Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 17ΠΡΑΞΕΙΣ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΩΝ ΙΖ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Διοδεύσαντες δὲ τὴν Ἀμφίπολιν καὶ τὴν Ἀπολλωνίαν ἦλθον εἰς Θεσσαλονίκην, ὅπου ἦν συναγωγὴ τῶν Ἰουδαίων.

Now having traveled through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where there was a synagogue of the Jews.

Narrative continuationδέThe journey-notice is a Lukan transitional device; the aorist participle Διοδεύσαντες frames the movement as antecedent action. The narrative is asyndetic apart from the δέ connective.
Διοδεύσαντεςhaving traveled throughAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · διοδεύωadverbial participle (antecedent action)→ constative aoristδιοδεύω: 'travel through, traverse'; compound of διά + ὁδεύω; rare (also Luke 8:1).
δέnowcontinuative conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἈμφίπολινAmphipolisAccusativedirect object of ΔιοδεύσαντεςἈμφίπολις: city on the Strymon River in Macedonia, some 33 miles SW of Philippi.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἈπολλωνίανApolloniaAccusativedirect object (coordinated)Ἀπολλωνία: a town in Macedonia on the Via Egnatia, between Amphipolis and Thessalonica.
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
ΘεσσαλονίκηνThessalonicaAccusativeobject of εἰς (destination)Θεσσαλονίκη: the leading city of Macedonia, on the Thermaic Gulf; a free city and major Via Egnatia hub.
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (locative)
ἦνthere wasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential verb in relative clause→ progressive imperfect (standing situation)
συναγωγὴa synagogueNominativesubject of ἦνσυναγωγή: 'assembly, synagogue'; the Jewish assembly/meeting-place — Paul's habitual first point of contact (cf. 13:5, 14; 14:1).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivegenitive of possession/membershipἸουδαῖος: 'Jew'; here the ethnoreligious community gathered for Sabbath worship.
2

κατὰ δὲ τὸ εἰωθὸς τῷ Παύλῳ εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐπὶ σάββατα τρία διελέξατο αὐτοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν γραφῶν,

And according to Paul's custom he went in to them, and for three Sabbaths he reasoned with them from the Scriptures,

Narrative continuation (Paul's standard practice)δέThe perfect participle εἰωθὸς marks an established habit; διελέξατο is Paul's characteristic verb of synagogue apologetics in Acts (cf. 18:4, 19; 19:8–9).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard/norm)
δέandcontinuative conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the participle)
εἰωθὸςcustomPerf Act Ptc Acc Sg Neut · εἴωθαsubstantival participle (object of κατά)→ intensive perfect (habitual state)εἴωθα: 'be accustomed'; perfect-only verb; 'the thing having become customary' = custom/habit.
τῷforDativearticle
ΠαύλῳPaulDativedative of possession ('Paul's custom')Παῦλος: the apostle; Lukan narrative perspective shifts to third-person 'he' throughout this section.
εἰσῆλθενhe went inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (movement toward)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of πρός (the synagogue members)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπὶforpreposition + accusative (extent of time)
σάββαταSabbathsAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; pl. can indicate individual Sabbath days; three weeks of synagogue argument.
τρίαthreeAccusativeattributive numeral
διελέξατοhe reasonedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διαλέγομαιmain verb (coordinated with εἰσῆλθεν)→ constative aoristδιαλέγομαι: 'reason, discuss, argue'; the middle voice is deponent; Paul's standard apologetic method in Acts' synagogue scenes.
αὐτοῖςwith themDativedative of association
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
γραφῶνScripturesGenitivegenitive (source of argumentation)γραφή: 'writing, Scripture'; pl. αἱ γραφαί = the Hebrew Scriptures (LXX), the recognized authoritative text for synagogue debate.
3

διανοίγων καὶ παρατιθέμενος ὅτι τὸν Χριστὸν ἔδει παθεῖν καὶ ἀναστῆναι ἐκ νεκρῶν, καὶ ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Χριστός, Ἰησοῦς ὃν ἐγὼ καταγγέλλω ὑμῖν.

explaining and proving that it was necessary for the Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead, and saying, 'This is the Christ, Jesus whom I proclaim to you.'

Content (of the reasoning)asyndetonThe present participles διανοίγων and παρατιθέμενος describe the manner of the reasoning — opening and setting forth — followed by the double ὅτι content clauses that give the two-part apostolic kerygma: (a) scriptural necessity of suffering/rising, (b) identification.
διανοίγωνexplainingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διανοίγωadverbial participle (manner)→ progressive present (ongoing exposition)διανοίγω: 'open up, explain'; often used of opening Scripture (Luke 24:32, 45); the prefix δια- intensifies 'thorough opening.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρατιθέμενοςprovingPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · παρατίθημιadverbial participle (manner, coordinated)→ progressive present (ongoing demonstration)παρατίθημι: 'set before, present, demonstrate'; in the middle, 'set forth evidence' — a quasi-legal term.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing indirect discourse
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΧριστὸνChristAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitiveΧριστός: 'Anointed/Messiah'; Paul's argument is from the Hebrew Scriptures about what the Messiah had to undergo.
ἔδειit was necessaryImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖmain verb (impersonal)→ progressive imperfect (divine necessity)δεῖ: 'it is necessary'; the imperfect ἔδει expresses divine-scriptural necessity; a key Lukan theological term (cf. Luke 24:26, 46).
παθεῖνto sufferAor Act Inf · πάσχωcomplementary infinitive (subject of ἔδει)→ constative aoristπάσχω: 'suffer, experience'; the Messiah's suffering is the first element of the two-part kerygma.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀναστῆναιto riseAor Act Inf · ἀνίστημιcomplementary infinitive (coordinated)→ constative aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise, raise'; intransitive use; the resurrection is the second kerygmatic element — the two together form the two-part gospel (cf. 1 Cor 15:3–4).
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source/separation)
νεκρῶνthe deadGenitivegenitive (source, standard resurrection formula)νεκρός: 'dead person'; the plural is the standard idiom for the realm of the dead.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (introducing second ὅτι clause)
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing second content clause
οὗτόςthis oneNominativesubject (demonstrative predication)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb→ gnomic present
theNominativearticle
ΧριστόςChristNominativepredicate nominative
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativenominative in apposition (identifying the Christ)Ἰησοῦς: the personal name; its apposition to ὁ Χριστός is the climax of Paul's argument.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of καταγγέλλω)
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
καταγγέλλωproclaimPres Act Indic 1 Sg · καταγγέλλωrelative clause verb→ progressive present (ongoing proclamation)καταγγέλλω: 'proclaim, announce'; the κατα- prefix intensifies; a formal missionary term in Acts (cf. 4:2; 13:5, 38; 16:17, 21; 17:23).
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of indirect object
4

καί τινες ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐπείσθησαν καὶ προσεκληρώθησαν τῷ Παύλῳ καὶ τῷ Σιλᾷ, τῶν τε σεβομένων Ἑλλήνων πλῆθος πολὺ γυναῖκές τε τῶν πρώτων οὐκ ὀλίγαι.

And some of them were persuaded and joined Paul and Silas, as did a great multitude of the devout Greeks and not a few of the leading women.

Result (of the reasoning)καίThe double τε ... τε links the two additional groups (God-fearing Greeks and leading women) to the Jewish believers; the passive ἐπείσθησαν implies divine persuasion. The mixed audience reflects Thessalonica's social context.
καίandcoordinating conjunction
τινεςsomeNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive (partitive, referencing the synagogue Jews)
ἐπείσθησανwere persuadedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πείθωmain verb→ constative aoristπείθω: 'persuade'; the passive is often theologically loaded in Acts — God does the persuading through the Word (cf. 28:24).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσεκληρώθησανwere joinedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · προσκληρόωmain verb (coordinated)→ constative aoristπροσκληρόω: 'allot to, attach to'; passive = 'were cast in their lot with'; a NT hapax — implies decisive attachment to the missionary band.
τῷwithDativearticle
ΠαύλῳPaulDativedative of association
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷtheDativearticle
ΣιλᾷSilasDativedative of association (coordinated with Παύλῳ)Σιλᾶς: Paul's companion on the second journey; identified with Silvanus of the letters (1 Thess 1:1; 2 Cor 1:19).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
τεbothenclitic connective (correlative τε ... τε)
σεβομένωνdevoutPres Mid Ptc Gen Pl Masc · σέβομαιattributive participle (substantival, modifying Ἑλλήνων)→ progressive presentσέβομαι: 'worship, be devout'; the σεβόμενοι / φοβούμενοι τὸν θεόν are Gentile God-fearers attending the synagogue without full proselyte status.
ἙλλήνωνGreeksGenitivepartitive genitiveἝλλην: 'Greek/Gentile'; Luke uses the term for non-Jewish Hellenistic people associated with the synagogue.
πλῆθοςmultitudeNominativesubject (in implied coordination)πλῆθος: 'multitude, crowd, large number'; a Lukan favorite for impressive groupings.
πολὺgreatNominativepredicate adjective modifying πλῆθος
γυναῖκέςwomenNominativesubject (second group, correlated by τε)γυνή: 'woman, wife'; Luke is notable for highlighting women converts (cf. 16:14–15; 17:12, 34).
τεandenclitic connective (second of τε ... τε pair)
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
πρώτωνleadingGenitivepartitive genitive (the first/leading class)πρῶτος: 'first, foremost'; a social designation for women of high civic standing in Macedonian cities, where women held unusual public roles.
οὐκnotnegation
ὀλίγαιa fewNominativepredicate adjective (litotes: 'not a few' = many)ὀλίγος: 'few, little'; the litotes οὐκ ὀλίγος ('not a few') is a Lukan idiom for emphasis (also vv.12, 27:20).
5

Ζηλώσαντες δὲ οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι καὶ προσλαβόμενοι τῶν ἀγοραίων ἄνδρας τινὰς πονηροὺς καὶ ὀχλοποιήσαντες ἐθορύβουν τὴν πόλιν, καὶ ἐπιστάντες τῇ οἰκίᾳ Ἰάσονος ἐζήτουν αὐτοὺς προαγαγεῖν εἰς τὸν δῆμον.

But the Jews were filled with jealousy, and taking some wicked men from the marketplace rabble and forming a mob, they threw the city into an uproar; and attacking the house of Jason, they were seeking to bring them out to the people.

Adversative (hostile reaction)δέThree coordinate aorist participles (Ζηλώσαντες, προσλαβόμενοι, ὀχλοποιήσαντες) build the mounting riot before the main verb ἐθορύβουν. The imperfect ἐζήτουν suggests repeated or frustrated searching.
Ζηλώσαντεςbeing filled with jealousyAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ζηλόωadverbial participle (causal)→ constative aoristζηλόω: 'be jealous/zealous'; the same pattern — Jewish success prompting Jewish jealousy — appears at 13:45; the motive is loss of social influence and converts.
δέbutadversative conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἸουδαῖοιJewsNominativesubject
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσλαβόμενοιtaking alongAor Mid Ptc Nom Pl Masc · προσλαμβάνωadverbial participle (means)→ constative aoristπροσλαμβάνω: 'take to oneself, recruit'; the middle implies they took these men for their own purposes.
τῶνfrom theGenitivearticle
ἀγοραίωνmarketplace loiterersGenitivepartitive genitiveἀγοραῖος: 'of the agora, marketplace idler'; a term for the rabble who hung around the marketplace — the same venue where Paul later debates philosophers (v.17).
ἄνδραςmenAccusativedirect object of προσλαβόμενοι
τινὰςsomeAccusativeattributive pronoun
πονηροὺςwickedAccusativeattributive adjectiveπονηρός: 'evil, wicked, worthless'; moral characterization of the recruits by the narrator.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὀχλοποιήσαντεςforming a mobAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ὀχλοποιέωadverbial participle (means, third in series)→ constative aoristὀχλοποιέω: 'make a mob, gather a crowd'; NT hapax; the compound captures the deliberate manufacture of a riot.
ἐθορύβουνthrew into uproarImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · θορυβέωmain verb→ progressive imperfect (ongoing disturbance)θορυβέω: 'disturb, throw into confusion'; the imperfect pictures the riot in progress.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object of ἐθορύβουν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπιστάντεςattackingAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἐφίστημιadverbial participle (subsequent action)→ constative aoristἐφίστημι: 'stand upon, come upon suddenly, attack'; the aorist participle here marks a specific action after the general uproar.
τῇtheDativearticle
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative of placeοἰκία: 'house, household'; Jason's house was likely the mission's base — a house-church context.
Ἰάσονοςof JasonGenitivegenitive of possessionἸάσων: a Greek name (perhaps Hellenized form of Joshua/Jesus); a Jewish Christian host at Thessalonica; mentioned again v.7, and possibly Rom 16:21.
ἐζήτουνthey were seekingImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb (coordinated)→ progressive imperfect (frustrated search)ζητέω: 'seek, look for'; the imperfect marks their repeated but unsuccessful effort to find Paul and Silas.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
προαγαγεῖνto bring outAor Act Inf · προάγωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristπροάγω: 'lead forward, bring before'; used for bringing accused before a public assembly or magistrates.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δῆμονpeopleAccusativeobject of εἰς (the assembly of citizens)δῆμος: 'the people, popular assembly'; the formal civic assembly; the mob wanted to stage a people's tribunal.
6

μὴ εὑρόντες δὲ αὐτοὺς ἔσυρον Ἰάσονά τινας ἀδελφοὺς ἐπὶ τοὺς πολιτάρχας, βοῶντες ὅτι Οἱ τὴν οἰκουμένην ἀναστατώσαντες οὗτοι καὶ ἐνθάδε πάρεισιν,

And when they did not find them, they dragged Jason and some brothers before the city authorities, crying out, 'These men who have turned the world upside down have come here too,

Narrative continuation (failed search leads to arrest)δέThe aorist participle μὴ εὑρόντες explains the shift of target from Paul and Silas to Jason. The imperfect ἔσυρον pictures the forcible dragging. The charge is dramatic rhetorical hyperbole from the mob's perspective.
μὴnotnegation (in participial clause)
εὑρόντεςhaving foundAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · εὑρίσκωadverbial participle (causal/circumstantial)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; Paul and Silas had apparently been hidden or had fled.
δέandcontinuative conjunction
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of εὑρόντες
ἔσυρονthey draggedImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · σύρωmain verb→ progressive imperfect (vivid dragging)σύρω: 'drag'; a vivid verb for violent compulsion (also 8:3; John 21:8; Rev 12:4).
ἸάσονάJasonAccusativedirect object of ἔσυρον
τιναςsomeAccusativeadditional direct object (pronoun)
ἀδελφοὺςbrothersAccusativeapposition or coordinate object with Ἰάσονάἀδελφός: 'brother'; the term for fellow believers — Luke's standard term for the Christian community.
ἐπὶbeforepreposition + accusative (before, in the presence of)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πολιτάρχαςcity authoritiesAccusativeobject of ἐπί (the magistrates)πολιτάρχης: 'city ruler/politarch'; an epigraphically confirmed Macedonian title, found in inscriptions from Thessalonica — one of Luke's many incidental but accurate local details.
βοῶντεςcrying outPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · βοάωadverbial participle (manner)→ progressive presentβοάω: 'cry out, shout'; a vivid present participle of the mob's shouting charge.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing direct speech (recitative ὅτι)
Οἱthe ones whoNominativearticle (substantivizing the following participle)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκουμένηνworldAccusativedirect object of ἀναστατώσαντεςοἰκουμένη: 'the inhabited world'; the Roman Empire from a Greco-Roman perspective; the charge implies empire-wide subversion.
ἀναστατώσαντεςturning upside downAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀναστατόωattributive participle (in predicate position, subject description)→ constative aoristἀναστατόω: 'disturb, upset, turn upside down'; a strong term of social subversion (also 21:38; Gal 5:12).
οὗτοιthese menNominativesubject (resumptive demonstrative)
καὶalsoadverbial καί (also, even)
ἐνθάδεhereadverb of placeἐνθάδε: 'here, in this place'; the local reference underscores the missionaries' penetration of Thessalonica.
πάρεισινare presentPres Act Indic 3 Pl · πάρειμιmain verb (of the quoted charge)→ gnomic presentπάρειμι: 'be present, have arrived'; underscores the immediacy of the threat.
7

οὓς ὑποδέδεκται Ἰάσων· καὶ οὗτοι πάντες ἀπέναντι τῶν δογμάτων Καίσαρος πράσσουσιν, βασιλέα ἕτερον λέγοντες εἶναι Ἰησοῦν.

whom Jason has welcomed, and all these men are acting against the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, Jesus.'

Continuation of the charge (two counts)asyndetonThe charge has two parts: hospitality to the troublemakers (v.7a) and political sedition (v.7b). The second count — 'another king, Jesus' — echoes the charge against Jesus before Pilate (Luke 23:2; John 19:12) and is the political nerve of the accusation. βασιλέα ἕτερον is predicate accusative in the indirect statement.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ὑποδέδεκται)
ὑποδέδεκταιhas welcomedPerf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὑποδέχομαιmain verb (relative clause)→ intensive perfect (completed act of hospitality with present implication)ὑποδέχομαι: 'receive as a guest, welcome'; the perfect implies Jason is still hosting them — an ongoing complicity.
ἸάσωνJasonNominativesubject of ὑποδέδεκται
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὗτοιthese menNominativesubject (referring to Paul, Silas, and their group)
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (in predicate position)
ἀπέναντιagainstimproper preposition + genitive (opposition)ἀπέναντι: 'opposite, against'; with a legal nuance here — 'contrary to, in violation of.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
δογμάτωνdecreesGenitivegenitive governed by ἀπέναντιδόγμα: 'decree, ordinance'; imperial decrees — the Julio-Claudian prohibitions on seditious assemblies and messianic movements.
Καίσαροςof CaesarGenitivegenitive of source/authorityΚαῖσαρ: 'Caesar'; the reigning emperor (Claudius, c. AD 49–50); imperial decrees against Jewish messianic agitation were real (cf. the Claudius edict, Acts 18:2).
πράσσουσινthey are actingPres Act Indic 3 Pl · πράσσωmain verb→ progressive present (ongoing seditious activity)πράσσω: 'do, practice, act'; used of ongoing behavior, contrasting with the one-time ποιέω.
βασιλέαkingAccusativepredicate accusative (in indirect statement)βασιλεύς: 'king'; the charge of proclaiming another king directly counters the imperial cult; cf. John 19:12.
ἕτερονanotherAccusativeattributive adjective (predicate accusative)ἕτερος: 'another (of a different kind)'; qualitatively other — a rival to Caesar.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λέγωadverbial participle (manner/means of the action)→ progressive present
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive in indirect statement (after λέγοντες)
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeaccusative subject of εἶναι (indirect statement)Ἰησοῦς: named last for rhetorical impact — the proclamation of Jesus as king is the political charge.
8

ἐτάραξαν δὲ τὸν ὄχλον καὶ τοὺς πολιτάρχας ἀκούοντας ταῦτα,

And they troubled the crowd and the city authorities when they heard these things.

Result (of the charge)δέThe imperfect δέ + aorist ἐτάραξαν and the present participle ἀκούοντας create a compressed cause-effect: the very hearing of the charge produced agitation — an official crisis.
ἐτάραξανthey troubledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ταράσσωmain verb→ constative aoristταράσσω: 'trouble, agitate, stir up'; used of emotional and social disturbance (cf. 16:20; John 11:33).
δέandcontinuative conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativedirect object of ἐτάραξανὄχλος: 'crowd, mob'; the same mass who were recruited to cause trouble are now themselves alarmed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πολιτάρχαςcity authoritiesAccusativedirect object (coordinated)
ἀκούονταςwhen they heardPres Act Ptc Acc Pl Masc · ἀκούωadverbial participle (temporal, agreeing with τοὺς πολιτάρχας)→ progressive present
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of ἀκούοντας
9

καὶ λαβόντες τὸ ἱκανὸν παρὰ τοῦ Ἰάσονος καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἀπέλυσαν αὐτούς.

And having taken a security bond from Jason and the rest, they released them.

Resolutionκαίλαβόντες τὸ ἱκανόν is a technical legal phrase (τὸ ἱκανόν = 'the sufficient/security') for taking a bail bond — a Roman legal procedure. The politarchs act moderately; Jason's bond likely carried an obligation to keep the missionaries out of Thessalonica.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λαβόντεςhaving takenAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λαμβάνωadverbial participle (antecedent action)→ constative aorist
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἱκανὸνsecurity bondAccusativedirect object (technical: bail/security)ἱκανός: 'sufficient, adequate'; τὸ ἱκανόν as a fixed phrase = a legal surety or bond; the politarchs are behaving by Roman legal convention.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸάσονοςJasonGenitivegenitive (source of bail)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
λοιπῶνrestGenitivegenitive (coordinated source)λοιπός: 'remaining, the rest'; those who had been dragged with Jason.
ἀπέλυσανthey releasedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπολύωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπολύω: 'release, dismiss, acquit'; a standard judicial term for dismissal after bond has been given.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
10

Οἱ δὲ ἀδελφοὶ εὐθέως διὰ νυκτὸς ἐξέπεμψαν τόν τε Παῦλον καὶ τὸν Σιλᾶν εἰς Βέροιαν, οἵτινες παραγενόμενοι εἰς τὴν συναγωγὴν τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἀπῄεσαν.

The brothers immediately sent Paul and Silas away by night to Berea, and when they arrived they went into the synagogue of the Jews.

Narrative continuation (departure under persecution)δέεὐθέως διὰ νυκτὸς echoes the urgency-pattern of Acts' escapes (cf. 9:25; 16:26–30). The missionaries' first act at Berea is again the synagogue — Paul's consistent strategy. The relative οἵτινες (qualitative, 'who being the sort who') marks the Bereans' characteristic response.
ΟἱtheNominativearticle
δέandcontinuative conjunction
ἀδελφοὶbrothersNominativesubject
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb of timeεὐθέως: 'immediately'; the Lukan/Acts form of εὐθύς; the urgency reflects the danger.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (time during which)
νυκτὸςnightGenitivegenitive of time (during the night)νύξ: 'night'; the cover of darkness for the departure — a recurring motif in Acts' persecution sequences.
ἐξέπεμψανsent awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκπέμπωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκπέμπω: 'send out, dispatch'; an official or urgent sending — the church community acts to protect its missionaries.
τόνtheAccusativearticle
τεbothenclitic connective (τε ... καί: both ... and)
ΠαῦλονPaulAccusativedirect object of ἐξέπεμψαν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second of τε ... καί)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΣιλᾶνSilasAccusativedirect object (coordinated)
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)
ΒέροιανBereaAccusativeobject of εἰς (destination)Βέροια: Berea, a city in Macedonia southwest of Thessalonica; today's Veria.
οἵτινεςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative, referring to Paul and Silas)οἵτινες: qualitative relative 'who, being the sort who'; introduces the characteristic response.
παραγενόμενοιhaving arrivedAor Mid Ptc Nom Pl Masc · παραγίνομαιadverbial participle (temporal)→ constative aoristπαραγίνομαι: 'arrive, come to'; a Lukan favorite for arrivals (also 1:11; 9:26; 13:14; 14:27; etc.).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (entrance)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
συναγωγὴνsynagogueAccusativeobject of εἰς
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivegenitive of membership
ἀπῄεσανwentImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἄπειμιmain verb (in relative clause)→ progressive imperfect (repeated going)ἄπειμι: 'go away, go to'; the imperfect suggests a pattern of repeated visits to the synagogue, consistent with the 'daily' examination of v.11.
11

οὗτοι δὲ ἦσαν εὐγενέστεροι τῶν ἐν Θεσσαλονίκῃ, οἵτινες ἐδέξαντο τὸν λόγον μετὰ πάσης προθυμίας, τὸ καθ' ἡμέραν ἀνακρίνοντες τὰς γραφὰς εἰ ἔχοι ταῦτα οὕτως.

Now these were more noble than those in Thessalonica; they received the word with all eagerness, examining the Scriptures daily to see if these things were so.

Contrast (favorable characterization of the Bereans)δέThe comparative εὐγενέστεροι establishes the contrast explicitly. The two marks of nobility are (a) eager reception of the word and (b) daily critical examination (ἀνακρίνοντες) of the Scriptures. The optative ἔχοι in indirect question (εἰ + optative in secondary sequence) is a Lukan literary touch. This verse has become the NT locus classicus for Scripture-testing of Christian teaching.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (demonstrative)
δέnowcontrastive/continuative conjunction
ἦσανwereImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopulative verb→ progressive imperfect (characteristic state)
εὐγενέστεροιmore nobleNominativepredicate adjective (comparative)εὐγενής: 'noble, of good birth'; in classical Greek of aristocratic birth; in Luke-Acts extended to moral/intellectual quality. The comparative judges the Bereans favorably over the Thessalonians.
τῶνthan thoseGenitivegenitive of comparison
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
ΘεσσαλονίκῃThessalonicaDativedative of place
οἵτινεςwhoNominativequalitative relative (substantiating the comparison)
ἐδέξαντοreceivedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · δέχομαιmain verb (in relative clause)→ constative aoristδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome, accept'; the middle is deponent; a willing, active reception of the message — not passive hearing.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect objectλόγος: 'word'; here = the apostolic message about Jesus; Acts' shorthand for the gospel (cf. 8:4; 10:36; 11:1; 13:46; 14:25).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (manner/attendant circumstance)
πάσηςallGenitiveattributive adjective
προθυμίαςeagernessGenitivegenitive (object of μετά, manner)προθυμία: 'eagerness, willingness, readiness'; from πρό + θυμός; a positive ethical quality contrasting with the Thessalonians' hostile reception.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the adverbial phrase)
καθ'eachpreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά: distributive 'each day'; τὸ καθ' ἡμέραν is a fixed phrase for 'daily.'
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of time (distributive)
ἀνακρίνοντεςexaminingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀνακρίνωadverbial participle (manner — how they received the word)→ progressive present (daily ongoing activity)ἀνακρίνω: 'examine, investigate, judge'; a quasi-judicial term for careful, systematic scrutiny — the Bereans are not gullible but rigorously testing.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
γραφὰςScripturesAccusativedirect object of ἀνακρίνοντες
εἰwhetherconditional/interrogative particle (indirect question)
ἔχοιit hadPres Act Opt 3 Sg · ἔχωoptative in indirect question (secondary sequence)→ potential optativeἔχω: 'have, hold'; here idiomatically 'if these things were so' (ἔχω = 'stand' in this idiomatic use). The optative is a rare Lukan literary feature.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject of ἔχοι
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (predicate in idiomatic phrase)
12

πολλοὶ μὲν οὖν ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐπίστευσαν, καὶ τῶν Ἑλληνίδων γυναικῶν τῶν εὐσχημόνων καὶ ἀνδρῶν οὐκ ὀλίγοι.

Many of them therefore believed, and also not a few of the prominent Greek women and men.

Result (of the eager Scripture-examination)μὲν οὖνμὲν οὖν is a Lukan conclusory particle marking the summary result of the preceding scene. The litotes οὐκ ὀλίγοι (also v.4) recurs to emphasize a significant number. Luke again highlights Greek women of social prominence (cf. v.4).
πολλοὶmanyNominativesubject
μὲνindeedaffirmative particle (μὲν οὖν)
οὖνthereforeinferential particle (μὲν οὖν)μὲν οὖν: a frequent Lukan connective marking inferential summary or transition.
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive (the Jewish synagogue members)
ἐπίστευσανbelievedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πιστεύωmain verb→ constative aoristπιστεύω: 'believe, trust'; in Acts, the characteristic response to the kerygma (cf. 2:44; 4:4; 13:48; 14:1).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἙλληνίδωνGreekGenitiveattributive genitive (nationality)Ἑλληνίς: 'Greek woman'; the feminine form — an ethnically Greek Gentile woman.
γυναικῶνwomenGenitivepartitive genitive
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
εὐσχημόνωνprominentGenitiveattributive adjective (social class)εὐσχήμων: 'of good standing, respectable, well-placed'; a social term for the upper civic class; also 13:50 (where the same class persecutes Paul).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνδρῶνmenGenitivepartitive genitive (coordinated)
οὐκnotnegation
ὀλίγοιa fewNominativepredicate adjective (litotes)
13

Ὡς δὲ ἔγνωσαν οἱ ἀπὸ Θεσσαλονίκης Ἰουδαῖοι ὅτι καὶ ἐν τῇ Βεροίᾳ κατηγγέλη ὑπὸ τοῦ Παύλου ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ, ἦλθον κἀκεῖ σαλεύοντες καὶ ταράσσοντες τοὺς ὄχλους.

But when the Jews from Thessalonica learned that the word of God was proclaimed by Paul in Berea also, they came there too, agitating and troubling the crowds.

Adversative (external threat arrives)δέThe ὡς ... ἔγνωσαν clause is temporal-causal. The repeated intrusion of the Thessalonian Jews mirrors the pattern of 13:14–15 and 14:19. The pair σαλεύοντες καὶ ταράσσοντες is rhetorically climactic — a double participle of mob-agitation.
Ὡςwhentemporal conjunction
δέbutadversative conjunction
ἔγνωσανlearnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb (in ὡς clause)→ constative aoristγινώσκω: 'know, come to know, learn'; the aorist marks the moment of their learning — mission intelligence.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (provenance)
ΘεσσαλονίκηςThessalonicaGenitivegenitive of origin
ἸουδαῖοιJewsNominativesubject
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing indirect discourse (content of what they learned)
καὶalsoadverbial καί (also/even)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῇtheDativearticle
ΒεροίᾳBereaDativedative of place
κατηγγέληwas proclaimedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταγγέλλωmain verb (in ὅτι clause)→ constative aorist
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent in passive construction)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ΠαύλουPaulGenitivegenitive (agent of passive verb)
theNominativearticle
λόγοςwordNominativesubject of κατηγγέλη
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/authorshipθεός: God; 'the word of God' — the divine origin of the apostolic message is now explicit.
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (apodosis)→ constative aorist
κἀκεῖthere alsoadverb (crasis: καὶ + ἐκεῖ)κἀκεῖ: crasis of καὶ ἐκεῖ, 'and there'; they pursue their harassment across city boundaries.
σαλεύοντεςagitatingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · σαλεύωadverbial participle (manner)→ progressive presentσαλεύω: 'shake, agitate, stir up'; of physical shaking or social/political agitation; metaphorically the crowd as an unstable mass.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ταράσσοντεςtroublingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ταράσσωadverbial participle (manner, coordinated)→ progressive present
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλουςcrowdsAccusativedirect object
14

εὐθέως δὲ τότε τὸν Παῦλον ἐξαπέστειλαν οἱ ἀδελφοὶ πορεύεσθαι ἕως ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν· ὑπέμεινάν τε ὅ τε Σιλᾶς καὶ ὁ Τιμόθεος ἐκεῖ.

Then the brothers immediately sent Paul off to go as far as the sea, but Silas and Timothy remained there.

Narrative continuation (strategic withdrawal)δέεὐθέως τότε is an urgent double-time marker. The brothers protect Paul (the primary target) while Silas and Timothy remain as local support for the young church. ἕως ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν may mean 'toward the coast' (the Aegean) as a route to Athens.
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb of time
δέthencontinuative conjunction
τότεat that timeadverb of timeτότε: 'then, at that time'; together with εὐθέως expresses immediacy and occasion.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΠαῦλονPaulAccusativedirect object of ἐξαπέστειλαν
ἐξαπέστειλανsent offAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξαποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἐξαποστέλλω: 'send off, dispatch'; the double compound (ἐκ + ἀπό + στέλλω) intensifies the dispatch — a formal sending away from danger.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀδελφοὶbrothersNominativesubject
πορεύεσθαιto goPres Mid Inf · πορεύομαιcomplementary infinitive (purpose/result of the sending)→ progressive present (ongoing journey)πορεύομαι: 'go, travel, proceed'; a key Lukan travel verb.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + accusative (extent of movement)ἕως: 'until, as far as'; here with ἐπί and accusative expressing territorial extent.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (directional)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of ἐπί (the Aegean coast)θάλασσα: 'sea'; the Aegean coast — Paul's route toward Athens, most likely by ship.
ὑπέμεινάνremainedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑπομένωmain verb (second clause)→ constative aoristὑπομένω: 'remain behind, stay'; in contrast to Paul's departure — the two companions hold the Berean post.
τεbothenclitic connective (τε ... καί)
theNominativearticle
τεbothenclitic connective (correlative)
ΣιλᾶςSilasNominativesubject
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second of τε ... καί)
theNominativearticle
ΤιμόθεοςTimothyNominativesubject (coordinated with Σιλᾶς)Τιμόθεος: Timothy; Paul's young associate from Lystra (16:1–3), named here for the first time in the Macedonian sequence.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
15

οἱ δὲ καθιστάνοντες τὸν Παῦλον ἤγαγον ἕως Ἀθηνῶν, καὶ λαβόντες ἐντολὴν πρὸς τὸν Σιλᾶν καὶ τὸν Τιμόθεον ἵνα ὡς τάχιστα ἔλθωσιν πρὸς αὐτόν, ἐξῄεσαν.

Those who were escorting Paul brought him as far as Athens; and having received a command for Silas and Timothy to come to him as quickly as possible, they departed.

Narrative continuation (journey to Athens)δέκαθιστάνοντες is a technical term for an escort — those who 'establish/accompany' someone safely to a destination. The command (ἐντολή) that Silas and Timothy should come quickly (ὡς τάχιστα, a superlative adverb of urgency) sets up 18:5.
οἱthose whoNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)
δέandcontinuative conjunction
καθιστάνοντεςescortingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · καθίστημιattributive participle (substantival, subject)→ progressive presentκαθίστημι: 'establish, appoint, conduct'; here in the specific sense of 'escort, conduct to a destination' — a quasi-official accompaniment.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΠαῦλονPaulAccusativeobject of καθιστάνοντες
ἤγαγονbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἄγωmain verb→ constative aoristἄγω: 'lead, bring, conduct'; the aorist of a completed journey.
ἕωςas far aspreposition + genitive (extent)
ἈθηνῶνAthensGenitivegenitive governed by ἕωςἈθῆναι: Athens, the intellectual and cultural capital of the Greco-Roman world; Paul now operates in the heart of Greek philosophical culture.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λαβόντεςhaving receivedAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λαμβάνωadverbial participle (antecedent action)→ constative aorist
ἐντολὴνa commandAccusativedirect object of λαβόντεςἐντολή: 'command, instruction'; here = an oral commission Paul gave the escort to relay to Silas and Timothy.
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative (addressee of the command)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΣιλᾶνSilasAccusativeobject of πρός
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΤιμόθεονTimothyAccusativeobject of πρός (coordinated)
ἵναthatconjunction introducing content clause (indirect command)ἵνα: purpose/content conjunction; here introduces the content of the ἐντολή.
ὡςascomparative particle (with superlative: ὡς τάχιστα)
τάχισταquickly as possiblesuperlative adverbτάχιστα: superlative of ταχύ; ὡς τάχιστα = 'as quickly as possible'; an idiom of urgency.
ἔλθωσινthey should comeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιverb of ἵνα clause (purpose/indirect command)→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
ἐξῄεσανdepartedImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔξειμιmain verb→ progressive imperfect (departure in progress)ἔξειμι: 'go out, depart'; an imperfect depicting the escort beginning their return journey.
16

Ἐν δὲ ταῖς Ἀθήναις ἐκδεχομένου αὐτοὺς τοῦ Παύλου, παρωξύνετο τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ θεωροῦντος κατείδωλον οὖσαν τὴν πόλιν.

Now while Paul was waiting for them in Athens, his spirit was being provoked within him as he observed the city full of idols.

Scene-setting (Paul in Athens alone)δέThe genitive absolute (ἐκδεχομένου αὐτοὺς τοῦ Παύλου) sets the temporal frame. The imperfect παρωξύνετο pictures Paul's continuous inward agitation — a present-tense reaction to ongoing observation. κατείδωλον is a NT hapax of striking composition.
Ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
δέnowcontinuative conjunction
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἈθήναιςAthensDativedative of place
ἐκδεχομένουwaiting forPres Mid Ptc Gen Sg Masc · ἐκδέχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ progressive present (ongoing waiting)ἐκδέχομαι: 'wait for, expect'; a compound of ἐκ + δέχομαι; Paul's expectant waiting for Silas and Timothy.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of ἐκδεχομένου
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (subject of genitive absolute)
ΠαύλουPaulGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
παρωξύνετοwas being provokedImperf Pass Indic 3 Sg · παροξύνωmain verb→ progressive imperfect (continuous inward agitation)παροξύνω: 'sharpen, irritate, provoke'; LXX frequently of being provoked to righteous anger at idolatry (cf. Isa 65:3; Ps 106:29 LXX); Paul's reaction echoes Old Testament prophetic indignation.
τὸtheNominativearticle
πνεῦμαspiritNominativesubject of παρωξύνετοπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; here the human spirit/inner being (not the Holy Spirit) — Paul's deep personal agitation.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐνwithinpreposition + dative (sphere/location)
αὐτῷhimDativedative of sphere (in him = within him)
θεωροῦντοςas he observedPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · θεωρέωgenitive absolute (causal/temporal, with αὐτοῦ implied)→ progressive present (ongoing observation)θεωρέω: 'observe, contemplate, behold'; a sustained, reflective observation — Paul surveys the city systematically.
κατείδωλονfull of idolsAccusativepredicate adjective (object complement: 'the city being idol-full')κατείδωλος: 'full of idols, given over to idols'; a NT hapax of Paul's (or Luke's) coinage; κατά + εἴδωλον, intensifying to 'utterly idol-saturated'; Athens was famously the most religious and idol-rich city in the ancient world.
οὖσανbeingPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Fem · εἰμίparticiple in object complement construction (with τὴν πόλιν)→ progressive present
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of θεωροῦντος
17

διελέγετο μὲν οὖν ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις καὶ τοῖς σεβομένοις καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ κατὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν πρὸς τοὺς παρατυγχάνοντας.

So he was reasoning in the synagogue with the Jews and the devout persons, and in the marketplace every day with those who happened to be there.

Inferential continuation (Paul acts on his provocation)μὲν οὖνμὲν οὖν marks the inferential result of seeing the idol-filled city: Paul argues. The imperfect διελέγετο pictures continuous, repeated reasoning activity. The double venue — synagogue and agora — shows the expanding scope of mission in Athens.
διελέγετοhe was reasoningImperf Mid Indic 3 Sg · διαλέγομαιmain verb→ progressive imperfect (ongoing dialogical activity)διαλέγομαι: 'reason, discuss'; the middle deponent; Paul's standard synagogue method (cf. v.2; 18:4, 19; 19:8–9).
μὲνindeedaffirmative particle (μὲν οὖν)
οὖνthereforeinferential particle
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῇtheDativearticle
συναγωγῇsynagogueDativedative of place
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἸουδαίοιςJewsDativedative of association (with διελέγετο)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle
σεβομένοιςdevout personsPres Mid Ptc Dat Pl Masc · σέβομαιsubstantival participle (dative of association)→ progressive presentσέβομαι: 'worship, be devout'; the same category of God-fearers as in v.4 — Gentile adherents to the synagogue.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (new venue)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (second location)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀγορᾷmarketplaceDativedative of placeἀγορά: 'marketplace, public square'; the Athenian Agora was where Socrates himself had debated — a loaded venue for Paul's activity.
κατὰeverypreposition + accusative (distributive)
πᾶσανeveryAccusativeattributive adjective (distributive with κατά)
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of time (distributive)
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (association in dialogue)
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantivizing participle)
παρατυγχάνονταςwho happened to be therePres Act Ptc Acc Pl Masc · παρατυγχάνωsubstantival participle (object of πρός)→ progressive presentπαρατυγχάνω: 'happen to be present, chance to be there'; NT hapax; Paul engages whoever is available in the agora — unstructured open-air evangelism.
18

τινὲς δὲ καὶ τῶν Ἐπικουρείων καὶ Στοϊκῶν φιλοσόφων συνέβαλλον αὐτῷ, καί τινες ἔλεγον· Τί ἂν θέλοι ὁ σπερμολόγος οὗτος λέγειν; οἱ δέ· Ξένων δαιμονίων δοκεῖ καταγγελεὺς εἶναι· ὅτι τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν εὐηγγελίζετο.

And some also of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers were encountering him. And some were saying, 'What would this babbler wish to say?' Others said, 'He seems to be a proclaimer of foreign deities' — because he was proclaiming Jesus and the resurrection.

Narrative continuation (intellectual encounter)δέThe imperfect συνέβαλλον pictures ongoing encounters over time. Two distinct groups within the philosophers respond differently: dismissal (σπερμολόγος) and guarded curiosity about foreign religion. The ὅτι clause at the end is the narrator's interpretive explanation — Luke glosses the charge.
τινὲςsomeNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)
δέandcontinuative conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial καί (even, also)
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἘπικουρείωνEpicureanGenitivepartitive genitiveἘπικούρειος: 'Epicurean'; followers of Epicurus (341–270 BC), who held that the gods are uninvolved with human affairs and that the highest good is pleasure (ἡδονή) and ataraxia (tranquility); the resurrection would be particularly offensive to them.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΣτοϊκῶνStoicGenitivepartitive genitive (coordinated)Στοϊκός: 'Stoic'; followers of Zeno of Citium, who taught divine providence (λόγος), virtue as the highest good, and cosmic rational order; more sympathetic to Paul's natural theology (vv.28–29).
φιλοσόφωνphilosophersGenitivehead noun (partitive genitive phrase)φιλόσοφος: 'philosopher, lover of wisdom'; Luke presents these as Paul's intellectual interlocutors — the Athenian intelligentsia.
συνέβαλλονwere encounteringImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · συμβάλλωmain verb→ progressive imperfect (repeated encounters)συμβάλλω: 'throw together, meet, confer, engage'; in this context 'engage in conversation, debate'; the same verb for 'ponder' in Luke 2:19.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of association
καίandcoordinating conjunction
τινεςsomeNominativesubject (first group's response)
ἔλεγονwere sayingImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (introducing direct speech)→ progressive imperfect (repeated commentary)
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (direct object)
ἂνwouldmodal particle (with optative: potential)ἄν: modal particle; with optative θέλοι creates a potential optative — a polite/ironic 'what would this fellow want to say?'
θέλοιwishPres Act Opt 3 Sg · θέλωpotential optative (with ἄν)→ potential optativeθέλω: 'wish, want'; the optative of indirect/ironic question — a rhetorical dismissal.
thisNominativearticle
σπερμολόγοςbabblerNominativesubject (contemptuous appellation)σπερμολόγος: 'seed-picker, babbler, scavenger of ideas'; originally of birds picking up seeds; then of a petty trader or one who picks up scraps of learning — a term of Athenian intellectual contempt. NT hapax.
οὗτοςthis fellowNominativedemonstrative pronoun (contemptuous)
λέγεινto sayPres Act Inf · λέγωcomplementary infinitive→ progressive present
οἱothersNominativesubject (second group)
δέbutadversative/contrastive conjunction
Ξένωνof foreignGenitivegenitive (objective, modifying καταγγελεύς)ξένος: 'foreign, strange, alien'; the charge of introducing foreign deities (ξένα δαιμόνια) echoes the charge against Socrates (Plato, Apology 24b) — a pointed literary echo.
δαιμονίωνdeitiesGenitivegenitive (objective, coordinated with Ξένων)δαιμόνιον: in Greek (non-LXX) usage = 'divine being, deity, spirit'; not necessarily demonic; the charge is of introducing unauthorized religious novelties.
δοκεῖhe seemsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δοκέωmain verb (second opinion clause)→ gnomic presentδοκέω: 'seem, appear, think'; expresses a tentative verdict — these are more curious than contemptuous.
καταγγελεὺςa proclaimerNominativepredicate nominativeκαταγγελεύς: 'proclaimer, herald'; NT hapax; the agent noun of καταγγέλλω — echoes the missionary vocabulary Paul uses for himself.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive in indirect statement (after δοκεῖ)
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (narrator's explanation)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect object of εὐηγγελίζετο
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀνάστασινresurrectionAccusativedirect object (coordinated)ἀνάστασις: 'resurrection, rising'; later (v.32) the mention of ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν is the point that divides the audience. Some Athenians may have heard 'Anastasis' as a female deity paired with 'Iesous.'
εὐηγγελίζετοhe was proclaimingImperf Mid Indic 3 Sg · εὐαγγελίζωmain verb (narrator's causal clause)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing preaching)εὐαγγελίζω: 'proclaim good news'; the middle deponent; this is what Paul was doing habitually in the agora — preaching Jesus and the resurrection.
19

ἐπιλαβόμενοί τε αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν Ἄρειον Πάγον ἤγαγον, λέγοντες· Δυνάμεθα γνῶναι τίς ἡ καινὴ αὕτη ἡ ὑπὸ σοῦ λαλουμένη διδαχή;

And taking hold of him they brought him to the Areopagus, saying, 'May we know what this new teaching is that you are presenting?

Narrative continuation (formal referral to the Areopagus)τεWhether this is a formal trial or a less formal philosophical hearing is debated; the Areopagus was both the traditional court and a philosophical-religious advisory body. λέγοντες introduces a polite but pointed inquiry, not a charge.
ἐπιλαβόμενοίtaking hold ofAor Mid Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἐπιλαμβάνομαιadverbial participle (manner/means)→ constative aoristἐπιλαμβάνομαι: 'take hold of, seize, arrest'; the physical taking can be authoritative (arrest) or respectful accompaniment; context suggests the latter.
τεandenclitic connective
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive (object of ἐπιλαμβάνομαι)
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (destination/authority)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἌρειονAreopagusAccusativeobject of ἐπί (part of proper name)Ἄρειος Πάγος: 'Hill of Ares, Areopagus'; the rocky hill NW of the Acropolis; the ancient Athenian high court and philosophical-religious council, historically associated with scrutinizing foreign religious teachers.
ΠάγονHillAccusativeobject (second part of compound name)
ἤγαγονthey broughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἄγωmain verb→ constative aorist
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λέγωadverbial participle (manner)→ progressive present
Δυνάμεθαmay wePres Mid Indic 1 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (polite request/inquiry)→ progressive present (modal: 'are we able to = may we')δύναμαι: 'be able'; the first-person plural as a polite interrogative.
γνῶναιknowAor Act Inf · γινώσκωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of indirect question)
theNominativearticle
καινὴnewNominativeattributive adjectiveκαινός: 'new (qualitatively new)'; the Athenians' characteristic interest in novelty (v.21); this is a new teaching in their ears.
αὕτηthisNominativeattributive demonstrative adjective
the oneNominativearticle (substantivizing the following participle phrase)
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent in passive construction)
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive (agent of λαλουμένη)
λαλουμένηbeing spokenPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Fem · λαλέωattributive participle (modifying ἡ διδαχή)→ progressive present (being presented now)λαλέω: 'speak, utter'; used here for the oral presentation of teaching.
διδαχήteachingNominativesubject/predicate of indirect questionδιδαχή: 'teaching, doctrine'; the formal content of what Paul is presenting — they treat it as a coherent doctrine to be assessed.
20

ξενίζοντα γάρ τινα εἰσφέρεις εἰς τὰς ἀκοὰς ἡμῶν· βουλόμεθα οὖν γνῶναι τίνα θέλει ταῦτα εἶναι.

For you are bringing some strange things to our ears; we wish therefore to know what these things mean.'

Explanation (reason for inquiry)γάρThe γάρ introduces the reason for the inquiry: the things Paul has been saying sound strange (ξενίζοντα). The second clause (βουλόμεθα οὖν) is the direct conclusion — we want to understand. τίνα θέλει ταῦτα εἶναι is an indirect question: 'what these things want to be = what these things mean.'
ξενίζονταstrange thingsPres Act Ptc Acc Pl Neut · ξενίζωsubstantival participle (direct object)→ progressive presentξενίζω: 'surprise, astonish, be strange'; things that cause astonishment; the content of Paul's preaching is surprising to their cultivated ears.
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
τιναsomeAccusativeattributive pronoun
εἰσφέρειςyou are bringingPres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰσφέρωmain verb→ progressive present (ongoing introduction of strange ideas)εἰσφέρω: 'bring in, introduce'; used of introducing new things — here, of bringing foreign teachings into Athenian intellectual space.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction/recipient)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἀκοὰςearsAccusativeobject of εἰς (faculty of hearing, metonymy)ἀκοή: 'hearing, ear, report'; pl. 'our ears' — a metonymy for the faculty of hearing and comprehension.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession
βουλόμεθαwe wishPres Mid Indic 1 Pl · βούλομαιmain verb (second clause)→ progressive presentβούλομαι: 'wish, want, determine'; expresses deliberate desire — they genuinely want to understand.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle
γνῶναιto knowAor Act Inf · γινώσκωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
τίναwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object in indirect question)
θέλειmeansPres Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb of indirect question (idiomatic: 'want to be' = mean)→ gnomic presentθέλω: 'wish, want'; idiomatically τίνα θέλει ταῦτα εἶναι = 'what these things mean/intend to be' — a polite Greek idiom for seeking clarification.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject of indirect question
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive (in indirect question)
21

Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ πάντες καὶ οἱ ἐπιδημοῦντες ξένοι εἰς οὐδὲν ἕτερον ηὐκαίρουν ἢ λέγειν τι ἢ ἀκούειν τι καινότερον.

Now all the Athenians and the foreigners who lived there would spend their time in nothing else but telling or hearing something new.

Parenthetical narrator's commentδέA parenthetical ethnographic aside by Luke explaining why the Athenians were so ready to hear Paul. ηὐκαίρουν (imperfect of εὐκαιρέω) marks this as habitual Athenian behavior — a cultural observation echoing ancient commentators on Athenian intellectual curiosity (cf. Thucydides, Demosthenes). καινότερον is a comparative adjective used as a superlative: 'something newer' = 'the latest thing.'
ἈθηναῖοιAtheniansNominativesubjectἈθηναῖος: 'Athenian'; the inhabitants of Athens as a cultural collective — their love of novelty was proverbial in antiquity.
δέnowcontinuative/parenthetical conjunction
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective (sweeping generalization)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle (substantivizing the participle)
ἐπιδημοῦντεςresidingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἐπιδημέωsubstantival participle (subject, coordinated)→ progressive present (habitual residency)ἐπιδημέω: 'reside temporarily, be in town'; of foreigners living in Athens — the cosmopolitan mix of the Athenian intellectual scene.
ξένοιforeignersNominativepredicate/appositive nounξένος: 'foreigner, stranger'; cf. v.18 where Paul's content is called 'strange' (ξένα) — an irony: Paul himself is a foreigner among foreigners.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/goal)
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativeobject of εἰς (negated: 'for nothing else')
ἕτερονelseAccusativeadjective modifying οὐδένἕτερος: 'other, different'; εἰς οὐδὲν ἕτερον = 'for nothing other than.'
ηὐκαίρουνwould spend their timeImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · εὐκαιρέωmain verb→ habitual imperfectεὐκαιρέω: 'have leisure time, spend one's time'; the imperfect captures the habitual character of Athenian intellectual idleness.
butdisjunctive particle (limiting the negation)ἤ: 'or, than'; here after οὐδέν ἕτερον the first ἤ = 'than,' the second ἤ = 'or.'
λέγεινtellingPres Act Inf · λέγωcomplementary infinitive (object of ηὐκαίρουν)→ progressive present
τιsomethingAccusativeindefinite pronoun (object of λέγειν)
ordisjunctive conjunction
ἀκούεινhearingPres Act Inf · ἀκούωcomplementary infinitive (coordinated with λέγειν)→ progressive present
τιsomethingAccusativeindefinite pronoun (object of ἀκούειν)
καινότερονnewerAccusativeattributive adjective (comparative used as elative/superlative)καινός: 'new'; the comparative καινότερον functions as an elative ('the very latest thing') — the superlative of Athenian novelty-hunger.
22

Σταθεὶς δὲ Παῦλος ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ Ἀρείου Πάγου ἔφη· Ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, κατὰ πάντα ὡς δεισιδαιμονεστέρους ὑμᾶς θεωρῶ.

So Paul, standing in the midst of the Areopagus, said: 'Men of Athens, I observe that you are very religious in every respect.

Narrative pivot (the speech begins)δέΣταθεὶς is the standard verb for assuming the orator's stance — Paul takes the rhetorical floor. The address Ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι is a formal Greek rhetorical opening. The adjective δεισιδαιμονεστέρους is deliberately ambiguous: 'more religious' can be a compliment or 'more superstitious,' a critique; Paul navigates this diplomatically to gain a hearing.
ΣταθεὶςstandingAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἵστημιadverbial participle (manner/circumstantial — taking the speaker's position)→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'stand'; the passive aorist participle σταθείς is the standard idiom for taking the platform/speaker's stance in a formal address (cf. 2:14; 5:20; 11:13).
δέsocontinuative conjunction
ΠαῦλοςPaulNominativesubject
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
μέσῳthe midstDativedative of placeμέσος: 'middle'; ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ Ἀρείου Πάγου = at the center of the council — the rhetorical stage.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἈρείουAreopagusGenitivegenitive (part of proper noun, modifying Πάγου)
ΠάγουHillGenitivegenitive (head of compound name governed by ἐν μέσῳ)
ἔφηsaidImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb (introducing direct speech)→ progressive imperfect (formal speech act)φημί: 'say, affirm'; a more authoritative speech verb than λέγω; used for formal declarations and citations.
ἌνδρεςMenVocativevocative of addressἀνήρ: 'man'; Ἄνδρες + ethnic name is the standard Greek oratorical address (cf. 2:14, 22; 3:12; 7:2; 13:16).
Ἀθηναῖοιof AthensVocativevocative (appositive address)Ἀθηναῖος: 'Athenian'; the address respects civic identity and honors the audience.
κατὰinpreposition + accusative (respect/reference)
πάνταevery respectAccusativeaccusative of respect
ὡςascomparative particle (introducing predicate adjective)
δεισιδαιμονεστέρουςvery religiousAccusativepredicate adjective (object complement with θεωρῶ)δεισιδαίμων: 'reverent toward the divine, religious' (positive) or 'superstitious' (negative); the comparative δεισιδαιμονεστέρους is diplomatically ambiguous — Paul flatters before he confronts. The word appears only here in the NT.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative object of θεωρῶ
θεωρῶI observePres Act Indic 1 Sg · θεωρέωmain verb→ progressive present (ongoing observation)θεωρέω: 'observe, contemplate'; the same verb as in v.16, creating a verbal link — Paul's observation of the city (v.16) now becomes the basis of his address.
23

διερχόμενος γὰρ καὶ ἀναθεωρῶν τὰ σεβάσματα ὑμῶν εὗρον καὶ βωμὸν ἐν ᾧ ἐπεγέγραπτο· ΑΓΝΩΣΤΩ ΘΕΩ. ὃ οὖν ἀγνοοῦντες εὐσεβεῖτε, τοῦτο ἐγὼ καταγγέλλω ὑμῖν.

For as I passed through and observed the objects of your worship, I found also an altar on which was inscribed: 'TO AN UNKNOWN GOD.' What therefore you worship in ignorance, this I proclaim to you.

Ground (for the observation: the evidence)γάρThe γάρ introduces the evidential basis for calling them 'very religious.' The ΑΓΝΩΣΤΩ ΘΕΩ inscription is the rhetorical pivot: Paul takes an expression of Athenian religious uncertainty and identifies it as an unwitting witness to the God he now proclaims. ὃ ἀγνοοῦντες εὐσεβεῖτε is a daring and rhetorically brilliant move — their own religion witnesses against their ignorance.
διερχόμενοςpassing throughPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διέρχομαιadverbial participle (temporal/circumstantial)→ progressive present (ongoing passage through the city)διέρχομαι: 'pass through, travel through'; Paul physically surveyed the city's religious landscape before the speech.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀναθεωρῶνobservingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀναθεωρέωadverbial participle (manner, coordinated with διερχόμενος)→ progressive presentἀναθεωρέω: 'look up at, observe carefully, survey'; the ἀνά prefix adds the idea of looking up (at monuments, inscriptions) or looking carefully; NT hapax here and Heb 13:7.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
σεβάσματαobjects of worshipAccusativedirect object of ἀναθεωρῶνσέβασμα: 'object of worship, sacred object'; encompasses temples, altars, statues — the whole apparatus of Athenian religiosity. Pl. here and 2 Thess 2:4.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
εὗρονI foundAor Act Indic 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find, discover'; the aorist marks the decisive moment of discovery — a rhetorical ἐπίδειξις (display of evidence).
καὶalsoadverbial καί (even, also — highlighting the key discovery)
βωμὸνan altarAccusativedirect object of εὗρονβωμός: 'altar'; the place of sacrifice; ancient testimony (Pausanias, Diogenes Laertius) confirms altars to unknown gods in Athens.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (location of inscription)
whichDativerelative pronoun (locative, referring to βωμόν)
ἐπεγέγραπτοwas inscribedPlupf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιγράφωverb of relative clause→ intensive pluperfect (inscription still standing)ἐπιγράφω: 'write upon, inscribe'; the pluperfect ἐπεγέγραπτο indicates the inscription was already in place (a completed past act with present relevance) — it stands written.
ΑΓΝΩΣΤΩUNKNOWNDativedative (dedicatory inscription, dative of addressee)ἄγνωστος: 'unknown, unknowable'; from ἀ- + γινώσκω; the dative is the dedicatory case for altar inscriptions ('to X'). This is the rhetorical fulcrum of the entire address.
ΘΕΩGODDativedative (head noun of the inscription)θεός: 'god'; the inscription TO AN UNKNOWN GOD is attested in ancient sources; Paul uses Athenian religious hedging as the textual hook for his proclamation.
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative, object of καταγγέλλω; antecedent is τοῦτο)
οὖνthereforeinferential particle
ἀγνοοῦντεςin ignorancePres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀγνοέωadverbial participle (manner — worshipping without knowing)→ progressive presentἀγνοέω: 'not know, be ignorant'; cognate with ἄγνωστος (v.23a) — the wordplay ties their worship to their ignorance, which God has now moved to resolve.
εὐσεβεῖτεyou worshipPres Act Indic 2 Pl · εὐσεβέωmain verb (relative clause)→ progressive present (habitual worship)εὐσεβέω: 'worship, be pious toward'; acknowledges genuine, if ignorant, religious devotion — Paul does not call them impious.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative pronoun (resumptive of ὅ — emphatic fronting)
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
καταγγέλλωproclaimPres Act Indic 1 Sg · καταγγέλλωmain verb (the apostolic declaration)→ progressive present (proclamatory force)καταγγέλλω: 'proclaim, announce publicly'; the missionary/herald's verb — Paul positions himself not as a philosopher but as a herald of revelation.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of indirect object
24

ὁ θεὸς ὁ ποιήσας τὸν κόσμον καὶ πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ, οὗτος οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς κύριος ὑπάρχων οὐκ ἐν χειροποιήτοις ναοῖς κατοικεῖ,

The God who made the world and everything in it, being Lord of heaven and earth, does not dwell in temples made by hands,

Proclamation — first predication (Creator and Lord)asyndetonAsyndeton opens the theological proclamation with majestic weight. The attributive participial phrase ὁ ποιήσας τὸν κόσμον is the primary identification of the God who is ΑΓΝΩΣΤΩ ΘΕΩ — a direct allusion to Genesis 1 and Isaiah 42:5. The negative κατοικεῖ ('does not dwell') counters pagan temple theology — God is not housed by human architecture.
theNominativearticle (subject of the sentence)
θεὸςGodNominativesubjectθεός: 'God'; Paul uses the generic Greek term but fills it with the content of Old Testament revelation — the Creator of Gen 1.
the one whoNominativearticle (substantivizing the following participle)
ποιήσαςmadeAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ποιέωattributive participle (defining God as Creator)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make, create'; echoes Gen 1:1 LXX (ποιέω) and Isa 42:5 — the God of Scripture is identified by creation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κόσμονworldAccusativedirect object of ποιήσαςκόσμος: 'world, universe, ordered whole'; a Stoic and general Greek term for the universe that Paul fills with OT content.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object (coordinated, comprehensive)
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantivizing the following prepositional phrase)
ἐνinpreposition + dative
αὐτῷitDativedative of place (referring to κόσμος)
οὗτοςheNominativesubject (resumptive demonstrative — re-identifies the antecedent ὁ θεός)
οὐρανοῦof heavenGenitivegenitive (governed by κύριος)οὐρανός: 'heaven, sky'; part of the merism 'heaven and earth' = the entire cosmos; an OT formula (Gen 14:19; Ps 115:15).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (coordinated merism with οὐρανοῦ)γῆ: 'earth, land'; the second element of the merism 'heaven and earth.'
κύριοςLordNominativepredicate nominative (with ὑπάρχων)κύριος: 'Lord'; the LXX title for YHWH — Paul applies the LXX's supreme title to the God being proclaimed.
ὑπάρχωνbeingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ὑπάρχωadverbial participle (concessive/causal with predicate nominative κύριος)→ progressive present (inherent, ongoing status)ὑπάρχω: 'be, exist, belong to'; stronger than εἰμί — it emphasizes inherent, essential existence; 'being by nature Lord of heaven and earth.'
οὐκnotnegation
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location — negated)
χειροποιήτοιςhand-madeDativeattributive adjective (modifying ναοῖς)χειροποίητος: 'made by hands'; the LXX/NT term for human-manufactured cult objects and buildings (cf. Isa 16:12; Mark 14:58; Acts 7:48; Heb 9:11); the antithesis to the Creator of v.24a.
ναοῖςtemplesDativedative of place (object of ἐν)ναός: 'temple, sanctuary'; the inner shrine (distinct from the broader ἱερόν); Athens was full of naoi — Paul's polemic targets the very architecture surrounding them.
κατοικεῖdwellPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb→ gnomic present (universal truth)κατοικέω: 'dwell, inhabit'; with the negation = God does not make a human-built house his permanent residence — echoing Stephen's speech (7:48) and Solomon's prayer (1 Kgs 8:27).
25

οὐδὲ ὑπὸ χειρῶν ἀνθρωπίνων θεραπεύεται προσδεόμενός τινος, αὐτὸς διδοὺς πᾶσιν ζωὴν καὶ πνοὴν καὶ τὰ πάντα·

nor is he served by human hands as though he needed anything, since he himself gives to all people life and breath and everything.

Continuation (second negative predication — God needs nothing)οὐδέThe οὐδέ continues the negative theology: not only does God not dwell in hand-made temples, he does not need human service. The participial phrase προσδεόμενός τινος ('needing anything') is the key — this stands against all pagan cult as fundamentally misconceiving the divine nature. The positive counter (αὐτὸς διδοὺς) reverses the direction: God gives, he does not receive.
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction (continuing the negation from v.24)οὐδέ: 'nor, not even'; extends the negation to a second predication.
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent in passive construction)
χειρῶνhandsGenitivegenitive (agent — 'by hands')χείρ: 'hand'; picks up the χειροποίητος of v.24 — both the temple and the service are 'of hands.'
ἀνθρωπίνωνhumanGenitiveattributive genitive adjectiveἀνθρώπινος: 'human, belonging to mankind'; the adjective stresses the creaturely limitation of what is offered — human service cannot add to the divine.
θεραπεύεταιis servedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · θεραπεύωmain verb→ gnomic presentθεραπεύω: primarily 'heal, cure' but also 'serve, attend to'; in a cultic context = 'render cultic service, tend'; Paul denies that God needs attendants as pagan deities were thought to require.
προσδεόμενόςneedingPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · προσδέομαιadverbial participle (causal/concessive — explaining the negation)→ progressive present (inherent disposition)προσδέομαι: 'need in addition, have further need of'; a NT hapax; the πρός prefix intensifies — not merely 'need' but 'need something more,' implying God is wholly self-sufficient.
τινοςanythingGenitivegenitive (object of προσδεόμενός)
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeemphatic pronoun (contrast: God is the giver, not the receiver)
διδοὺςgivingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · δίδωμιadverbial participle (causal/circumstantial — the positive ground of the negation)→ progressive present (continuous, universal giving)δίδωμι: 'give'; God is the universal donor — the direction of dependency is wholly reversed.
πᾶσινto allDativedative of indirect object (universal beneficiary)
ζωὴνlifeAccusativedirect object of διδοὺςζωή: 'life'; the most basic and comprehensive divine gift — existence itself.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πνοὴνbreathAccusativedirect object (coordinated)πνοή: 'breath, wind'; echoes Gen 2:7 LXX (ἐνεφύσησεν πνοὴν ζωῆς) — the divine breath that animates humanity.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object (comprehensive — 'everything')πᾶς: 'all, every'; τὰ πάντα = the totality — Paul uses the Stoic/LXX formula for the whole of creation as God's gift.
26

ἐποίησέν τε ἐξ ἑνὸς πᾶν ἔθνος ἀνθρώπων κατοικεῖν ἐπὶ παντὸς προσώπου τῆς γῆς, ὁρίσας προστεταγμένους καιροὺς καὶ τὰς ὁροθεσίας τῆς κατοικίας αὐτῶν,

And he made from one every nation of mankind to dwell on all the face of the earth, having determined their appointed times and the boundaries of their dwelling places,

Continuation (third predication — creator of nations and history)τεThe τε links to the previous verse's declaration. ἐξ ἑνὸς ('from one') is a textually significant short reading (NA28, SBLGNT omit αἵματος) — the reference to Adam is implied. The two aorist participles (ὁρίσας, προστεταγμένους) indicate prior divine determination of both epochs and territories — a claim that speaks both to Greek interest in divine providence (Stoic λόγος) and to OT theology (Deut 32:8).
ἐποίησένmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (continuing the Creator predications)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make, create'; the same verb as in v.24 (ὁ ποιήσας τὸν κόσμον) — the Creator of all is also the creator of all nations.
τεandenclitic connective (continuing the speech)
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source/origin)
ἑνὸςoneGenitivegenitive (source — 'from one [man/ancestor]')εἷς: 'one'; the short reading ἐξ ἑνός (without αἵματος, 'blood') refers to Adam as the common human ancestor, stressing universal human kinship before God.
πᾶνeveryAccusativeattributive adjective
ἔθνοςnationAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησέν (with infinitive κατοικεῖν)ἔθνος: 'nation, people group'; the universality — every nation from one ancestor — grounds the claim that all peoples may find the one God.
ἀνθρώπωνof menGenitivegenitive of species/partitive
κατοικεῖνto dwellPres Act Inf · κατοικέωcomplementary infinitive (purpose/result of ἐποίησέν)→ progressive presentκατοικέω: 'dwell, inhabit'; Paul uses the same verb he denied of God (v.24) — God does not dwell in temples, but he made humans to dwell on the earth.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (surface/extent)
παντὸςallGenitiveattributive adjective
προσώπουthe faceGenitivegenitive governed by ἐπίπρόσωπον: 'face, surface'; 'on all the face of the earth' is a Hebraism (LXX: ἐπὶ προσώπου τῆς γῆς = פְּנֵי הָאָרֶץ) — Paul draws on OT idiom even in a Greek speech.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (of surface)
ὁρίσαςhaving determinedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ὁρίζωadverbial participle (manner/means of the making)→ constative aoristὁρίζω: 'determine, define, set boundaries'; from ὅρος ('boundary, definition'); God's creative act includes sovereign setting of temporal and spatial limits — divine providence.
προστεταγμένουςappointedPerf Pass Ptc Acc Pl Masc · προστάσσωattributive participle (modifying καιρούς)→ intensive perfect (divinely pre-ordained)προστάσσω: 'command, appoint, prescribe'; the perfect passive emphasizes the fixed, pre-ordained character of the epochs — they were set in advance.
καιροὺςtimesAccusativedirect object of ὁρίσαςκαιρός: 'appointed time, season'; distinct from χρόνος (clock-time) — these are qualitatively significant epochs in history, not mere durations.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ὁροθεσίαςboundariesAccusativedirect object (coordinated with καιρούς)ὁροθεσία: 'boundary-setting, boundary'; NT hapax; from ὅρος + τίθημι — God places the territorial limits of nations (cf. Deut 32:8 LXX).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
κατοικίαςdwellingGenitivegenitive (of the dwelling place — objective genitive)κατοικία: 'dwelling, habitation'; echoes κατοικεῖν above — God determines not only that nations dwell but where they dwell.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
27

ζητεῖν τὸν θεόν, εἰ ἄρα γε ψηλαφήσειαν αὐτὸν καὶ εὕροιεν, καί γε οὐ μακρὰν ἀπὸ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου ἡμῶν ὑπάρχοντα.

that they should seek God, in the hope that they might feel their way toward him and find him — though indeed he is not far from each one of us.

Purpose (divine intent behind the providential ordering)asyndetonThe infinitive ζητεῖν is the purpose of God's providential ordering of nations (v.26). The two optatives ψηλαφήσειαν and εὕροιεν are potential optatives of cautious possibility — seeking God is possible but uncertain on the human side, which is why Paul argues God has now acted to remove the uncertainty. The γε in καί γε gives a concessive nuance: 'even though (or: and indeed) he is not far.' The irony: the God they 'grope' for is near.
ζητεῖνto seekPres Act Inf · ζητέωinfinitive of purpose (governed by ὁρίσας of v.26)→ progressive present (ongoing seeking)ζητέω: 'seek, search for'; the divine ordering of history has the purpose of prompting all people to seek God — a universal missionary theology.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativedirect object of ζητεῖν
εἰifconditional particle (introducing potential optative: 'in the hope that')εἰ: 'if'; with optative mood creates a potential condition — the seeking aims at a possibility.
ἄραperhapsinferential/tentative particleἄρα: inferential particle expressing result or possibility; with εἰ γε = 'if perchance.'
γεindeedenclitic emphatic particle (intensifying ἄρα)γε: emphatic/restrictive particle; εἰ ἄρα γε = 'in the hope that perhaps.'
ψηλαφήσειανthey might feel their way towardAor Act Opt 3 Pl · ψηλαφάωverb of potential optative (content of the conditional hope)→ potential optativeψηλαφάω: 'touch, feel, grope'; used of blind or fumbling touch (Gen 27:12, 21 LXX; Luke 24:39); the image is of humanity reaching out in the dark for God — a powerful metaphor for natural-theological search.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ψηλαφήσειαν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὕροιενfindAor Act Opt 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωverb of potential optative (coordinated with ψηλαφήσειαν)→ potential optativeεὑρίσκω: 'find'; the goal of the groping — that they might find God. The two optatives form a hendiadys: groping and finding.
καίand yetadverbial καί (concessive/additive)
γεindeedemphatic particleγε: emphasizes the following clause; καί γε = 'and indeed, and yet.'
οὐnotnegation
μακρὰνfarAccusativeaccusative of distance (adverbial)μακράν: 'far away'; accusative used adverbially; the irony: the God people grope for is not far — natural theology's limit, and revelation's answer.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation/distance from)
ἑνὸςeachGenitivegenitive (partitive, with ἑκάστου)
ἑκάστουoneGenitivegenitive (distributive: 'each one')ἕκαστος: 'each'; ἑνὸς ἑκάστου = 'each and every one' — the universality of God's nearness.
ἡμῶνof usGenitivegenitive of possession (inclusive — Paul includes himself with the audience)
ὑπάρχονταbeingPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Masc · ὑπάρχωparticiple in indirect statement (predicate of implied εἶναι with αὐτόν implied)→ progressive present (God's constant nearness)ὑπάρχω: 'exist, be'; emphasizes essential, inherent existence — God's nearness is not occasional but ontological.
28

ἐν αὐτῷ γὰρ ζῶμεν καὶ κινούμεθα καὶ ἐσμέν, ὡς καί τινες τῶν καθ' ὑμᾶς ποιητῶν εἰρήκασιν· Τοῦ γὰρ καὶ γένος ἐσμέν.

for 'In him we live and move and have our being'; as even some of your own poets have said, 'For we are indeed his offspring.'

Ground (scriptural/poetic testimony to God's nearness)γάρThe γάρ introduces the supporting testimony for God's nearness (v.27). The first citation ('in him we live...') is likely Epimenides of Crete (6th c. BC; also cited Titus 1:12) or possibly a Stoic poet; the second citation is from Aratus of Soli, Phaenomena 5 (3rd c. BC): Τοῦ γὰρ καὶ γένος ἐσμέν. Paul cites pagan Stoic poets not to endorse their theology wholesale, but because their language of human kinship with the divine provides common ground for his argument about the Creator-Father.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere of existence)
αὐτῷhimDativedative of sphere/location (in God as ground of being)
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunction
ζῶμενwe livePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ζάωmain verb (first member of poetic triad)→ gnomic present (universal truth)ζάω: 'live'; the first of the three verbs of existence — all life is grounded in God.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κινούμεθαmovePres Mid Indic 1 Pl · κινέωmain verb (second member)→ gnomic presentκινέω: 'move, stir'; all motion and activity occurs within God as its enabling ground — a concept resonant with Stoic immanence but re-grounded in OT creation theology.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐσμένhave our beingPres Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (third member — existence itself)→ gnomic presentεἰμί: 'be'; the triad ζῶμεν / κινούμεθα / ἐσμέν encompasses all aspects of creaturely existence — life, activity, being.
ὡςascomparative conjunction (introducing a supporting citation)
καίalsoadverbial καί (even, also)
τινεςsomeNominativesubject of εἰρήκασιν
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
καθ'amongpreposition + accusative (reference/affiliation)κατά: 'according to, among'; τῶν καθ' ὑμᾶς = 'those [poets] who are among you, your own poets.'
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of κατά (your/among you)
ποιητῶνpoetsGenitivepartitive genitiveποιητής: 'poet, maker'; τινες τῶν ποιητῶν = 'some of the poets'; Paul cites Greek poets, not as inspired Scripture but as common-ground witnesses.
εἰρήκασινhave saidPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (citation formula)→ intensive perfect (words that stand on record)λέγω: 'say'; the perfect emphasizes the ongoing authority of the cited words — they remain on record.
ΤοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (God's offspring)The genitive Τοῦ refers to Zeus/God in Aratus — Paul adapts the reference to the Creator God he has been describing.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (within the citation)
καὶalsoadverbial καί (emphatic: 'indeed')
γένοςoffspringNominativepredicate nominativeγένος: 'race, offspring, kind'; in Aratus (Phaenomena 5) refers to humanity as offspring of Zeus; Paul applies it to the Creator God of Scripture — a bold apologetic reappropriation.
ἐσμένwe arePres Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίcopulative verb (within citation)→ gnomic present
29

γένος οὖν ὑπάρχοντες τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ὀφείλομεν νομίζειν χρυσῷ ἢ ἀργύρῳ ἢ λίθῳ, χαράγματι τέχνης καὶ ἐνθυμήσεως ἀνθρώπου, τὸ θεῖον εἶναι ὅμοιον.

Being then God's offspring, we ought not to think that the divine being is like gold or silver or stone, an image formed by the art and imagination of man.

Inference (from the poetic citation to the anti-idol conclusion)οὖνThe οὖν draws the logical conclusion from the poetic citation: if we are God's offspring (γένος), then God must be of a different order than material images. This is natural theology's reductio ad absurdum of idolatry: to make God in the image of metal or stone is to make the offspring superior to the parent. Paul's argument moves from poetry to polemics.
γένοςoffspringNominativepredicate nominative (with ὑπάρχοντες — 'being offspring')γένος: picks up the citation's word (v.28) — Paul re-applies it immediately to drive the argument.
οὖνthereforeinferential particle
ὑπάρχοντεςbeingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ὑπάρχωadverbial participle (causal — 'since we are offspring')→ progressive presentὑπάρχω: 'be, exist'; used again (cf. vv.24, 27) — a Lukan-Pauline signature for essential existence.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationship (God as parent/source)
οὐκnotnegation
ὀφείλομενwe oughtPres Act Indic 1 Pl · ὀφείλωmain verb (deontic: moral obligation)→ progressive present (ongoing moral duty)ὀφείλω: 'owe, ought'; the deontic force — it is a moral and logical debt not to think of God as material.
νομίζεινto thinkPres Act Inf · νομίζωcomplementary infinitive→ progressive presentνομίζω: 'consider, think, suppose'; also used of conventional/customary belief — Paul targets both popular and philosophical conceptions of the divine.
χρυσῷgoldDativedative (predicative — with ὅμοιον: 'like gold')χρυσός: 'gold'; the most valuable material — Paul lists the materials of Athenian cult statuary in ascending order of absurdity.
ordisjunctive conjunction
ἀργύρῳsilverDativedative (coordinated with χρυσῷ)ἄργυρος: 'silver'; second precious metal in the cult-image trio.
ordisjunctive conjunction
λίθῳstoneDativedative (coordinated — common material for Athenian sculpture)λίθος: 'stone'; the marble of the Acropolis sculptures — Athens's most famous cult images were carved marble.
χαράγματιan imageDativedative (in apposition to the material triad, defining what kind of gold/silver/stone)χάραγμα: 'mark, imprint, graven image'; from χαράσσω ('engrave'); the product of craft applied to material — the image as artifact.
τέχνηςartGenitivegenitive of source/kind (with ἐνθυμήσεως)τέχνη: 'art, skill, craft'; the human artisan's competence — the image is no more than the skill of its maker.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνθυμήσεωςimaginationGenitivegenitive of source (the mental conception behind the craft)ἐνθύμησις: 'thought, conception, imagination'; from ἐν + θυμός; the mental design preceding the physical artifact — idols are doubly human: conceived and crafted.
ἀνθρώπουof manGenitivegenitive of agent/author (the human who devises and makes)ἄνθρωπος: 'man, human being'; closes the polemic — the image is entirely a human product, not divine revelation.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the adjective)
θεῖονdivine beingAccusativeobject of νομίζειν (in indirect statement with εἶναι ὅμοιον)θεῖος: 'divine'; τὸ θεῖον = 'the divine nature, the Godhead'; Paul uses the Greek philosophical term (not θεός) to communicate within their categories.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive in indirect statement (object of νομίζειν)
ὅμοιονlikeAccusativepredicate adjective (in indirect statement)ὅμοιος: 'like, similar'; the divine cannot be 'like' a human artifact — Paul's anti-idolatry argument stands in the OT prophetic tradition (Isa 40:18–20; 44:9–20).
30

τοὺς μὲν οὖν χρόνους τῆς ἀγνοίας ὑπεριδὼν ὁ θεός, τὰ νῦν παραγγέλλει τοῖς ἀνθρώποις πάντας πανταχοῦ μετανοεῖν,

The times of ignorance God overlooked, but now he commands all people everywhere to repent,

Contrast and inference (past tolerance to present command)μὲν οὖνμὲν οὖν signals the transition from theological exposition to moral demand — the hinge of the speech. The contrast is temporal: past times of ignorance (ἀγνοίας, picking up ἀγνοοῦντες of v.23) God 'overlooked' (ὑπεριδὼν — not approved, but tolerated); τὰ νῦν ('the now') is the eschatological present ushered in by the resurrection. The universal scope is emphatic: πάντας πανταχοῦ — all people everywhere.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (object — fronted for emphasis)
μὲνon the one handcontrastive particle (μὲν ... δέ anticipated in v.31)
οὖνthereforeinferential/transitional particle (μὲν οὖν)
χρόνουςtimesAccusativedirect object of ὑπεριδὼν (fronted)χρόνος: 'time, duration, period'; the pl. = the long historical epochs of ignorance — all of human history before the apostolic proclamation.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ἀγνοίαςignoranceGenitivegenitive (characterizing the times — 'times of ignorance')ἄγνοια: 'ignorance'; from ἀ- + γινώσκω; verbal echo of ἄγνωστος (v.23) and ἀγνοοῦντες (v.23) — the motif of ignorance frames the whole speech.
ὑπεριδὼνoverlookedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ὑπεράωadverbial participle (temporal/concessive — 'having overlooked')→ constative aoristὑπεράω / ὑπεροράω: 'overlook, disregard'; God did not punish ignorant worship but let it pass — a theological claim about divine patience; distinct from approval (cf. Rom 3:25 πάρεσιν).
theNominativearticle
θεόςGodNominativesubject
τὰtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing the adverb νῦν)
νῦνnowAccusativeadverb (substantivized by τά = 'the now, the present moment')νῦν: 'now'; τὰ νῦν is an idiom for 'the present time/situation'; the eschatological now of the apostolic era.
παραγγέλλειcommandsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · παραγγέλλωmain verb (the divine command)→ progressive present (the standing divine command of this age)παραγγέλλω: 'command, charge, order'; a military/official command term — God's word is not a suggestion but a universal order.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἀνθρώποιςpeopleDativedative of indirect object (universal recipient)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; the universal recipient — no ethnic or social qualification.
πάνταςallAccusativeaccusative (object of μετανοεῖν — subject of the infinitive; emphatic universality)
πανταχοῦeverywhereadverb of place (universal scope)πανταχοῦ: 'everywhere, in every place'; with πάντας creates a double universal — all people, everywhere — the scope of the command to repent.
μετανοεῖνto repentPres Act Inf · μετανοέωcomplementary infinitive (content of παραγγέλλει)→ progressive present (ongoing, continuous repentance required)μετανοέω: 'repent, change one's mind/direction'; from μετά + νοέω; the comprehensive reorientation of mind and life toward God — the single demand of the new era.
31

καθότι ἔστησεν ἡμέραν ἐν ᾗ μέλλει κρίνειν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ ἐν ἀνδρὶ ᾧ ὥρισεν, πίστιν παρασχὼν πᾶσιν ἀναστήσας αὐτὸν ἐκ νεκρῶν.

because he has fixed a day on which he will judge the world in righteousness by a man whom he has appointed; and of this he has given assurance to all by raising him from the dead.

Ground (reason for the command to repent)καθότικαθότι is the causal ground for the command of v.30: repent, because judgment is coming. The speech climaxes in two christological facts: (a) there is a fixed day of judgment, and (b) it will be executed by a specific man — unnamed but identifiable from ἀναστήσας (the Risen One). The resurrection is the πίστις ('proof, assurance') — not the object of faith here but the public demonstration (cf. Paul's use of πίστις in Rom 3:25).
καθότιbecausecausal conjunctionκαθότι: 'because, inasmuch as'; a Lukan causal conjunction (cf. 2:24, 45; 4:35; Luke 1:7; 19:9); gives the ground for the command to repent.
ἔστησενhas fixedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb→ constative aorist (divine appointment already made)ἵστημι: 'set, fix, establish'; the aorist marks the day as already established — a fixed point in God's plan, not contingent on human response.
ἡμέρανa dayAccusativedirect object of ἔστησενἡμέρα: 'day'; the eschatological day of judgment (cf. Rom 2:16; 2 Cor 1:14; Phil 1:6, 10) — a fixed appointment in divine history.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal: 'on which')
whichDativerelative pronoun (temporal dative referring to ἡμέραν)
μέλλειhe willPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλλωmain verb (futuristic with complementary infinitive)→ futuristic present (imminent/certain future)μέλλω: 'be about to, intend'; with the infinitive expresses certain future action — the judgment is not speculative but guaranteed.
κρίνεινjudgePres Act Inf · κρίνωcomplementary infinitive→ progressive present (ongoing, comprehensive judgment)κρίνω: 'judge, discern'; the comprehensive eschatological judgment of all human history.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκουμένηνworldAccusativedirect object of κρίνεινοἰκουμένη: 'the inhabited world'; the same word the mob used in v.6 of Paul 'turning the world upside down' — an ironic echo: the world will be judged.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner/standard)
δικαιοσύνῃrighteousnessDativedative of manner (the standard of judgment)δικαιοσύνη: 'righteousness, justice'; the judgment will be just — a claim both philosophically satisfying to Stoics and biblically grounded (Ps 9:8; 96:13 LXX).
ἐνbypreposition + dative (agency/instrument)
ἀνδρὶa manDativedative of agent (the judge)ἀνήρ: 'man'; the Judge is deliberately not named — the audience must ask who this man is; the answer comes implicitly in ἀναστήσας at the end of the verse.
whomDativerelative pronoun (dative, referring to ἀνδρί)
ὥρισενhe appointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁρίζωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristὁρίζω: 'determine, appoint'; the same verb as in v.26 (the appointment of times and seasons) — God's purposes in creation are consummated in judgment.
πίστινassuranceAccusativedirect object of παρασχὼν (the proof provided)πίστις: here 'pledge, proof, assurance' (BDAG 3c) — not 'faith' as in Pauline soteriology, but evidential demonstration; the resurrection is the public proof of God's appointment of the Judge.
παρασχὼνhaving givenAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · παρέχωadverbial participle (means — how the appointment is confirmed)→ constative aoristπαρέχω: 'provide, offer, give'; God provides the public demonstration — the resurrection functions as the divine credential.
πᾶσινto allDativedative of indirect object (universal audience of the proof)
ἀναστήσαςby raisingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιadverbial participle (means/instrument of giving the proof)→ constative aoristἀνίστημι: 'raise up, resurrect'; the transitive aorist — God raised him; the resurrection of Jesus is the pivot on which the entire speech turns and on which the audience divides (v.32).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀναστήσας (Jesus — unnamed but implied)
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source of resurrection)
νεκρῶνthe deadGenitivegenitive (standard resurrection formula)νεκρός: 'dead'; the standard NT resurrection formula ἐκ νεκρῶν; the resurrection claim is what divides the audience in v.32.
32

Ἀκούσαντες δὲ ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν, οἱ μὲν ἐχλεύαζον, οἱ δὲ εἶπαν· Ἀκουσόμεθά σου περὶ τούτου καὶ πάλιν.

Now when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked, but others said, 'We will hear you again about this.'

Result (the divided response to the resurrection claim)δέThe speech ends and the audience divides — ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν is the fault line. The μέν ... δέ antithesis structures the three responses: mockers, deferrers, believers (v.34). The imperfect ἐχλεύαζον pictures the mockers' ongoing derision. Epicureans, who denied bodily resurrection and held that death is the end, would be most offended; Stoics believed in the dissolution of the soul.
ἈκούσαντεςhearingAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωadverbial participle (temporal — 'when they heard')→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; the decisive hearing — the resurrection claim is the auditory trigger for the divided response.
δέnowcontinuative/transitional conjunction
ἀνάστασινresurrectionAccusativedirect object of Ἀκούσαντεςἀνάστασις: 'resurrection'; the central and offensive claim that triggers the split — a bodily resurrection was philosophically absurd to the Greek mind.
νεκρῶνof the deadGenitivegenitive (objective — resurrection from the dead)
οἱsomeNominativearticle (substantivizing — 'the ones who')
μὲνon the one handcontrastive particle (μέν ... δέ antithesis)
ἐχλεύαζονmockedImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · χλευάζωmain verb (first group's response)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing ridicule)χλευάζω: 'mock, scoff, jeer'; a strong term for derisive ridicule — the imperfect pictures continued sneering.
οἱothersNominativearticle (substantivizing — second group)
δέbutadversative conjunction (completing the μέν ... δέ)
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (second group's response)→ constative aorist
Ἀκουσόμεθάwe will hearFut Mid Indic 1 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (within direct speech)→ futuristic future (deferral of decision)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the future tense = polite deferral — not rejection, but not yet commitment; they want more time.
σουyouGenitivegenitive (object of ἀκούω with genitive of person)
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (topic)
τούτουthisGenitivegenitive (topic — the resurrection)
καὶagainadverbial conjunction (with πάλιν: 'again')
πάλινagainadverb of repetition ('at another time')πάλιν: 'again, once more'; they are not hostile but are deferring — a polite Athenian postponement.
33

οὕτως ὁ Παῦλος ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ μέσου αὐτῶν.

So Paul went out from their midst.

Narrative conclusion (Paul departs the Areopagus)οὕτωςThe summary departure verse is deliberately brief — a stark narrative close after the oratorical climax. οὕτως ('so, in this way') implies the speech ended without being halted by violence or arrest, unlike Thessalonica (vv.5–9). Paul's departure is quiet, not triumphant; the result is partial and mixed, which is Lukan realism.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (summarizing the outcome)οὕτως: 'thus, in this way'; a narrative summary adverb tying the departure to the preceding scene.
theNominativearticle
ΠαῦλοςPaulNominativesubject
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, depart'; the simple, undramatic departure contrasts with the grand speech — Luke allows the mixed response to stand without editorial moralizing.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
μέσουthe midstGenitivegenitive governed by ἐκμέσος: 'middle, midst'; ἐκ μέσου = 'from the midst of' — the formal exit from the council's deliberative space.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive of association (the Areopagus council/audience)
34

τινὲς δὲ ἄνδρες κολληθέντες αὐτῷ ἐπίστευσαν, ἐν οἷς καὶ Διονύσιος ὁ Ἀρεοπαγίτης καὶ γυνὴ ὀνόματι Δάμαρις καὶ ἕτεροι σὺν αὐτοῖς.

But some men joined him and believed, among whom also were Dionysius the Areopagite and a woman named Damaris and others with them.

Adversative-conclusory (the believing remnant, third response)δέThe chapter closes with the third response: genuine faith. τινὲς δέ creates the contrast with the mockers and deferrers. Luke names two individuals: Dionysius the Areopagite (a member of the council — the most socially significant convert) and Damaris (a woman, Luke's characteristic attention to female converts; her name is otherwise unattested, making this a Lukan rarity). The result at Athens was small but real — a seed planted in the intellectual heart of the Greek world.
τινὲςsomeNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)
δέbutadversative/contrastive conjunction
ἄνδρεςmenNominativenoun in apposition to τινέςἀνήρ: 'man'; Luke specifies that believers included both men (here) and women (Damaris below).
κολληθέντεςjoiningAor Pass Ptc Nom Pl Masc · κολλάωadverbial participle (manner — the mode of believing)→ constative aoristκολλάω: 'join, adhere, cling to'; passive = 'being joined/attached'; the same verb for genuine attachment in Acts 5:13; 8:29; 9:26; the image is of bonding or gluing oneself to Paul.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of association (the one joined to)
ἐπίστευσανbelievedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πιστεύωmain verb→ constative aoristπιστεύω: 'believe, trust'; the decisive response — joining and believing are the two marks of genuine conversion in Luke's narrative pattern.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (inclusion/partitive)
οἷςwhomDativerelative pronoun (partitive — 'among whom')
καὶalsoadverbial καί (highlighting the notable ones)
ΔιονύσιοςDionysiusNominativesubject (named individual — appositive to ἐν οἷς)Διονύσιος: a member of the Areopagus council — his conversion is socially and institutionally significant; later Christian tradition made him the first bishop of Athens.
theNominativearticle (identifying title)
ἈρεοπαγίτηςAreopagiteNominativeappositive noun (official title)Ἀρεοπαγίτης: 'member of the Areopagus'; Luke's specificity here — naming a council-member as a convert — functions as both historical testimony and apologetic evidence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γυνὴa womanNominativesubject (coordinated)γυνή: 'woman'; Luke's consistent highlighting of female converts (cf. 16:14; 17:4, 12) — Damaris is the Athenian counterpart to Lydia of Philippi.
ὀνόματιnamedDativedative of respect ('by name')ὄνομα: 'name'; the dative ὀνόματι = 'by name, named'; the formula introduces the specific name.
ΔάμαριςDamarisNominativepredicate nominative (the name)Δάμαρις: a female name otherwise unattested in the NT or Greek papyri — possibly a Lukan rarity; her prominence alongside Dionysius suggests she was a woman of social standing.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἕτεροιothersNominativesubject (coordinated — unnamed believers)ἕτερος: 'other, another'; the unnamed others form the nucleus of the Athenian church — small, but real.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (association)
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative of association (with Dionysius and Damaris)