independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecomparativecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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The greeting — to the called, beloved and kept 1:1–2
1
Ἰούδας Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ δοῦλος, ἀδελφὸς δὲ Ἰακώβου,independent — the superscription — δοῦλος first; 'brother of James', not 'of the Lord'
τοῖς ἐν θεῷ πατρὶ ἠγαπημένοις καὶ Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ τετηρημένοις κλητοῖς·phrase modifier — the dative address — two perfect participles bracket κλητοῖς: loved, and kept (the letter's keyword, vv. 6, 13, 21)
2
ἔλεος ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ ἀγάπη πληθυνθείη.independent — the wish-prayer — optative; ἔλεος and ἀγάπη return at vv. 21–23
The occasion — contend for the faith: intruders have crept in 1:3–4
v. 3 — the letter he meant to write, and the letter he had to
3
Ἀγαπητοί, πᾶσαν σπουδὴν ποιούμενος γράφειν ὑμῖν περὶ τῆς κοινῆς ἡμῶν σωτηρίαςparticipial — concessive frame — leans on ἔσχον below: the intended letter set aside
ἀνάγκην ἔσχον γράψαι ὑμῖνindependent — the main clause — ἀνάγκη: the emergency overrides the plan
παρακαλῶν ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι τῇ ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ τοῖς ἁγίοις πίστει.participial — the letter's charge — ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι: agonistic; the faith delivered ἅπαξ, closed to revision
v. 4 — the ground: the intruders and their double perversion
4
παρεισέδυσαν γάρ τινες ἄνθρωποι,cause — γάρ — why the necessity: παρεισδύω, a stealth entry
οἱ πάλαι προγεγραμμένοι εἰς τοῦτο τὸ κρίμα,phrase modifier — apposition — προγεγραμμένοι: written up beforehand for the very judgment vv. 5–15 unfold
ἀσεβεῖς, τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν χάριτα μετατιθέντες εἰς ἀσέλγειανparticipial — ἀσεβεῖς — the letter's brand-word — with the first count: grace transposed into license
καὶ τὸν μόνον δεσπότην καὶ κύριον ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν ἀρνούμενοι.participial — the second count — one article spans δεσπότην καὶ κύριον: both titles of Jesus
The reminder — three judgments: Egypt, the angels, Sodom 1:5–7
5
Ὑπομνῆσαι δὲ ὑμᾶς βούλομαι,independent — the reminder-frame — one infinitive carries the three limbs below
εἰδότας ὑμᾶς ἅπαξ πάντα,participial — concessive — ἅπαξ read with εἰδότας, echoing the ἅπαξ-delivered faith of v. 3
ὅτι Ἰησοῦς λαὸν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σώσας τὸ δεύτερον τοὺς μὴ πιστεύσαντας ἀπώλεσεν,content — first limb — Ἰησοῦς with NA28 (the crux; ὁ κύριος / ὁ θεός are rivals): saved, then destroyed
6
ἀγγέλους τε τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχὴν ἀλλὰ ἀπολιπόντας τὸ ἴδιον οἰκητήριον εἰς κρίσιν μεγάλης ἡμέρας δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις ὑπὸ ζόφον τετήρηκεν·content — second limb — the τηρέω irony: they kept not, so they are kept (1 Enoch's Watchers)
7
ὡς Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα καὶ αἱ περὶ αὐτὰς πόλεις, τὸν ὅμοιον τρόπον τούτοις ἐκπορνεύσασαι καὶ ἀπελθοῦσαι ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἑτέρας, πρόκεινται δεῖγμαcomparative — third limb — ὡς: τούτοις points back to the angels; σαρκὸς ἑτέρας, flesh of another order
πυρὸς αἰωνίου δίκην ὑπέχουσαι.participial — πυρὸς αἰωνίου taken with δίκην, not δεῖγμα — the still-smoking exhibit
The dreamers indicted — Michael's restraint, the woe, the nature-images 1:8–13
v. 8 — the triple offense of the dreamers
8
Ὁμοίως μέντοι καὶ οὗτοι ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι σάρκα μὲν μιαίνουσιν,independent — Ὁμοίως — undeterred by the three examples; ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι: visionary pretension, kept inline with the first count
κυριότητα δὲ ἀθετοῦσιν,independent — the second count — κυριότης: the Lord's authority they deny (v. 4)
δόξας δὲ βλασφημοῦσιν.independent — the third count — δόξαι: angelic majesties, the foil for v. 9
vv. 9–10 — the Michael contrast: what the archangel dared not, these dare
9
ὁ δὲ Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος,independent — the subject suspended over the temporal — from the lost Assumption of Moses
ὅτε τῷ διαβόλῳ διακρινόμενος διελέγετο περὶ τοῦ Μωϋσέως σώματος,conditional — temporal frame — the archangel in litigation with the slanderer himself
οὐκ ἐτόλμησεν κρίσιν ἐπενεγκεῖν βλασφημίας,independent — the main verb resumes the suspended subject — restraint where the dreamers blaspheme
ἀλλὰ εἶπεν·independent — the counter — judgment deferred to the Lord
Ἐπιτιμήσαι σοι κύριος.content — Zech 3:2 — optative: even the devil is left to the Lord's rebuke
10
οὗτοι δὲ ὅσα μὲν οὐκ οἴδασιν βλασφημοῦσιν,independent — the first οὗτοι δέ — the ὅσα-relative kept inline: reviling the unknown
ὅσα δὲ φυσικῶς ὡς τὰ ἄλογα ζῷα ἐπίστανται,relative — fronted relative — leans on φθείρονται below: instinct their only knowledge
ἐν τούτοις φθείρονται.independent — the resumption — ἐν τούτοις picks up the ὅσα: ruined by what they do grasp
v. 11 — the woe: Cain, Balaam, Korah
11
οὐαὶ αὐτοῖς,independent — the prophetic woe — verbless; the only NT epistolary οὐαί
ὅτι τῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν ἐπορεύθησαν,cause — first ground — Cain: the hater of the brother
καὶ τῇ πλάνῃ τοῦ Βαλαὰμ μισθοῦ ἐξεχύθησαν,cause — second ground — Balaam: μισθοῦ, genitive of price; ἐξεχύθησαν, poured out
καὶ τῇ ἀντιλογίᾳ τοῦ Κόρε ἀπώλοντο.cause — third ground — Korah: the aorist ἀπώλοντο, their doom already written
vv. 12–13 — the images: reefs, clouds, trees, waves, stars
12
οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ ἐν ταῖς ἀγάπαις ὑμῶν σπιλάδεςindependent — the second οὗτοί εἰσιν — σπιλάδες: reefs beneath the surface of the ἀγάπαι
συνευωχούμενοι ἀφόβως,participial — ἀφόβως — no dread at the common table
ἑαυτοὺς ποιμαίνοντες,participial — Ezek 34:2 — shepherds who feed themselves
νεφέλαι ἄνυδροι ὑπὸ ἀνέμων παραφερόμεναι,phrase modifier — second predicate — promise without rain, driven, not driving
δένδρα φθινοπωρινὰ ἄκαρπα δὶς ἀποθανόντα ἐκριζωθέντα,phrase modifier — third predicate — δὶς ἀποθανόντα: fruitless and rootless, a double death
13
κύματα ἄγρια θαλάσσης ἐπαφρίζοντα τὰς ἑαυτῶν αἰσχύνας,phrase modifier — fourth predicate — Isa 57:20: the restless sea casting up its own disgrace
ἀστέρες πλανῆταιphrase modifier — fifth predicate — πλανῆται: lights that guide no one (1 Enoch's errant stars)
οἷς ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους εἰς αἰῶνα τετήρηται.relative — the column's seal — τετήρηται: 'kept', the angels' doom (v. 6) now theirs
The Enoch prophecy — the Lord comes with his myriads 1:14–16
14
Προεφήτευσεν δὲ καὶ τούτοις ἕβδομος ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ Ἑνὼχindependent — the citation-frame — 1 Enoch 1:9, quoted as prophecy; τούτοις: of these very men
λέγων·participial — the pleonastic participle of saying — one word carries the oracle
Ἰδοὺ ἦλθεν κύριος ἐν ἁγίαις μυριάσιν αὐτοῦ,content — the theophany — prophetic aorist ἦλθεν: the coming seen as done
15
ποιῆσαι κρίσιν κατὰ πάντωνpurpose — first purpose — κατὰ πάντων: universal assize
καὶ ἐλέγξαι πᾶσαν ψυχὴνpurpose — second purpose — ἐλέγξαι: conviction with evidence
περὶ πάντων τῶν ἔργων ἀσεβείας αὐτῶνphrase modifier — the first count of the charge — deeds
ὧν ἠσέβησανrelative — attracted ὧν — the ἀσεβ- root hammered: ungodly works ungodly done
καὶ περὶ πάντων τῶν σκληρῶνphrase modifier — the second count — words as well as works
ὧν ἐλάλησαν κατ' αὐτοῦ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀσεβεῖς.relative — attracted ὧν — the oracle ends on ἀσεβεῖς, Jude's word for the intruders (vv. 4, 18)
16
οὗτοί εἰσιν γογγυσταί, μεμψίμοιροι,independent — the third οὗτοί εἰσιν — the prophecy pinned to them: wilderness-style murmurers
κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας ἑαυτῶν πορευόμενοι,participial — the walk — πορευόμενοι, echoing the way of Cain (v. 11)
καὶ τὸ στόμα αὐτῶν λαλεῖ ὑπέρογκα,independent — ὑπέρογκα — the σκληρά of v. 15 heard in their own speech
θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν.participial — plural ad sensum after τὸ στόμα — 'admiring faces': partiality for profit, Balaam's motive
The beloved fortified — remember, build, keep, triage 1:17–23
vv. 17–19 — remember the apostles' words; the dividers identified
17
Ὑμεῖς δέ, ἀγαπητοί, μνήσθητε τῶν ῥημάτων τῶν προειρημένων ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ,independent — the first Ὑμεῖς δέ — the counter-community; the attributive participle kept inline
18
ὅτι ἔλεγον ὑμῖν·content — the content of the remembering — imperfect: a standing apostolic refrain
Ἐπ' ἐσχάτου χρόνου ἔσονται ἐμπαῖκταιcontent — the prediction — ἐμπαῖκται (cf. 2 Pet 3:3): the intruders foretold
κατὰ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιθυμίας πορευόμενοι τῶν ἀσεβειῶν.participial — τῶν ἀσεβειῶν trails as hyperbaton on ἐπιθυμίας — v. 16's walk, verbatim
19
Οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ ἀποδιορίζοντες,independent — the fourth and last οὗτοί εἰσιν — the prediction cashed out: the line-drawers
ψυχικοί, πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες.phrase modifier — the double apposition — ψυχικοί who claim the Spirit have none
vv. 20–21 — the counter: one imperative, three participles
20
Ὑμεῖς δέ, ἀγαπητοί, ἐποικοδομοῦντες ἑαυτοὺς τῇ ἁγιωτάτῃ ὑμῶν πίστει,participial — fronted participle — leans on τηρήσατε below; the faith of v. 3 as foundation
ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ προσευχόμενοι,participial — the second means — leans on τηρήσατε below; the Spirit the dividers lack (v. 19)
21
ἑαυτοὺς ἐν ἀγάπῃ θεοῦ τηρήσατεindependent — the letter's one imperative to the beloved — τηρήσατε: keep, as you are kept (v. 1)
προσδεχόμενοι τὸ ἔλεος τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον.participial — the third participle — the ἔλεος of v. 2, now eschatological
vv. 22–23 — the triage: mercy, rescue, mercy with fear
22
καὶ οὓς μὲν ἐλεᾶτε διακρινομένους,independent — first class — the longer three-clause text read (vv. 22–23 are the letter's textual tangle); διακρινομένους: the doubting
23
οὓς δὲ σῴζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες,independent — second class — Zech 3:2 again: brands plucked from the burning; the fire of v. 7
οὓς δὲ ἐλεᾶτε ἐν φόβῳ,independent — third class — mercy still, but ἐν φόβῳ: rescue without contagion
μισοῦντες καὶ τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα.participial — the caution — ἐσπιλωμένον echoes the σπιλάδες (v. 12): hate even the tunic the flesh has touched
The doxology — to him who is able to keep you from stumbling 1:24–25
24
Τῷ δὲ δυναμένῳ φυλάξαι ὑμᾶς ἀπταίστουςindependent — the dative frame, suspended — the keeping (vv. 1, 21) handed back to God: ἀπταίστους, unstumbling
καὶ στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει,content — the second infinitive of the ability — presented ἀμώμους, the sacrificial word, ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει
25
μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶνphrase modifier — the frame resumed — apposition to Τῷ δυναμένῳ: the only God, and the one Mediator (contrast the μόνον δεσπότην denied, v. 4)
δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος καὶ ἐξουσίαindependent — the ascription lands — fourfold, asyndetic until the last καί; unlike Rom 16:27, the sentence completes
πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας· ἀμήν.phrase modifier — the three-beat sweep — past, present, and every age to come; sealed with ἀμήν
Analysis. Jude's twenty-five verses run on a purple spine of short main clauses — παρεισέδυσαν, βούλομαι, μιαίνουσιν/ἀθετοῦσιν/βλασφημοῦσιν, οὐαὶ αὐτοῖς, the drumbeat οὗτοί εἰσιν (vv. 12, 16, 19) answered by Ὑμεῖς δέ (vv. 17, 20) — with two great suspensions at either end. The reminder of vv. 5–7 hangs its three example-limbs (Egypt, the angels, Sodom) side by side under the one word Ὑπομνῆσαι; the nature-images of vv. 12–13 stand as a verbless dashed column of predicates under εἰσιν — reefs, clouds, trees, waves, stars — sealed by the blue οἷς-relative that reserves the gloom of darkness forever; and the Enoch quotation (vv. 14–15) steps down five levels from Προεφήτευσεν through λέγων to the attracted ὧν-relatives. The doxology (vv. 24–25) is the letter's other deep shape: the dative frame Τῷ δὲ δυναμένῳ suspended (dashed) over its two infinitives, resumed in the apposition μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν, and completed — unlike Rom 16:25–27's anacoluthon — by the verbless fourfold ascription δόξα μεγαλωσύνη κράτος καὶ ἐξουσία with its three-beat sweep of time. Choices taken: Ἰησοῦς is read at v. 5 with NA28 (the harder reading; ὁ κύριος / ὁ θεός are the rivals), and ἅπαξ construed with εἰδότας ('knowing all things once for all'), not with σώσας; the ὡς of v. 7 attaches Sodom to the reminder as its third limb, τὸν ὅμοιον τρόπον τούτοις pointing back to the angels; ὅτε (v. 9) and the fronted participles of vv. 3 and 20 lean forward, protasis-like, on their main verbs below; πυρὸς αἰωνίου (v. 7) is taken with δίκην, not δεῖγμα; θαυμάζοντες (v. 16) is plural ad sensum after the singular τὸ στόμα; and vv. 22–23 follow the longer three-clause text (ἐλεᾶτε … σῴζετε … ἐλεᾶτε), the disturbed shorter readings noted at the data file.