενόμενος)
γενόμενοςhaving come / comingAor Mid Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · γίνομαιadverbial participle (temporal: upon coming to himself)→ constative aorist participleγίνομαι: ἐν ἑαυτῷ γενόμενος = 'having come to himself,' an idiom for recovery of full awareness (cf. Luke 15:17 εἰς ἑαυτὸν δὲ ἐλθών).
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Νῦνnowtemporal adverb (marking the moment of recognition)
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb of Peter's recognition statement→ intensive perfect (settled knowledge now possessed)οἶδα: perfect with present sense; Peter's epistemological assertion — contrast with v. 9 οὐκ ᾔδει.
ἀληθῶςtruly / for certainadverb modifying οἶδαἀληθῶς: 'truly, certainly'; answers the ἀληθές of v. 9 — 'it was real after all.'
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content of knowledge
ἐξαπέστειλενsent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb of ὅτι-clause→ constative aoristἐξαποστέλλω: 'to send out on a mission'; the intensive compound ἐξ- + ἀπο- stresses divine commissioning.
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubject nominativeκύριος: Lord; here unmistakably God (though Luke sometimes means Jesus); the acknowledgment names the true deliverer.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἄγγελονangelAccusativeaccusative direct object
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξείλατόrescued / deliveredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαιρέωmain verb (second verb in ὅτι-clause)→ constative aorist (completed rescue)ἐξαιρέω: 'to take out, rescue, deliver'; a key LXX rescue-vocabulary word (Exod 18:4, 8–10; Acts 7:10, 34); Peter interprets his escape in exodus categories.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative direct object
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive of separation (idiom: from the hand of = from the power of)χείρ: hand; ἐκ χειρός = 'from the power/grip of' — Semitic idiom for deliverance from an enemy's control.
ἩρῴδουHerodGenitivegenitive of possession / agent
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάσηςallGenitiveadjective (attributive genitive with τῆς προσδοκίας)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
προσδοκίαςexpectationGenitivegenitive of separation (parallel with χειρός)προσδοκία: 'expectation, anticipation'; here the crowd's expectation of a public execution. Peter is delivered from both Herod's power and the crowd's appetite.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
λαοῦpeopleGenitivegenitive of possession (whose expectation)λαός: the Jewish people; cf. v. 4 τῷ λαῷ.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivegenitive of apposition (specifying τοῦ λαοῦ)
12

συνιδών τε ἦλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν τῆς Μαρίας τῆς μητρὸς Ἰωάννου τοῦ ἐπικαλουμένου Μάρκου, οὗ ἦσαν ἱκανοὶ συνηθροισμένοι καὶ προσευχόμενοι.

When he realized this, he went to the house of Mary the mother of John whose other name was Mark, where many were gathered together and were praying.

Consequential action / Peter goes to the prayer meetingτεThe compound συνιδών ('having reflected/understood') indicates deliberate decision-making. Mary's house is the first named house-church in Acts. The introduction of John Mark here is deliberate — Luke is setting up a character who will reappear at 13:5, 13 and in the dispute of 15:37–39.
συνιδώνhaving realized / perceivedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · συνοράωadverbial participle (temporal/causal)→ constative aorist participleσυνοράω: 'to see together, comprehend, realize'; suggests mental gathering of the facts of his situation.
τεandenclitic connective (close linkage with following clause)
ἦλθενhe came / wentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal of motion)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeaccusative object of ἐπίοἰκία: 'house'; in Acts the house-church is the basic unit of community life.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ΜαρίαςMaryGenitivegenitive of possessionΜαρία: Mary, mother of John Mark; probably a person of some means to host a gathering of many (ἱκανοί) believers.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of apposition / identificationμήτηρ: mother.
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivegenitive of relationship (whose mother she was)Ἰωάννης: John (Hebrew יוֹחָנָן), surnamed Mark; relative of Barnabas (Col 4:10); later companion of Paul and Peter.
τοῦthe oneGenitivearticle (substantivizing the following participle)
ἐπικαλουμένουsurnamed / calledPres Pass Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · ἐπικαλέωattributive participle (identifying Ἰωάννου by his surname)→ descriptive present (habitual designation)ἐπικαλέω: passive 'to be called, surnamed'; the construction τοῦ ἐπικαλουμένου + name = 'who was surnamed…'
ΜάρκουMarkGenitivegenitive (name in apposition to the participle's predicate)Μᾶρκος: Marcus, a Latin cognomen; the evangelistically versatile surname alongside the Jewish Ἰωάννης.
οὗwhereGenitivegenitive of place (locative relative adverb)
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic)→ descriptive imperfect
ἱκανοὶmany / a good numberNominativesubject nominative (predicate with ἦσαν)ἱκανός: 'sufficient, considerable, many'; Lukan term for an unspecified but significant number.
συνηθροισμένοιgathered togetherPerf Pass Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · συναθροίζωperiphrastic perfect (resultant state of assembly)→ intensive perfect (in a state of assembly)συναθροίζω: 'to gather together'; the perfect stresses the assembled state — they have gathered and remain so.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσευχόμενοιprayingPres Mid Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · προσεύχομαιperiphrastic participle with ἦσαν (ongoing action)→ progressive present (continuous intercession)προσεύχομαι: 'to pray'; this is the ἐκτενής prayer of v. 5 — it has been going on all night.
13

κρούσαντος δὲ αὐτοῦ τὴν θύραν τοῦ πυλῶνος, προσῆλθεν παιδίσκη ὑπακοῦσαι ὀνόματι Ῥόδη,

And when he knocked at the door of the gateway, a servant-girl named Rhoda came to listen.

Continuation / the gate scene opensδέGenitive absolute (κρούσαντος αὐτοῦ) marks the new scene. The entrance through the πυλών (outer gateway, typical of large houses) rather than a direct door is architecturally precise. Rhoda's name ('rose') is uniquely preserved by Luke — one of his habits of naming minor characters. She comes ὑπακοῦσαι (to listen, i.e. attend to a knock), a delightful realistic detail.
κρούσαντοςhaving knockedAor Act Ptcp Gen Sg Masc · κρούωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ constative aorist participleκρούω: 'to knock'; used of knocking at a door (Luke 11:9–10; 12:36; 13:25; Rev 3:20).
δὲandpost-positive continuative
αὐτοῦhis / himGenitivegenitive absolute subject
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θύρανdoorAccusativeaccusative direct objectθύρα: 'door'; the door of the πυλών, the vestibule or entrance-gateway.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πυλῶνοςgateway / vestibuleGenitivegenitive of composition/locationπυλών: 'gateway, porch, vestibule'; the outer entrance of a large house with a courtyard, distinct from the front door of the house itself.
προσῆλθενcame to / approachedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb→ ingressive aorist (she moved toward the door)προσέρχομαι: 'to come to, approach'; the servant-girl goes to attend to the knock.
παιδίσκηservant-girlNominativesubject nominativeπαιδίσκη: 'slave-girl, servant-girl'; a minor female slave employed as a doorkeeper.
ὑπακοῦσαιto listen / to answerAor Act Inf · ὑπακούωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aorist infinitiveὑπακούω: lit. 'to listen under' = to hear a knock and respond; 'to answer the door.'
ὀνόματιby name / namedDativedative of manner (ὀνόματι + name = 'named…')ὄνομα: 'name'; the dative ὀνόματι functions adverbially = 'by name.'
ῬόδηRhodaNominativepredicate nominative (name of the servant-girl)Ῥόδη: 'Rose'; a Greek name attested for slaves. Luke's preservation of her name is characteristic; she is historically remembered in the community.
14

καὶ ἐπιγνοῦσα τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ Πέτρου ἀπὸ τῆς χαρᾶς οὐκ ἤνοιξεν τὸν πυλῶνα, εἰσδραμοῦσα δὲ ἀπήγγειλεν ἑστάναι τὸν Πέτρον πρὸ τοῦ πυλῶνος.

Recognizing Peter's voice, in her joy she did not open the gate, but ran in and announced that Peter was standing before the gate.

Complication / Rhoda's joyful failureκαίThe humor and humanity of the episode are concentrated here. Rhoda ἐπιγνοῦσα ('recognized thoroughly') his voice — present knowledge — but ἀπὸ τῆς χαρᾶς ('out of joy') she fails to open the gate. The very emotion that should prompt her to open the door causes her instead to run inside to announce. The indirect discourse ἑστάναι τὸν Πέτρον presents the infinitival content of her report.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπιγνοῦσαhaving recognizedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · ἐπιγινώσκωadverbial participle (concessive-causal)→ constative aorist participleἐπιγινώσκω: 'to recognize fully, identify'; the compound ἐπι- intensifies: she recognized him beyond doubt.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
φωνὴνvoiceAccusativeaccusative direct objectφωνή: 'voice, sound'; she heard Peter's distinctive voice through the door — no visual confirmation.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΠέτρουPeterGenitivegenitive of possession
ἀπὸout of / frompreposition + genitive (cause: from the emotion of joy)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
χαρᾶςjoyGenitivegenitive of cause (ἀπὸ τῆς χαρᾶς = out of joy)χαρά: 'joy'; one of the most prominent emotions in Luke-Acts; here it causes the comic/ironic failure to open the gate.
οὐκnotnegation
ἤνοιξενshe openedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb (negated — expected action withheld)→ constative aorist (thing not done)ἀνοίγω: 'to open'; the very action that should follow recognition is refused — not from fear but from joy.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πυλῶναgatewayAccusativeaccusative direct object
εἰσδραμοῦσαrunning inAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Fem · εἰστρέχωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance / means)→ constative aorist participleεἰστρέχω: 'to run in'; she dashes indoors to announce the news — a vivid physical detail.
δὲbutpost-positive contrastive
ἀπήγγειλενannounced / reportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'to report, announce'; the formal word for reporting news.
ἑστάναιto be standingPerf Act Inf · ἵστημιinfinitive of indirect discourse (content of announcement)→ intensive perfect infinitive (currently standing there)ἵστημι: the perfect ἑστάναι = 'to be standing' (settled state); the report is that Peter stands at this moment before the gate.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (acc. subject of infinitive in indirect discourse)
ΠέτρονPeterAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (indirect discourse)
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (spatial: in front of)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πυλῶνοςgatewayGenitivegenitive object of πρό
15

οἱ δὲ πρὸς αὐτὴν εἶπαν· Μαίνῃ. ἡ δὲ διϊσχυρίζετο οὕτως ἔχειν. οἱ δὲ ἔλεγον· Ὁ ἄγγελός ἐστιν αὐτοῦ.

They said to her, 'You are out of your mind!' But she kept insisting that it was so. They said, 'It is his angel!'

Ironic complication / the community's disbeliefδέThe church praying for Peter's release refuses to believe the report of it — a masterpiece of Lukan irony. Their accusation Μαίνῃ ('you are raving') echoes the charge of madness leveled at the apostles (2:13; 26:24). The 'angel' explanation reflects Jewish belief in personal guardian or post-mortem spirits (cf. Matt 18:10). The repeated imperfect διϊσχυρίζετο ('kept insisting') vs. the aorists of disbelief dramatizes the stand-off.
οἱtheyNominativearticle used as demonstrative/personal pronoun
δὲbutpost-positive adversative
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addressee)
αὐτὴνherAccusativeaccusative object of πρός
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Μαίνῃyou are raving / you are madPres Mid/Pass Indic 2 Sg · μαίνομαιpredicate verb (accusation)→ descriptive present (current state)μαίνομαι: 'to be mad, rave'; the charge of madness or divine ecstasy thrown at those who report unbelievable divine acts (cf. Acts 26:24; John 10:20).
sheNominativearticle used as personal pronoun
δὲbutpost-positive adversative/contrastive
διϊσχυρίζετοkept insisting / maintained firmlyImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · διϊσχυρίζομαιmain verb→ descriptive imperfect (persistent insistence)διϊσχυρίζομαι: 'to insist strongly, affirm emphatically'; an intensive compound; only here and Luke 22:59 in the NT.
οὕτωςthus / soadverb (content of insistence)
ἔχεινto be / to have it soPres Act Inf · ἔχωcomplementary infinitive (content of insistence in indirect speech)→ descriptive present (ongoing state of affairs)ἔχω: οὕτως ἔχειν = 'to be this way, to be so'; a common idiom for the truth of a matter.
οἱtheyNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲbut / andpost-positive continuative/adversative
ἔλεγονwere sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ descriptive imperfect (repeated explanation)λέγω: the imperfect ἔλεγον = 'kept saying'; they repeatedly offered the 'his angel' explanation.
theNominativearticle
ἄγγελόςangelNominativesubject nominative (predicate clause)ἄγγελος: their suggestion is that Peter's guardian angel (ὁ ἄγγελος αὐτοῦ) appeared in Peter's form at the door — a Jewish belief attested in Tobit and later rabbinic texts.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ descriptive present
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession (his guardian angel)
16

ὁ δὲ Πέτρος ἐπέμενεν κρούων· ἀνοίξαντες δὲ εἶδαν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐξέστησαν.

But Peter continued knocking, and when they opened, they saw him and were amazed.

Resolution / the door is openedδέThe contrast between the community's extended disbelief and Peter's patient, persistent knocking (ἐπέμενεν κρούων — imperfect + participle = kept on knocking) is pointed. When they finally open the door and see him, ἐξέστησαν (they were beside themselves with amazement) is the same word used for ecstatic response to divine acts (Acts 2:7; 8:9, 11; 9:21).
theNominativearticle
δὲbutpost-positive adversative
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject nominative
ἐπέμενενwas continuing / persistedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιμένωmain verb (periphrastic-like with κρούων)→ descriptive imperfect (persistent, ongoing action)ἐπιμένω: 'to remain, continue, persist'; with a supplementary participle = 'kept on doing.'
κρούωνknockingPres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · κρούωsupplementary participle (with ἐπέμενεν: kept on knocking)→ progressive present (continual action)κρούω: 'to knock'; cf. v. 13; the repeated knocking while the debate inside goes on is comically vivid.
ἀνοίξαντεςhaving openedAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · ἀνοίγωadverbial participle (temporal: when they opened)→ constative aorist participleἀνοίγω: 'to open'; finally they open the gate.
δὲandpost-positive continuative
εἶδανthey sawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aorist (visual recognition)ὁράω: 'to see'; now ἀληθῶς verified by sight.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative direct object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξέστησανthey were amazed / astonishedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξίστημιmain verb→ ingressive aorist (broke into amazement)ἐξίστημι: 'to amaze, astonish, be beside oneself'; their amazement is the standard response to divine acts in Acts, and ironic given that they had just been praying for this very outcome.
17

κατασείσας δὲ αὐτοῖς τῇ χειρὶ σιγᾶν διηγήσατο αὐτοῖς πῶς ὁ κύριος αὐτὸν ἐξήγαγεν ἐκ τῆς φυλακῆς, εἶπέν τε· Ἀπαγγείλατε Ἰακώβῳ καὶ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς ταῦτα. καὶ ἐξελθὼν ἐπορεύθη εἰς ἕτερον τόπον.

Motioning to them with his hand to be silent, he described to them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. Then he said, 'Tell these things to James and to the brothers.' Then he departed and went to another place.

Summary + commission + departureδέThe gesture of silence (κατασείσας τῇ χειρί) is a characteristic Lukan leadership gesture (cf. 13:16; 21:40). Peter's account (διηγήσατο) collapses into a single verse the whole dramatic narrative. The direction to tell James the Lord's brother signals the transition of leadership in Jerusalem. 'Another place' is deliberately vague — perhaps to protect Peter, or because Luke does not know the tradition.
κατασείσαςmotioning / waving downAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · κατασείωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance / means)→ constative aorist participleκατασείω: 'to wave down, motion with the hand'; the gesture calls for silence in a crowded room (cf. 13:16; 21:40).
δὲandpost-positive continuative
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object
τῇtheDativearticle
χειρὶhandDativedative of instrumentχείρ: 'hand'; instrument of the silencing gesture.
σιγᾶνto be silentPres Act Inf · σιγάωinfinitive of indirect command / purpose→ progressive present infinitive (to keep silent)σιγάω: 'to be silent, keep silence'; the gesture signals: quiet, everyone.
διηγήσατοhe described / narratedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διηγέομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (complete account given)διηγέομαι: 'to describe, narrate in full'; the word for telling a complete account (cf. Luke 8:39; Acts 8:33; 9:27).
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object
πῶςhowindirect interrogative conjunction (content of the narration)
theNominativearticle
κύριοςLordNominativesubject nominativeκύριος: here almost certainly the risen Lord Jesus (as in most Petrine uses in Acts), though some read as God.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative direct object
ἐξήγαγενled out / brought outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξάγωmain verb of πῶς-clause→ constative aoristἐξάγω: 'to lead out'; the Exodus verb (LXX ἐξάγω for God leading Israel out of Egypt); Peter's deliverance is cast in exodus typology.
ἐκfrom / out ofpreposition + genitive (separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
φυλακῆςprisonGenitivegenitive of separation
εἶπένhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (new clause)→ constative aorist
τεandconnective particle τε (closely linking the two acts)
Ἀπαγγείλατεreport / tellAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωimperative (command)→ constative aorist imperative (single act commanded)ἀπαγγέλλω: 'to report, announce'; the formal command to carry official news.
Ἰακώβῳto JamesDativedative indirect objectἸάκωβος: James the Lord's brother, leader of the Jerusalem church (cf. Gal 1:19; 2:9, 12); distinct from James son of Zebedee, now dead (v. 2). His emergence here is significant for Acts.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςto theDativearticle
ἀδελφοῖςbrothersDativedative indirect objectἀδελφός: 'brother'; in Acts the wider community of believers (1:15; 6:3; 9:17; 10:23; etc.).
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeaccusative direct object (what is to be reported)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθὼνhaving gone outAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιadverbial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist participle
ἐπορεύθηwent / departedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'to go, travel'; the deponent passive form is normal for this verb.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal of travel)
ἕτερονanotherAccusativeattributive adjectiveἕτερος: 'another (of a different kind or unspecified)'; the deliberately vague 'another place' may protect Peter's location or reflect Luke's limited knowledge.
τόπονplaceAccusativeaccusative object of εἰςτόπος: 'place, location'; the destination is unnamed — one of the relatively rare instances of Lukan deliberate omission.
18

Γενομένης δὲ ἡμέρας ἦν τάραχος οὐκ ὀλίγος ἐν τοῖς στρατιώταις, τί ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο.

Now when day came, there was no little disturbance among the soldiers over what had become of Peter.

Scene-shift / morning at the prisonδέΓενομένης ἡμέρας is a standard Lukan temporal genitive absolute for 'when day came.' The litotes οὐκ ὀλίγος ('not small' = considerable) is characteristic Lukan understatement. The indirect question τί ἄρα ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο captures the bewilderment of the soldiers, who face execution if Peter cannot be produced.
Γενομένηςhaving come / arrivedAor Mid Ptcp Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal: 'when day came')→ constative aorist participleγίνομαι: ἡμέρας γενομένης = standard Lukan idiom for dawn or daybreak.
δὲand / nowpost-positive transitional
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive absolute subjectἡμέρα: day; the genitive absolute subject in the dawn formula.
ἦνwas / there wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb (there was…)→ descriptive imperfect
τάραχοςdisturbance / commotionNominativesubject nominativeτάραχος: 'disturbance, turmoil, commotion'; used also of the stir at the pool of Bethesda (John 5:4 v.l.) and of the Demetrius riot (Acts 19:23).
οὐκnotnegation (part of litotes: οὐκ ὀλίγος)
ὀλίγοςsmall / littleNominativepredicate adjective (litotes with negation = considerable)ὀλίγος: 'little, small, few'; οὐκ ὀλίγος = 'not a little' = considerable; classic Lukan litotes (cf. 14:28; 15:2; 17:4, 12; 19:23–24).
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere/location)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
στρατιώταιςsoldiersDativedative of location/sphereστρατιώτης: soldier; the guards face the Roman penalty for losing a prisoner.
τίwhatNominativeindirect interrogative pronoun (introducing indirect question)
ἄραthen / possiblyparticle of inference / wondering (inferential-interrogative)ἄρα: inferential particle; τί ἄρα = 'what then? / whatever could…?'; expresses puzzled bewilderment.
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject nominative of indirect question
ἐγένετοhad become / had happened toAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of indirect question→ constative aorist (what happened to Peter)γίνομαι: τί ἐγένετο = 'what became of him, what happened to him'; common idiom.
19

Ἡρῴδης δὲ ἐπιζητήσας αὐτὸν καὶ μὴ εὑρὼν ἀνακρίνας τοὺς φύλακας ἐκέλευσεν ἀπαχθῆναι, καὶ κατελθὼν ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰουδαίας εἰς Καισάρειαν διέτριβεν.

And when Herod had searched for him and did not find him, he examined the guards and ordered them to be led away to execution. Then he went down from Judea to Caesarea and spent time there.

Consequence / Herod's response and relocationδέThree participles (ἐπιζητήσας, εὑρών, ἀνακρίνας) frame the main verb ἐκέλευσεν. The Roman law on escaped prisoners was unambiguous: the guard who failed to prevent an escape suffered the prisoner's penalty. ἀπαχθῆναι ('to be led away') is a standard judicial euphemism for execution. Herod's departure to Caesarea sets the stage for vv. 20–23.
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubject nominative
δὲandpost-positive continuative
ἐπιζητήσαςhaving searched forAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιζητέωadverbial participle (temporal)→ constative aorist participleἐπιζητέω: 'to seek, search for'; the intensified compound (ἐπι-) = thorough search.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative direct object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegation (with participle)
εὑρὼνfindingAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · εὑρίσκωadverbial participle (negated: not having found)→ constative aorist participleεὑρίσκω: 'to find'; μὴ εὑρών = 'not having found (him).'
ἀνακρίναςhaving examined / interrogatedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἀνακρίνωadverbial participle (temporal / means)→ constative aorist participleἀνακρίνω: 'to examine, investigate, interrogate'; a judicial term for formal questioning (cf. Acts 4:9; 12:19; 24:8; 28:18); Herod conducts an official inquiry.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
φύλακαςguardsAccusativeaccusative direct objectφύλαξ: guard; the same men of v. 6.
ἐκέλευσενhe ordered / commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κελεύωmain verb→ constative aoristκελεύω: 'to command, order'; the official imperial command for execution.
ἀπαχθῆναιto be led awayAor Pass Inf · ἀπάγωinfinitive of indirect command (object of ἐκέλευσεν)→ constative aorist infinitiveἀπάγω: 'to lead away'; judicial euphemism for execution (cf. Matt 27:31; Acts 24:7 v.l.); 'to be led away to punishment/death.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατελθὼνgoing downAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · κατέρχομαιadverbial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist participleκατέρχομαι: 'to go down'; travel from Jerusalem to the coast (Caesarea) is consistently described as 'going down' (cf. 9:32; 11:27; 18:22).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (origin/separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἸουδαίαςJudeaGenitivegenitive of originἸουδαία: the province of Judea; Jerusalem is its capital, at elevation; Caesarea is on the coastal plain.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
ΚαισάρειανCaesareaAccusativeaccusative object of εἰς (place name)Καισάρεια: Caesarea Maritima, the Roman administrative capital of Judea, built by Herod the Great; Agrippa's main royal residence.
διέτριβενwas staying / spent timeImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διατρίβωmain verb→ descriptive imperfect (extended stay)διατρίβω: 'to spend time, remain, stay'; an extended residence before the fatal oration of vv. 20–23.
20

Ἦν δὲ θυμομαχῶν Τυρίοις καὶ Σιδωνίοις· ὁμοθυμαδὸν δὲ παρῆσαν πρὸς αὐτόν, καὶ πείσαντες Βλάστον τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ κοιτῶνος τοῦ βασιλέως ᾐτοῦντο εἰρήνην, διὰ τὸ τρέφεσθαι αὐτῶν τὴν χώραν ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλικῆς.

Now he was very angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon, and they came to him with one accord, and having persuaded Blastus, who was over the king's bedchamber, they asked for peace, because their country depended on the king's country for food.

Setting for Herod's judgment sceneδέThe political situation is sketched economically: Herod's fury at the Phoenician cities (reasons unspecified), the delegation's expedient approach through the chamberlain Blastus (named — another Lukan detail), and the economic motive (Tyre and Sidon imported food from the royal territory). This sets up the fateful public oration of v. 21.
Ἦνwas / he wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic imperfect→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing state of anger)
δὲnowpost-positive transitional
θυμομαχῶνfuriously angry / fighting with ragePres Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · θυμομαχέωperiphrastic participle with ἦν→ progressive present (ongoing state of fury)θυμομαχέω: 'to fight with rage, be intensely angry'; a hapax legomenon in the NT; the compound θυμός (passion/fury) + μάχομαι (fight) indicates fierce, sustained anger.
Τυρίοιςwith the TyriansDativedative of accompaniment / hostility (against)Τύριος: inhabitant of Tyre (Phoenician city-state, modern Lebanon); important commercial center.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
Σιδωνίοιςwith the SidoniansDativedative of accompaniment / hostility (parallel)Σιδώνιος: inhabitant of Sidon, the sister city to Tyre, also on the Phoenician coast.
ὁμοθυμαδὸνwith one accord / unanimouslyadverb of mannerὁμοθυμαδόν: 'with one mind, unanimously'; a Lukan favorite (Acts 1:14; 2:46; 4:24; 5:12; 7:57; 8:6; 15:25; 18:12; 19:29).
δὲandpost-positive continuative
παρῆσανwere present / cameImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · πάρειμιmain verb→ descriptive imperfect (state of presence)πάρειμι: 'to be present, be here'; the delegation appeared before Herod.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction/addressee)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative object of πρός
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πείσαντεςhaving persuadedAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · πείθωadverbial participle (means: by persuading)→ constative aorist participleπείθω: 'to persuade, win over'; they secured Blastus as an intermediary.
ΒλάστονBlastusAccusativeaccusative direct objectΒλάστος: the chamberlain (κοιτωνίτης) of Herod; named only here; the name is Latin (Blastus).
τὸνthe oneAccusativearticle (substantivizing the following phrase)
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (position of authority over)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κοιτῶνοςbedchamberGenitivegenitive of location/domain (over the bedchamber = chamberlain)κοιτών: 'bedroom, bedchamber'; the ἐπὶ τοῦ κοιτῶνος = the chamberlain, a high court official with intimate access to the king (cf. the Latin cubicularius).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
βασιλέωςkingGenitivegenitive of possessionβασιλεύς: the king = Agrippa I.
ᾐτοῦντοthey were asking for / requestedImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · αἰτέωmain verb→ descriptive imperfect (persistent petition)αἰτέω: 'to ask, request'; middle = ask for oneself. The imperfect suggests an ongoing formal request for peace-terms.
εἰρήνηνpeaceAccusativeaccusative direct objectεἰρήνη: 'peace'; diplomatic reconciliation with Herod after the rupture.
διὰbecause / on account ofpreposition + articular infinitive (causal: because of the fact that)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing infinitive: διὰ τό + inf. = because)
τρέφεσθαιto be fed / to depend for foodPres Pass Inf · τρέφωinfinitive in articular construction (causal)→ progressive present (ongoing dependence)τρέφω: 'to nourish, feed'; τρέφεσθαι = 'to be supplied with food.' Tyre and Sidon imported grain from Galilee and the royal territory.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (their country)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χώρανregion / countryAccusativeaccusative subject of τρέφεσθαι (subject of passive inf.)χώρα: 'land, region, territory'; their country's food supply.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source of supply)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
βασιλικῆςroyal (territory / land)Genitivegenitive of source (χώρας implied by ellipsis)βασιλική: adjective 'royal' (fem.), with χώρα/γῆ implied = the royal/king's land; Herod controlled the fertile regions from which Tyre and Sidon drew food.
21

τακτῇ δὲ ἡμέρᾳ ὁ Ἡρῴδης ἐνδυσάμενος ἐσθῆτα βασιλικὴν καθίσας ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος ἐδημηγόρει πρὸς αὐτούς.

On an appointed day Herod put on his royal robes, took his seat on the throne, and delivered a public address to them.

The oration scene / setting of Herod's fallδέτακτῇ ἡμέρᾳ ('on an appointed / fixed day') is a formal term for an officially scheduled public event. Josephus (Ant. 19.343) places the scene at Caesarea games celebrating the emperor Claudius's birthday. The three participles (ἐνδυσάμενος, καθίσας, ἐδημηγόρει) build the scene of royal ostentation that immediately precedes divine judgment.
τακτῇappointed / fixedDativeattributive adjective modifying ἡμέρᾳτακτός: 'fixed, appointed'; from τάσσω, 'to appoint, assign'; τακτῇ ἡμέρᾳ = on a scheduled public day.
δὲand / nowpost-positive transitional
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of time (when)
theNominativearticle
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubject nominative
ἐνδυσάμενοςhaving put on / dressed inAor Mid Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · ἐνδύωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist participleἐνδύω: 'to put on, clothe'; middle = clothe oneself. Josephus mentions Herod's robe of silver cloth glittering in the sun.
ἐσθῆταrobe / clothingAccusativeaccusative direct objectἐσθής: 'clothing, garment, robe'; often regal or brilliant clothing in Luke-Acts (Luke 23:11; 24:4; Acts 1:10; 10:30).
βασιλικὴνroyalAccusativeattributive adjective modifying ἐσθῆταβασιλικός: 'royal, kingly'; the royal robe signals Herod's claim to regal majesty — immediately to be punctured.
καθίσαςhaving sat down / seatedAor Act Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · καθίζωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist participleκαθίζω: 'to sit, be seated'; the formal seating on the βῆμα is the judicial/oratorical throne.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (location: seated upon)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
βήματοςthrone / judgment seatGenitivegenitive of location (upon/on the judgment seat)βῆμα: 'step, raised platform, judgment seat'; the bema is the elevated speaker's rostrum/throne (cf. Acts 18:12, 16–17; 25:6, 10, 17). Herod is positioned to receive homage.
ἐδημηγόρειwas making a public speech / was oratingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δημηγορέωmain verb→ inceptive/descriptive imperfect (began and continued to deliver the speech)δημηγορέω: 'to deliver a public speech' (δῆμος + ἀγορεύω); a hapax legomenon in the NT; classical term for a formal political oration.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (audience addressed)
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative object of πρός (the Tyrian/Sidonian delegation)
22

ὁ δὲ δῆμος ἐπεφώνει· Θεοῦ φωνὴ καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώπου.

And the people were shouting, 'The voice of a god, and not of a man!'

The fatal acclamationδέὁ δῆμος ('the people, the crowd') is the assembled citizenry at the festival games. The cry θεοῦ φωνή (the voice of a god) is a classic act of divine acclamation in the Hellenistic world; Josephus records a nearly identical cry (Ant. 19.345). The imperfect ἐπεφώνει ('kept shouting') implies sustained acclamation, not a single cry — heightening Herod's culpable silence before divine honor.
theNominativearticle
δὲandpost-positive continuative
δῆμοςpeople / crowdNominativesubject nominativeδῆμος: 'people, populace, assembly'; the assembled crowd at the Caesarea festival.
ἐπεφώνειkept shouting / was crying outImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιφωνέωmain verb→ descriptive imperfect (sustained, repeated acclamation)ἐπιφωνέω: 'to shout at, call out to, cry aloud'; the sustained imperfect: the crowd kept repeating the divine acclamation.
Θεοῦof a godGenitivegenitive of source/nature (predicate genitive: a god's voice)θεός: 'god'; anarthrous — 'divine voice' rather than 'the voice of the God of Israel.'
φωνὴvoiceNominativesubject nominative (verbless predication)φωνή: 'voice'; the crowd's shout is a verbless clause: 'A god's voice and not a man's!'
καὶand / notcoordinating conjunction (adversative in context: and not)
οὐκnotnegation
ἀνθρώπουof a manGenitivegenitive of source/nature (contrast with θεοῦ)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being, man'; the antithesis θεοῦ φωνή / οὐκ ἀνθρώπου is the fatal blasphemy — accepting what belongs to God alone.
23

παραχρῆμα δὲ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν ἄγγελος κυρίου ἀνθ᾽ ὧν οὐκ ἔδωκεν τὴν δόξαν τῷ θεῷ, καὶ γενόμενος σκωληκόβρωτος ἐξέψυξεν.

Immediately an angel of the Lord struck him down, because he did not give glory to God, and he was eaten by worms and breathed his last.

Divine judgment / Herod's deathδέπαραχρῆμα ('immediately') is a Lukan hallmark of decisive divine action. The same ἄγγελος κυρίου who opened Peter's chains now kills the king — the deliberate verbal link underlines the theological point. ἀνθ᾽ ὧν ('because, in return for the fact that') is a causal relative construction stating the exact charge. σκωληκόβρωτος ('worm-eaten') is a NT hapax and extreme dishonor. ἐξέψυξεν also records Ananias and Sapphira's deaths (5:5, 10).
παραχρῆμαimmediatelyadverb of time (immediacy of divine judgment)παραχρῆμα: 'immediately, at once'; a Lukan signature word (17x in Luke-Acts, rarely elsewhere in NT).
δὲand / butpost-positive adversative/transitional
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb→ constative aorist (single decisive blow)πατάσσω: 'to strike, smite'; same verb as in v. 7 (the angel who tapped Peter's side to wake him now smites the king dead) — the ironic contrast is unmistakable.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative direct object
ἄγγελοςan angelNominativesubject nominativeἄγγελος: the same designation as v. 7 — angel of the Lord as both deliverer and judge.
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἀνθ᾽because / in return forpreposition + genitive (causal: ἀνθ᾽ ὧν = because)ἀντί: 'in place of, in return for'; ἀνθ᾽ ὧν is a causal relative idiom = 'because of the fact that, since.'
ὧνwhich / thatGenitiverelative pronoun (genitive of ἀντί-clause)
οὐκnotnegation
ἔδωκενhe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of causal clause→ constative aorist (the thing he failed to do)δίδωμι: 'to give'; δοξαν δοῦναι = 'to give glory'; a fixed OT/NT idiom for attributing honor to God (Josh 7:19; John 9:24; Rev 11:13; 16:9).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
δόξανgloryAccusativeaccusative direct objectδόξα: 'glory, honor'; the divine prerogative Herod accepted for himself rather than deflecting to God. The omission is the sin — he said nothing.
τῷtoDativearticle
θεῷGodDativedative indirect object (to whom glory was owed)θεός: God alone deserves divine acclamation; Herod's failure to redirect the crowd's praise is his capital offense.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γενόμενοςhaving becomeAor Mid Ptcp Nom Sg Masc · γίνομαιadverbial participle (attendant circumstance / result)→ constative aorist participleγίνομαι: 'to become'; γενόμενος σκωληκόβρωτος = 'having been eaten by worms / being struck with worms.'
σκωληκόβρωτοςeaten by wormsNominativepredicate adjective (with γενόμενος)σκωληκόβρωτος: 'eaten by worms' (σκώληξ = worm + βρωτός = eaten); a NT hapax legomenon; the LXX and classical tradition use worm-death as a mark of divine judgment on the arrogant (cf. Isa 14:11; Jdt 16:17; 2 Macc 9:9 of Antiochus IV).
ἐξέψυξενbreathed his last / diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκψύχωmain verb→ constative aorist (death)ἐκψύχω: 'to breathe out, expire'; used only here and in Acts 5:5 and 5:10 for the sudden deaths of those who offend divine holiness (Ananias, Sapphira, Herod).
24

Ὁ δὲ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ ηὔξανεν καὶ ἐπληθύνετο.

But the word of God grew and multiplied.

Summary / growth notice (antithesis to Herod's death)δέLuke's characteristic growth-summary (cf. 6:7; 9:31; 12:24; 16:5; 19:20) stands in stark contrapuntal antithesis to Herod's death: the king dies, the word multiplies. The two imperfects ηὔξανεν and ἐπληθύνετο describe ongoing, irreversible expansion. The vocabulary echoes the LXX creation and promise texts: αὐξάνω + πληθύνω = 'be fruitful and multiply' (Gen 1:28; 9:1; 17:2, 6).
theNominativearticle
δὲbutpost-positive adversative (contrast with Herod's death)
λόγοςwordNominativesubject nominativeλόγος: 'word'; ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ = the proclaimed message of God, which Acts presents as the true protagonist of the narrative.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/possessionθεός: God's word, in stark contrast to a king who accepted divine acclamation and died.
ηὔξανενwas growingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · αὐξάνωmain verb→ descriptive imperfect (continuous and ongoing growth)αὐξάνω: 'to grow, increase'; ηὔξανεν + ἐπληθύνετο together = the LXX blessing formula of Gen 1:22, 28 etc.; the word of God enacts creation's promise.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπληθύνετοwas multiplyingImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · πληθύνωmain verb (parallel)→ descriptive imperfect (ongoing multiplication)πληθύνω: 'to multiply, increase in number'; the LXX verb for God's blessing of fruitfulness; the divine passive implies God is the agent of the church's growth.
25

Βαρνάβας δὲ καὶ Σαῦλος ὑπέστρεψαν ἐξ Ἰερουσαλὴμ πληρώσαντες τὴν διακονίαν, συμπαραλαβόντες Ἰωάννην τὸν ἐπικληθέντα Μάρκον.

And Barnabas and Saul returned from Jerusalem when they had completed their ministry, taking with them John who was called Mark.

Transition / return of Barnabas and SaulδέThe verse closes the chapter and bridges back to the Antioch mission of ch. 11 and forward to ch. 13. The text-critical variant ἐξ vs. εἰς Ἰερουσαλήμ is well-known: most editions read ἐξ ('from Jerusalem'), understanding that Barnabas and Saul return to Antioch after delivering the famine relief (11:29–30). The introduction of John Mark here, already named in v. 12, prepares for his role in the first missionary journey (13:5) and the dispute at 15:36–41.
ΒαρνάβαςBarnabasNominativesubject nominativeΒαρνάβας: 'Son of Encouragement' (4:36); Levite from Cyprus; Saul's patron in Jerusalem (9:27); leader of the Antioch church; relative of John Mark (Col 4:10).
δὲandpost-positive continuative
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΣαῦλοςSaulNominativesubject nominative (compound)Σαῦλος: Saul of Tarsus, the apostle Paul; Acts uses his Hebrew name until 13:9.
ὑπέστρεψανreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑποστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristὑποστρέφω: 'to turn back, return'; one of Luke's favored travel verbs (cf. Luke 1:56; 2:20, 43–45; Acts 8:25; 13:13; 14:21; 21:6).
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (origin of return journey)ἐξ: the preferred reading of most modern editors; the variants (εἰς, ἀπό) reflect scribal difficulty with understanding the implied destination (Antioch).
ἸερουσαλὴμJerusalemGenitivegenitive object of ἐξ (place name, indeclinable)Ἰερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem; the indeclinable Hebrew/Aramaic form (vs. Ἱεροσόλυμα, the Hellenized form).
πληρώσαντεςhaving completed / fulfilledAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · πληρόωadverbial participle (temporal: upon completing the mission)→ constative aorist participleπληρόω: 'to fill, fulfill, complete'; πληρώσαντες τὴν διακονίαν = 'having completed the ministry/mission' — the famine relief of 11:29–30.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
διακονίανministry / serviceAccusativeaccusative direct objectδιακονία: 'ministry, service, mission'; here the relief mission (11:29–30); the word covers both practical service and apostolic mission in Acts.
συμπαραλαβόντεςhaving taken along with themAor Act Ptcp Nom Pl Masc · συμπαραλαμβάνωadverbial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist participleσυμπαραλαμβάνω: 'to take along with oneself'; the same compound reappears in the dispute about Mark at 15:37–38.
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeaccusative direct objectἸωάννης: John, here reintroduced by his full double name with surname, first met at v. 12.
τὸνthe oneAccusativearticle (substantivizing the participle)
ἐπικληθένταwho was called / surnamedAor Pass Ptcp Acc Sg Masc · ἐπικαλέωattributive participle (identification by surname)→ constative aorist participle (received/established name)ἐπικαλέω: passive 'to be called, surnamed'; cf. v. 12 where the present participle ἐπικαλουμένου is used — here the aorist passive confirms the established name.
ΜάρκονMarkAccusativeaccusative (name, object of ἐπικληθέντα)Μᾶρκος: Mark; his introduction here as a traveling companion bookmarks him for his eventual departure (13:13), the sharp dispute between Paul and Barnabas over him (15:36–41), and his ultimate rehabilitation (2 Tim 4:11; 1 Pet 5:13).