independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecomparativecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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Teach us to pray — the Lord's Prayer, Luke's form 11:1–4
v. 1 — the request: teach us, as John taught
1
Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ εἶναι αὐτὸν ἐν τόπῳ τινὶ προσευχόμενον,independent — the Lukan καὶ ἐγένετο with ἐν τῷ + infinitive (a Septuagintalism) — Jesus' own praying prompts the request
ὡς ἐπαύσατο,conditional — temporal ὡς (typed cnd; no temporal key) — leans forward on εἶπέν
εἶπέν τις τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ πρὸς αὐτόν·independent — the catechetical request-frame — a master gives his circle a prayer
Κύριε, δίδαξον ἡμᾶς προσεύχεσθαι,content — the request — προσεύχεσθαι, the keyword of vv. 1–13
καθὼς καὶ Ἰωάννης ἐδίδαξεν τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ.comparative — the Baptist's precedent — a circle marked by its master's prayer
vv. 2–4 — the prayer: the Father's name and kingdom, then bread, sins, testing
2
εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς·independent — the answer-frame — the whole prayer hangs from λέγετε below
Ὅταν προσεύχησθε,conditional — temporal ὅταν (typed cnd; no temporal key) — leans forward on λέγετε
λέγετε·content — present imperative — the prayer given for repeated use
Πάτερ,content — the bare vocative — Luke's short address: no 'our … in the heavens' (the Matthean fullness the Byzantine text restores)
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·content — first σου-petition — divine-passive third imperative: God cause his own name to be hallowed
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·content — second petition — the critical text omits 'your will be done' (assimilation to Matthew); some witnesses read a Holy-Spirit petition here, not printed
3
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δίδου ἡμῖν τὸ καθ’ ἡμέραν·content — present δίδου with the distinctive τὸ καθ’ ἡμέραν — 'keep giving, day by day', against Matthew's aorist δὸς … σήμερον; ἐπιούσιος left open ('needful' / 'for the coming day')
4
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν,content — ἁμαρτίας — 'sins', where Matthew keeps the debt-idiom
καὶ γὰρ αὐτοὶ ἀφίομεν παντὶ ὀφείλοντι ἡμῖν·cause — καὶ γάρ with present ἀφίομεν — ongoing practice as the plea's ground; ὀφείλοντι keeps the debt-metaphor Luke dropped from the petition itself
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν.content — the testing petition — the critical text ends here: no 'deliver us from the evil one', no doxology (harmonizations to Matthew)
The friend at midnight, and ask, seek, knock 11:5–13
vv. 5–8 — the friend at midnight: the shameless request
5
Καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς·independent — the parable-frame — the speech runs to v. 13
Τίς ἐξ ὑμῶν ἕξει φίλονcontent — the Τίς ἐξ ὑμῶν parable-question — 'can you imagine…?': the expected answer is 'no one'
καὶ πορεύσεται πρὸς αὐτὸν μεσονυκτίουcontent — coordinate future in the question — μεσονυκτίου: the worst possible hour
καὶ εἴπῃ αὐτῷ·content — the question slips into the aorist subjunctive (εἴπῃ) — colloquial anacoluthon as the scene unfolds
Φίλε, χρῆσόν μοι τρεῖς ἄρτους,content — the request — χρῆσον, 'lend': bread for hospitality's emergency
6
ἐπειδὴ φίλος μου παρεγένετο ἐξ ὁδοῦ πρός μεcause — ἐπειδή — the first ground: the unannounced midnight guest
καὶ οὐκ ἔχωcause — the second ground, coordinate — the empty cupboard
ὃ παραθήσω αὐτῷ·relative — headless relative with deliberative future — nothing to serve the guest
7
κἀκεῖνος ἔσωθεν ἀποκριθεὶς εἴπῃ·content — the imagined refusal — still inside the long question; κἀκεῖνος ἔσωθεν, the voice through the shut door
Μή μοι κόπους πάρεχε·content — present prohibition — 'stop bothering me'
ἤδη ἡ θύρα κέκλεισται,content — perfect κέκλεισται — barred for the night
καὶ τὰ παιδία μου μετ’ ἐμοῦ εἰς τὴν κοίτην εἰσίν·content — the one-room house — the family packed into the one bed
οὐ δύναμαι ἀναστὰς δοῦναί σοι.content — 'cannot' meaning 'will not' — the comic refusal the parable overturns
8
λέγω ὑμῖν,content — the application-frame — the parable's verdict
εἰ καὶ οὐ δώσει αὐτῷ ἀναστὰς διὰ τὸ εἶναι φίλον αὐτοῦ,conditional — concessive εἰ καί — leans forward: friendship granted as insufficient motive; διὰ τό + infinitive inside the protasis
διά γε τὴν ἀναίδειαν αὐτοῦ ἐγερθεὶς δώσει αὐτῷcontent — διά γε τὴν ἀναίδειαν — the crux: the asker's shameless importunity (or the sleeper's avoidance of shame); either way the door opens
ὅσων χρῄζει.relative — correlative relative in the genitive — ὅσων: more than the three loaves asked
vv. 9–10 — ask, seek, knock
9
κἀγὼ ὑμῖν λέγω,content — κἀγώ — the inference drawn from the parable
αἰτεῖτε, καὶ δοθήσεται ὑμῖν·content — present imperative — keep asking; divine passive δοθήσεται
ζητεῖτε, καὶ εὑρήσετε·content — the second pair — imperative plus promise
κρούετε, καὶ ἀνοιγήσεται ὑμῖν.content — the third pair — the midnight door still in view
10
πᾶς γὰρ ὁ αἰτῶν λαμβάνει, καὶ ὁ ζητῶν εὑρίσκει, καὶ τῷ κρούοντι ἀνοιγήσεται.cause — the γάρ-ground of all three imperatives — universal πᾶς; anchored on the last of the triad
vv. 11–13 — the evil fathers and the Father from heaven
11
τίνα δὲ ἐξ ὑμῶν τὸν πατέρα αἰτήσει ὁ υἱὸς ἰχθύν,content — the shorter critical text — fish/serpent only, without Matthew's bread/stone pair; τὸν πατέρα proleptic, caught up into the question
καὶ ἀντὶ ἰχθύος ὄφιν αὐτῷ ἐπιδώσει;content — ἀντί — the monstrous swap: like shape, deadly substance
12
ἢ καὶ αἰτήσει ᾠόν, ἐπιδώσει αὐτῷ σκορπίον;content — the second pair — egg and curled scorpion; the question kept whole
13
εἰ οὖν ὑμεῖς πονηροὶ ὑπάρχοντες οἴδατε δόματα ἀγαθὰ διδόναι τοῖς τέκνοις ὑμῶν,conditional — the a fortiori protasis — leans forward; πονηροὶ ὑπάρχοντες conceded in passing
πόσῳ μᾶλλον ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ δώσει πνεῦμα ἅγιον τοῖς αἰτοῦσιν αὐτόν.content — πόσῳ μᾶλλον — the how-much-more argument; Luke's gift is πνεῦμα ἅγιον where Matthew has 'good things'
The Beelzebul controversy — the finger of God, the strong man, the returning spirit 11:14–26
vv. 14–16 — the exorcism and the two verdicts
14
Καὶ ἦν ἐκβάλλων δαιμόνιον,independent — periphrastic imperfect — the exorcism in progress as the scene opens
καὶ αὐτὸ ἦν κωφόν·independent — the demon itself called mute — the affliction transferred to its cause
ἐγένετο δὲ τοῦ δαιμονίου ἐξελθόντος ἐλάλησεν ὁ κωφός.independent — ἐγένετο-frame with genitive absolute and asyndetic ἐλάλησεν — the sign is speech restored
καὶ ἐθαύμασαν οἱ ὄχλοι·independent — the neutral response — about to divide three ways
15
τινὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπον·independent — the first verdict-frame
Ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ δαιμόνια·content — the Beelzebul charge — the power conceded, its source damned
16
ἕτεροι δὲ πειράζοντες σημεῖον ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἐζήτουν παρ’ αὐτοῦ.independent — iterative imperfect with πειράζοντες — the σημεῖον demand, answered at v. 29
vv. 17–20 — the divided kingdom and the finger of God
17
αὐτὸς δὲ εἰδὼς αὐτῶν τὰ διανοήματαparticipial — preposed causal participle — διανοήματα: he answers the thought behind the charge; leans on εἶπεν
εἶπεν αὐτοῖς·independent — one εἶπεν — the whole continuous reply of vv. 17–26 hangs from this verb
Πᾶσα βασιλεία ἐφ’ ἑαυτὴν διαμερισθεῖσα ἐρημοῦται,content — the axiom — διαμερισθεῖσα: division is desolation
καὶ οἶκος ἐπὶ οἶκον πίπτει.content — οἶκος ἐπὶ οἶκον — the ruin domesticated: house collapsing on house
18
εἰ δὲ καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς ἐφ’ ἑαυτὸν διεμερίσθη,conditional — first εἰ-protasis, leaning forward — their charge granted for argument's sake
πῶς σταθήσεται ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ;content — the rhetorical collapse — Satan has a βασιλεία to lose
ὅτι λέγετε ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ ἐκβάλλειν με τὰ δαιμόνια.cause — ὅτι of the reason for speaking — 'I ask because you say…': the charge quoted back in indirect form
19
εἰ δὲ ἐγὼ ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ ἐκβάλλω τὰ δαιμόνια,conditional — second εἰ-protasis — the charge now in the first person
οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν ἐν τίνι ἐκβάλλουσιν;content — the ad hominem — 'your sons', their own exorcists, caught by the same logic
διὰ τοῦτο αὐτοὶ ὑμῶν κριταὶ ἔσονται.content — the verdict handed to their own — the accusers accused
20
εἰ δὲ ἐν δακτύλῳ θεοῦ ἐγὼ ἐκβάλλω τὰ δαιμόνια,conditional — third εἰ-protasis — ἐν δακτύλῳ θεοῦ, the firm Lukan reading (Matthew: 'Spirit'): Exod 8:19, the magicians' confession
ἄρα ἔφθασεν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ.content — ἄρα ἔφθασεν — arrived, not merely drawn near: the exorcisms as the kingdom present
vv. 21–23 — the strong man disarmed
21
ὅταν ὁ ἰσχυρὸς καθωπλισμένος φυλάσσῃ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ αὐλήν,conditional — temporal ὅταν (typed cnd; no temporal key) — leans forward; Satan's tenure pictured
ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἐστὶν τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτοῦ·content — ἐν εἰρήνῃ — an armed peace, unbroken until now
22
ἐπὰν δὲ ἰσχυρότερος αὐτοῦ ἐπελθὼν νικήσῃ αὐτόν,conditional — ἐπάν-protasis, leaning forward — ὁ ἰσχυρότερος: the Baptist's title for the Coming One (3:16)
τὴν πανοπλίαν αὐτοῦ αἴρειcontent — the πανοπλία stripped — the exorcisms as disarmament
ἐφ’ ᾗ ἐπεποίθει,relative — pluperfect ἐπεποίθει — the confidence that had stood, now past
καὶ τὰ σκῦλα αὐτοῦ διαδίδωσιν.content — τὰ σκῦλα διαδίδωσιν — the victor's spoil shared out (cf. Isa 53:12)
23
ὁ μὴ ὢν μετ’ ἐμοῦ κατ’ ἐμοῦ ἐστιν,content — no neutrality — μετ’ ἐμοῦ or κατ’ ἐμοῦ: the middle ground abolished
καὶ ὁ μὴ συνάγων μετ’ ἐμοῦ σκορπίζει.content — gathering or scattering — the shepherd's image; the inverse stands at 9:50
vv. 24–26 — the returning spirit: the swept house
24
Ὅταν τὸ ἀκάθαρτον πνεῦμα ἐξέλθῃ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου,conditional — temporal ὅταν (typed cnd) — leans forward; the exorcism theme turned cautionary parable
διέρχεται δι’ ἀνύδρων τόπωνcontent — narrative present — ἄνυδροι τόποι, the demons' desert haunts
ζητοῦν ἀνάπαυσιν,participial — purpose-tinged participle — the restless search
καὶ μὴ εὑρίσκονparticipial — preposed participle — leans on λέγει below
λέγει·content — the demon's soliloquy framed — speech within the speech
Ὑποστρέψω εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μουcontent — τὸν οἶκόν μου — the spirit still calls the man its property
ὅθεν ἐξῆλθον·relative — ὅθεν — the eviction remembered, not accepted
25
καὶ ἐλθὸνparticipial — preposed aorist participle — leans on εὑρίσκει
εὑρίσκει σεσαρωμένον καὶ κεκοσμημένον.content — swept and ordered — cleansed but unoccupied; Luke lacks Matthew's σχολάζοντα, the emptiness implied
26
τότε πορεύεταιcontent — narrative present — the counter-move
καὶ παραλαμβάνει ἕτερα πνεύματα πονηρότερα ἑαυτοῦ ἑπτά,content — ἑπτά — fullness of evil; πονηρότερα, the chapter's πονηρός-thread
καὶ εἰσελθόνταparticipial — preposed aorist participle, neuter plural — leans on κατοικεῖ
κατοικεῖ ἐκεῖ,content — neuter plural subject with singular κατοικεῖ — permanent residence now
καὶ γίνεται τὰ ἔσχατα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκείνου χείρονα τῶν πρώτων.content — the proverb of the worse end — reform without filling invites the sevenfold relapse; the reply's last word
The blessing redirected 11:27–28
vv. 27–28 — the beatitude corrected: hearing and keeping
27
Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ λέγειν αὐτὸν ταῦταindependent — the ἐγένετο-frame with ἐν τῷ + infinitive — the interruption timed mid-speech
ἐπάρασά τις φωνὴν γυνὴ ἐκ τοῦ ὄχλουparticipial — preposed participle — ἐπάρασα φωνήν; leans on εἶπεν
εἶπεν αὐτῷ·independent — the cry framed
Μακαρία ἡ κοιλία ἡ βαστάσασά σε καὶ μαστοὶ οὓς ἐθήλασας.content — verbless beatitude on the mother — the womb and the breasts (cf. 1:42, 48): kinship-blessing
28
αὐτὸς δὲ εἶπεν·independent — the reply-frame — αὐτὸς δέ, the correction coming
Μενοῦν μακάριοι οἱ ἀκούοντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ φυλάσσοντες.content — Μενοῦν read as corrective 'rather', not mere assent — blessedness relocated from biology to obedience (cf. 8:21)
The sign of Jonah 11:29–32
vv. 29–30 — the sign refused, the sign given
29
Τῶν δὲ ὄχλων ἐπαθροιζομένωνparticipial — genitive absolute — ἐπαθροίζομαι, the crowds massing; leans forward on ἤρξατο
ἤρξατο λέγειν·independent — the speech-frame — the sign-demand of v. 16 now answered
Ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη γενεὰ πονηρά ἐστιν·content — the verdict first — γενεὰ πονηρά, the chapter's πονηρός again
σημεῖον ζητεῖ,content — the demand named — ζητεῖ echoes ἐζήτουν (v. 16)
καὶ σημεῖον οὐ δοθήσεται αὐτῇ εἰ μὴ τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ.content — divine passive δοθήσεται with the one exception — the sign of Jonah
30
καθὼς γὰρ ἐγένετο Ἰωνᾶς τοῖς Νινευίταις σημεῖον,comparative — the καθώς half of the correlation — leaning forward on the οὕτως clause
οὕτως ἔσται καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ.content — in Luke the sign is Jonah himself, the preacher of repentance — no three-days decoding (that is Matthew's)
vv. 31–32 — two witnesses for the prosecution
31
βασίλισσα νότου ἐγερθήσεται ἐν τῇ κρίσει μετὰ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτηςcontent — 1 Kgs 10:1–10 — the queen of Sheba rises ἐν τῇ κρίσει
καὶ κατακρινεῖ αὐτούς·content — condemnation by comparison — a Gentile woman against 'the men of this generation'
ὅτι ἦλθεν ἐκ τῶν περάτων τῆς γῆς ἀκοῦσαι τὴν σοφίαν Σολομῶνος,cause — the ground — she crossed the earth for wisdom; this generation will not hear the wisdom in front of it
καὶ ἰδοὺ πλεῖον Σολομῶνος ὧδε.content — verbless ἰδού-line — πλεῖον neuter: the refrain of surpassing presence
32
ἄνδρες Νινευῖται ἀναστήσονται ἐν τῇ κρίσει μετὰ τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτηςcontent — the second witness — pagan Nineveh stands up in court; ἀναστήσονται pairs with ἐγερθήσεται
καὶ κατακρινοῦσιν αὐτήν·content — the parallel verdict
ὅτι μετενόησαν εἰς τὸ κήρυγμα Ἰωνᾶ,cause — Jon 3:5 — Nineveh repented at one sermon from a reluctant prophet
καὶ ἰδοὺ πλεῖον Ἰωνᾶ ὧδε.content — the refrain doubled — greater than king and than prophet, and unheeded
The lamp of the body 11:33–36
v. 33 — the lamp on the stand
33
Οὐδεὶς λύχνον ἅψας εἰς κρύπτην τίθησιν οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τὴν λυχνίαν,independent — unframed discourse, flush-left — εἰς κρύπτην, Luke's cellar; οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον absent from some witnesses
ἵνα οἱ εἰσπορευόμενοι τὸ φῶς βλέπωσιν.purpose — the lamp's purpose — light is lit to be seen; φῶς opens the catchword cluster of vv. 33–36
vv. 34–36 — the eye, the body, the light within
34
ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου.independent — the metaphor turned inward — the eye as the body's lamp
ὅταν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου ἁπλοῦς ᾖ,conditional — temporal ὅταν (typed cnd) — leans forward; ἁπλοῦς: single, sound, generous
καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμά σου φωτεινόν ἐστιν·independent — apodotic καί — the whole body lit from the one aperture
ἐπὰν δὲ πονηρὸς ᾖ,conditional — the dark obverse — ἐπάν; πονηρός, the evil eye
καὶ τὸ σῶμά σου σκοτεινόν.independent — verbless apodosis — the darkness needs no verb
35
σκόπει οὖνindependent — the warning drawn — σκόπει οὖν, the imperative of self-inspection
μὴ τὸ φῶς τὸ ἐν σοὶ σκότος ἐστίν.content — μή with the indicative after a verb of caution — the danger treated as real: the inner light itself darkness
36
εἰ οὖν τὸ σῶμά σου ὅλον φωτεινόν,conditional — verbless protasis — leans forward; the condition of total light
μὴ ἔχον μέρος τι σκοτεινόν,participial — participial rider inside the protasis — no dark corner left
ἔσται φωτεινὸν ὅλονindependent — the promise — φωτεινὸν ὅλον answering ὅλον φωτεινόν: the tautology is the point
ὡς ὅταν ὁ λύχνος τῇ ἀστραπῇ φωτίζῃ σε.comparative — ὡς ὅταν — the lamp's ἀστραπή, its flash: the closing image returns to v. 33
At the Pharisee's table — the cup, and three woes on the Pharisees 11:37–44
vv. 37–38 — the unwashed guest
37
Ἐν δὲ τῷ λαλῆσαι ἐρωτᾷ αὐτὸν Φαρισαῖοςindependent — historic present ἐρωτᾷ inside the ἐν τῷ + infinitive frame — the dinner invitation
ὅπως ἀριστήσῃ παρ’ αὐτῷ·purpose — ὅπως of the request's content — τὸ ἄριστον, the midday meal
εἰσελθὼν δὲparticipial — preposed aorist participle — leans on ἀνέπεσεν
ἀνέπεσεν.independent — ἀνέπεσεν — straight to the couch: no washing narrated
38
ὁ δὲ Φαρισαῖος ἰδὼνparticipial — preposed participle — the host watching; leans on ἐθαύμασεν
ἐθαύμασενindependent — the astonishment — θαυμάζω, silent but read (v. 39 answers it)
ὅτι οὐ πρῶτον ἐβαπτίσθη πρὸ τοῦ ἀρίστου.content — ὅτι after the emotion-verb — ἐβαπτίσθη: the customary ritual dipping omitted
vv. 39–41 — the cup: outside and inside
39
εἶπεν δὲ ὁ κύριος πρὸς αὐτόν·independent — ὁ κύριος — the narrator's title; the speech runs to v. 44
Νῦν ὑμεῖς οἱ Φαρισαῖοι τὸ ἔξωθεν τοῦ ποτηρίου καὶ τοῦ πίνακος καθαρίζετε,content — the outside scoured — vessel-purity as emblem of the whole piety
τὸ δὲ ἔσωθεν ὑμῶν γέμει ἁρπαγῆς καὶ πονηρίας.content — γέμει — the actual contents: ἁρπαγή, what was seized; the vessel becomes the person
40
ἄφρονες,content — the rebuke, verbless — ἄφρων, 'senseless'
οὐχ ὁ ποιήσας τὸ ἔξωθεν καὶ τὸ ἔσωθεν ἐποίησεν;cause — the ground of the rebuke — the one Maker made both sides: inside-neglect insults the Creator
41
πλὴν τὰ ἐνόντα δότε ἐλεημοσύνην,content — πλήν — the positive turn: τὰ ἐνόντα, the contents themselves given away in mercy
καὶ ἰδοὺ πάντα καθαρὰ ὑμῖν ἐστιν.content — Luke's answer to vessel-purity — almsgiving from within cleanses the whole
vv. 42–44 — three woes on the Pharisees
42
ἀλλὰ οὐαὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς Φαρισαίοις,content — the first woe — verbless οὐαί-cry, the prophetic form
ὅτι ἀποδεκατοῦτε τὸ ἡδύοσμον καὶ τὸ πήγανον καὶ πᾶν λάχανον,cause — the ground — garden herbs tithed beyond the letter: scrupulosity at its smallest
καὶ παρέρχεσθε τὴν κρίσιν καὶ τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ θεοῦ·cause — the weightier matters passed by — κρίσις and the ἀγάπη of God (objective or subjective genitive, left open)
ταῦτα δὲ ἔδει ποιῆσαι κἀκεῖνα μὴ παρεῖναι.content — the balance — both/and, not either/or: the tithe stands, the triad rules
43
οὐαὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς Φαρισαίοις,content — the second woe
ὅτι ἀγαπᾶτε τὴν πρωτοκαθεδρίαν ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς καὶ τοὺς ἀσπασμοὺς ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς.cause — ἀγαπᾶτε — the love misdirected: honor in synagogue and market, against the ἀγάπη of God just named
44
οὐαὶ ὑμῖν,content — the third woe — the refrain shortened
ὅτι ἐστὲ ὡς τὰ μνημεῖα τὰ ἄδηλα,cause — τὰ μνημεῖα τὰ ἄδηλα — Matthew's whitewashed tombs inverted: not gleaming but invisible
καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι οἱ περιπατοῦντες ἐπάνω οὐκ οἴδασιν.cause — coordinate inside the ground — defilement contracted unknowing (Num 19:16)
The lawyers' turn — three more woes, and the ambush 11:45–54
v. 45 — the lawyer's protest
45
Ἀποκριθεὶς δέ τις τῶν νομικῶνparticipial — preposed participle — leans on λέγει; the νομικοί, Luke's word for the Torah-experts
λέγει αὐτῷ·independent — historic present — the protest lands mid-speech
Διδάσκαλε, ταῦτα λέγων καὶ ἡμᾶς ὑβρίζεις.content — ὑβρίζεις — 'you insult us too': the objection that draws the next three woes onto the objectors
vv. 46–52 — three woes on the lawyers
46
ὁ δὲ εἶπεν·independent — the reply-frame — the speech runs to v. 52
Καὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς νομικοῖς οὐαί,content — the fourth woe — the first on the lawyers: the insult accepted and doubled
ὅτι φορτίζετε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους φορτία δυσβάστακτα,cause — φορτία δυσβάστακτα — the halakhic load piled on
καὶ αὐτοὶ ἑνὶ τῶν δακτύλων ὑμῶν οὐ προσψαύετε τοῖς φορτίοις.cause — not one finger — the loaders exempt themselves
47
οὐαὶ ὑμῖν,content — the fifth woe
ὅτι οἰκοδομεῖτε τὰ μνημεῖα τῶν προφητῶν,cause — the builders' piety — monuments for the murdered
οἱ δὲ πατέρες ὑμῶν ἀπέκτειναν αὐτούς.cause — the δέ-arm inside the ground — the fathers killed the men the sons memorialize
48
ἄρα μάρτυρές ἐστε καὶ συνευδοκεῖτε τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν,content — ἄρα — the inference: the tomb-building reread as consent; the editions vary between μάρτυρές ἐστε and μαρτυρεῖτε
ὅτι αὐτοὶ μὲν ἀπέκτειναν αὐτοὺς ὑμεῖς δὲ οἰκοδομεῖτε.cause — the grim division of labor — μέν/δέ: they killed, you build
49
διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἡ σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ εἶπεν·content — ἡ σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ — Wisdom's own oracle (untraced); Matthew 23:34 puts the words on Jesus' lips
Ἀποστελῶ εἰς αὐτοὺς προφήτας καὶ ἀποστόλους,content — prophets and apostles — Luke's pair spanning both halves of his story
καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀποκτενοῦσιν καὶ διώξουσιν,content — partitive ἐξ αὐτῶν — the sendings foreknown as slayings
50
ἵνα ἐκζητηθῇ τὸ αἷμα πάντων τῶν προφητῶν τὸ ἐκκεχυμένον ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου ἀπὸ τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης,purpose — ἵνα of purpose shading into destined result — ἐκζητέω, blood 'sought out' (Gen 9:5); the αἷμα-motif binds vv. 50–51
51
ἀπὸ αἵματος Ἅβελ ἕως αἵματος Ζαχαρίου τοῦ ἀπολομένου μεταξὺ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ τοῦ οἴκου·phrase modifier — Gen 4 to 2 Chr 24 — the first and last murders in the Hebrew canon's order; ὁ οἶκος, the sanctuary itself
ναί, λέγω ὑμῖν, ἐκζητηθήσεται ἀπὸ τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης.content — the asseveration — Jesus resumes in his own voice, sealing Wisdom's oracle
52
οὐαὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς νομικοῖς,content — the sixth woe
ὅτι ἤρατε τὴν κλεῖδα τῆς γνώσεως·cause — ἡ κλεὶς τῆς γνώσεως — the key confiscated, not lost (Matthew: the kingdom locked in men's faces)
αὐτοὶ οὐκ εἰσήλθατε καὶ τοὺς εἰσερχομένους ἐκωλύσατε.content — asyndeton unpacking the ground — shut out themselves, and shutting the door on others
vv. 53–54 — the ambush
53
Κἀκεῖθεν ἐξελθόντος αὐτοῦparticipial — genitive absolute — leans forward on ἤρξαντο; the table left behind
ἤρξαντο οἱ γραμματεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι δεινῶς ἐνέχειν καὶ ἀποστοματίζειν αὐτὸν περὶ πλειόνων,independent — δεινῶς ἐνέχειν — to hold a fierce grudge, press with hostility; ἀποστοματίζειν, to quiz for quotable answers
54
ἐνεδρεύοντες αὐτὸνparticipial — the hunters' posture — ἐνεδρεύω, to set an ambush
θηρεῦσαί τι ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ.purpose — purpose infinitive — θηρεύω, the hunting word: his speech the prey; the chapter ends mid-stalk
Analysis. Luke 11 is built of speech-frames and the teaching hung beneath them: again and again a purple εἶπεν or λέγει stands at the margin and a blue cnt-column drops from it — the Lord's Prayer in its short Lukan form under λέγετε (the bare Πάτερ with no 'our … in the heavens', no third petition, present δίδου with τὸ καθ’ ἡμέραν against Matthew's aorist, ἁμαρτίας for Matthew's debts, and no 'deliver us' clause or doxology, following the critical text), the midnight parable-question with the friend's request and the sleeper's refusal nested under their own εἴπῃ-frames, and the whole Beelzebul reply of vv. 17–26 held at one constant depth under the single εἶπεν of v. 17, its forward-leaning protases (εἰ δὲ καί … εἰ δὲ ἐγώ … εἰ δὲ ἐν δακτύλῳ θεοῦ … ὅταν … ἐπάν) stepping down onto coordinate answers. The lamp sayings (vv. 33–36) are printed flush-left as unframed continuous discourse, on the matthew6 convention. At the Pharisee's table the shape is the matthew23 one: each verbless οὐαί-cry a coordinate blue line with its ὅτι-grounds one step deeper — three woes on the Pharisees (herbs against justice, the first seats, the unmarked graves), three on the lawyers (the burdens, the prophets' tombs, the key of knowledge), with the Wisdom-saying's ἵνα-chain running Abel-to-Zechariah at the section's deepest point. Cruxes taken or flagged: ἀναίδεια in v. 8 is glossed as shameless persistence, with the rival reading (the sleeper's avoidance of shame) named in the tag; v. 11 prints the shorter fish/serpent text without Matthew's bread/stone pair; ἐν δακτύλῳ θεοῦ (v. 20) is kept against Matthew's 'Spirit', with the Exod 8:19 echo named; the ὅτι of v. 18b is read as the reason for speaking, not a ground of the kingdom's fall; Μενοῦν (v. 28) is read as corrective 'rather', not mere assent; in v. 30 the sign is Jonah the preacher himself, Luke lacking Matthew's three-days decoding; and ἡ σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ (v. 49) is left as Wisdom's own oracle, where Matthew 23:34 puts the words on Jesus' lips.