independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecomparativecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
Flush-left = a main (independent) clause. Each dependent line begins directly beneath the word it attaches to in the line above — the anchor word is dotted-underlined, and lights up when you hover its dependent clause; each tag also names the attachment. A dashed border marks verbless, elliptical, or suspended lines. Where a long sentence's staircase runs wider than the page, the diagram scrolls sideways. (In print, or without JavaScript, lines fall back to stepped indent columns.)
Up to Jerusalem with Titus — the truth of the gospel guarded 2:1–5
vv. 1–2 — the visit: up by revelation, the gospel laid before the pillars
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Ἔπειτα διὰ δεκατεσσάρων ἐτῶν πάλιν ἀνέβην εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα μετὰ Βαρναβᾶ,independent — the narrative resumes (Ἔπειτα, cf. 1:18, 21) — the second visit, dated
συμπαραλαβὼν καὶ Τίτον·participial — attendant circumstance — Titus the uncircumcised test case
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ἀνέβην δὲ κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν·independent — the visit's warrant — revelation, not summons
καὶ ἀνεθέμην αὐτοῖς τὸ εὐαγγέλιονindependent — the business of the visit — the gospel laid out
ὃ κηρύσσω ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν,relative — present tense — the same gospel, still being preached
κατ' ἰδίαν δὲ τοῖς δοκοῦσιν,phrase modifier — the corrective δέ — in private, to οἱ δοκοῦντες (the keyword's first sounding)
μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον.purpose — μή πως — apprehension: present subjunctive and aorist indicative, the race present and past
vv. 3–5 — Titus not compelled; the false brothers refused
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ἀλλ' οὐδὲ Τίτος ὁ σὺν ἐμοί, Ἕλλην ὤν, ἠναγκάσθη περιτμηθῆναι·independent — the outcome — Ἕλλην ὤν concessive, kept in line: the test case not compelled
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διὰ δὲ τοὺς παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους,phrase modifier — anacoluthon — the διά phrase never finds its verb; supply 'the pressure arose' (on ἠναγκάσθη)
οἵτινες παρεισῆλθον κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἡμῶνrelative — the infiltration — παρεισῆλθον answers παρεισάκτους
ἣν ἔχομεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ,relative — the freedom located — in Christ Jesus
ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν,purpose — future indicative after ἵνα — the design: re-enslavement
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οἷς οὐδὲ πρὸς ὥραν εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ,relative — the resistance — οὐδὲ πρὸς ὥραν: not one hour's submission
ἵνα ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου διαμείνῃ πρὸς ὑμᾶς.purpose — the stake — διαμείνῃ πρὸς ὑμᾶς: for the Galatians themselves
The pillars add nothing — the right hand of fellowship 2:6–10
v. 6 — the broken start: nothing added
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ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν δοκούντων εἶναί τι—ὁποῖοί ποτε ἦσαν οὐδέν μοι διαφέρει·independent — anacoluthon — the ἀπό phrase breaks off mid-course into the parenthesis (the em-dash closes up, binding them into one line)
πρόσωπον ὁ θεὸς ἀνθρώπου οὐ λαμβάνει—ἐμοὶ γὰρ οἱ δοκοῦντες οὐδὲν προσανέθεντο,independent — the parenthesis sealed with a maxim, then the restart — resumptive γάρ: the δοκοῦντες imposed nothing
vv. 7–10 — instead: recognition, and the right hand given
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ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἰδόντεςparticipial — the contrast — the pillars' participle waits for its verb until ἔδωκαν (v. 9)
ὅτι πεπίστευμαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς ἀκροβυστίαςcontent — perfect πεπίστευμαι — the entrustment stands
καθὼς Πέτρος τῆς περιτομῆς,comparative — elliptical — supply πεπίστευται: two entrustments, one gospel
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ὁ γὰρ ἐνεργήσας Πέτρῳ εἰς ἀποστολὴν τῆς περιτομῆς ἐνήργησεν καὶ ἐμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη,cause — parenthetical ground — one and the same Worker behind both missions
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καὶ γνόντες τὴν χάριν τὴν δοθεῖσάν μοι,participial — paired with ἰδόντες — perception become acknowledgment (γνόντες)
Ἰάκωβος καὶ Κηφᾶς καὶ Ἰωάννης, οἱ δοκοῦντες στῦλοι εἶναι, δεξιὰς ἔδωκαν ἐμοὶ καὶ Βαρναβᾷ κοινωνίας,independent — the sentence lands — the subject named at last, the pledge given
ἵνα ἡμεῖς εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, αὐτοὶ δὲ εἰς τὴν περιτομήν·purpose — verbless ἵνα — the verb of going supplied; the mission fields divided
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μόνον τῶν πτωχῶν ἵνα μνημονεύωμεν,purpose — the single proviso — μόνον fronted, τῶν πτωχῶν thrust before its own ἵνα
ὃ καὶ ἐσπούδασα αὐτὸ τοῦτο ποιῆσαι.relative — on the proviso — pleonastic resumption (ὃ … αὐτὸ τοῦτο): already Paul's eagerness
Paul withstands Cephas at Antioch 2:11–14
vv. 11–13 — the withdrawal and its contagion
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Ὅτε δὲ ἦλθεν Κηφᾶς εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν,conditional — temporal (ὅτε) — leans on the main clause below
κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην,independent — the confrontation — κατὰ πρόσωπον, in the open
ὅτι κατεγνωσμένος ἦν.cause — periphrastic perfect — condemned by his own conduct; the evidence follows
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πρὸ τοῦ γὰρ ἐλθεῖν τινας ἀπὸ Ἰακώβου μετὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν συνήσθιεν·cause — the evidence begins — πρὸ τοῦ + infinitive; imperfect συνήσθιεν: habitual shared table
ὅτε δὲ ἦλθον,conditional — temporal (ὅτε) — leans on the imperfects below
ὑπέστελλεν καὶ ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν,cause — inceptive imperfects — the withdrawal by degrees
φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς.participial — the motive — fear, not conviction
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καὶ συνυπεκρίθησαν αὐτῷ καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Ἰουδαῖοι,independent — coordinate finite — the contagion spreads (συνυπεκρίθησαν)
ὥστε καὶ Βαρναβᾶς συναπήχθη αὐτῶν τῇ ὑποκρίσει.purpose — result (ὥστε + indicative) — even Barnabas swept off
v. 14 — the public rebuke
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ἀλλ' ὅτε εἶδονconditional — temporal (ὅτε) — the turn (ἀλλά); leans on εἶπον below
ὅτι οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου,content — ὀρθοποδοῦσιν — the gait not true to the gospel's line (cf. v. 5)
εἶπον τῷ Κηφᾷ ἔμπροσθεν πάντων·independent — public wrong, public word — ἔμπροσθεν πάντων
Εἰ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ὑπάρχων ἐθνικῶς καὶ οὐκ Ἰουδαϊκῶς ζῇς,conditional — the quoted protasis — Ἰουδαῖος ὑπάρχων concessive; leans on the question below
πῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις ἰουδαΐζειν;content — the public question — apodosis; where the quotation ends is disputed (perhaps not before v. 21)
Justified by faith, not by works of law 2:15–18
vv. 15–16 — the shared conviction: by faith, not law-works
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Ἡμεῖς φύσει Ἰουδαῖοι καὶ οὐκ ἐξ ἐθνῶν ἁμαρτωλοί,independent — verbless — the shared premise: 'we, Jews by birth', suspended toward ἐπιστεύσαμεν (v. 16)
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εἰδότες δὲparticipial — on Ἡμεῖς — what 'we Jews' ourselves know
ὅτι οὐ δικαιοῦται ἄνθρωπος ἐξ ἔργων νόμουcontent — the axiom — δικαιοῦται present and general
ἐὰν μὴ διὰ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ,conditional — the ἐὰν μή crux — formally exceptive, here adversative in force: it excepts from bare δικαιοῦται, not from ἐξ ἔργων νόμου; πίστεως Χριστοῦ read as objective genitive
καὶ ἡμεῖς εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐπιστεύσαμεν,independent — the main verb — καί ascensive: even we; the suspended Ἡμεῖς (v. 15) lands
ἵνα δικαιωθῶμεν ἐκ πίστεως Χριστοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου,purpose — believing's aim — the antithesis restated a second time
ὅτι ἐξ ἔργων νόμου οὐ δικαιωθήσεται πᾶσα σάρξ.cause — the ground — Ps 143:2 (LXX 142:2) echoed: οὐ … πᾶσα σάρξ, the Hebraism for 'no flesh'
vv. 17–18 — the objection, and where transgression really lies
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εἰ δὲ ζητοῦντες δικαιωθῆναι ἐν Χριστῷ εὑρέθημεν καὶ αὐτοὶ ἁμαρτωλοί,conditional — protasis — leans on the question below; 'sinners' as in v. 15, law-defined
ἆρα Χριστὸς ἁμαρτίας διάκονος;independent — apodosis — verbless question; ἆρα draws the absurd inference
μὴ γένοιτο.independent — the recoil
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εἰ γὰρ ἃ κατέλυσα ταῦτα πάλιν οἰκοδομῶ,conditional — protasis — the headless relative fronted (ἃ … ταῦτα): the demolished law-fence rebuilt
παραβάτην ἐμαυτὸν συνιστάνω.independent — apodosis — the real transgression is the rebuilding
Crucified with Christ — grace not nullified 2:19–21
vv. 19–20 — dead to law, alive to God: the exchanged life
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ἐγὼ γὰρ διὰ νόμου νόμῳ ἀπέθανονindependent — the confession — διὰ νόμου νόμῳ: the law itself the instrument of death to the law
ἵνα θεῷ ζήσω.purpose — death's purpose — life to God
Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι·independent — perfect — the standing fact of co-crucifixion
20
ζῶ δὲ οὐκέτι ἐγώ,independent — the old subject dethroned
ζῇ δὲ ἐν ἐμοὶ Χριστός·independent — the balancing limb — Christ the indwelling subject
ὃ δὲ νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί,relative — casus pendens — the fronted relative (ὃ internal accusative) leans on its resumption below
ἐν πίστει ζῶ τῇ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦindependent — the resumption — τῇ τοῦ υἱοῦ read as objective genitive (faith in the Son; 'the Son's faithfulness' defensible)
τοῦ ἀγαπήσαντός μεparticipial — attributive aorist — the love enacted at the cross
καὶ παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ.participial — the self-giving — παραδόντος (Isa 53 language), ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ in the singular
v. 21 — the closing reductio
21
οὐκ ἀθετῶ τὴν χάριν τοῦ θεοῦ·independent — the denial — ἀθετῶ answers the charge lurking behind vv. 17–18
εἰ γὰρ διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη,conditional — protasis — verbless; leans on the conclusion below
ἄρα Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν.independent — apodosis — δωρεάν: gratuitously; the reductio that seals the chapter
Analysis. Galatians 2 is narrative that keeps buckling under the strain of its argument, and the dashed lines mark where it snaps. In the Jerusalem visit (vv. 1–10) two sentences fracture: διὰ δὲ τοὺς παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους (v. 4) hangs suspended — a διά phrase that never finds its verb, leaning back on Titus's non-compulsion while the relative chain (who slipped in, to spy, that they might enslave) and Paul's οὐδὲ πρὸς ὥραν refusal with its ἵνα-stake grow beneath it — and ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν δοκούντων (v. 6) breaks off into its own parenthesis (whatever they once were; God shows no partiality) before restarting flush left with resumptive γάρ: the δοκοῦντες added nothing. (The printed text's em-dashes close up against the neighboring words, so the parenthesis must share its lines with the fragment it interrupts and with the restart.) The pillars' participles ἰδόντες and γνόντες (vv. 7, 9) hang from προσανέθεντο and wait two verses for their finite verb — δεξιὰς ἔδωκαν, the right hand of fellowship — with the verbless division of fields and the one proviso (the poor) beneath it. The Antioch scene (vv. 11–14) runs on olive temporal leaners: three ὅτε clauses lean forward on their main clauses, and the whole withdrawal narrative — the imperfects, the fear, the contagion that reaches even Barnabas — stacks as evidence under ὅτι κατεγνωσμένος ἦν. Cruxes the layout takes a side on: the reported speech to Cephas is left open-ended, vv. 15–21 set flush as discourse that never formally closes the quotation; ἐὰν μή (v. 16) is formally exceptive but adversative in force ('but only'), the exception limiting the bare δικαιοῦται rather than ἐξ ἔργων νόμου; πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ (v. 16) and τῇ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ (v. 20) are read as objective genitives — faith in Christ, in the Son — with the subjective 'faithfulness of Christ' noted as defensible; and ὃ δὲ νῦν ζῶ ἐν σαρκί (v. 20) is set as a casus-pendens relative leaning forward on its resumption ἐν πίστει ζῶ.