Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 18ΠΡΑΞΕΙΣ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΩΝ ΙΗ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Μετὰ ταῦτα χωρισθεὶς ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν ἦλθεν εἰς Κόρινθον.

After these things he departed from Athens and came to Corinth.

Temporal sequenceΜετὰ ταῦταThe standard Lukan transitional formula (cf. 7:7; 15:16) opens a new major section. The aorist participle χωρισθείς marks departure as antecedent to arrival; no connective between Athens (ch.17) and Corinth beyond this time-marker.
Μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (temporal)
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of Μετά (temporal reference to Athens episode)
χωρισθεὶςhaving departedAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · χωρίζωtemporal participle (antecedent action)→ constative aorist (single departure)χωρίζω: 'to separate, depart'; pass. used intransitively of departure. Occurs at 18:2 of Aquila's expulsion from Rome.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἈθηνῶνAthensGenitivegenitive of separation (source of departure)Ἀθῆναι: Athens, capital of Achaia, seat of the Areopagus (ch.17).
ἦλθενhe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (narrative)→ constative aorist (arrival as single event)ἔρχομαι: 'to come/go'; the simple arrival verb frames the new city.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
ΚόρινθονCorinthAccusativeaccusative of goalΚόρινθος: Corinth, the Roman colony and capital of the province of Achaia, a major commercial hub on the isthmus between mainland Greece and the Peloponnese.
2

καὶ εὑρών τινα Ἰουδαῖον ὀνόματι Ἀκύλαν, Ποντικὸν τῷ γένει, προσφάτως ἐληλυθότα ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰταλίας καὶ Πρίσκιλλαν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, διὰ τὸ διατεταχέναι Κλαύδιον χωρίζεσθαι πάντας τοὺς Ἰουδαίους ἀπὸ τῆς Ῥώμης, προσῆλθεν αὐτοῖς,

and having found a certain Jew named Aquila, a native of Pontus, recently come from Italy with his wife Priscilla, because Claudius had commanded all the Jews to depart from Rome, he came to them,

Narrative continuationκαίThe participial chain εὑρών … προσῆλθεν introduces the most significant human relationship of the chapter. The parenthetical διά + articular infinitive clause explains the Roman expulsion as the occasion for the meeting. The Claudius edict is Luke's only explicit synchronism with Roman imperial history in this chapter.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative continuation)
εὑρώνhaving foundAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · εὑρίσκωtemporal/circumstantial participle (attendant circumstance to προσῆλθεν)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'to find'; often in Acts of providential encounter (cf. 9:2).
τιναa certainAccusativeindefinite pronoun (object of εὑρών)
ἸουδαῖονJewAccusativeapposition to τινα (identifying description)Ἰουδαῖος: ethnic/religious designation; signals synagogue community and likely shared scriptural formation.
ὀνόματιby nameDativedative of respect (name formula)
ἈκύλανAquilaAccusativeaccusative (apposition to τινα via name formula)Ἀκύλας: Aquila, 'eagle' in Latin; a Jewish tentmaker from Pontus. With Priscilla one of Paul's closest coworkers (cf. Rom 16:3; 1 Cor 16:19).
Ποντικὸνa PonticAccusativepredicate accusative (ethnic origin)Ποντικός: 'from Pontus,' the region on the south shore of the Black Sea.
τῷbyDativearticle
γένειbirth/raceDativedative of respect (ethnic specification)γένος: 'race, origin'; the dative of respect τῷ γένει is the standard Lukan formula (cf. 4:36; 18:24).
προσφάτωςrecentlyadverb (temporal, modifying ἐληλυθότα)προσφάτως: 'recently, lately'; NT hapax. Implies the Claudius expulsion was recent, consistent with a date of c. A.D. 49.
ἐληλυθόταhaving comePerf Act Ptc Acc Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιattributive participle (modifying Ἀκύλαν)→ intensive perfect (arrived and still present)ἔρχομαι: the perfect participle stresses the ongoing state of displacement — Aquila is someone who has arrived and remains a recent arrival.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἸταλίαςItalyGenitivegenitive of sourceἸταλία: Italy; Aquila's immediate point of departure, not his birthplace (Pontus).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΠρίσκιλλανPriscillaAccusativeaccusative (coordinated object with Ἀκύλαν)Πρίσκιλλα (also Πρίσκα): diminutive of Prisca; named before Aquila in Rom 16:3 and 2 Tim 4:19, suggesting higher social status or prominence in ministry.
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeappositive accusativeγυνή: 'woman, wife'; marks the marital and ministerial partnership.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship (possessive)
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with articular infinitive)
διατεταχέναιto have commandedPerf Act Inf · διατάσσωarticular infinitive (causal clause, subject: Κλαύδιον)→ intensive perfect (standing imperial command)διατάσσω: 'to command, order'; the perfect stresses the command's ongoing authority. Luke uses the articular infinitive + accusative subject as a Septuagintal construction.
ΚλαύδιονClaudiusAccusativeaccusative subject of articular infinitiveΚλαύδιος: the emperor Claudius (A.D. 41–54); his expulsion of Jews from Rome (c. A.D. 49) is attested by Suetonius (Claud. 25.4).
χωρίζεσθαιto departPres Pass Inf · χωρίζωinfinitive (complementary, object of διατεταχέναι)→ progressive present (the ongoing state of banishment)χωρίζω: same root as χωρισθείς in v.1; the verbal echo links Paul's free departure from Athens with the forced departure of Aquila from Rome.
πάνταςallAccusativeaccusative subject of χωρίζεσθαι (substantival)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἸουδαίουςJewsAccusativeaccusative (object class of the command)Ἰουδαῖος: the decree is directed at the whole Jewish community in Rome.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ῬώμηςRomeGenitivegenitive of separationῬώμη: Rome, capital of the empire; the expulsion contextualizes the diaspora dynamics of early Christianity.
προσῆλθενhe came toAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb (narrative climax of the participial chain)→ constative aorist (single event of approach)προσέρχομαι: 'to approach, come to'; the simple narrative verb that crowns the participial introduction of the couple.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative of indirect object (goal of approach)
3

καὶ διὰ τὸ ὁμότεχνον εἶναι ἔμενεν παρ᾿ αὐτοῖς καὶ ἠργάζετο· ἦσαν γὰρ σκηνοποιοὶ τῇ τέχνῃ.

and because they were of the same trade he remained with them and worked; for they were tentmakers by trade.

Ground / explanationκαίThe causal articular infinitive (διὰ τὸ ὁμότεχνον εἶναι) explains Paul's lodging with them; the γάρ clause then supplies the lexical explanation of the trade. The imperfects ἔμενεν and ἠργάζετο signal habitual, ongoing arrangement.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (causal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (articular infinitive marker)
ὁμότεχνονof the same tradeAccusativepredicate accusative (subject of εἶναι = Paul)ὁμότεχνος: NT hapax; 'sharing the same craft/trade' (ὁμός + τέχνη). Underscores the vocational basis of the association.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (causal clause)
ἔμενενhe remainedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · μένωmain verb (first of paired imperfects)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing residence)μένω: 'to remain, stay'; the choice of lodging with coworkers rather than seeking a patron's house reflects Paul's missionary strategy.
παρ᾿withpreposition + dative (association)
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative of association
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠργάζετοhe workedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐργάζομαιmain verb (second of paired imperfects)→ progressive imperfect (habitual manual labor)ἐργάζομαι: 'to work'; Paul's manual labor is a theme in his letters (1 Thess 2:9; 1 Cor 4:12; 2 Thess 3:8), and here provides the social grounding for ministry in Corinth.
ἦσανthey wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (explanatory γάρ clause)→ progressive imperfect (standing vocation)
γὰρforcausal/explanatory postpositive conjunction
σκηνοποιοὶtentmakersNominativepredicate nominativeσκηνοποιός: NT hapax; 'tentmaker' (σκηνή + ποιέω). Scholars debate whether this means leather-working or weaving; Cilicia (Paul's home province) was famous for cilicium, goat-hair cloth used for tents.
τῇbyDativearticle
τέχνῃtradeDativedative of respect (specifying the trade)τέχνη: 'craft, trade, art'; the dative of respect echoes τῷ γένει in v.2, a Lukan identifying formula.
4

διελέγετο δὲ ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον, ἔπειθέν τε Ἰουδαίους καὶ Ἕλληνας.

And he was reasoning in the synagogue every Sabbath, persuading both Jews and Greeks.

Narrative continuation (parallel ministry)δέThe shift from imperfects (domestic labor) to more imperfects (διελέγετο, ἔπειθεν) creates a rhythm of sustained, regular ministry — the weekly synagogue ministry is the pattern before the crisis of v.6. The τε … καί construction marks the bipartite audience.
διελέγετοhe was reasoningImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · διαλέγομαιmain verb→ progressive imperfect (habitual Sabbath activity)διαλέγομαι: 'to reason, discourse, argue'; in Acts characteristically of Paul's synagogue method (17:2, 17; 18:19; 19:8, 9; 20:7, 9). Implies reasoned dialogue rather than monologue.
δὲandmild adversative / narrative continuation postpositive
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)
τῇtheDativearticle
συναγωγῇsynagogueDativelocative dativeσυναγωγή: the assembly-house of Jewish worship and Torah study; Paul's entry point in every city (cf. 13:5, 14; 14:1; 17:2, 10).
κατὰeverypreposition + accusative (distributive)
πᾶνeveryAccusativedistributive accusative with κατά
σάββατονSabbathAccusativeaccusative (object of κατά)σάββατον: 'Sabbath'; the Jewish weekly rest-and-assembly day; κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον = 'each and every Sabbath,' stressing regularity.
ἔπειθένhe was persuadingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · πείθωsecond main verb (result of reasoning)→ conative imperfect (attempting to persuade, partially successful)πείθω: 'to persuade, convince'; the imperfect here may be conative — he was in the process of persuading, with mixed results (cf. the split in v.8).
τεbothenclitic particle (τε … καί = 'both … and')
ἸουδαίουςJewsAccusativeaccusative direct object (first of paired audience)Ἰουδαῖος: the Jewish members of the synagogue congregation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (τε … καί correlative)
ἝλληναςGreeksAccusativeaccusative direct object (second of paired audience)Ἕλλην: 'Greek'; here likely 'God-fearers' (Gentile synagogue adherents) rather than pagan Greeks, since the setting is the synagogue.
5

Ὡς δὲ κατῆλθον ἀπὸ τῆς Μακεδονίας ὅ τε Σίλας καὶ ὁ Τιμόθεος, συνείχετο τῷ λόγῳ ὁ Παῦλος, διαμαρτυρόμενος τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν.

Now when Silas and Timothy came down from Macedonia, Paul was pressed in the Spirit by the word, testifying to the Jews that Jesus is the Christ.

Temporal transition (new phase of ministry)Ὡς δέThe arrival of Silas and Timothy (presumably with a financial gift, cf. Phil 4:15; 2 Cor 11:9) enables Paul to devote himself fully to proclamation. The force of συνείχετο is debated: 'constrained by the Spirit' (most) or 'pressed by the word' (taking λόγῳ as instrumental). The participial διαμαρτυρόμενος specifies the content of the constraint.
Ὡςwhentemporal conjunction
δὲnownarrative continuation postpositive
κατῆλθονcame downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατέρχομαιmain verb of temporal clause→ constative aorist (single arrival event)κατέρχομαι: 'to come down'; geographic idiom for descending from the interior of Macedonia to the coastal and southern regions.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ΜακεδονίαςMacedoniaGenitivegenitive of sourceΜακεδονία: the Roman province comprising Thessalonica, Beroea, Philippi — the mission field of Acts 16–17.
bothNominativearticle (part of τε … καί correlative)
τεenclitic particle (τε … καί = 'both … and')
ΣίλαςSilasNominativenominative subject (first of pair)Σίλας: Silas (= Silvanus of the letters), Paul's companion since the Jerusalem council decision (Acts 15:22, 40). Last seen left behind at Beroea (17:14).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (τε … καί correlative)
theNominativearticle
ΤιμόθεοςTimothyNominativenominative subject (second of pair)Τιμόθεος: Timothy, Paul's close associate recruited at Lystra (16:1); left at Athens with instructions (1 Thess 3:1–2).
συνείχετοwas pressedImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · συνέχωmain verb (apodosis of temporal clause)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing constraint/compulsion)συνέχω: 'to hold together, constrain, press'; in the passive: to be gripped, compelled. The word is used of distress (Lk 8:45; 12:50; Phil 1:23) and of illness (Lk 4:38; Acts 28:8). Here it describes Paul's inner urgency for proclamation.
τῷby theDativearticle
λόγῳwordDativedative of instrument / cause (that which constrains him)λόγος: here 'the word' as the gospel message that presses upon Paul; some MSS read τῷ πνεύματι ('in the Spirit'), a textual variant that affects the referent but not the basic sense of urgent constraint.
theNominativearticle
ΠαῦλοςPaulNominativenominative subject (resumed after temporal clause)Παῦλος: Paul; named explicitly here to mark his return as the focused subject after the mention of Silas and Timothy.
διαμαρτυρόμενοςtestifyingPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διαμαρτύρομαιcircumstantial participle (manner/content of the constraint)→ progressive present (ongoing solemn testimony)διαμαρτύρομαι: 'to testify earnestly, solemnly declare'; a Lukan key-word for Paul's witness-bearing (20:21, 23, 24; 23:11; 28:23).
τοῖςto theDativearticle
ἸουδαίοιςJewsDativedative of indirect object (recipient of testimony)Ἰουδαῖος: the synagogue audience; Paul continues his 'to the Jew first' strategy (Rom 1:16).
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive (indirect statement after διαμαρτυρόμενος, content of the testimony)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΧριστὸνChristAccusativepredicate accusative (in indirect statement: τὸν Χριστὸν = subject/predicate)Χριστός: 'the Anointed,' the Messiah; the article marks this as the definite title, not a name — 'the Christ.'
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (indirect statement)Ἰησοῦς: the personal name, here the subject of the identification: 'that Jesus is the Christ' is the kernel of the kerygma (cf. 9:22; 17:3).
6

ἀντιτασσομένων δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ βλασφημούντων, ἐκτιναξάμενος τὰ ἱμάτια εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Τὸ αἷμα ὑμῶν ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ὑμῶν· καθαρὸς ἐγὼ ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν εἰς τὰ ἔθνη πορεύσομαι.

But when they opposed and blasphemed, he shook out his garments and said to them, 'Your blood be on your own heads; I am clean. From now on I will go to the Gentiles.'

Adversative contrast (rejection leads to turn)δέThe genitive absolute (ἀντιτασσομένων … βλασφημούντων) frames the Jewish rejection as the occasion for the programmatic turn to the Gentiles. The gesture echoes Neh 5:13 and the prophetic 'blood on your heads' idiom (Ezek 33:4; cf. Acts 20:26). This is the third such turn-to-Gentiles declaration (cf. 13:46; 28:28).
ἀντιτασσομένωνopposingPres Mid Ptc Gen Pl Masc · ἀντιτάσσωgenitive absolute (temporal/causal, subject αὐτῶν)→ progressive present (ongoing resistance)ἀντιτάσσω: 'to set oneself against, oppose'; in the middle reflexively, 'to resist.' The word carries military overtones of taking a hostile formation.
δὲbutmild adversative postpositive
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivegenitive absolute subject
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (within genitive absolute)
βλασφημούντωνblasphemingPres Act Ptc Gen Pl Masc · βλασφημέωgenitive absolute (second participle, coordinated with ἀντιτασσομένων)→ progressive present (habitual reviling)βλασφημέω: 'to blaspheme, revile, slander'; here the reviling of Jesus as Messiah constitutes the blasphemy that triggers the formal withdrawal.
ἐκτιναξάμενοςhaving shaken outAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐκτινάσσωattendant circumstance participle (accompanying εἶπεν)→ constative aorist (single symbolic gesture)ἐκτινάσσω: 'to shake out'; the gesture of shaking dust from feet (13:51; Lk 9:5) or garments here enacts the symbolic removal of responsibility for bloodguilt.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativeaccusative direct objectἱμάτιον: 'outer garment, cloak'; shaking garments echoes Nehemiah 5:13 as a symbolic discharge of liability.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introduces the declaration)→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addressee)
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative of addressee
ΤὸtheNominativearticle
αἷμαbloodNominativenominative subject (verbless imprecatory clause)αἷμα: 'blood'; here metaphorical for guilt/liability of death (cf. Ezek 33:4; Matt 27:25). The verbless clause is an oath-formula.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession / relationship
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (location of guilt)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeaccusative (predicate of verbless clause, location of bloodguilt)κεφαλή: 'head'; the idiom 'blood on your (own) head' assigns moral and legal responsibility to the guilty party (cf. 2 Sam 1:16; 1 Kgs 2:37).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
καθαρὸςcleanNominativepredicate nominative (verbless clause)καθαρός: 'clean, pure, free from guilt'; the term carries cultic and legal overtones — Paul is absolved of any blood-responsibility for their rejection (cf. 20:26).
ἐγὼINominativenominative subject (emphatic)
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal: 'from')
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (with νῦν as substantive)
νῦνnowGenitivetemporal adverb used as substantive with article (ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν = 'from now on')
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔθνηGentilesAccusativeaccusative of goal (destination of mission)ἔθνος (pl. ἔθνη): 'nations, Gentiles'; the programmatic turn echoes 13:46 and anticipates 28:28. Paul's mission does not abandon Jews but shifts primary venue.
πορεύσομαιI will goFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (programmatic declaration)→ predictive future (firm resolve)πορεύομαι: 'to go, travel'; the future indicative marks this as a solemn intention, not merely a prediction.
7

καὶ μεταβὰς ἐκεῖθεν εἰσῆλθεν εἰς οἰκίαν τινὸς ὀνόματι Τιτίου Ἰούστου σεβομένου τὸν θεόν, οὗ ἡ οἰκία ἦν συνομοροῦσα τῇ συναγωγῇ.

And departing from there he went to the house of a certain man named Titius Justus, a worshipper of God, whose house was next door to the synagogue.

Narrative continuationκαίThe physical detail — Titius Justus' house is adjacent to the synagogue — is theologically loaded: Paul has formally left the synagogue but sets up his base of operations literally on its doorstep, ensuring maximum visibility and continued access to the Jewish community. The ὀνόματι formula recurs from v.2.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μεταβὰςdepartingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · μεταβαίνωtemporal/attendant participle (antecedent action)→ constative aoristμεταβαίνω: 'to pass over, move on from'; signals a decisive change of venue, not merely a casual departure.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb (source: the synagogue)
εἰσῆλθενhe enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'to enter, go into'; marks the new venue as Paul's missionary base.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeaccusative of goalοἰκία: 'house, household'; in Acts house churches are the primary venue for Christian assembly (cf. 2:46; 12:12; 16:15, 40).
τινὸςof a certain manGenitivegenitive of possession (modifying οἰκίαν)
ὀνόματιby nameDativedative of respect (name formula)
ΤιτίουTitiusGenitivegenitive (in apposition to τινὸς via name formula)Τίτιος Ἰοῦστος: a Latin double name, suggesting a Roman citizen. The Western text reads 'Titus Justus,' possibly identified with Gaius of 1 Cor 1:14 or the Titus of the letters; the identification is uncertain.
ἸούστουJustusGenitivegenitive (cognomen, part of the double name)Ἰοῦστος: Latin iustus, 'righteous, just'; a common Roman cognomen adopted by Jews and proselytes.
σεβομένουworshippingPres Mid Ptc Gen Sg Masc · σέβομαιattributive participle (modifying τινὸς: description of Titius Justus)→ progressive present (ongoing devotion)σέβομαι: 'to worship, revere'; the participle σεβόμενος (τὸν θεόν) is Luke's standard designation for a Gentile 'God-fearer' — one attracted to Jewish monotheism but not yet a full proselyte (cf. 13:43, 50; 17:4, 17).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativeaccusative direct object (of σεβομένου)θεός: 'God'; with the article, the God of Israel specifically.
οὗwhoseGenitivegenitive relative pronoun (possession)
theNominativearticle
οἰκίαhouseNominativenominative subject of relative clause
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of relative clause→ progressive imperfect (permanent geographical fact)
συνομοροῦσαadjacentPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · συνομορέωpredicate participle (with ἦν: periphrastic imperfect)→ progressive present (ongoing adjacency)συνομορέω: NT hapax; 'to border on, be next door to' (σύν + ὁμορέω). The physical proximity of the new meeting place to the synagogue underscores both continuity and the provocative nature of Paul's move.
τῇtheDativearticle
συναγωγῇsynagogueDativedative (with συνομορέω: adjacent to)συναγωγή: the same synagogue Paul has just left — the proximity is intentional narrative irony.
8

Κρίσπος δὲ ὁ ἀρχισυνάγωγος ἐπίστευσεν τῷ κυρίῳ σὺν ὅλῳ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ, καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν Κορινθίων ἀκούοντες ἐπίστευον καὶ ἐβαπτίζοντο.

And Crispus, the synagogue ruler, believed in the Lord together with his entire household; and many of the Corinthians, hearing, were believing and being baptized.

Positive response (despite the opposition of v.6)δέThe irony is sharp: Crispus, the ἀρχισυνάγωγος, the very leader of the synagogue Paul has just left, believes. His conversion is validated by 1 Cor 1:14. The aorist ἐπίστευσεν (Crispus) contrasts with the imperfects ἐπίστευον and ἐβαπτίζοντο (the Corinthians), suggesting ongoing, growing response.
ΚρίσποςCrispusNominativenominative subjectΚρίσπος: Latin crispus, 'curly-haired'; Paul baptized him personally (1 Cor 1:14), one of the few Corinthians Paul baptized directly. The conversion of the synagogue ruler is a high-profile defection.
δὲandnarrative continuation postpositive
theNominativearticle
ἀρχισυνάγωγοςsynagogue rulerNominativeapposition to Κρίσποςἀρχισυνάγωγος: 'ruler of the synagogue'; the official responsible for conducting services and maintaining order. The title appears also at v.17 (Sosthenes, his successor or co-ruler).
ἐπίστευσενbelievedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πιστεύωmain verb→ constative aorist (decisive act of faith)πιστεύω: 'to believe, trust in'; with dative τῷ κυρίῳ, 'entrusted himself to the Lord' — the full commitment formula of Lukan conversion.
τῷin theDativearticle
κυρίῳLordDativedative of object (believing in/to the Lord)κύριος: 'Lord'; the object of faith here is the risen Jesus (cf. v.5: 'Jesus is the Christ'). The dative of faith-commitment is characteristically Lukan.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (association)
ὅλῳwholeDativeattributive adjective
τῷtheDativearticle
οἴκῳhouseholdDativedative of association (with σύν)οἶκος: 'house, household'; the οἶκος conversion formula (cf. 10:2; 11:14; 16:15, 31) signals the social unit of early Christian conversion — head-of-household faith extends to all dependents.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πολλοὶmanyNominativenominative subject
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ΚορινθίωνCorinthiansGenitivepartitive genitiveΚορίνθιος: 'Corinthian'; the broader city population, beyond the synagogue community — the beginning of the Corinthian church.
ἀκούοντεςhearingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle (temporal/causal: 'as they heard')→ progressive present (ongoing hearing)ἀκούω: 'to hear'; in Acts hearing is the standard first step toward faith (cf. 2:37; 4:4; 10:44).
ἐπίστευονwere believingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · πιστεύωmain verb (first of paired imperfects)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing, accumulating response)πιστεύω: the imperfect signals a wave of ongoing conversions, not a single event — the church is forming continuously.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐβαπτίζοντοwere being baptizedImpf Pass Indic 3 Pl · βαπτίζωmain verb (second of paired imperfects)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing baptismal practice)βαπτίζω: 'to baptize'; the passive voice indicates they are being baptized by others (Paul and coworkers). The faith-baptism sequence is the standard Lukan ordo (cf. 2:38; 8:12; 16:14–15, 33).
9

Εἶπεν δὲ ὁ κύριος ἐν νυκτὶ δι᾿ ὁράματος τῷ Παύλῳ· Μὴ φοβοῦ, ἀλλὰ λάλει καὶ μὴ σιωπήσῃς·

And the Lord said to Paul through a vision in the night, 'Do not be afraid, but keep speaking and do not be silent;'

Divine authorization (ground for Paul's long stay)δέThe night vision (ὅραμα) is the climax of section C (vv.9–11). The three imperatives — μὴ φοβοῦ ('stop being afraid'), λάλει ('keep speaking'), μὴ σιωπήσῃς ('do not fall silent') — together amount to a commission oracle. The present prohibition μὴ φοβοῦ implies that fear is already present; the aorist prohibition μὴ σιωπήσῃς forbids a potential act of silence.
ΕἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introducing vision speech)→ constative aorist
δὲandnarrative continuation postpositive
theNominativearticle
κύριοςLordNominativenominative subjectκύριος: the risen Lord Jesus, consistent with the Christophany at 9:10; 22:18; 23:11; 26:16–18.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: at night)
νυκτὶthe nightDativetemporal dativeνύξ: 'night'; the nocturnal timing sets the vision apart from normal activity and marks it as direct divine communication.
δι᾿throughpreposition + genitive (means/instrument)
ὁράματοςa visionGenitivegenitive of meansὅραμα: 'vision'; in Acts the medium of divine guidance at critical moments (9:10, 12; 10:3, 17; 16:9–10).
τῷtoDativearticle
ΠαύλῳPaulDativedative indirect object (recipient of the vision-word)Παῦλος: Paul is the sole recipient; the vision grounds his personal decision to stay.
Μὴdo notnegative particle (with present imperative = stop doing)
φοβοῦbe afraidPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · φοβέομαιimperative (prohibition: stop fearing)→ present prohibition (cease ongoing fear)φοβέομαι: 'to fear'; the present tense prohibition (μὴ + present imperative) indicates Paul is already afraid — the command to stop suggests a real threat-context.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction (strong contrast)
λάλειspeakPres Act Impv 2 Sg · λαλέωimperative (command: keep speaking)→ progressive present imperative (continue the speaking)λαλέω: 'to speak'; the present imperative commands the continuation of ongoing proclamation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴdo notnegative particle (with aorist subjunctive = don't start)
σιωπήσῃςbe silentAor Act Subj 2 Sg · σιωπάωaorist subjunctive prohibition (μὴ + aorist subj. = don't begin to be silent)→ constative aorist (prohibition of a whole act of silence)σιωπάω: 'to be silent, keep quiet'; the aorist prohibition forbids embarking on silence — complementing the present imperative to keep speaking.
10

διότι ἐγώ εἰμι μετὰ σοῦ καὶ οὐδεὶς ἐπιθήσεταί σοι τοῦ κακῶσαί σε, διότι λαός ἐστίν μοι πολὺς ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ.

for I am with you, and no one will attack you to harm you, for I have many people in this city.

Ground (double reason for the commission)διότιTwo διότι clauses provide the theological grounds for the imperatives of v.9: (1) divine presence/protection ('I am with you; no one will harm you') and (2) divine election ('I have many people in this city'). The second ground is theologically the deeper one: the Corinthian harvest is not contingent on Paul's courage but on God's sovereign prior election.
διότιbecausecausal conjunction (first ground)
ἐγώINominativenominative subject (emphatic)
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (divine presence formula)→ progressive present (ongoing presence)εἰμί: the divine presence formula 'I am with you' echoes the commissioning language of the OT (Gen 26:3; 28:15; Exod 3:12; Josh 1:5, 9; Isa 41:10; 43:5).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
σοῦyouGenitivegenitive of accompaniment
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativenominative subject
ἐπιθήσεταίwill set uponFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (divine guarantee of protection)→ predictive future (absolute promise)ἐπιτίθημι: 'to lay upon, attack'; the middle ἐπιτίθεμαί + dative = 'to set upon, attack' (cf. 18:10; BDAG). The future indicative issues a binding divine guarantee.
σοιyouDativedative (object of ἐπιτίθεμαί)
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (introducing articular infinitive of purpose)
κακῶσαίharmAor Act Inf · κακόωarticular infinitive (purpose: in order to harm)→ constative aoristκακόω: 'to mistreat, harm'; the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ + inf. expresses purpose in Hellenistic Greek (a Semitic influence on Lukan style).
σεyouAccusativeaccusative object of κακῶσαί
διότιbecausecausal conjunction (second, deeper ground)
λαόςpeopleNominativenominative subject (predicate-initial for emphasis)λαός: 'people'; in the OT the covenant term for Israel (λαός μου = 'my people' in Exod 3:7; 5:1; Hos 2:25 LXX); here applied to the future Corinthian believers — a striking transfer of the covenant-people category to a predominantly Gentile church.
ἐστίνthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential, 'I have' = 'there is to me')→ progressive present
μοιto meDativedative of possession (ethical/possessive: 'I have')
πολὺςmanyNominativepredicate adjective (modifying λαός)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)
τῇthisDativearticle
πόλειcityDativelocative dativeπόλις: 'city'; τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ = 'this city' (Corinth). The divine statement grounds Paul's long stay in a pre-existing sovereign plan.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adjective (attributive to πόλει)
11

Ἐκάθισέν τε ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ μῆνας ἓξ διδάσκων ἐν αὐτοῖς τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ.

And he settled there for a year and six months, teaching the word of God among them.

Result / fulfillment (of the divine commission)τεThe enclitic τε signals close connection with the preceding vision (vv.9–10). The aorist ἐκάθισεν ('he settled') followed by the present participle διδάσκων creates the picture of a settled, sustained ministry — the longest stay in any city recorded in Acts. Eighteen months ground the Corinthian church.
Ἐκάθισένhe settledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ constative aorist (settled residence as a single episode)καθίζω: 'to sit down, settle'; in Acts of fixed residence (cf. 2:3 of the Spirit settling on each). The verb implies deliberate, stable establishment rather than transient visit.
τεandconnective enclitic particle (linking to prior vision)
ἐνιαυτὸνa yearAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἐνιαυτός: 'year'; the accusative of duration marks the length of the stay.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μῆναςmonthsAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (coordinated with ἐνιαυτόν)μήν: 'month'; the specificity of 'a year and six months' (= 18 months) is a Lukan marker of historicity (cf. 19:10; 20:31).
ἓξsixnumeral modifier (indeclinable)
διδάσκωνteachingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διδάσκωcircumstantial participle (manner of the settled stay)→ progressive present (habitual ongoing teaching)διδάσκω: 'to teach'; the present participle describes the continuous activity that fills the 18-month stay — contrast διαμαρτύρομαι (v.5), which accents proclamation.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere/association)
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative of association (the Corinthian community)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativeaccusative direct objectλόγος: 'word'; here 'the word of God' as the whole Christian message — Paul teaches, not merely announces. The Corinthian letters confirm the depth of catechetical and ethical instruction.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/authorshipθεός: the divine origin of the λόγος grounds its authority.
12

Γαλλίωνος δὲ ἀνθυπάτου ὄντος τῆς Ἀχαΐας, κατεπέστησαν ὁμοθυμαδὸν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τῷ Παύλῳ καὶ ἤγαγον αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα,

Now when Gallio was proconsul of Achaia, the Jews made a concerted attack on Paul and brought him before the tribunal,

Temporal setting (new episode)δέThe genitive absolute Γαλλίωνος … ὄντος is the chronological anchor of Pauline chronology: the Delphi inscription (SIG³ 801D) dates Gallio's proconsulship to c. A.D. 51–52. The adverb ὁμοθυμαδόν ('with one accord') is a Lukan term (10 of its 11 NT uses are in Acts) emphasizing coordinated corporate action.
ΓαλλίωνοςGallioGenitivegenitive absolute subjectΓαλλίων: Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, brother of the philosopher Seneca; proconsul of Achaia c. A.D. 51–52. The Delphi inscription is the key synchronism for Pauline chronology.
δὲnownarrative continuation postpositive
ἀνθυπάτουproconsulGenitivegenitive absolute (predicate of ὄντος, in apposition to Γαλλίωνος)ἀνθύπατος: 'proconsul'; the governor of a senatorial province. Achaia became a senatorial province (hence proconsular) under Augustus; Luke's use of the correct title is one of his many accurate provincial designations.
ὄντοςbeingPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · εἰμίgenitive absolute (temporal: 'while Gallio was proconsul')→ progressive present (the duration of his tenure)
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ἈχαΐαςAchaiaGenitivegenitive (province governed)Ἀχαΐα: the Roman senatorial province of Achaia, comprising most of Greece south of Macedonia; Corinth was its capital.
κατεπέστησανrose up againstAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καθίστημιmain verb (first of paired aorists)→ constative aorist (single coordinated attack)καθίστημι / κατεφίστημι: 'to set upon, rise against'; here the compound κατεπέστησαν (κατά + ἐφίστημι) = 'they rose up against/attacked.' The compound intensifies the hostility.
ὁμοθυμαδὸνwith one accordadverb (manner: unanimous, coordinated)ὁμοθυμαδόν: 'unanimously, with one mind'; a Lukan favorite (Acts 1:14; 2:46; 4:24; 5:12; 7:57; 8:6; 12:20; 15:25; 18:12; 19:29), derived from ὁμός + θυμός.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἸουδαῖοιJewsNominativenominative subjectἸουδαῖος: the Corinthian Jewish community, presumably aggrieved by the conversions of Crispus and many others.
τῷonDativearticle
ΠαύλῳPaulDativedative (object of κατεπέστησαν: 'rose against Paul')
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤγαγονthey broughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἄγωmain verb (second aorist: legal action following attack)→ constative aoristἄγω: 'to lead, bring'; the legal sense of bringing before a tribunal (cf. Lk 21:12; Acts 9:21).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative direct object
ἐπὶbeforepreposition + accusative (judicial: before the tribunal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
βῆμαtribunalAccusativeaccusative (goal: the judgment seat)βῆμα: 'step, platform, judgment seat'; the raised platform from which a Roman magistrate heard legal cases. The Corinthian βῆμα (the bema) has been located archaeologically in the Corinthian agora.
13

λέγοντες ὅτι Παρὰ τὸν νόμον ἀναπείθει οὗτος τοὺς ἀνθρώπους σέβεσθαι τὸν θεόν.

saying, 'This man is persuading people to worship God in a way that is contrary to the law.'

Content (the accusation)asyndetonThe charge is deliberately vague: παρὰ τὸν νόμον ('contrary to the law') could mean Roman law or Jewish law — the ambiguity is likely intentional. If Jewish law, the charge is internal religious dispute; if Roman law, it implies an unauthorized religio illicita. Gallio (vv.14–15) treats it as the former and thus dismisses it.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (manner: introducing the charge)→ progressive present
ὅτιthatdeclarative conjunction (recitative: introducing direct speech)
Παρὰcontrary topreposition + accusative (opposition: 'against, contrary to')
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
νόμονlawAccusativeaccusative (object of παρά: the standard violated)νόμος: 'law'; ambiguous here: Jewish Torah or Roman civil law? Gallio's response implies he reads it as Jewish Torah.
ἀναπείθειis persuadingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναπείθωmain verb (the accusation's predicate)→ progressive present (ongoing activity charged)ἀναπείθω: NT hapax; 'to persuade, incite' (ἀνά + πείθω, perhaps with connotation of 'stir up, suborn'); the compound suggests seditious instigation more than mere persuasion.
οὗτοςthis manNominativenominative subject (demonstrative, somewhat contemptuous)οὗτος: 'this one'; in accusation contexts the pronoun can carry contempt — 'this fellow.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἀναπείθειἄνθρωπος: the generic 'people' — the charge implies Paul is destabilizing the general public, not merely the Jewish community.
σέβεσθαιto worshipPres Mid Inf · σέβομαιinfinitive (complementary to ἀναπείθει: content of the persuasion)→ progressive present (ongoing worship practice)σέβομαι: 'to worship, revere'; the Jews are charging that Paul is recruiting people to a form of Jewish worship that deviates from recognized practice.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativeaccusative direct object of σέβεσθαιθεός: 'God'; the irony is that they are accusing Paul of teaching people to worship (the right) God — the charge backfires on its own terms.
14

μέλλοντος δὲ τοῦ Παύλου ἀνοίγειν τὸ στόμα εἶπεν ὁ Γαλλίων πρὸς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους· Εἰ μὲν ἦν ἀδίκημά τι ἢ ῥᾳδιούργημα πονηρόν, ὦ Ἰουδαῖοι, κατὰ λόγον ἂν ἀνεσχόμην ὑμῶν·

But as Paul was about to open his mouth, Gallio said to the Jews, 'If it were a matter of some wrongdoing or wicked crime, O Jews, I would have reason to bear with you;'

Pivotal intervention (Gallio's ruling)δέThe genitive absolute μέλλοντος … ἀνοίγειν dramatizes Gallio's intervention before Paul can speak — the proconsul takes the initiative. The conditional εἰ … ἦν / ἂν ἀνεσχόμην is a mixed second-class condition (contrary to fact in present or past): Gallio implies the accusation is not a wrongdoing at all.
μέλλοντοςabout toPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · μέλλωgenitive absolute (temporal: 'while Paul was about to')→ progressive presentμέλλω: 'to be about to'; the genitive absolute with Παύλου dramatizes the interruption.
δὲbutadversative postpositive
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (genitive absolute subject)
ΠαύλουPaulGenitivegenitive absolute subject
ἀνοίγεινto openPres Act Inf · ἀνοίγωcomplementary infinitive (with μέλλοντος)ἀνοίγω τὸ στόμα: 'to open the mouth' = idiomatic for beginning to speak (cf. Matt 5:2; Acts 8:35; 10:34).
τὸtheAccusativearticle
στόμαmouthAccusativeaccusative direct object (of ἀνοίγειν)στόμα: 'mouth'; part of the idiom 'open the mouth' for formal speech.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
theNominativearticle
ΓαλλίωνGallioNominativenominative subjectΓαλλίων: the proconsul, now the speaking subject.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (addressee)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἸουδαίουςJewsAccusativeaccusative of addressee
Εἰifconditional conjunction (second-class condition: contrary to fact)
μὲνindeedparticle (correlative with δέ in next verse)
ἦνit wereImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίimperfect in second-class condition (protasis)→ contrary-to-fact imperfect
ἀδίκημάwrongdoingNominativepredicate nominative (with ἦν)ἀδίκημα: 'act of injustice, wrongdoing'; a legal term for a civil or criminal wrong (cf. 24:20; 25:11). Gallio is using technical legal vocabulary.
τιsomeNominativeindefinite pronoun (predicative with ἀδίκημα)
ordisjunctive conjunction
ῥᾳδιούργημαcrimeNominativepredicate nominative (second alternative)ῥᾳδιούργημα: NT hapax; 'villainy, wicked act, crime' (from ῥᾴδιος + ἔργον, lit. 'easy work' → reckless act); a term for serious criminal misconduct.
πονηρόνwickedNominativeattributive adjective (modifying ῥᾳδιούργημα)πονηρός: 'evil, wicked'; intensifies ῥᾳδιούργημα — a flagrant criminal act.
Ovocative particle (formal address)
ἸουδαῖοιJewsVocativevocative (direct address)Ἰουδαῖος: the formal address ὦ + vocative is a mark of official speech or oratory (cf. 27:21; Paul similarly addresses his audiences).
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard: 'in accordance with reason')
λόγονreasonAccusativeaccusative (object of κατά: 'reasonably, with justification')λόγος: 'reason, account'; κατὰ λόγον = 'with reason, reasonably' — a Greek idiom for 'it would make sense.'
ἂνmodal particle (second-class condition apodosis marker)
ἀνεσχόμηνI would have put up withAor Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀνέχωaorist indicative with ἄν (apodosis of second-class condition)→ contrary-to-fact (I would have, but I won't because this isn't a crime)ἀνέχω: 'to hold up; endure, bear with'; mid. 'to put up with, tolerate.' With ἄν + aorist ind. it signals a polite but firm refusal: 'it would make sense for me to hear you — but this isn't that case.'
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive of person (object of ἀνεσχόμην: 'put up with you')
15

εἰ δὲ ζητήματά ἐστιν περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου τοῦ καθ᾿ ὑμᾶς, ὄψεσθε αὐτοί· κριτὴς ἐγὼ τούτων οὐ βούλομαι εἶναι.

but if it is a question about words and names and your own law, see to it yourselves; I refuse to be a judge of these things.'

Contrast (the actual situation, which disqualifies his jurisdiction)εἰ δέThe εἰ δέ opens the second half of the μέν … δέ contrast. Gallio's ruling is pivotal for Lukan apologetics: the highest Roman official in the region explicitly declares the Christian question a matter of internal Jewish theology, not Roman criminal law. This creates a legal precedent protecting the early church.
εἰifconditional conjunction (first-class condition: assumed as true)
δὲbutadversative postpositive (μέν … δέ contrast)
ζητήματάquestionsNominativepredicate nominative (with ἐστιν)ζήτημα: 'question, matter of dispute'; in Acts characteristically of internal Jewish theological debates (15:2; 23:29; 25:19; 26:3) — a term that marks the dispute as non-juridical.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential copula)→ progressive present
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (topic/subject matter)
λόγουwordsGenitivegenitive of topic (first of three)λόγος: 'word, teaching'; here the oral proclamation and its theological claims.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὀνομάτωνnamesGenitivegenitive of topic (second of three)ὄνομα: 'name'; likely referring to the disputed names 'Jesus' and 'Christ' — exactly the content of Paul's preaching (v.5). Gallio dismisses theological titulature as none of his business.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of topic (third, climactic: their own law)νόμος: 'law'; Gallio clarifies the νόμον of the charge (v.13) as the Jewish Torah, not Roman law — and dismisses jurisdiction accordingly.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (attributive with κατ᾿ ὑμᾶς)
καθ᾿according topreposition + accusative (attributive: 'your own')
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeaccusative (possessive reference: 'your law')
ὄψεσθεsee to itFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (dismissal formula)→ predictive future (imperatival force: 'you will see to it yourselves')ὁράω: 'to see'; ὄψεσθε αὐτοί is an idiomatic dismissal ('look to it yourselves,' cf. Matt 27:24). The future indicative functions as an imperative.
αὐτοίyourselvesNominativenominative subject (emphatic pronoun: you and no one else)
κριτὴςjudgeNominativepredicate nominative (fronted for emphasis)κριτής: 'judge'; Gallio explicitly refuses the role of adjudicator in theological matters — his jurisdiction is confined to Roman law.
ἐγὼINominativenominative subject (emphatic)
τούτωνof these thingsGenitivegenitive of reference (of these matters)
οὐnotnegation (with βούλομαι)
βούλομαιI wishPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · βούλομαιmain verb (deliberate refusal of jurisdiction)→ progressive present (settled resolve)βούλομαι: 'to wish, will, intend'; stronger than θέλω — a deliberate act of will. Gallio is not merely uninformed but actively declining jurisdiction.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive (object of βούλομαι)
16

καὶ ἀπήλασεν αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος.

And he drove them from the tribunal.

Narrative consequence (the ruling executed)καίThe terse single-clause verse contrasts with the elaborate speeches of vv.13–15. Gallio's physical dismissal enacts his legal ruling. The verb ἀπήλασεν ('drove away') implies a forceful ejection.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπήλασενhe drove awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπελαύνωmain verb→ constative aorist (single decisive act of dismissal)ἀπελαύνω: NT hapax; 'to drive away, expel' (ἀπό + ἐλαύνω); a strong word implying forceful ejection rather than polite dismissal.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative direct object (the Jewish accusers)
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
βήματοςtribunalGenitivegenitive of separationβῆμα: the same judgment seat as v.12; the full circle from accusation to dismissal is completed.
17

ἐπιλαβόμενοι δὲ πάντες Σωσθένην τὸν ἀρχισυνάγωγον ἔτυπτον ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ βήματος· καὶ οὐδὲν τούτων τῷ Γαλλίωνι ἔμελεν.

And they all seized Sosthenes, the synagogue ruler, and beat him before the tribunal; and none of these things were of concern to Gallio.

Surprising sequel (the aftermath of the acquittal)δέThe identity of 'all' who beat Sosthenes is disputed: (a) the Jewish crowd, frustrated by the failed prosecution, turns on the synagogue ruler who led it; (b) the Greek crowd vents anti-Jewish sentiment now that Gallio has given them license. Gallio's complete indifference (οὐδὲν ἔμελεν) is the final Lukan irony: Roman justice protects Paul not out of sympathy but out of disinterest. A Sosthenes appears in 1 Cor 1:1 as Paul's co-sender — possibly the same person, later converted.
ἐπιλαβόμενοιseizingAor Mid Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἐπιλαμβάνωattendant circumstance / temporal participle→ constative aoristἐπιλαμβάνω: 'to seize, take hold of'; in Acts of arrest or physical apprehension (cf. 16:19; 17:19; 21:30, 33). The middle voice indicates self-initiated action.
δὲandnarrative continuation postpositive
πάντεςallNominativenominative subject (the crowd, collective)πάντες: 'all'; the subject is ambiguous — see discourse note. If the Greeks (cf. Western text reads 'all the Greeks'), it implies an anti-Jewish crowd action.
ΣωσθένηνSosthenesAccusativeaccusative direct object (of ἐπιλαβόμενοι and ἔτυπτον)Σωσθένης: synagogue ruler, presumably the replacement for Crispus (v.8) or a co-ruler. May be the same Sosthenes who is Paul's coworker in 1 Cor 1:1, if he was subsequently converted.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀρχισυνάγωγονsynagogue rulerAccusativeapposition to Σωσθένηνἀρχισυνάγωγος: the same office as Crispus in v.8; the repetition of the title underlines the irony of both synagogue rulers of Corinth being associated with Paul.
ἔτυπτονwere beatingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · τύπτωmain verb→ progressive imperfect (sustained beating)τύπτω: 'to beat, strike'; the imperfect implies a repeated, sustained act of violence, not a single blow.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeimproper preposition + genitive (spatial: in front of)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
βήματοςtribunalGenitivegenitive (of βήματος: location of the beating)βῆμα: the third occurrence of the word in this pericope — the place of Roman justice is also the scene of mob violence that Gallio ignores.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδὲνnothingNominativenominative subject (with impersonal ἔμελεν)
τούτωνof these thingsGenitivepartitive genitive (with οὐδέν: 'none of these things')
τῷtoDativearticle
ΓαλλίωνιGallioDativedative of reference/interest (with impersonal ἔμελεν: 'was of concern to')Γαλλίων: the final mention of Gallio; his studied indifference is his last word in the narrative.
ἔμελενwas of concernImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλειmain verb (impersonal: 'it mattered to')→ progressive imperfect (ongoing indifference)μέλει: impersonal verb 'it is a concern to'; οὐδὲν ἔμελεν = 'none of these things mattered to him.' The imperfect underlines the sustained and deliberate nature of Gallio's non-intervention.
18

Ὁ δὲ Παῦλος ἔτι προσμείνας ἡμέρας ἱκανὰς τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς ἀποταξάμενος ἐξέπλει εἰς τὴν Συρίαν, καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ Πρίσκιλλα καὶ Ἀκύλας, κειράμενος ἐν Κεγχρεαῖς τὴν κεφαλήν, εἶχεν γὰρ εὐχήν.

And Paul, having stayed on a considerable number of days, took leave of the brothers and sailed away to Syria; and Priscilla and Aquila were with him. He had his head shaved at Cenchreae, for he had a vow.

Narrative transition (departure from Corinth)δέThe verse is syntactically complex: two participial phrases (προσμείνας, ἀποταξάμενος) precede the main imperfect ἐξέπλει, with a parenthetical insertion about Priscilla and Aquila, and then a second main clause (κειράμενος … εἶχεν γὰρ εὐχήν). The vow (εὐχή) is usually identified as a Nazirite vow (Num 6); the grammar makes Paul (not Aquila) the subject of κειράμενος — a notable textual-critical point.
theNominativearticle
δὲandnarrative continuation postpositive
ΠαῦλοςPaulNominativenominative subject
ἔτιstilladverb (temporal: 'yet further')
προσμείναςhaving stayed onAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · προσμένωtemporal participle (antecedent to ἀποταξάμενος and ἐξέπλει)→ constative aoristπροσμένω: 'to remain with/on further'; the compound (πρός + μένω) suggests additional time beyond the baseline stay.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἡμέρα: 'day'; ἡμέρας ἱκανάς = 'a considerable number of days,' a Lukan idiom for an unspecified but notable period.
ἱκανὰςconsiderableAccusativeattributive adjective (modifying ἡμέρας)ἱκανός: 'sufficient, considerable'; a favorite Lukan vagueness-marker (cf. 9:23, 43; 18:18; 27:7).
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἀδελφοῖςbrothersDativedative indirect object (of ἀποταξάμενος: 'bid farewell to')ἀδελφός: 'brother'; in Acts the community-address term for fellow believers (cf. 1:15; 6:3; 9:30; 15:1, 3).
ἀποταξάμενοςhaving taken leaveAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀποτάσσωattendant circumstance participle (closely linked to ἐξέπλει)→ constative aoristἀποτάσσω: 'to take leave of, say farewell to'; the middle is the standard farewell idiom (cf. 18:21; Mk 6:46; Lk 9:61).
ἐξέπλειhe sailed awayImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκπλέωmain verb→ inceptive imperfect (began to sail away, set out)ἐκπλέω: 'to sail out'; the imperfect here is inceptive — 'he set sail.' Marks the beginning of the sea journey.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ΣυρίανSyriaAccusativeaccusative of goalΣυρία: the province of Syria, with Antioch on the Orontes as the sending church (cf. v.22). The route home is east.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (adding the travel companions)
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (association)
αὐτῷhimDativedative of association
ΠρίσκιλλαPriscillaNominativenominative subject (parenthetical clause: 'Priscilla and Aquila were with him')Πρίσκιλλα: named first again, consistent with her prominence in Paul's circle.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἈκύλαςAquilaNominativenominative subject (coordinated with Πρίσκιλλα)
κειράμενοςhaving cut his hairAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · κείρωcircumstantial participle (temporal: refers to Paul as grammatical subject)→ constative aorist (single act of hair-cutting)κείρω: 'to shear, cut hair'; the middle voice is reflexive — Paul had his own hair cut. The act at Cenchreae (the eastern port of Corinth) may mark the beginning or end of a Nazirite-like vow.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (locative)
ΚεγχρεαῖςCenchreaeDativelocative dativeΚεγχρεαί: Cenchreae, the eastern harbor of Corinth on the Saronic Gulf; the church there is mentioned in Rom 16:1 (Phoebe, deacon of the church at Cenchreae).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλήνheadAccusativeaccusative direct object (of κειράμενος)κεφαλή: 'head'; the head-shaving associated with completion of a Nazirite vow (Num 6:18) or its release; if a vow taken at Corinth's beginning, the hair grown through the stay is now shorn at departure.
εἶχενhe hadImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (explanatory γάρ clause)→ progressive imperfect (ongoing vow-obligation)ἔχω: 'to have'; here 'he had a vow' — the vow was in force, explaining the hair-cutting.
γὰρforexplanatory postpositive conjunction
εὐχήνa vowAccusativeaccusative direct objectεὐχή: 'vow, prayer'; in the NT only here and Jas 5:15. The word denotes a solemn religious commitment to God; in OT background, Nazirite vows (Num 6) involved abstaining from wine and not cutting hair for the vow's duration, then shaving at completion.
19

κατήντησαν δὲ εἰς Ἔφεσον, κἀκεῖ τοὺς μὲν κατέλιπεν αὐτούς, αὐτὸς δὲ εἰσελθὼν εἰς τὴν συναγωγὴν διελέξατο τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις.

And they arrived at Ephesus, and he left them there; but he himself entered the synagogue and reasoned with the Jews.

Narrative continuation (arrival and brief Ephesus stop)δέThe μέν … δέ contrast (τοὺς μέν … αὐτὸς δέ) separates Paul's action from Priscilla and Aquila's staying. Ephesus, barely visited here, will become the center of ch.19. The brief synagogue engagement plants a seed for the fuller ministry of 19:8.
κατήντησανthey arrivedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταντάωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταντάω: 'to come to, arrive at'; a nautical/travel term (cf. 16:1; 18:19, 24; 20:15; 21:7; 25:13; 26:7; 27:12; 28:13).
δὲandnarrative continuation postpositive
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (goal/arrival)
ἜφεσονEphesusAccusativeaccusative of goalἜφεσος: Ephesus, capital of the province of Asia, home of the Artemis temple; it will be the center of Paul's third missionary journey (ch.19–20).
κἀκεῖand thereadverb (crasis of καὶ + ἐκεῖ: locative)
τοὺςthemAccusativearticle (substantivized: 'those ones')
μὲνparticle (μέν … δέ contrast)
κατέλιπενhe left behindAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (first of μέν … δέ pair)→ constative aoristκαταλείπω: 'to leave behind'; Priscilla and Aquila are established at Ephesus as a bridgehead for the Ephesian mission (19:1ff.; cf. 1 Cor 16:19).
αὐτούςthemAccusativeaccusative direct object
αὐτὸςhimselfNominativenominative subject (emphatic: Paul in contrast to Priscilla and Aquila)
δὲbutadversative postpositive (μέν … δέ contrast)
εἰσελθὼνhaving enteredAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιtemporal participle (antecedent to διελέξατο)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: the synagogue-entry formula, as throughout Acts.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
συναγωγὴνsynagogueAccusativeaccusative of goalσυναγωγή: the Ephesian synagogue; Paul's brief visit plants a relationship he will return to exploit in ch.19.
διελέξατοhe reasonedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διαλέγομαιmain verb (second of μέν … δέ pair)→ constative aoristδιαλέγομαι: the standard Pauline synagogue-method verb (cf. v.4); here as a one-time event (aorist) contrasting with the habitual imperfect of v.4.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἸουδαίοιςJewsDativedative indirect object (of διελέξατο)Ἰουδαῖος: the Ephesian Jewish community receives a first hearing; their receptiveness (v.20) prepares for ch.19.
20

ἐρωτώντων δὲ αὐτῶν ἐπὶ πλείονα χρόνον μεῖναι οὐκ ἐπένευσεν,

And when they asked him to stay for a longer time, he did not consent,

Contrast (positive reception but Paul declines)δέThe genitive absolute (ἐρωτώντων αὐτῶν) frames the Ephesian Jews' positive request against Paul's refusal. The refusal sets up the promise of v.21 ('I will return if God wills'), which Apollos and then Paul himself will fulfill in ch.19.
ἐρωτώντωνaskingPres Act Ptc Gen Pl Masc · ἐρωτάωgenitive absolute (temporal/concessive)→ progressive present (ongoing request)ἐρωτάω: 'to ask, request'; in NT the word often denotes a polite request to a superior (contrast αἰτέω). The Ephesian synagogue's invitation shows a more receptive initial attitude than in many other cities.
δὲandnarrative continuation postpositive
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivegenitive absolute subject
ἐπὶforpreposition + accusative (temporal extent)
πλείοναlongerAccusativeaccusative (attributive adjective with χρόνον)πλείων / πλέον: comparative of πολύς; 'more, longer'; ἐπὶ πλείονα χρόνον = 'for a longer/extended period.'
χρόνονtimeAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeχρόνος: 'time'; ἐπὶ πλείονα χρόνον is a temporal phrase requesting an extended stay.
μεῖναιto remainAor Act Inf · μένωinfinitive (object of ἐρωτώντων: content of the request)→ constative aoristμένω: 'to remain, stay'; the same verb as ἔμενεν in v.3.
οὐκnotnegation
ἐπένευσενhe consentedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπινεύωmain verb (negated: he did not consent)→ constative aoristἐπινεύω: NT hapax; 'to nod to, consent, agree' (ἐπί + νεύω, 'to nod'). The refusal contrasts with the Corinthian stay of 18 months — Paul is on a set itinerary.
21

ἀλλὰ ἀποταξάμενος καὶ εἰπών· Πάλιν ἀνακάμψω πρὸς ὑμᾶς τοῦ θεοῦ θέλοντος, ἀνήχθη ἀπὸ τῆς Ἐφέσου,

but taking leave of them and saying, 'I will return to you again if God wills,' he set sail from Ephesus,

Contrast (refusal but with promise)ἀλλάThe adversative ἀλλά balances the refusal of v.20 with a conditional promise: πάλιν ἀνακάμψω ('I will return again') — fulfilled in 19:1ff. The Lukan 'if God wills' (τοῦ θεοῦ θέλοντος) is a genitive absolute expressing the standard early Christian reservation (cf. Jas 4:15).
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
ἀποταξάμενοςhaving taken leaveAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀποτάσσομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist (single farewell act)ἀποτάσσομαι: 'take leave of, say farewell to'; middle voice; elsewhere only in Lukan writings in NT (Lk 9:61; Acts 18:18; 2 Cor 2:13).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰπώνhaving saidAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (introducing direct speech)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; the participial formula εἰπών + direct speech is standard Lukan style.
Πάλινagainadverb (temporal: 'once more')πάλιν: 'again, once more'; underscores the promise of a return visit.
ἀνακάμψωI will returnFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀνακάμπτωmain verb (of direct speech, promissory future)→ predictive future (promised return)ἀνακάμπτω: 'turn back, return'; compounds ἀνά + κάμπτω ('bend/turn'). Fulfilled in 19:1.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction/goal)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός (addressees in Ephesus)
τοῦofGenitivearticle (genitive absolute)
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive absolute subjectθεός: God; the genitive absolute signals sovereign divine permission — a standard Christian qualification (cf. Jas 4:15; Rom 1:10).
θέλοντοςwillingPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · θέλωgenitive absolute (conditional: 'if God wills')→ progressive present (ongoing divine will)θέλω: 'will, wish, desire'; the genitive absolute is a conditional — Paul submits his plans to divine sovereignty.
ἀνήχθηhe set sailAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀνάγωmain verb (resuming the main narrative)→ constative aorist (single departure event)ἀνάγω: 'put to sea, set sail'; nautical technical term used frequently in Acts for sea voyages (cf. 13:13; 16:11; 20:3, 13; 21:1, 2; 27:2, 4, 12, 21; 28:10, 11).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (origin/departure point)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἘφέσουEphesusGenitivegenitive of separation (departure point)Ἔφεσος: Ephesus, the major city of the province of Asia; Paul will return here for a three-year ministry (19:1–20:1).
22

καὶ κατελθὼν εἰς Καισάρειαν, ἀναβὰς καὶ ἀσπασάμενος τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, κατέβη εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν.

And having come down to Caesarea, and having gone up and greeted the church, he went down to Antioch.

Continuation (itinerary)καίThe compressed itinerary — Caesarea → 'going up' (presumably Jerusalem, since Caesarea is the port and Jerusalem is 'up') → Antioch — marks the close of the second missionary journey. The 'going up to greet the church' is taken by most commentators as a Jerusalem visit, though the city is not named.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατελθὼνhaving come downAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · κατέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (temporal: sequence of travel)→ constative aoristκατέρχομαι: 'come down'; the compound κατα- marks arrival by sea or descent to a coastal city.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)
ΚαισάρειανCaesareaAccusativeaccusative of destinationΚαισάρεια: Caesarea Maritima, the main port of Judea and the administrative capital of the province.
ἀναβὰςhaving gone upAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβαίνωcircumstantial participle (sequential travel)→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; technically and geographically 'going up' from Caesarea would mean going to Jerusalem (elevation ~750m) — strongly implied though unnamed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀσπασάμενοςhaving greetedAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀσπάζομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist (single act of greeting)ἀσπάζομαι: 'greet, salute'; in Acts the greeting of a church signals formal apostolic accountability and fellowship (cf. 15:3–4; 21:7, 17–19).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἐκκλησίανchurchAccusativedirect objectἐκκλησία: 'church, assembly'; here with the definite article — 'the church,' likely the Jerusalem church (the definitive ἐκκλησία of Acts 8:1; 11:22; 12:1, 5; 15:4, 22).
κατέβηhe went downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb→ constative aorist (single movement)καταβαίνω: 'go down'; going 'down' to Antioch from Jerusalem is geographically accurate and theologically signals the return to his sending church (cf. 13:1–3; 14:26–28; 15:30–35).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)
ἈντιόχειανAntiochAccusativeaccusative of destinationἈντιόχεια: Antioch-on-the-Orontes, the sending church of the Pauline mission (Acts 11:19–30; 13:1–3; 14:26; 15:35); Paul's 'home base.'
23

καὶ ποιήσας χρόνον τινὰ ἐξῆλθεν, διερχόμενος καθεξῆς τὴν Γαλατικὴν χώραν καὶ Φρυγίαν, ἐπιστηρίζων πάντας τοὺς μαθητάς.

And after spending some time there, he departed, passing through the Galatian region and Phrygia in order, strengthening all the disciples.

Continuation (beginning of third journey)καίThis brief notice (v.23) is the only mention of the third missionary journey's outset. The two present participles (διερχόμενος, ἐπιστηρίζων) describe the manner of travel — methodical, strengthening. καθεξῆς ('in order') is a Lukan favorite (Lk 1:3; 8:1; Acts 3:24; 11:4; 18:23).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ποιήσαςhaving spentAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ποιέωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make'; ποιεῖν χρόνον is a Lukan idiom for 'spending time' (cf. 15:33; 20:3; Jas 4:13).
χρόνονtimeAccusativeaccusative (cognate/internal object)χρόνος: 'time'; the unspecified χρόνον τινά ('some time') deliberately leaves the Antioch stay open-ended.
τινὰsomeAccusativeattributive indefinite pronoun
ἐξῆλθενhe departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (single departure event: beginning of third journey)ἐξέρχομαι: 'come/go out'; the definitive departure from Antioch that begins the third journey, parallel to 13:4 (first) and 15:40 (second).
διερχόμενοςpassing throughPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (manner of journey)→ progressive present (continuous movement through regions)διέρχομαι: 'pass through'; the compound διά emphasizes thorough traversal — systematic pastoral revisiting.
καθεξῆςin orderadverb (orderly sequence)καθεξῆς: 'in order, successively'; a Lukan stylistic marker (Lk 1:3; 8:1; Acts 3:24; 11:4) stressing methodical, ordered progress.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ΓαλατικὴνGalatianAccusativeattributive adjectiveΓαλατικός: 'Galatian'; the Galatian region (χώρα) revisited — same phrase as 16:6.
χώρανregionAccusativedirect object of διερχόμενος (first region)χώρα: 'region, country, territory'; the Galatian χώρα includes the South Galatian cities of Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, Derbe.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (joining two regions)
ΦρυγίανPhrygiaAccusativedirect object of διερχόμενος (second region)Φρυγία: Phrygia, an interior region of Asia Minor; here grouped with Galatia as previously in 16:6.
ἐπιστηρίζωνstrengtheningPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιστηρίζωcircumstantial participle (purpose/result of the journey)→ progressive present (ongoing pastoral strengthening)ἐπιστηρίζω: 'strengthen, establish firmly'; the ἐπί prefix intensifies — 'to set firmly upon.' The verb describes Paul's pastoral revisiting of established churches (cf. 14:22; 15:32, 41).
πάνταςallAccusativeobject modifier (distributive: 'all the disciples')
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητάςdisciplesAccusativedirect object of ἐπιστηρίζωνμαθητής: 'disciple, learner'; in Acts the standard term for believers (cf. 6:1, 2, 7; 9:1, 10, 19, 25, 26, 38; 11:26, 29; 14:20, 21, 22, 28; 15:10; 16:1; 18:23, 27; 19:1, 9, 30; 20:1, 30; 21:4, 16).
24

Ἰουδαῖος δέ τις Ἀπολλῶς ὀνόματι, Ἀλεξανδρεὺς τῷ γένει, ἀνὴρ λόγιος, κατήντησεν εἰς Ἔφεσον, δυνατὸς ὢν ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς.

Now a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by birth, an eloquent man, arrived at Ephesus, being powerful in the Scriptures.

New subject introduction (Apollos)δέThe δέ signals the chapter's final and quite different movement — the introduction of Apollos. Luke's portrait is carefully composed: five epithets pile up before the main verb (ἰουδαῖος, Ἀλεξανδρεύς, λόγιος, δυνατὸς ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς, κατηχημένος τὴν ὁδόν in v.25) before the limitation appears: 'knowing only the baptism of John.'
Ἰουδαῖοςa JewNominativepredicate nominative (subject identification)Ἰουδαῖος: 'Jew'; ethnic-religious designation establishing Apollos's background — an observant, scripturally formed Jew.
δέnowtransitional particle (new character introduction)
τιςa certainNominativeindefinite pronoun (individualizing)
ἈπολλῶςApollosNominativesubject (name in apposition to Ἰουδαῖος)Ἀπολλῶς: Apollos; probably a shortened form of Apollonius; later a significant figure in Corinth (1 Cor 1:12; 3:4–6, 22; 4:6; 16:12) and possibly Crete (Titus 3:13).
ὀνόματιby nameDativedative of respect (appellation formula)ὄνομα: standard Lukan formula for introducing a name (cf. vv.2, 7).
Ἀλεξανδρεὺςan AlexandrianNominativeattributive nominative (ethnic origin)Ἀλεξανδρεύς: 'a man from Alexandria'; Alexandria, Egypt, had the largest Jewish diaspora community outside Palestine and a famous tradition of biblical scholarship (Philo, LXX).
τῷbyDativearticle
γένειbirth/raceDativedative of respectγένος: 'race, birth, descent'; the same formula as v.2 for Aquila — ethnic specification by birth.
ἀνὴρa manNominativenominative (resuming subject, introducing epithets)ἀνήρ: 'man'; the resumptive ἀνήρ + adjective pattern introduces a list of qualifications.
λόγιοςeloquentNominativepredicate adjective (attribute of ἀνήρ)λόγιος: 'eloquent, learned, skilled in speech'; from λόγος; in classical usage 'learned, eloquent'; NT hapax. Apollos's oratory will later impress the Corinthians (1 Cor 1–4).
κατήντησενarrivedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταντάωmain verb→ constative aorist (single arrival event)καταντάω: 'arrive at, reach'; a travel verb used in Acts for reaching a destination (cf. 16:1; 18:19, 24; 20:15; 21:7; 25:13; 26:7; 27:12; 28:13).
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (destination)
ἜφεσονEphesusAccusativeaccusative of destinationἜφεσος: Ephesus, where Paul has just left Priscilla and Aquila — setting up the encounter of v.26.
δυνατὸςpowerfulNominativepredicate adjective (second epithet of Apollos)δυνατός: 'powerful, able, mighty'; cognate to δύναμις ('power'). δυνατὸς ἐν ταῖς γραφαῖς = 'mighty in the Scriptures' — technical competence in biblical interpretation.
ὢνbeingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίattributive/predicative participle (manner/qualification)→ descriptive present (characteristic quality)εἰμί: 'be'; the present participle is predicative, describing an ongoing characteristic.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere/domain)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
γραφαῖςScripturesDativedative (sphere: 'in the Scriptures')γραφή: 'writing, Scripture'; in the plural with the definite article, 'the Scriptures' = the OT as a whole (cf. v.28: ἐπιδεικνὺς διὰ τῶν γραφῶν).
25

οὗτος ἦν κατηχημένος τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ κυρίου, καὶ ζέων τῷ πνεύματι ἐλάλει καὶ ἐδίδασκεν ἀκριβῶς τὰ περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ, ἐπιστάμενος μόνον τὸ βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου.

This man had been instructed in the way of the Lord, and being fervent in spirit he was speaking and teaching accurately the things concerning Jesus, though knowing only the baptism of John.

Character description (asyndeton — continued portrait)asyndetonThe asyndetic continuation piles up qualifications. The pluperfect-force of the periphrastic ἦν κατηχημένος ('he had been instructed') indicates prior catechetical formation. The limitation — 'knowing only the baptism of John' — sets up the corrective instruction of v.26 without denigrating Apollos's sincerity or ability.
οὗτοςthis manNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject, resuming Apollos)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary verb (periphrastic construction with κατηχημένος)→ descriptive imperfect (resultant state from prior instruction)εἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect of εἰμί + perfect participle = pluperfect-like periphrasis.
κατηχημένοςhaving been instructedPerf Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · κατηχέωperiphrastic participle (with ἦν: pluperfect force)→ intensive perfect (standing result of prior instruction)κατηχέω: 'instruct, teach orally'; from κατά + ἠχέω ('resound'); the 'catechism' terminology derives from this verb. Apollos has received real, substantial Christian instruction — just incomplete.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὁδὸνwayAccusativeaccusative (content of instruction: 'the way')ὁδός: 'way, road'; 'the Way' is a significant early designation for Christianity in Acts (9:2; 19:9, 23; 22:4; 24:14, 22) — here 'the way of the Lord' with a christological focus.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitivegenitive (possessive/defining: 'the Lord's way')κύριος: 'Lord'; the genitive τοῦ κυρίου is christological — 'the way that belongs to/comes from the Lord Jesus.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ζέωνbeing ferventPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ζέωcircumstantial participle (manner: fervent spirit)→ progressive present (habitual fervor)ζέω: 'boil, be fervent, glow'; NT only in Rom 12:11 and here; the metaphor is of water boiling — intense, bubbling enthusiasm. Cf. Rom 12:11: 'fervent in spirit' (τῷ πνεύματι ζέοντες).
τῷin theDativearticle
πνεύματιspiritDativedative of sphere (sphere of fervor: 'in/with spirit')πνεῦμα: 'spirit'; whether 'spirit' here is the Holy Spirit or the human spirit is debated; the parallel with Rom 12:11 suggests the human spirit energized by the divine.
ἐλάλειhe was speakingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (first of paired imperfects)→ progressive imperfect (habitual speaking)λαλέω: 'speak'; in Acts λαλέω is the proclamation verb (cf. 4:1, 29, 31; 8:25; 13:42, 45, 46).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδίδασκενhe was teachingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διδάσκωmain verb (second of paired imperfects)→ progressive imperfect (habitual teaching activity)διδάσκω: 'teach'; the distinction from λαλέω (speak/proclaim) suggests both public proclamation and structured instruction.
ἀκριβῶςaccuratelyadverb (qualifying both verbs: manner of teaching)ἀκριβῶς: 'accurately, exactly, carefully'; cognate to ἀκριβέστερον in v.26 — Priscilla and Aquila will expound 'more accurately' what Apollos already teaches 'accurately' as far as it goes.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantival: 'the things concerning')
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference/topic)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸησοῦJesusGenitivegenitive (object of περί: content of teaching)Ἰησοῦς: Jesus; τὰ περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ('the things concerning Jesus') is a comprehensive phrase for the gospel narrative and its significance.
ἐπιστάμενοςknowingPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐπίσταμαιcircumstantial participle (concessive: 'though knowing only')→ progressive present (ongoing state of limited knowledge)ἐπίσταμαι: 'know, understand'; a cognitive verb for acquired, practical knowledge.
μόνονonlyadverb (restrictive limiter: the crucial qualification)μόνον: 'only, alone'; the single word μόνον carries the entire limitation — Apollos's knowledge stops at John's baptism, not yet encompassing Pentecost and Spirit-baptism.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
βάπτισμαbaptismAccusativedirect object of ἐπιστάμενοςβάπτισμα: 'baptism'; the 'baptism of John' was a repentance-baptism looking forward to the Coming One (Lk 3:16; Acts 1:5; 19:4) — genuine, prophetic, but not yet Christian baptism in the name of Jesus with the gift of the Spirit.
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivegenitive (subjective/origin: the baptism John administered)Ἰωάννης: John the Baptist; the 'baptism of John' is distinguished from Christian baptism throughout Acts (1:5; 11:16; 19:3–4).
26

οὗτός τε ἤρξατο παρρησιάζεσθαι ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ. ἀκούσαντες δὲ αὐτοῦ Πρίσκιλλα καὶ Ἀκύλας προσελάβοντο αὐτὸν καὶ ἀκριβέστερον αὐτῷ ἐξέθεντο τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ὁδόν.

And this man began to speak boldly in the synagogue; but when Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him aside and explained to him the way of God more accurately.

Sequence and contrastτε…δέThe τε…δέ structure sets Apollos's bold synagogue preaching against the private instruction of Priscilla and Aquila. The key verb προσελάβοντο ('took him to themselves') is warm and collegial — no public correction, no humiliation. Note that Priscilla is named before Aquila here, as frequently in the Pauline correspondence, suggesting her prominence.
οὗτόςthis manNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)
τεandconnective particle (with δέ: loosely correlated)
ἤρξατοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb (inceptive aorist: beginning of bold public preaching)→ ingressive aorist (beginning of new phase of ministry)ἄρχω: 'begin'; the middle ἄρχομαι is standard for 'begin to' + infinitive in NT.
παρρησιάζεσθαιto speak boldlyPres Mid Inf · παρρησιάζομαιcomplementary infinitive (object of ἤρξατο)→ progressive present (ongoing bold proclamation)παρρησιάζομαι: 'speak boldly, freely, with confidence'; from παρρησία ('openness, boldness'); a key term in Acts for the Spirit-empowered proclamation (cf. 4:13, 29, 31; 9:27, 28; 13:46; 14:3; 18:26; 19:8; 26:26).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locative)
τῇtheDativearticle
συναγωγῇsynagogueDativedative of placeσυναγωγή: the Ephesian synagogue where Priscilla and Aquila attend and hear him.
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'when they heard')→ constative aorist (single hearing event)ἀκούω: 'hear'; hearing precedes understanding and correction — Priscilla and Aquila hear him out before responding.
δὲandnarrative transition postpositive
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούσαντες (person heard)
ΠρίσκιλλαPriscillaNominativesubject (first named, as at 18:18)Πρίσκιλλα: named before Aquila here (and in most references: Acts 18:18, 26; Rom 16:3; 2 Tim 4:19), possibly signaling higher social status or greater prominence in the catechetical work.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἈκύλαςAquilaNominativesubject (second named)Ἀκύλας: Aquila; the couple act jointly in taking Apollos aside.
προσελάβοντοtook asideAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · προσλαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aorist (single act of hospitality/mentorship)προσλαμβάνω: 'take to oneself, receive, take aside'; the middle voice is personal and warm — 'they received him to themselves.' The same verb is used in Rom 14:1–3; 15:7 for mutual acceptance.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκριβέστερονmore accuratelycomparative adverb (modifying ἐξέθεντο)ἀκριβέστερον: comparative of ἀκριβῶς; 'more accurately, more precisely'; the comparison is with v.25 (ἀκριβῶς) — Apollos already taught accurately; they expound more accurately still.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of indirect object
ἐξέθεντοexplainedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐκτίθημιmain verb (second of the two main verbs)→ constative aorist (single act of instruction)ἐκτίθημι: 'set out, explain, expound'; a teaching verb implying systematic, ordered presentation. Used also of Paul's synagogue expositions (28:23).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (possessive: 'God's way')θεός: 'God'; the phrase τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ὁδόν — 'the way of God' — is the fuller expression of τὴν ὁδὸν τοῦ κυρίου in v.25, now with God rather than Lord as the genitive.
ὁδόνwayAccusativedirect objectὁδός: 'way'; the early Christian self-designation (9:2; 19:9, 23; 22:4; 24:14, 22) — the complete Way, including Spirit-baptism and resurrection faith.
27

βουλομένου δὲ αὐτοῦ διελθεῖν εἰς τὴν Ἀχαΐαν, προτρεψάμενοι οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἔγραψαν τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἀποδέξασθαι αὐτόν· ὃς παραγενόμενος συνεβάλετο πολὺ τοῖς πεπιστευκόσιν διὰ τῆς χάριτος.

And when he wished to cross to Achaia, the brothers encouraged him and wrote to the disciples to welcome him; and when he arrived he greatly helped those who had believed through grace.

Continuation (commissioning and ministry in Achaia)δέThe genitive absolute (βουλομένου αὐτοῦ) frames Apollos's own wish against the community's active encouragement and letter of commendation — a standard practice in the early church (cf. Rom 16:1–2; 2 Cor 3:1). The crux of the verse is διὰ τῆς χάριτος: does 'grace' modify 'those who had believed' (i.e., they believed by grace) or 'helped' (i.e., he helped greatly by/through grace)? The grammar favors the latter but the former has strong theological support.
βουλομένουwishingPres Mid Ptc Gen Sg Masc · βούλομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ progressive present (ongoing desire/intention)βούλομαι: 'wish, intend, plan'; a volitional verb indicating considered intention.
δὲandnarrative transition postpositive
αὐτοῦhis/heGenitivegenitive absolute subject
διελθεῖνto cross overAor Act Inf · διέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive (content of βουλομένου)→ constative aorist (single intended journey)διέρχομαι: 'pass through, cross over'; here specifically the sea crossing from Ephesus to Achaia (Corinth).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (destination)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἈχαΐανAchaiaAccusativeaccusative of destinationἈχαΐα: the Roman province of Achaia, capital Corinth; 1 Cor 1–4 attests to Apollos's significant impact there.
προτρεψάμενοιhaving encouragedAor Mid Ptc Nom Pl Masc · προτρέπομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ constative aorist (single act of encouragement)προτρέπομαι: 'urge forward, encourage, exhort'; NT hapax; the middle is reflexive-intensive — the brothers 'stirred themselves to urge him on.' The community actively commissions him.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀδελφοὶbrothersNominativesubject of ἔγραψανἀδελφός: 'brother'; in Acts used for fellow believers (cf. 1:15; 6:3; 9:17, 30; 10:23; 11:1, 12; 15:1, 3, 22, 23, 32, 33, 36, 40; 16:2, 40; 17:6, 10, 14; 18:18, 27; 21:7, 17, 20).
ἔγραψανwroteAor Act Indic 3 Pl · γράφωmain verb→ constative aorist (single act of writing a letter)γράφω: 'write'; the letter of commendation (συστατικὴ ἐπιστολή) was standard practice for travelers in the early church (cf. 2 Cor 3:1–3; Rom 16:1–2).
τοῖςto theDativearticle
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativedative of indirect object (recipients of letter)μαθητής: the believers in Achaia to whom the letter is addressed.
ἀποδέξασθαιto welcomeAor Mid Inf · ἀποδέχομαιinfinitive (content of the letter: purpose/request)→ constative aorist (single act of welcome anticipated)ἀποδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome, accept'; a word of warm reception implying approval and hospitality (cf. 2:41; 15:4; 24:3; 28:30).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀποδέξασθαι
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of παραγενόμενος clause)
παραγενόμενοςhaving arrivedAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · παραγίνομαιcircumstantial participle (temporal: 'on arriving')→ constative aorist (single arrival event)παραγίνομαι: 'arrive, come, appear'; a standard Lukan arrival verb (cf. 9:26, 39; 11:23; 13:14; 14:27; 15:4; 17:10; 18:27; 20:18; 21:8, 18; 23:16, 35; 24:17, 24; 25:7).
συνεβάλετοhe helpedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · συμβάλλωmain verb→ constative aorist (summary of ministry contribution)συμβάλλω: 'throw together with, contribute, help'; in the middle 'confer benefit, be of service'; NT uses include Acts 4:15; 17:18; 20:14. Here: 'he contributed greatly' to the believers.
πολὺgreatlyadverb (degree: modifying συνεβάλετο)πολύς: 'much, greatly'; adverbial accusative — 'he helped greatly/much.'
τοῖςto thoseDativearticle
πεπιστευκόσινwho had believedPerf Act Ptc Dat Pl Masc · πιστεύωsubstantival participle (dative object of συνεβάλετο)→ intensive perfect (those who had come to faith and remain in it)πιστεύω: 'believe'; the perfect participle τοῖς πεπιστευκόσιν ('those who have believed') is standard in Acts for the community of established believers (cf. 4:32; 11:17; 19:18).
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means: the crux of the verse)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
χάριτοςgraceGenitivegenitive (means of συνεβάλετο — or modifying πεπιστευκόσιν: crux)χάρις: 'grace, favor'; the grammatical referent of διὰ τῆς χάριτος is disputed: (a) Apollos helped 'through [God's] grace' — most natural syntactically since it follows the main verb; (b) those who 'had believed through grace' — a Pauline-sounding theological gloss. Both readings are theologically acceptable; (a) has the stronger grammatical argument.
28

εὐτόνως γὰρ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις διακατηλέγχετο δημοσίᾳ ἐπιδεικνὺς διὰ τῶν γραφῶν εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν.

for he powerfully refuted the Jews in public, demonstrating through the Scriptures that Jesus is the Christ.

Ground (explains how Apollos 'helped greatly')γάρThe γάρ grounds v.27b: he helped greatly because he powerfully (εὐτόνως) refuted the Jews. The final phrase — διὰ τῶν γραφῶν εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν — mirrors Paul's testimony in v.5 (εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν) and provides the perfect closing bracket to the chapter: both Paul and the newly equipped Apollos argue the same thesis from the same Scriptures.
εὐτόνωςpowerfullyadverb (manner: force of refutation)εὐτόνως: 'vigorously, powerfully, strenuously'; from εὔτονος ('well-strung, taut'); NT only here and Lk 23:10. The adverb underscores Apollos's rhetorical and intellectual force.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἸουδαίοιςJewsDativedative of opposition (against whom the refutation is directed)Ἰουδαῖος: the Jewish opponents in Achaia; this is now sustained apologetic engagement, not just proclamation.
διακατηλέγχετοhe was refutingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · διακατελέγχομαιmain verb→ progressive imperfect (sustained, ongoing refutation)διακατελέγχομαι: 'thoroughly refute, confute completely'; NT hapax; triple compound (διά + κατά + ἐλέγχω) — each prefix intensifying: 'through-down-convict,' i.e., thoroughly and completely expose as wrong. Apollos's Alexandrian rhetorical training meets Jewish scripture.
δημοσίᾳpubliclyDativedative of manner (public setting)δημοσίᾳ: 'publicly, in public'; adverbial dative; the refutation is open, not private — contrasting with the private instruction of v.26.
ἐπιδεικνὺςdemonstratingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιδείκνυμιcircumstantial participle (means/manner of refutation)→ progressive present (ongoing demonstration)ἐπιδείκνυμι: 'show, demonstrate, prove'; the ἐπί prefix adds a sense of 'showing to' an audience — public display of proof.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means/instrument)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
γραφῶνScripturesGenitivegenitive (means: 'through/by means of the Scriptures')γραφή: 'writing, Scripture'; the OT as the shared authority; Apollos's Alexandrian biblical training makes him formidable in this arena. The same phrase (διὰ τῶν γραφῶν) as the means of Paul's own reasoning throughout Acts.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive (indirect statement: content demonstrated)→ gnomic present (timeless identity)εἰμί: 'be'; introduces the content of the scriptural demonstration as indirect discourse.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΧριστὸνChrist/MessiahAccusativepredicate accusative (in indirect statement)Χριστός: 'the Messiah'; with the article — 'the Christ' — as the definite messianic title to which Jesus is shown to correspond. The thesis exactly mirrors Paul's in v.5 (εἶναι τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν), forming a perfect structural bracket around the chapter's Corinthian narrative.
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativesubject accusative of indirect statementἸησοῦς: Jesus; the identification — 'that Jesus is the Messiah' — is the climactic thesis of both Paul's Corinthian ministry (v.5) and Apollos's Achaian ministry (v.28), forming the chapter's theological thesis statement and its closing bracket.