independentrelativepurposecausecomparativecontentconditionaldashed = verbless / suspended
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The figure of the sheepfold 10:1–6
vv. 1–5 — the paroimia: the door, the voice, the stranger
1
Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν,independent — the double-amen formula, uniquely Johannine — the speech-frame; the discourse flows straight out of ch. 9
ὁ μὴ εἰσερχόμενος διὰ τῆς θύρας εἰς τὴν αὐλὴν τῶν προβάτων ἀλλὰ ἀναβαίνων ἀλλαχόθεν,content — casus pendens — the contrasted double participle (entering / climbing) suspended; ἀλλαχόθεν a NT hapax
ἐκεῖνος κλέπτης ἐστὶν καὶ λῃστής.content — resumptive ἐκεῖνος, emphatic and distancing — stealth and violence paired
2
ὁ δὲ εἰσερχόμενος διὰ τῆς θύρας ποιμήν ἐστιν τῶν προβάτων.content — the contrast — legitimate entry marks the shepherd (Ezek 34 behind the whole figure)
3
τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει,content — fronted τούτῳ — the doorkeeper's authorization
καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἀκούει,content — ἀκούω + genitive — responsive hearing; the discourse's key relational verb
καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ' ὄνομαcontent — κατ' ὄνομα — personal knowledge; ἴδια against ἀλλότριος (v. 5)
καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά.content — the exodus-verb ἐξάγει — out of the fold behind the shepherd
4
ὅταν τὰ ἴδια πάντα ἐκβάλῃ,conditional — temporal ὅταν + aor. subj. (typed cnd; no temporal key) — leans forward on πορεύεται; πάντα: none left behind
ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν πορεύεται,content — the shepherd leads from the front, not driving from behind
καὶ τὰ πρόβατα αὐτῷ ἀκολουθεῖ,content — ἀκολουθέω — the discipleship verb
ὅτι οἴδασιν τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ.cause — οἴδασιν — settled recognition grounds following
5
ἀλλοτρίῳ δὲ οὐ μὴ ἀκολουθήσουσιν,content — fronted ἀλλοτρίῳ; οὐ μή + future — the strongest negation
ἀλλὰ φεύξονται ἀπ' αὐτοῦ,content — the opposite action — flight from the unknown voice
ὅτι οὐκ οἴδασιν τῶν ἀλλοτρίων τὴν φωνήν.cause — the negative mirror of v. 4 — non-recognition grounds flight
v. 6 — the narrator: the figure not understood
6
Ταύτην τὴν παροιμίαν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς·independent — παροιμία — John's word for veiled speech (16:25, 29), not the Synoptic παραβολή
ἐκεῖνοι δὲ οὐκ ἔγνωσανindependent — Johannine miscomprehension — the note that triggers the re-explanation of v. 7
τίνα ἦν ἃ ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς.content — indirect question with internal relative — the imperfect ἐλάλει, the discourse still sounding
The door and the good shepherd 10:7–18
vv. 7–10 — I am the door: salvation, pasture, abundant life
7
Εἶπεν οὖν πάλιν ὁ Ἰησοῦς·independent — οὖν + πάλιν — the re-start prompted by v. 6; one frame carries the speech through v. 18
Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖνcontent — the double-amen formula repeated — the whole exposition hangs beneath it
ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων.content — first ἐγώ εἰμι of the chapter, with recitative ὅτι; ἡ θύρα printed — ὁ ποιμήν in a few witnesses is assimilation to v. 11
8
πάντες ὅσοι ἦλθον πρὸ ἐμοῦ κλέπται εἰσὶν καὶ λῃσταί·content — πάντες ὅσοι — the unauthorized claimants (not the prophets), echoing v. 1
ἀλλ' οὐκ ἤκουσαν αὐτῶν τὰ πρόβατα.content — the sheep's discernment — the negative of v. 3's hearing
9
ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα·content — the saying repeated absolutely, now without the genitive
δι' ἐμοῦ ἐάν τις εἰσέλθῃ,conditional — third-class protasis, δι' ἐμοῦ fronted before the ἐάν — leans forward on the futures
σωθήσεται καὶ εἰσελεύσεται καὶ ἐξελεύσεται καὶ νομὴν εὑρήσει.content — four coordinate futures — going in and out, the idiom of secure freedom (Num 27:17; Ps 121:8)
10
ὁ κλέπτης οὐκ ἔρχεταιcontent — gnomic present — the thief of v. 1 returns for the final antithesis
εἰ μὴ ἵνα κλέψῃ καὶ θύσῃ καὶ ἀπολέσῃ·purpose — εἰ μή + triple ἵνα-purpose — θύω, slaughter; the thief's whole errand
ἐγὼ ἦλθονcontent — emphatic ἐγώ — the mission-aorist (cf. 6:38) against the thief's coming
ἵνα ζωὴν ἔχωσινpurpose — one purpose against three — ζωή, the Johannine gift
καὶ περισσὸν ἔχωσιν.purpose — adverbial περισσόν — not survival but excess; the clinch of the door-unit
vv. 11–13 — I am the good shepherd: shepherd against hireling
11
Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός.content — second ἐγώ εἰμι — καλός: noble, morally beautiful, more than ἀγαθός; double-article emphatic
ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλὸς τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων·content — τιθέναι τὴν ψυχήν — the Johannine idiom (13:37–38; 15:13); futuristic present; ὑπέρ with substitutionary shading
12
ὁ μισθωτὸς καὶ οὐκ ὢν ποιμήν,content — the long subject suspended before its verb — the hireling defined by what he is not
οὗ οὐκ ἔστιν τὰ πρόβατα ἴδια,relative — possessive οὗ — no ἴδια, no stake; the second disqualification
θεωρεῖ τὸν λύκον ἐρχόμενονcontent — θεωρεῖ + supplementary participle — he watches, and does nothing but run
καὶ ἀφίησιν τὰ πρόβατα καὶ φεύγει· καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει·content — the wolf clause kept with the flight as parenthetical result, so v. 13's ὅτι can reach φεύγει; ἁρπάζει anticipates vv. 28–29
13
ὅτι μισθωτός ἐστιν καὶ οὐ μέλει αὐτῷ περὶ τῶν προβάτων.cause — the ground of the flight across the wolf-parenthesis — impersonal μέλει: no care, because no ownership
vv. 14–16 — mutual knowledge, and the other sheep
14
Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός,content — the saying repeated — now expounded by knowledge rather than death
καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰcontent — γινώσκω — relational knowledge; τὰ ἐμά, the neuter of the flock
καὶ γινώσκουσίν με τὰ ἐμά,content — the reciprocal — knowledge answered by knowledge
15
καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα·comparative — the shepherd–flock knowledge measured by the Father–Son knowledge — the discourse's highest analogy
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων.content — the refrain of v. 11 now in the first person — knowledge issues in self-giving
16
καὶ ἄλλα πρόβατα ἔχωcontent — the other sheep — the Gentile mission in figure (cf. 11:52)
ἃ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τῆς αὐλῆς ταύτης·relative — singular ἔστιν with neuter plural — outside the αὐλή of Israel (v. 1)
κἀκεῖνα δεῖ με ἀγαγεῖν,content — the Johannine δεῖ of divine necessity — crasis κἀκεῖνα fronted
καὶ τῆς φωνῆς μου ἀκούσουσιν,content — the mark of v. 3 extended to the others — future now, not gnomic present
καὶ γενήσεται μία ποίμνη, εἷς ποιμήν.content — μία ποίμνη, εἷς ποιμών — one flock (not the Vulgate's one fold), asyndetic climax; Ezek 34:23; 37:24
vv. 17–18 — the authority to lay down and take again
17
διὰ τοῦτο ὁ πατήρ με ἀγαπᾷ,content — διὰ τοῦτο pointing forward — unpacked by the ὅτι that follows
ὅτι ἐγὼ τίθημι τὴν ψυχήν μου,cause — epexegetic of διὰ τοῦτο — emphatic ἐγώ; the laying-down is willed, not suffered
ἵνα πάλιν λάβω αὐτήν.purpose — death aimed at resurrection — the ἵνα makes the taking-again the purpose of the laying-down
18
οὐδεὶς αἴρει αὐτὴν ἀπ' ἐμοῦ,content — present αἴρει printed (ἦρεν 'took' in P66 ℵ*) — the cross is no defeat
ἀλλ' ἐγὼ τίθημι αὐτὴν ἀπ' ἐμαυτοῦ.content — ἀπ' ἐμαυτοῦ — sovereign self-disposal; emphatic ἐγώ again
ἐξουσίαν ἔχω θεῖναι αὐτήν,content — ἐξουσία + complementary infinitive — the first of the balanced pair
καὶ ἐξουσίαν ἔχω πάλιν λαβεῖν αὐτήν·content — the matching colon — authority over death in both directions
ταύτην τὴν ἐντολὴν ἔλαβον παρὰ τοῦ πατρός μου.content — fronted ταύτην τὴν ἐντολήν — sovereign freedom and filial obedience held together; the discourse's last word
Division again over his words 10:19–21
19
Σχίσμα πάλιν ἐγένετο ἐν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις διὰ τοὺς λόγους τούτους.independent — σχίσμα πάλιν — the third split (7:43; 9:16); the word divides its hearers
20
ἔλεγον δὲ πολλοὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν·independent — iterative imperfect — the hostile majority's speech-frame
Δαιμόνιον ἔχει καὶ μαίνεται·content — the old charge (7:20; 8:48) sharpened by μαίνεται — demon-possession as madness
τί αὐτοῦ ἀκούετε;content — ἀκούετε + genitive — the discourse's own verb turned to dissuasion
21
ἄλλοι ἔλεγον·independent — the counter-voice — the division embodied in two imperfects
Ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα οὐκ ἔστιν δαιμονιζομένου·content — predicate genitive δαιμονιζομένου — the words themselves acquit the speaker
μὴ δαιμόνιον δύναται τυφλῶν ὀφθαλμοὺς ἀνοίγειν;content — μή expecting 'no' — the argument from ch. 9's sign still doing its work
The Feast of Dedication: 'I and the Father are one' 10:22–30
vv. 22–24 — winter at Hanukkah: the demand for plain speech
22
Ἐγένετο τότε τὰ ἐγκαίνια ἐν τοῖς Ἱεροσολύμοις·independent — τὰ ἐγκαίνια — Hanukkah, the Maccabean rededication of 164 BC; the true Consecrated One walks the temple
χειμὼν ἦν.independent — the narrator's terse season-note — literal, and in John rarely only literal
23
καὶ περιεπάτει ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ ἐν τῇ στοᾷ τοῦ Σολομῶνος.independent — descriptive imperfect — the colonnade on the temple mount's east wall, shelter in winter
24
ἐκύκλωσαν οὖν αὐτὸν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοιindependent — ἐκύκλωσαν — they ring him in; the verb carries menace
καὶ ἔλεγον αὐτῷ·independent — iterative imperfect speech-frame — the pressing demand
Ἕως πότε τὴν ψυχὴν ἡμῶν αἴρεις;content — the idiom αἴρειν τὴν ψυχήν — hold in suspense (or: provoke); ironic beside vv. 11–18's ψυχή
εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστός,conditional — first-class protasis with emphatic σύ — leans forward on the imperative
εἰπὲ ἡμῖν παρρησίᾳ.content — παρρησίᾳ — openly, without figure; the demand the paroimia provoked
vv. 25–30 — the answer: the sheep, the two hands, the one
25
ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς·independent — the frame for the whole reply of vv. 25–30
Εἶπον ὑμῖνcontent — the telling has already happened — in word and figure both
καὶ οὐ πιστεύετε·content — the fault is not obscurity but unbelief — present tense, a standing state
τὰ ἔργα ἃ ἐγὼ ποιῶ ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ πατρός μου,content — casus pendens — the works suspended, with their internal relative, before the resumptive ταῦτα
ταῦτα μαρτυρεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ·content — resumptive ταῦτα — μαρτυρέω, the forensic verb of John's trial-motif (5:36)
26
ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε,content — emphatic ὑμεῖς — the refrain of unbelief repeated before its ground
ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν ἐμῶν.cause — the figure turned diagnostic — not believing because not of the flock, not vice versa
27
τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς μου ἀκούουσιν,content — the paroimia's marks re-listed: hearing (v. 3)
κἀγὼ γινώσκω αὐτά,content — knowing (v. 14) — crasis κἀγώ
καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι,content — following (v. 4) — the triad complete
28
κἀγὼ ζωὴν αἰώνιον δίδωμι αὐτοῖς,content — the gift answering v. 10 — present δίδωμι, already being given
καὶ οὐ μὴ ἀπόλωνται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα,content — οὐ μή + aorist subjunctive with εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα — the strongest promise of the Gospel
καὶ οὐχ ἁρπάσει τις αὐτὰ ἐκ τῆς χειρός μου.content — ἁρπάζω — the wolf's verb (v. 12) denied to every assailant; the first hand
29
ὁ πατήρ μου ὃ δέδωκέν μοι πάντων μεῖζόν ἐστιν,content — the neuter crux printed: ὃ … μεῖζόν ('what he has given is greater') against ὃς … μείζων ('he who gave is greater'); either way the flock's security is the Father's
καὶ οὐδεὶς δύναται ἁρπάζειν ἐκ τῆς χειρὸς τοῦ πατρός.content — the second hand — my hand and the Father's hand hold the same sheep, setting up v. 30
30
ἐγὼ καὶ ὁ πατὴρ ἕν ἐσμεν.content — neuter ἕν with plural ἐσμεν — one thing, not one person: unity of being and work, not identity; the claim that draws the stones
The blasphemy charge and the argument from Psalm 82 10:31–39
vv. 31–33 — the stones and the charge
31
Ἐβάστασαν πάλιν λίθους οἱ Ἰουδαῖοιindependent — πάλιν — as at 8:59; βαστάζω, they carry the stones ready
ἵνα λιθάσωσιν αὐτόν.purpose — the penalty for blasphemy (Lev 24:16) — the verdict already passed
32
ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς·independent — the counter-question's frame
Πολλὰ ἔργα καλὰ ἔδειξα ὑμῖν ἐκ τοῦ πατρός·content — ἔργα καλά — the shepherd's adjective (vv. 11, 14) now on the works; ἐκ τοῦ πατρός their source
διὰ ποῖον αὐτῶν ἔργον ἐμὲ λιθάζετε;content — conative present λιθάζετε — the irony: stoned for which good deed?
33
ἀπεκρίθησαν αὐτῷ οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι·independent — the charge made explicit
Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας,content — the only NT occurrence of βλασφημία on Jewish lips against Jesus in John — the legal ground named
καὶ ὅτι σὺ ἄνθρωπος ὢν ποιεῖς σεαυτὸν θεόν.cause — the concessive participle ἄνθρωπος ὤν — the exact inverse of the Prologue: they see a man making himself God; John, God become man
vv. 34–36 — the argument from Psalm 82
34
ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς·independent — the frame for the scriptural rejoinder, vv. 34–38
Οὐκ ἔστιν γεγραμμένον ἐν τῷ νόμῳ ὑμῶνcontent — νόμος in the wide sense (the Psalter counted in); ὑμῶν — your own authority turned on you
ὅτι Ἐγὼ εἶπα·content — Ps 82:6 (81:6 LXX) — God's own ἐγὼ εἶπα, cited verbatim
θεοί ἐστε;content — the psalm's address to the judges (or Israel at Sinai) — 'gods' by the word's own warrant
35
εἰ ἐκείνους εἶπεν θεοὺςconditional — the a-fortiori (qal wa-homer) premise — leans forward on the λέγετε-question of v. 36
πρὸς οὓς ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐγένετο,relative — mere recipients of the word were 'gods'; the one who IS the Word stands before them
καὶ οὐ δύναται λυθῆναι ἡ γραφή,conditional — coordinate premise under the εἰ (often printed as parenthesis) — λυθῆναι: annulled; the axiom that seals the argument
36
ὃν ὁ πατὴρ ἡγίασεν καὶ ἀπέστειλεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον,content — fronted headless relative, casus pendens resumed by λέγετε; ἡγίασεν — consecrated, the Hanukkah word (ἐγκαίνια) applied to the true temple
ὑμεῖς λέγετεcontent — the apodosis of the a-fortiori — emphatic ὑμεῖς against God's ἐγὼ εἶπα
ὅτι Βλασφημεῖς,content — recitative ὅτι — their one-word verdict quoted back
ὅτι εἶπον·cause — the second ὅτι causal — the whole offense reduced to a sentence
Υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ εἰμι;content — less than they alleged (v. 33 'God'), more than they grasp — anarthrous υἱός, the relation itself
vv. 37–39 — believe the works — and the escape
37
εἰ οὐ ποιῶ τὰ ἔργα τοῦ πατρός μου,conditional — first-class protasis with οὐ negating the verb — leans forward on the prohibition
μὴ πιστεύετέ μοι·content — the startling concession — unbelief licensed if the works fail
38
εἰ δὲ ποιῶ,conditional — the matching protasis — and the works stand in evidence (v. 32)
κἂν ἐμοὶ μὴ πιστεύητε,conditional — concessive κἄν (typed cnd) — a second forward-leaning premise stacked on the first
τοῖς ἔργοις πιστεύετε,content — the apodosis-imperative — dative τοῖς ἔργοις fronted: let the evidence speak
ἵνα γνῶτε καὶ γινώσκητεpurpose — aorist then present of the same verb — come to know, and go on knowing
ὅτι ἐν ἐμοὶ ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ ἐν τῷ πατρί.content — verbless mutual indwelling — the content of v. 30's ἕν ἐσμεν, restated as reciprocal ἐν
39
Ἐζήτουν οὖν αὐτὸν πάλιν πιάσαι·independent — conative imperfect + πιάσαι — arrest now, not stoning; the third attempt (7:30, 44)
καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν.independent — ἐκ τῆς χειρός — their hand cannot hold the one out of whose hand none can snatch (vv. 28–29); his hour is not yet
Beyond the Jordan: many believe 10:40–42
40
Καὶ ἀπῆλθεν πάλιν πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου εἰς τὸν τόπονindependent — withdrawal to Bethany-beyond-Jordan (1:28) — the Gospel circles back to its opening ground
ὅπου ἦν Ἰωάννης τὸ πρῶτον βαπτίζων,relative — periphrastic ἦν βαπτίζων with τὸ πρῶτον — the Baptist's earlier ministry recalled
καὶ ἔμεινεν ἐκεῖ.independent — μένω — John's loaded verb of abiding; a pause before Lazarus
41
καὶ πολλοὶ ἦλθον πρὸς αὐτὸνindependent — the crowds follow him even out of Judea
καὶ ἔλεγονindependent — iterative imperfect — the verdict repeated among them
ὅτι Ἰωάννης μὲν σημεῖον ἐποίησεν οὐδέν,content — μέν … δέ — the Baptist wrought no σημεῖον; his greatness lay elsewhere
πάντα δὲ ὅσα εἶπεν Ἰωάννης περὶ τούτου ἀληθῆ ἦν.content — the witness vindicated (1:29–34; 3:27–30) — ἀληθῆ, John's key predicate
42
καὶ πολλοὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ.independent — πιστεύειν εἰς — full Johannine faith; ἐκεῖ closes the chapter where the Gospel began, an inclusio with 1:28
Analysis. John 10 is two long speeches with riots between them, and the layout shows both as blue catenae hanging at constant depth from a single verb of saying. In vv. 1–5 the paroimia hangs one step under the opening λέγω — coordinate present-tense clauses, the door against the ladder, the voice known against the voice unknown — with only genuine subordination stepping deeper (the two ὅτι-grounds on knowing the voice, the forward-leaning ὅταν). The narrator's v. 6 drops back to the purple margin: they did not understand. From v. 7 one frame (Εἶπεν οὖν πάλιν) carries twelve verses: the Ἀμὴν-formula at depth 1 and the whole double exposition — door (vv. 7–10), good shepherd (vv. 11–18) — as a catena at depth 2, so the discourse's real hierarchy stands out against the flat flow: the thief's triple ἵνα against the single ἵνα of abundant life (v. 10), the καθώς that measures the flock's knowledge by the Father's (v. 15), and the chain of v. 17 (loves — because I lay down — in order to take again). In vv. 12–13 the wolf clause is kept on the line of the hireling's flight so the ὅτι of v. 13 can ground φεύγει, its true referent, across the parenthetical wolf. Protases lean forward without anchors throughout: ἐάν τις εἰσέλθῃ (v. 9), εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστός (v. 24), the double premise of the a-fortiori (v. 35 — καὶ οὐ δύναται λυθῆναι ἡ γραφή taken as a coordinate premise under the εἰ, not a mere aside), and the εἰ … εἰ δέ pair of vv. 37–38. Cruxes the layout inherits or takes a side on: v. 7 prints ἡ θύρα (the ὁ ποιμήν of a few witnesses is assimilation to v. 11); v. 16 μία ποίμνη is one flock, not the Vulgate's one fold; v. 29 prints the neuter crux ὃ … μεῖζόν ('what he has given me is greater than all'), tagged against ὃς … μείζων; v. 30's ἕν is neuter — one thing, not one person — which the mutual-indwelling clause of v. 38 unpacks; and v. 36 is laid out as a fronted casus pendens (ὃν ὁ πατὴρ ἡγίασεν …) resumed by ὑμεῖς λέγετε.