Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 11ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ ΙΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ εἶναι αὐτὸν ἐν τόπῳ τινὶ προσευχόμενον, ὡς ἐπαύσατο, εἶπέν τις τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ πρὸς αὐτόν· Κύριε, δίδαξον ἡμᾶς προσεύχεσθαι, καθὼς καὶ Ἰωάννης ἐδίδαξεν τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ.

And it happened that, while he was in a certain place praying, when he ceased, one of his disciples said to him, "Lord, teach us to pray, as John also taught his disciples."

Narrative settingΚαὶThe Lukan καὶ ἐγένετο + articular-infinitive temporal clause (a Septuagintalism) sets the scene: Jesus' own praying prompts the request. The catechetical request 'teach us' echoes the rabbinic and Baptist practice of a master giving his circle a prayer.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal, Septuagintal)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο renders the Hebrew wayehî, a Lukan narrative formula.
ἐνinpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive εἶναι
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (temporal: 'while')→ imperfective aspectεἰμί: 'be'; ἐν τῷ + inf. = 'while.'
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τόπῳa placeDativeobject of ἐν (locative)τόπος: 'place, spot.'
τινὶcertainDativeindefinite adj. modifying τόπῳτις: indefinite, 'a certain.'
προσευχόμενονprayingPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · προσεύχομαιsupplementary ptc. with εἶναι αὐτόν→ imperfective (ongoing prayer)προσεύχομαι: 'pray'; a Lukan motif — Jesus prays at every turning point.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction
ἐπαύσατοhe ceasedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · παύομαιverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristπαύομαι: 'cease, stop.'
εἶπένsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
τιςoneNominativesubject of εἶπεντις: 'someone, one.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive gen.)
μαθητῶνdisciplesGenitivepartitive genitiveμαθητής: 'learner, disciple.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'lord, master'; here respectful address to Jesus the teacher.
δίδαξονteachAor Act Impv 2 Sg · διδάσκωimperative (request)→ ingressive/specific aorist imperativeδιδάσκω: 'teach, instruct.'
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of δίδαξον
προσεύχεσθαιto prayPres Mid Inf · προσεύχομαιcomplementary infinitive→ imperfective aspectπροσεύχομαι: 'pray.'
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive/adjunctive)
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubject of ἐδίδαξενἸωάννης: John the Baptist, who gave his disciples a distinctive practice of prayer and fasting.
ἐδίδαξενtaughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διδάσκωverb of comparative clause→ constative aorist
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativeobject of ἐδίδαξεν
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
2

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς· Ὅταν προσεύχησθε, λέγετε· Πάτερ, ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου· ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·

And he said to them, "When you pray, say: 'Father, hallowed be your name; your kingdom come;

Response / instructionδὲThe shorter Lukan prayer opens with the bare vocative Πάτερ (no 'our … in heaven') and two third-person imperatives (the 'you'-petitions). The critical text omits the third Matthean petition ('your will be done'). Some witnesses substitute a Spirit-petition for the kingdom-petition; not read here.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Ὅτανwhenevertemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)
προσεύχησθεyou prayPres Mid Subj 2 Pl · προσεύχομαιsubjunctive in indefinite temporal clause→ imperfective aspectπροσεύχομαι: 'pray.'
λέγετεsayPres Act Impv 2 Pl · λέγωimperative (main)→ imperfective (customary)λέγω: 'say'; pres. impv. of habitual prayer.
ΠάτερFatherVocativevocative of addressπατήρ: 'father'; the bare Πάτερ reflects the Aramaic Abba (cf. Rom 8:15).
ἁγιασθήτωlet be hallowedAor Pass Impv 3 Sg · ἁγιάζωthird-person imperative (petition)→ ingressive aorist; divine passiveἁγιάζω: 'make holy, sanctify, treat as holy'; the passive looks to God to hallow his own name.
τὸtheNominativearticle
ὄνομάnameNominativesubject of ἁγιασθήτωὄνομα: 'name'; in Hebrew idiom the name is the person and reputation of God.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐλθέτωlet comeAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιthird-person imperative (petition)→ ingressive aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the kingdom-petition prays for God's reign to arrive in fullness.
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of ἐλθέτωβασιλεία: 'reign, kingly rule'; God's saving sovereignty, already inaugurated (v.20).
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
3

τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δίδου ἡμῖν τὸ καθ’ ἡμέραν·

give us each day our daily bread;

Petition (bread)asyndetonAsyndeton between petitions. Luke's distinctive present imperative δίδου ('keep giving') with the iterative τὸ καθ’ ἡμέραν ('day by day') replaces Matthew's aorist δός … σήμερον, picturing ongoing daily provision rather than a single grant.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἄρτονbreadAccusativeobject of δίδουἄρτος: 'bread, loaf'; daily sustenance, perhaps with eschatological overtones.
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (repeated, attributive)
ἐπιούσιονdailyAccusativeattributive adj.ἐπιούσιος: a famous NT hapax (only here and Matt 6:11); 'for the coming day,' 'necessary for existence,' or 'daily' — meaning disputed since antiquity.
δίδουgivePres Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιimperative (petition)→ imperfective/iterative (keep giving)δίδωμι: 'give'; Luke's present impv. stresses continual provision.
ἡμῖνto usDativeindirect object
τὸtheAccusativearticle substantivizing the phrase
καθ’eachpreposition (distributive κατά)
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeobject of κατά (distributive)ἡμέρα: 'day'; τὸ καθ’ ἡμέραν = 'day by day, daily.'
4

καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν, καὶ γὰρ αὐτοὶ ἀφίομεν παντὶ ὀφείλοντι ἡμῖν· καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν.

and forgive us our sins, for we ourselves also forgive everyone indebted to us; and do not lead us into temptation.'"

Petitions (forgiveness, testing)καὶLuke reads 'sins' (ἁμαρτίας) where Matthew has 'debts,' but keeps the debt-metaphor in the ground clause (παντὶ ὀφείλοντι). The καὶ γὰρ clause makes our forgiving the pattern (αὐτοί 'we ourselves'), the present ἀφίομεν marking a settled disposition. The critical text ends with the testing-petition, omitting Matthew's 'but deliver us from the evil one.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἄφεςforgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀφίημιimperative (petition)→ ingressive/specific aoristἀφίημι: 'let go, release, forgive'; of cancelling a debt/sin.
ἡμῖνusDativeindirect object (dat. of advantage)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativeobject of ἄφεςἁμαρτία: 'sin'; Luke generalizes Matthew's 'debts.'
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (with καί)
αὐτοὶwe ourselvesNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)αὐτός: intensive, 'we ourselves' — our forgiving as the analogue of God's.
ἀφίομενforgivePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἀφίημιmain verb (ground clause)→ imperfective (settled practice)ἀφίημι: present marks an ongoing disposition to forgive.
παντὶeveryoneDativesubstantival adj. (indirect object)πᾶς: 'every, all.'
ὀφείλοντιindebtedPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ὀφείλωsubstantival ptc. in apposition to παντί→ imperfectiveὀφείλω: 'owe, be indebted'; keeps the debt-image.
ἡμῖνto usDativedat. of disadvantage with ὀφείλοντι
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)
εἰσενέγκῃςleadAor Act Subj 2 Sg · εἰσφέρωprohibitive subjunctive (petition)→ ingressive aorist; prohibitionεἰσφέρω: 'bring in, lead into'; μή + aor. subj. = 'do not bring us into.'
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of εἰσενέγκῃς
εἰςintopreposition + accusative
πειρασμόνtemptationAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)πειρασμός: 'testing, trial, temptation'; the eschatological trial and everyday tempting both in view.
5

Καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Τίς ἐξ ὑμῶν ἕξει φίλον καὶ πορεύσεται πρὸς αὐτὸν μεσονυκτίου καὶ εἴπῃ αὐτῷ· Φίλε, χρῆσόν μοι τρεῖς ἄρτους,

And he said to them, "Which of you will have a friend and will go to him at midnight and say to him, 'Friend, lend me three loaves,

Parable (illustration of prayer)ΚαὶThe 'who among you …?' diatribe-question opens the parable of the friend at midnight. The future indicatives ἕξει / πορεύσεται with deliberative subjunctive εἴπῃ frame a hypothetical scenario inviting the hearer to supply the obvious answer.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ΤίςwhichNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)τίς: 'who, which?'
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive
ἕξειwill haveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (future of hypothesis)→ predictive futureἔχω: 'have, possess.'
φίλονa friendAccusativeobject of ἕξειφίλος: 'friend.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πορεύσεταιwill goFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιcoordinate verb→ predictive futureπορεύομαι: 'go, travel.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
μεσονυκτίουat midnightGenitivegenitive of time (within which)μεσονύκτιον: 'midnight'; gen. of time marks the unsociable hour.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἴπῃsayAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λέγωdeliberative subjunctive (continuing the question)→ ingressive aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΦίλεfriendVocativevocative of addressφίλος: vocative, the appeal of friendship.
χρῆσόνlendAor Act Impv 2 Sg · κίχρημιimperative (request)→ ingressive aoristκίχρημι (χράω): 'lend'; a NT hapax.
μοιmeDativeindirect object
τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral adj.τρεῖς: 'three'; enough for the late-arriving guest.
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativeobject of χρῆσόνἄρτος: 'loaf of bread.'
6

ἐπειδὴ φίλος μου παρεγένετο ἐξ ὁδοῦ πρός με καὶ οὐκ ἔχω ὃ παραθήσω αὐτῷ·

since a friend of mine has come to me from a journey, and I have nothing to set before him';

Ground of the requestἐπειδὴThe causal ἐπειδή supplies the reason: an unexpected traveler at night and an empty larder. Ancient hospitality made the host's plight a communal obligation, which fuels the boldness of the request.
ἐπειδὴsincecausal conjunction
φίλοςa friendNominativesubject of παρεγένετοφίλος: 'friend.'
μουof mineGenitivepossessive genitive
παρεγένετοhas comeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · παραγίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπαραγίνομαι: 'arrive, come.'
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ὁδοῦa journeyGenitiveobject of ἐξὁδός: 'way, road, journey.'
πρόςtopreposition + accusative
μεmeAccusativeobject of πρός
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔχωI havePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ imperfectiveἔχω: 'have.'
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of παραθήσω)
παραθήσωI will set beforeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · παρατίθημιverb of relative clause (deliberative-future)→ predictive futureπαρατίθημι: 'set before, place beside'; of serving food.
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
7

κἀκεῖνος ἔσωθεν ἀποκριθεὶς εἴπῃ· Μή μοι κόπους πάρεχε· ἤδη ἡ θύρα κέκλεισται, καὶ τὰ παιδία μου μετ’ ἐμοῦ εἰς τὴν κοίτην εἰσίν· οὐ δύναμαι ἀναστὰς δοῦναί σοι.

and the one inside answering will say, 'Do not cause me trouble; the door is already shut, and my children are with me in bed; I cannot get up to give you anything.'

The friend's refusalκἀκεῖνοςThe neighbor's three excuses — bolted door, children abed, the inconvenience of rising — set up the parable's twist. The perfect κέκλεισται ('stands shut') stresses the settled state of the locked house.
κἀκεῖνοςand that oneNominativecrasis (καὶ ἐκεῖνος); subjectἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; the neighbor inside.
ἔσωθενfrom insideadverb of placeἔσωθεν: 'from within, inside.'
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial ptc. (manner; Semitic 'answered and said')→ aoristicἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply.'
εἴπῃwill sayAor Act Subj 3 Sg · λέγωdeliberative subjunctive (continuing the question)→ ingressive aorist
Μήnotnegative (with present imperative)
μοιmeDativedat. of disadvantage
κόπουςtroubleAccusativeobject of πάρεχεκόπος: 'trouble, labor, bother'; παρέχειν κόπους = 'to bother.'
πάρεχεcausePres Act Impv 2 Sg · παρέχωprohibitive imperative→ imperfective (cease/do not keep)παρέχω: 'cause, provide, offer.'
ἤδηalreadytemporal adverb
theNominativearticle
θύραdoorNominativesubject of κέκλεισταιθύρα: 'door.'
κέκλεισταιis shutPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · κλείωmain verb→ intensive perfect (settled state)κλείω: 'shut, lock'; perfect = 'stands locked.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheNominativearticle
παιδίαchildrenNominativesubject of εἰσίνπαιδίον: 'little child.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (= ἐν, place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κοίτηνbedAccusativeobject of εἰςκοίτη: 'bed, couch.'
εἰσίνarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ imperfective
οὐnotnegative particle
δύναμαιI am ablePres Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ imperfectiveδύναμαι: 'be able.'
ἀναστὰςgetting upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant action)→ aoristicἀνίστημι: 'rise, get up.'
δοῦναίto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive with δύναμαι→ aoristicδίδωμι: 'give.'
σοιyouDativeindirect object
8

λέγω ὑμῖν, εἰ καὶ οὐ δώσει αὐτῷ ἀναστὰς διὰ τὸ εἶναι φίλον αὐτοῦ, διά γε τὴν ἀναίδειαν αὐτοῦ ἐγερθεὶς δώσει αὐτῷ ὅσων χρῄζει.

I tell you, even if he will not get up and give to him because he is his friend, yet because of his shameless persistence he will rise and give him whatever he needs.

Application of the parableasyndetonThe punchline: even apart from friendship, the sleeper yields because of the petitioner's ἀναίδεια — 'shamelessness, brazen persistence' (the crux word). The lesson is bold, persistent prayer; God surely answers what even a reluctant neighbor concedes.
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (solemn assertion)→ imperfectiveλέγω: 'say'; λέγω ὑμῖν introduces an authoritative pronouncement.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
εἰifconditional conjunction (with καί)
καὶevenascensive (εἰ καί 'even if')
οὐnotnegative particle
δώσειhe will giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of protasis→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἀναστὰςgetting upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ aoristicἀνίστημι: 'rise.'
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive
εἶναιbeingPres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (causal: 'because he is')→ imperfectiveεἰμί: 'be.'
φίλονfriendAccusativepredicate accusative with εἶναιφίλος: 'friend.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
διάbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
γεindeedemphatic particle
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀναίδειανshameless persistenceAccusativeobject of διά (cause)ἀναίδεια: a NT hapax — 'shamelessness, brazenness, importunity'; the crux of the parable, taken of the petitioner's bold persistence (some refer it to the host's avoidance of shame).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐγερθεὶςrisingAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐγείρωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant action)→ aoristicἐγείρω: 'raise'; passive 'rise, get up.'
δώσειhe will giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of apodosis→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
ὅσωνwhateverGenitiverelative pronoun (gen. with χρῄζει)ὅσος: 'as much/many as, whatever.'
χρῄζειhe needsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · χρῄζωverb of relative clause→ imperfectiveχρῄζω: 'have need of' (+ gen.).
9

κἀγὼ ὑμῖν λέγω, αἰτεῖτε, καὶ δοθήσεται ὑμῖν· ζητεῖτε, καὶ εὑρήσετε· κρούετε, καὶ ἀνοιγήσεται ὑμῖν.

And I tell you, ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you.

Exhortation (triple imperative)κἀγὼThree present imperatives of continuous prayer (ask, seek, knock), each paired with a future-passive promise (divine passives: God gives, opens). The emphatic κἀγώ ('and I') sets Jesus' word alongside the parable's lesson.
κἀγὼand INominativecrasis (καὶ ἐγώ); emphatic subjectἐγώ: 'I'; κἀγώ links Jesus' command to the parable.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
λέγωtellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ imperfective
αἰτεῖτεaskPres Act Impv 2 Pl · αἰτέωimperative→ imperfective (keep asking)αἰτέω: 'ask, request.'
καὶandcoordinating (consecutive)
δοθήσεταιit will be givenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (promise)→ predictive future; divine passiveδίδωμι: divine passive — God gives.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ζητεῖτεseekPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ζητέωimperative→ imperfective (keep seeking)ζητέω: 'seek, look for.'
καὶandcoordinating (consecutive)
εὑρήσετεyou will findFut Act Indic 2 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (promise)→ predictive futureεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
κρούετεknockPres Act Impv 2 Pl · κρούωimperative→ imperfective (keep knocking)κρούω: 'knock' (at a door).
καὶandcoordinating (consecutive)
ἀνοιγήσεταιit will be openedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb (promise)→ predictive future; divine passiveἀνοίγω: 'open'; divine passive.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object (dat. of advantage)
10

πᾶς γὰρ ὁ αἰτῶν λαμβάνει, καὶ ὁ ζητῶν εὑρίσκει, καὶ τῷ κρούοντι ἀνοιγήσεται.

For everyone who asks receives, and the one who seeks finds, and to the one who knocks it will be opened.

Ground (universal principle)γὰρThe γάρ gives the warrant for v.9: the promise is a standing rule — πᾶς ('everyone') with substantival participles makes prayer's answer universal and certain.
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubject (with substantival ptc.)πᾶς: 'every, all'; universalizes the promise.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
the oneNominativearticle substantivizing ptc.
αἰτῶνwho asksPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · αἰτέωsubstantival ptc.→ imperfective (habitual)αἰτέω: 'ask.'
λαμβάνειreceivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ imperfective (gnomic)λαμβάνω: 'receive, take.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
the oneNominativearticle
ζητῶνwho seeksPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ζητέωsubstantival ptc.→ imperfectiveζητέω: 'seek.'
εὑρίσκειfindsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ imperfective (gnomic)εὑρίσκω: 'find.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷto the oneDativearticle
κρούοντιwho knocksPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · κρούωsubstantival ptc. (dat. of advantage)→ imperfectiveκρούω: 'knock.'
ἀνοιγήσεταιit will be openedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb→ predictive future; divine passiveἀνοίγω: divine passive.
11

τίνα δὲ ἐξ ὑμῶν τὸν πατέρα αἰτήσει ὁ υἱὸς ἰχθύν, καὶ ἀντὶ ἰχθύος ὄφιν αὐτῷ ἐπιδώσει;

And which father among you, if his son asks for a fish, will instead of a fish give him a serpent?

Lesser-to-greater argumentδὲAn a fortiori from human fatherhood. The critical text reads the single fish/serpent pair; the bread/stone pair of some witnesses is a harmonization to Matt 7:9. The anacoluthic construction (τίνα … τὸν πατέρα as 'casus pendens') is a Lukan colloquialism.
τίναwhichAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (proleptic accusative)τίς: 'who, which?'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραfatherAccusativeaccusative in apposition (casus pendens)πατήρ: 'father.'
αἰτήσειwill askFut Act Indic 3 Sg · αἰτέωverb of conditional question→ predictive futureαἰτέω: 'ask (for).'
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject of αἰτήσειυἱός: 'son.'
ἰχθύνa fishAccusativeobject of αἰτήσειἰχθύς: 'fish.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀντὶinstead ofpreposition + genitive (substitution)
ἰχθύοςa fishGenitiveobject of ἀντί
ὄφινa serpentAccusativeobject of ἐπιδώσειὄφις: 'snake, serpent.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἐπιδώσειwill giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιδίδωμιmain verb of the rhetorical question→ predictive futureἐπιδίδωμι: 'hand over, give.'
12

ἢ καὶ αἰτήσει ᾠόν, ἐπιδώσει αὐτῷ σκορπίον;

Or if he asks for an egg, will he give him a scorpion?

Second illustrationA second pair (egg/scorpion), unique to Luke, reinforcing the absurdity: no father answers a child's good request with something harmful.
ordisjunctive conjunction
καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
αἰτήσειhe asksFut Act Indic 3 Sg · αἰτέωverb of conditional question→ predictive futureαἰτέω: 'ask.'
ᾠόνan eggAccusativeobject of αἰτήσειᾠόν: 'egg' (NT hapax).
ἐπιδώσειwill he giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιδίδωμιmain verb of the rhetorical question→ predictive futureἐπιδίδωμι: 'give, hand over.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
σκορπίονa scorpionAccusativeobject of ἐπιδώσεισκορπίος: 'scorpion'; a curled scorpion grimly resembles an egg.
13

εἰ οὖν ὑμεῖς πονηροὶ ὑπάρχοντες οἴδατε δόματα ἀγαθὰ διδόναι τοῖς τέκνοις ὑμῶν, πόσῳ μᾶλλον ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ δώσει πνεῦμα ἅγιον τοῖς αἰτοῦσιν αὐτόν.

If you then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will the Father from heaven give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him!

Conclusion (a fortiori)οὖνThe inference (οὖν): the πόσῳ μᾶλλον argument. Luke's climactic gift is 'the Holy Spirit' where Matthew has 'good things' (Matt 7:11) — fitting Luke's Spirit-emphasis. πονηροὶ ὑπάρχοντες ('being evil') concedes human sinfulness even in good fathers.
εἰifconditional conjunction
οὖνtheninferential conjunction
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subjectσύ: emphatic 'you.'
πονηροὶevilNominativepredicate adj. with ὑπάρχοντεςπονηρός: 'evil, wicked'; a concessive admission of sinfulness.
ὑπάρχοντεςbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὑπάρχωconcessive ptc. ('though you are')→ imperfectiveὑπάρχω: 'be, exist'; a Lukan favorite for εἰμί.
οἴδατεknow howPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb of protasis→ stative perfect (present sense)οἶδα: 'know'; οἶδα + inf. = 'know how to.'
δόματαgiftsAccusativeobject of διδόναιδόμα: 'gift.'
ἀγαθὰgoodAccusativeattributive adj.ἀγαθός: 'good.'
διδόναιto givePres Act Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive with οἴδατε→ imperfectiveδίδωμι: 'give.'
τοῖςto theDativearticle
τέκνοιςchildrenDativeindirect objectτέκνον: 'child.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
πόσῳby how muchDativedat. of measure/degree (interrogative)πόσος: 'how much/many?'
μᾶλλονmorecomparative adverbμᾶλλον: 'more, rather.'
theNominativearticle
πατὴρFatherNominativesubject of δώσειπατήρ: 'father'; here the heavenly Father.
the oneNominativearticle (attributive)
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἐξοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
δώσειwill giveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of apodosis→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give.'
πνεῦμαSpiritAccusativeobject of δώσειπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; Luke's climactic gift, the Holy Spirit.
ἅγιονHolyAccusativeattributive adj.ἅγιος: 'holy.'
τοῖςto thoseDativearticle
αἰτοῦσινwho askPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · αἰτέωsubstantival ptc. (indirect object)→ imperfectiveαἰτέω: 'ask.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of αἰτοῦσιν
14

Καὶ ἦν ἐκβάλλων δαιμόνιον, καὶ αὐτὸ ἦν κωφόν· ἐγένετο δὲ τοῦ δαιμονίου ἐξελθόντος ἐλάλησεν ὁ κωφός. καὶ ἐθαύμασαν οἱ ὄχλοι·

And he was casting out a demon that was mute; and it happened that, when the demon had gone out, the mute man spoke. And the crowds marveled.

Narrative setting (the exorcism)ΚαὶThe periphrastic ἦν ἐκβάλλων sets the scene of the controversy: a mute-causing demon is expelled, the man speaks, the crowd marvels — provoking the twofold reaction of vv.15–16.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic)→ imperfectiveεἰμί: 'be'; periphrastic with ἐκβάλλων.
ἐκβάλλωνcasting outPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐκβάλλωperiphrastic ptc. (with ἦν)→ imperfective (ongoing)ἐκβάλλω: 'cast out, drive out.'
δαιμόνιονa demonAccusativeobject of ἐκβάλλωνδαιμόνιον: 'demon, evil spirit.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὸitNominativesubject (the demon)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ imperfective
κωφόνmuteNominativepredicate adj.κωφός: 'mute, deaf'; here causing muteness.
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Septuagintal narrative)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (genitive absolute)
δαιμονίουdemonGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
ἐξελθόντοςhaving gone outAor Act Ptc · Gen Sg Neut · ἐξέρχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ aoristicἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, come out.'
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ ingressive aoristλαλέω: 'speak.'
theNominativearticle
κωφόςmute manNominativesubject of ἐλάλησενκωφός: 'the mute one.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐθαύμασανmarveledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θαυμάζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristθαυμάζω: 'marvel, be amazed.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubject of ἐθαύμασανὄχλος: 'crowd, multitude.'
15

τινὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπον· Ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ δαιμόνια·

But some of them said, "By Beelzebul, the ruler of the demons, he casts out the demons."

Accusation (first reaction)δὲThe slanderous charge: Jesus exorcises by collusion with 'Beelzebul, ruler of demons.' Βεελζεβούλ, here a proper name with a clear syntactic role under ἐν, is treated as a nominal.
τινὲςsomeNominativesubject of εἶποντις: 'some.'
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument/agency)
ΒεελζεβοὺλBeelzebulDativeobject of ἐν (instrument)Βεελζεβούλ: a name for the prince of demons (perhaps 'lord of the height/dwelling' or 'lord of dung/flies,' from Baal-zebub of 2 Kgs 1); here Satan.
τῷtheDativearticle
ἄρχοντιrulerDativeapposition to Βεελζεβούλἄρχων: 'ruler, prince.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
δαιμονίωνdemonsGenitiveobjective/possessive genitiveδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
ἐκβάλλειhe casts outPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκβάλλωmain verb (charge)→ imperfectiveἐκβάλλω: 'cast out.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativeobject of ἐκβάλλειδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
16

ἕτεροι δὲ πειράζοντες σημεῖον ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἐζήτουν παρ’ αὐτοῦ.

And others, testing him, kept seeking from him a sign from heaven.

Second reaction (the sign-seekers)δὲThe second hostile response, parenthetically noted, sets up the sign-of-Jonah discourse (vv.29–32). The imperfect ἐζήτουν marks persistent demanding; πειράζοντες exposes the malice.
ἕτεροιothersNominativesubject of ἐζήτουνἕτερος: 'other, another (of a different kind).'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
πειράζοντεςtestingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πειράζωcircumstantial ptc. (purpose/manner)→ imperfectiveπειράζω: 'test, tempt, try.'
σημεῖονa signAccusativeobject of ἐζήτουνσημεῖον: 'sign, miracle as proof.'
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἐξοὐρανός: 'heaven'; a heavenly portent to validate him.
ἐζήτουνkept seekingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ iterative/conative imperfectζητέω: 'seek, demand.'
παρ’frompreposition + genitive (source)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of παρά
17

αὐτὸς δὲ εἰδὼς αὐτῶν τὰ διανοήματα εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Πᾶσα βασιλεία ἐφ’ ἑαυτὴν διαμερισθεῖσα ἐρημοῦται, καὶ οἶκος ἐπὶ οἶκον πίπτει.

But he, knowing their thoughts, said to them, "Every kingdom divided against itself is laid waste, and a house falls against a house."

Reply: the divided-kingdom maximδὲJesus answers the first charge with a self-evident principle: internal division destroys any realm or household. His supernatural insight (εἰδὼς … διανοήματα) is stressed, a Lukan note on Jesus' knowledge of the heart.
αὐτὸςheNominativeemphatic subjectαὐτός: intensive, 'he himself.'
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
εἰδὼςknowingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · οἶδαcausal/circumstantial ptc.→ stative (present sense)οἶδα: 'know'; perception of their inner reasonings.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
τὰtheAccusativearticle
διανοήματαthoughtsAccusativeobject of εἰδώςδιανόημα: 'thought, reasoning' (NT hapax).
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ΠᾶσαeveryNominativeattributive adj.πᾶς: 'every, all.'
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of ἐρημοῦταιβασιλεία: 'kingdom, realm.'
ἐφ’againstpreposition + accusative (hostile)
ἑαυτὴνitselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of ἐπί)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive, 'itself.'
διαμερισθεῖσαdividedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · διαμερίζωattributive ptc. modifying βασιλεία→ aoristicδιαμερίζω: 'divide, split.'
ἐρημοῦταιis laid wastePres Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐρημόωmain verb→ imperfective (gnomic)ἐρημόω: 'lay waste, make desolate.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἶκοςa houseNominativesubject of πίπτειοἶκος: 'house, household.'
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile)
οἶκονa houseAccusativeobject of ἐπί
πίπτειfallsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ imperfective (gnomic)πίπτω: 'fall'; here 'falls' or 'falls upon (and so collapses).'
18

εἰ δὲ καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς ἐφ’ ἑαυτὸν διεμερίσθη, πῶς σταθήσεται ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ; ὅτι λέγετε ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ ἐκβάλλειν με τὰ δαιμόνια.

But if Satan also is divided against himself, how will his kingdom stand? — because you say that I cast out the demons by Beelzebul.

Application to SatanδὲThe maxim applied: were Satan expelling Satan, his kingdom would self-destruct. ὅ Σατανᾶς, a proper name with the article and a syntactic case, is a nominal. The ὅτι clause quotes back their own charge.
εἰifconditional conjunction
δὲbutdevelopmental conjunction
καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
theNominativearticle
ΣατανᾶςSatanNominativesubject of διεμερίσθηΣατανᾶς: 'the Adversary,' Satan; from Heb. śāṭān.
ἐφ’againstpreposition + accusative (hostile)
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive pronounἑαυτοῦ: 'himself.'
διεμερίσθηis dividedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · διαμερίζωverb of protasis→ constative aoristδιαμερίζω: 'divide.'
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb
σταθήσεταιwill standFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb of apodosis→ predictive futureἵστημι: passive 'stand, be established.'
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of σταθήσεταιβασιλεία: 'kingdom.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
λέγετεyou sayPres Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ imperfective
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument)
ΒεελζεβοὺλBeelzebulDativeobject of ἐν (instrument)Βεελζεβούλ: see v.15.
ἐκβάλλεινcast outPres Act Inf · ἐκβάλλωinfinitive of indirect discourse→ imperfectiveἐκβάλλω: 'cast out.'
μεIAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativeobject of ἐκβάλλεινδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
19

εἰ δὲ ἐγὼ ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ ἐκβάλλω τὰ δαιμόνια, οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν ἐν τίνι ἐκβάλλουσιν; διὰ τοῦτο αὐτοὶ ὑμῶν κριταὶ ἔσονται.

And if I cast out the demons by Beelzebul, by whom do your sons cast them out? Therefore they will be your judges.

Counter-question (ad hominem)δὲThe charge boomerangs: their own exorcists ('your sons') would stand equally accused. Hence those very practitioners will judge the accusers — a turning of the tables.
εἰifconditional conjunction
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subjectἐγώ: emphatic 'I.'
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument)
ΒεελζεβοὺλBeelzebulDativeobject of ἐνΒεελζεβούλ: see v.15.
ἐκβάλλωI cast outPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐκβάλλωverb of protasis→ imperfectiveἐκβάλλω: 'cast out.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativeobject of ἐκβάλλωδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubject of ἐκβάλλουσινυἱός: 'son'; here Jewish exorcists, 'your own people.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument)
τίνιwhomDativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ἐν)τίς: 'who?'
ἐκβάλλουσινdo they cast outPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκβάλλωmain verb (question)→ imperfectiveἐκβάλλω: 'cast out.'
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (διὰ τοῦτο = 'therefore')
αὐτοὶtheyNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)αὐτός: 'they themselves.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitiveobjective/possessive genitive
κριταὶjudgesNominativepredicate nominativeκριτής: 'judge.'
ἔσονταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (future)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be.'
20

εἰ δὲ ἐν δακτύλῳ θεοῦ ἐγὼ ἐκβάλλω τὰ δαιμόνια, ἄρα ἔφθασεν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ.

But if by the finger of God I cast out the demons, then the kingdom of God has come upon you.

The true conclusionδὲThe alternative and true premise: the exorcisms are 'the finger of God' (ἐν δακτύλῳ θεοῦ — Luke's firm reading against Matthew's 'Spirit of God,' evoking Exod 8:19, the magicians' confession before Pharaoh). The aorist ἔφθασεν announces the kingdom's arrival — already present in Jesus' victory over demons.
εἰifconditional conjunction
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument)
δακτύλῳfingerDativeobject of ἐν (instrument)δάκτυλος: 'finger'; 'finger of God' = his direct power (Exod 8:19; cf. 31:18).
θεοῦof GodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός: 'God.'
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subjectἐγώ: emphatic 'I.'
ἐκβάλλωcast outPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐκβάλλωverb of protasis→ imperfectiveἐκβάλλω: 'cast out.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativeobject of ἐκβάλλωδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
ἄραtheninferential particleἄρα: 'then, consequently.'
ἔφθασενhas comeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φθάνωmain verb of apodosis→ constative/perfective aoristφθάνω: 'arrive, come upon, reach'; here the kingdom has actually arrived.
ἐφ’uponpreposition + accusative
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of ἐπί
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of ἔφθασενβασιλεία: 'reign, kingdom.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God.'
21

ὅταν ὁ ἰσχυρὸς καθωπλισμένος φυλάσσῃ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ αὐλήν, ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἐστὶν τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτοῦ·

When the strong man, fully armed, guards his own courtyard, his possessions are in peace;

Parable of the strong man (setup)asyndetonThe strong-man parable interprets the exorcisms: Satan ('the strong one') holds his domain in apparent security until a stronger comes. The perfect καθωπλισμένος ('having armed himself, fully equipped') stresses his settled defenses.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)
theNominativearticle
ἰσχυρὸςstrong manNominativesubstantival adj. (subject)ἰσχυρός: 'strong, mighty one'; allegorically Satan.
καθωπλισμένοςfully armedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καθοπλίζωcircumstantial ptc. (state)→ intensive perfect (settled state)καθοπλίζω: 'arm fully, equip' (NT hapax).
φυλάσσῃguardsPres Act Subj 3 Sg · φυλάσσωsubjunctive in indefinite temporal clause→ imperfectiveφυλάσσω: 'guard, watch over.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive (possessive)ἑαυτοῦ: 'his own.'
αὐλήνcourtyardAccusativeobject of φυλάσσῃαὐλή: 'courtyard, palace, dwelling.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative
εἰρήνῃpeaceDativeobject of ἐν (state)εἰρήνη: 'peace, security.'
ἐστὶνarePres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ imperfective
τὰtheNominativearticle (substantival ptc.)
ὑπάρχονταpossessionsPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · ὑπάρχωsubstantival ptc. (subject)→ imperfectiveὑπάρχω: τὰ ὑπάρχοντα = 'goods, possessions.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
22

ἐπὰν δὲ ἰσχυρότερος αὐτοῦ ἐπελθὼν νικήσῃ αὐτόν, τὴν πανοπλίαν αὐτοῦ αἴρει ἐφ’ ᾗ ἐπεποίθει, καὶ τὰ σκῦλα αὐτοῦ διαδίδωσιν.

but when one stronger than he comes upon him and conquers him, he takes away his armor in which he trusted, and distributes his spoils.

Parable of the strong man (resolution)δὲThe 'stronger one' (ἰσχυρότερος — Jesus, cf. 3:16) overpowers the strong man, strips the armor he trusted (pluperfect ἐπεποίθει), and parcels out the plunder: the kingdom's arrival as Satan's defeat and his captives' release.
ἐπὰνwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)ἐπάν: 'when, as soon as.'
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
ἰσχυρότεροςone strongerNominativecomparative adj. (subject)ἰσχυρός: comparative 'stronger'; Jesus, the Stronger One.
αὐτοῦthan heGenitivegenitive of comparison
ἐπελθὼνcoming uponAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/attendant)→ aoristicἐπέρχομαι: 'come upon, attack.'
νικήσῃconquersAor Act Subj 3 Sg · νικάωsubjunctive in temporal clause→ perfective aoristνικάω: 'conquer, overcome.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of νικήσῃ
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πανοπλίανarmorAccusativeobject of αἴρειπανοπλία: 'full armor, panoply.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
αἴρειtakes awayPres Act Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb→ imperfective (vivid present)αἴρω: 'take up, remove.'
ἐφ’inpreposition + dative (with πέποιθα)
whichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπί)
ἐπεποίθειhe had trustedPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · πείθωverb of relative clause→ stative pluperfectπείθω: perf./plpf. πέποιθα 'trust, rely on.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle
σκῦλαspoilsAccusativeobject of διαδίδωσινσκῦλον: 'spoils, plunder.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
διαδίδωσινdistributesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · διαδίδωμιmain verb→ imperfective (vivid present)διαδίδωμι: 'distribute, divide up.'
23

ὁ μὴ ὢν μετ’ ἐμοῦ κατ’ ἐμοῦ ἐστιν, καὶ ὁ μὴ συνάγων μετ’ ἐμοῦ σκορπίζει.

Whoever is not with me is against me, and whoever does not gather with me scatters.

The decisive sayingasyndetonThe controversy closes with a demand for decision: in the cosmic conflict there is no neutrality. The gathering/scattering metaphor (shepherd or harvest) makes alliance with Jesus the only alternative to opposition.
the oneNominativearticle (substantival ptc.)
μὴnotnegative particle (with ptc.)
ὢνbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίsubstantival ptc. (subject)→ imperfectiveεἰμί: 'be.'
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (association)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά
κατ’againstpreposition + genitive (opposition)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of κατά
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ imperfective
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
the oneNominativearticle (substantival ptc.)
μὴnotnegative particle
συνάγωνgatheringPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · συνάγωsubstantival ptc. (subject)→ imperfectiveσυνάγω: 'gather together'; harvest/flock imagery.
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (association)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά
σκορπίζειscattersPres Act Indic 3 Sg · σκορπίζωmain verb→ imperfective (gnomic)σκορπίζω: 'scatter, disperse.'
24

Ὅταν τὸ ἀκάθαρτον πνεῦμα ἐξέλθῃ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, διέρχεται δι’ ἀνύδρων τόπων ζητοῦν ἀνάπαυσιν, καὶ μὴ εὑρίσκον λέγει· Ὑποστρέψω εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου ὅθεν ἐξῆλθον·

When the unclean spirit has gone out of a person, it passes through waterless places seeking rest, and finding none it says, 'I will return to my house from which I came out';

Parable: the returning spirit (setup)ὍτανA warning illustration appended to the exorcism debate: a mere expulsion that leaves the 'house' empty invites a worse re-occupation. Reform without the kingdom's positive filling is unstable.
Ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)
τὸtheNominativearticle
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanNominativeattributive adj.ἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean, impure.'
πνεῦμαspiritNominativesubject of ἐξέλθῃπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; here an evil spirit.
ἐξέλθῃhas gone outAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιsubjunctive in temporal clause→ perfective aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
ἀπὸout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουpersonGenitiveobject of ἀπόἄνθρωπος: 'person, human.'
διέρχεταιpasses throughPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · διέρχομαιmain verb→ imperfectiveδιέρχομαι: 'go through, traverse.'
δι’throughpreposition + genitive (place)
ἀνύδρωνwaterlessGenitiveattributive adj.ἄνυδρος: 'waterless, dry'; deserts as demonic haunts.
τόπωνplacesGenitiveobject of διάτόπος: 'place.'
ζητοῦνseekingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · ζητέωcircumstantial ptc. (purpose)→ imperfectiveζητέω: 'seek.'
ἀνάπαυσινrestAccusativeobject of ζητοῦνἀνάπαυσις: 'rest, repose.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative particle (with ptc.)
εὑρίσκονfindingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · εὑρίσκωcircumstantial ptc. (concessive/temporal)→ imperfectiveεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ imperfective (vivid present)
ὙποστρέψωI will returnFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ὑποστρέφωmain verb (direct speech)→ predictive futureὑποστρέφω: 'return, turn back'; a Lukan favorite.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκόνhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house'; the formerly-possessed person.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
ὅθενfrom whichrelative adverb of placeὅθεν: 'whence, from where.'
ἐξῆλθονI came outAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
25

καὶ ἐλθὸν εὑρίσκει σεσαρωμένον καὶ κεκοσμημένον.

and when it comes, it finds it swept and put in order.

The empty houseκαὶThe two perfect passives (σεσαρωμένον, κεκοσμημένον) depict a house clean and tidy — but empty and undefended. The very neatness, with no new occupant, is the danger.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐλθὸνcomingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · ἔρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ aoristicἔρχομαι: 'come.'
εὑρίσκειfindsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ imperfective (vivid present)εὑρίσκω: 'find.'
σεσαρωμένονsweptPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · σαρόωobject complement (the house)→ intensive perfect (state)σαρόω: 'sweep.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κεκοσμημένονput in orderPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · κοσμέωobject complement→ intensive perfect (state)κοσμέω: 'arrange, adorn, put in order.'
26

τότε πορεύεται καὶ παραλαμβάνει ἕτερα πνεύματα πονηρότερα ἑαυτοῦ ἑπτά, καὶ εἰσελθόντα κατοικεῖ ἐκεῖ, καὶ γίνεται τὰ ἔσχατα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκείνου χείρονα τῶν πρώτων.

Then it goes and takes along seven other spirits more evil than itself, and they enter and dwell there; and the last state of that person becomes worse than the first.

The sevenfold relapseτότεThe grim outcome: seven worse spirits make permanent residence (κατοικεῖ), so the last state outstrips the first. Applied to the sign-seeking generation, neutrality toward Jesus ends in deeper bondage.
τότεthentemporal adverb
πορεύεταιit goesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ imperfectiveπορεύομαι: 'go.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παραλαμβάνειtakes alongPres Act Indic 3 Sg · παραλαμβάνωmain verb→ imperfectiveπαραλαμβάνω: 'take along, take with.'
ἕτεραotherAccusativeattributive adj.ἕτερος: 'other.'
πνεύματαspiritsAccusativeobject of παραλαμβάνειπνεῦμα: 'spirit.'
πονηρότεραmore evilAccusativecomparative adj.πονηρός: comparative 'more evil.'
ἑαυτοῦthan itselfGenitivegenitive of comparisonἑαυτοῦ: 'itself.'
ἑπτάsevenAccusativenumeral (indeclinable adj.)ἑπτά: 'seven'; totality of evil.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσελθόνταenteringAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · εἰσέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ aoristicεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in.'
κατοικεῖdwellsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb→ imperfective (settled)κατοικέω: 'settle, dwell permanently.'
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γίνεταιbecomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ imperfectiveγίνομαι: 'become.'
τὰtheNominativearticle
ἔσχαταlast stateNominativesubstantival adj. (subject)ἔσχατος: 'last'; τὰ ἔσχατα = 'the last things, final state.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουpersonGenitivepossessive genitiveἄνθρωπος: 'person.'
ἐκείνουthatGenitivedemonstrative adj.ἐκεῖνος: 'that.'
χείροναworseNominativepredicate adj. (comparative)κακός: comparative χείρων 'worse.'
τῶνthan theGenitivearticle
πρώτωνfirstGenitivegenitive of comparison (substantival)πρῶτος: 'first.'
27

Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ λέγειν αὐτὸν ταῦτα ἐπάρασά τις φωνὴν γυνὴ ἐκ τοῦ ὄχλου εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Μακαρία ἡ κοιλία ἡ βαστάσασά σε καὶ μαστοὶ οὓς ἐθήλασας.

And it happened that, as he was saying these things, a woman in the crowd raised her voice and said to him, "Blessed is the womb that bore you, and the breasts at which you nursed!"

A woman's beatitudeδὲAnother Lukan καὶ ἐγένετο scene. The woman's spontaneous makarism praises Jesus' mother in earthy maternal terms (womb, breasts) — a beatitude Jesus will redirect in v.28.
Ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
ἐνwhilepreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
λέγεινsayingPres Act Inf · λέγωarticular infinitive (temporal 'while')→ imperfective
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of λέγειν
ἐπάρασάraisingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἐπαίρωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ aoristicἐπαίρω: 'lift up, raise'; ἐπαίρειν φωνήν = 'raise the voice, cry out.'
τιςa certainNominativeindefinite adj. modifying γυνήτις: 'a certain.'
φωνὴνvoiceAccusativeobject of ἐπάρασαφωνή: 'voice.'
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject of εἶπενγυνή: 'woman.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ὄχλουcrowdGenitiveobject of ἐκὄχλος: 'crowd.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΜακαρίαblessedNominativepredicate adj. (beatitude)μακάριος: 'blessed, happy.'
theNominativearticle
κοιλίαwombNominativesubject (predicate-first makarism)κοιλία: 'belly, womb.'
theNominativearticle (attributive)
βαστάσασάthat boreAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · βαστάζωattributive ptc. modifying κοιλία→ aoristicβαστάζω: 'bear, carry.'
σεyouAccusativeobject of βαστάσασα
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μαστοὶbreastsNominativesecond subject of the makarismμαστός: 'breast.'
οὓςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐθήλασας)
ἐθήλασαςyou nursed atAor Act Indic 2 Sg · θηλάζωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristθηλάζω: 'nurse, suckle'; here 'you sucked.'
28

αὐτὸς δὲ εἶπεν· Μενοῦν μακάριοι οἱ ἀκούοντες τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ φυλάσσοντες.

But he said, "Rather, blessed are those who hear the word of God and keep it!"

Jesus' corrective beatitudeδὲThe corrective particle μενοῦν ('rather, on the contrary') redirects the blessing from biological kinship to obedient discipleship — the Lukan theme of hearing and doing the word (cf. 8:21).
αὐτὸςheNominativeemphatic subjectαὐτός: 'he himself.'
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Μενοῦνrathercorrective particleμενοῦν(γε): 'rather, on the contrary, indeed.'
μακάριοιblessedNominativepredicate adj. (beatitude)μακάριος: 'blessed.'
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantival ptc.)
ἀκούοντεςwho hearPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωsubstantival ptc. (subject)→ imperfectiveἀκούω: 'hear, listen.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativeobject of ἀκούοντεςλόγος: 'word, message.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός: 'God.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φυλάσσοντεςkeepPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · φυλάσσωsubstantival ptc. (coordinate subject)→ imperfectiveφυλάσσω: 'guard, keep, observe.'
29

Τῶν δὲ ὄχλων ἐπαθροιζομένων ἤρξατο λέγειν· Ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη γενεὰ πονηρά ἐστιν· σημεῖον ζητεῖ, καὶ σημεῖον οὐ δοθήσεται αὐτῇ εἰ μὴ τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ.

As the crowds were thronging together, he began to say, "This generation is an evil generation; it seeks a sign, and no sign will be given to it except the sign of Jonah."

Discourse on the sign of Jonah (intro)δὲReturning to the sign-seekers of v.16, Jesus denies any sign but 'the sign of Jonah.' The genitive absolute (ὄχλων ἐπαθροιζομένων) and inceptive ἤρξατο λέγειν frame a public pronouncement on 'this evil generation.'
ΤῶνtheGenitivearticle (genitive absolute)
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
ὄχλωνcrowdsGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteὄχλος: 'crowd.'
ἐπαθροιζομένωνthronging togetherPres Pass Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἐπαθροίζωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ imperfectiveἐπαθροίζω: 'gather/crowd together' (NT hapax).
ἤρξατοhe beganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin' (+ inf.).
λέγεινto sayPres Act Inf · λέγωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfective
theNominativearticle
γενεὰgenerationNominativesubject of ἐστινγενεά: 'generation.'
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative adj.οὗτος: 'this.'
γενεὰgenerationNominativepredicate nominativeγενεά: 'generation.'
πονηράevilNominativeattributive adj. (predicate)πονηρός: 'evil.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ imperfective
σημεῖονa signAccusativeobject of ζητεῖσημεῖον: 'sign.'
ζητεῖit seeksPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb→ imperfectiveζητέω: 'seek, demand.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σημεῖονa signNominativesubject of δοθήσεταισημεῖον: 'sign.'
οὐnotnegative particle
δοθήσεταιwill be givenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive future; divine passiveδίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτῇto itDativeindirect object
εἰexceptconjunction (εἰ μή 'except')
μὴnotnegative (with εἰ)
τὸtheNominativearticle
σημεῖονsignNominativesubject (exception)σημεῖον: 'sign.'
Ἰωνᾶof JonahGenitivegenitive (of the sign concerning Jonah)Ἰωνᾶς: Jonah the prophet.
30

καθὼς γὰρ ἐγένετο Ἰωνᾶς τοῖς Νινευίταις σημεῖον, οὕτως ἔσται καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ.

For just as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so also the Son of Man will be to this generation.

Explanation of the signγὰρLuke explains the sign not by the three-days-in-the-fish detail (as Matt 12:40) but by Jonah himself as a preaching sign to Nineveh — so the Son of Man, in his proclamation, is the sign to this generation.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become.'
ἸωνᾶςJonahNominativesubject of ἐγένετοἸωνᾶς: Jonah.
τοῖςto theDativearticle
ΝινευίταιςNinevitesDativeindirect object (dat. of advantage)Νινευίτης: 'Ninevite,' inhabitant of Nineveh.
σημεῖονa signNominativepredicate nominativeσημεῖον: 'sign.'
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (correlative)
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (future)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be.'
καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubject of ἔσταιυἱός: 'son'; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, Jesus' self-designation.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (titular)ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the 'Son of Man' title (cf. Dan 7:13).
τῇto theDativearticle
γενεᾷgenerationDativeindirect objectγενεά: 'generation.'
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adj.οὗτος: 'this.'
31

βασίλισσα νότου ἐγερθήσεται ἐν τῇ κρίσει μετὰ τῶν ἀνδρῶν τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης καὶ κατακρινεῖ αὐτούς· ὅτι ἦλθεν ἐκ τῶν περάτων τῆς γῆς ἀκοῦσαι τὴν σοφίαν Σολομῶνος, καὶ ἰδοὺ πλεῖον Σολομῶνος ὧδε.

The Queen of the South will rise up at the judgment with the men of this generation and will condemn them, because she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, something greater than Solomon is here.

Witness against the generation (1)asyndetonThe Queen of Sheba's eagerness for Solomon's wisdom condemns a generation indifferent to one greater. The neuter πλεῖον ('something greater') points to the reality present in Jesus — kingdom, wisdom, the Son of Man himself.
βασίλισσαqueenNominativesubject of ἐγερθήσεταιβασίλισσα: 'queen'; the Queen of Sheba (1 Kgs 10).
νότουof the SouthGenitivegenitive of place/sourceνότος: 'south, south wind'; here the southern region.
ἐγερθήσεταιwill rise upFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb→ predictive futureἐγείρω: passive 'rise, be raised'; here to stand as witness.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (time)
τῇtheDativearticle
κρίσειjudgmentDativeobject of ἐν (temporal)κρίσις: 'judgment.'
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἀνδρῶνmenGenitiveobject of μετάἀνήρ: 'man.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
γενεᾶςgenerationGenitivepossessive genitiveγενεά: 'generation.'
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adj.οὗτος: 'this.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατακρινεῖwill condemnFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακρίνωmain verb→ predictive futureκατακρίνω: 'condemn'; by her example, not as judge.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of κατακρινεῖ
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
ἦλθενshe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb of causal clause→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
περάτωνendsGenitiveobject of ἐκπέρας: 'end, limit'; τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς = 'the ends of the earth.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitivepossessive genitiveγῆ: 'earth, land.'
ἀκοῦσαιto hearAor Act Inf · ἀκούωinfinitive of purpose→ aoristicἀκούω: 'hear.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
σοφίανwisdomAccusativeobject of ἀκοῦσαισοφία: 'wisdom.'
Σολομῶνοςof SolomonGenitivepossessive genitiveΣολομών: Solomon, the wise king.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdinterjection / attention-markerἰδού: 'behold, look!'
πλεῖονsomething greaterNominativesubstantival comparative adj. (predicate)πολύς: comparative neut. πλεῖον 'more, greater'; the neuter points to a greater reality than Solomon.
Σολομῶνοςthan SolomonGenitivegenitive of comparisonΣολομών: Solomon.
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: 'here.'
32

ἄνδρες Νινευῖται ἀναστήσονται ἐν τῇ κρίσει μετὰ τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης καὶ κατακρινοῦσιν αὐτήν· ὅτι μετενόησαν εἰς τὸ κήρυγμα Ἰωνᾶ, καὶ ἰδοὺ πλεῖον Ἰωνᾶ ὧδε.

The men of Nineveh will rise up at the judgment with this generation and will condemn it, because they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and behold, something greater than Jonah is here.

Witness against the generation (2)asyndetonThe parallel example: pagan Nineveh repented at Jonah's preaching; this generation refuses 'something greater than Jonah.' The two examples (Gentile queen, Gentile city) heighten Israel's culpability.
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubject of ἀναστήσονταιἀνήρ: 'man.'
ΝινευῖταιNinevitesNominativeapposition to ἄνδρεςΝινευίτης: 'Ninevite.'
ἀναστήσονταιwill rise upFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀνίστημιmain verb→ predictive futureἀνίστημι: 'rise, stand up.'
ἐνatpreposition + dative (time)
τῇtheDativearticle
κρίσειjudgmentDativeobject of ἐνκρίσις: 'judgment.'
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γενεᾶςgenerationGenitiveobject of μετάγενεά: 'generation.'
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adj.οὗτος: 'this.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατακρινοῦσινwill condemnFut Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακρίνωmain verb→ predictive futureκατακρίνω: 'condemn.'
αὐτήνitAccusativeobject of κατακρινοῦσιν
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
μετενόησανthey repentedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · μετανοέωmain verb of causal clause→ constative aoristμετανοέω: 'repent, change one's mind.'
εἰςatpreposition + accusative (response to)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
κήρυγμαpreachingAccusativeobject of εἰςκήρυγμα: 'proclamation, preaching.'
Ἰωνᾶof JonahGenitivesubjective genitiveἸωνᾶς: Jonah.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdinterjectionἰδού: 'behold.'
πλεῖονsomething greaterNominativesubstantival comparative (predicate)πολύς: neut. πλεῖον 'greater.'
Ἰωνᾶthan JonahGenitivegenitive of comparisonἸωνᾶς: Jonah.
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: 'here.'
33

Οὐδεὶς λύχνον ἅψας εἰς κρύπτην τίθησιν οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τὴν λυχνίαν, ἵνα οἱ εἰσπορευόμενοι τὸ φῶς βλέπωσιν.

No one, after lighting a lamp, puts it in a cellar or under the basket, but on the lampstand, so that those who come in may see the light.

Lamp saying (the light displayed)asyndetonThe lamp imagery bridges to the eye-saying: light is meant to be seen. A lamp lit is set on the stand, not hidden — the truth Jesus brings is for illumination, not concealment. Some witnesses omit οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον.
Οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubject of τίθησινοὐδείς: 'no one.'
λύχνονa lampAccusativeobject of ἅψας/τίθησινλύχνος: 'lamp.'
ἅψαςlightingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἅπτωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/attendant)→ aoristicἅπτω: 'kindle, light' (mid. 'touch').
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (= place into)
κρύπτηνa cellarAccusativeobject of εἰςκρύπτη: 'cellar, hidden place' (NT hapax).
τίθησινputsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ imperfective (gnomic)τίθημι: 'put, place.'
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusative (place)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
μόδιονbasketAccusativeobject of ὑπόμόδιος: a measuring-bowl/peck-measure, here covering a lamp.
ἀλλ’butadversative conjunction
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
λυχνίανlampstandAccusativeobject of ἐπίλυχνία: 'lampstand.'
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose, + subjunctive)
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantival ptc.)
εἰσπορευόμενοιwho come inPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · εἰσπορεύομαιsubstantival ptc. (subject)→ imperfectiveεἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter, come in.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
φῶςlightAccusativeobject of βλέπωσινφῶς: 'light.'
βλέπωσινmay seePres Act Subj 3 Pl · βλέπωsubjunctive in purpose clause→ imperfectiveβλέπω: 'see, look.'
34

ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου. ὅταν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου ἁπλοῦς ᾖ, καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμά σου φωτεινόν ἐστιν· ἐπὰν δὲ πονηρὸς ᾖ, καὶ τὸ σῶμά σου σκοτεινόν.

Your eye is the lamp of the body. When your eye is sound, your whole body also is full of light; but when it is bad, your body also is dark.

The eye as lampasyndetonThe eye is the body's lamp; a 'single/sound' eye (ἁπλοῦς — also 'generous') fills the body with light, a 'bad' eye (πονηρός — also 'stingy') leaves it dark. The moral-vision sense governs: how one 'sees' determines one's whole inner state.
theNominativearticle
λύχνοςlampNominativepredicate nominativeλύχνος: 'lamp.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
σώματόςbodyGenitivepossessive genitiveσῶμα: 'body.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ imperfective
theNominativearticle
ὀφθαλμόςeyeNominativesubjectὀφθαλμός: 'eye.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)
theNominativearticle
ὀφθαλμόςeyeNominativesubject of ᾖὀφθαλμός: 'eye.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἁπλοῦςsoundNominativepredicate adj.ἁπλοῦς: 'single, sound, healthy'; also 'generous' (cf. ἁπλότης).
isPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίsubjunctive in temporal clause→ imperfective
καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
ὅλονwholeNominativeattributive adj.ὅλος: 'whole, entire.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
σῶμάbodyNominativesubject of ἐστινσῶμα: 'body.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
φωτεινόνfull of lightNominativepredicate adj.φωτεινός: 'bright, full of light.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ imperfective
ἐπὰνwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)ἐπάν: 'when.'
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
πονηρὸςbadNominativepredicate adj.πονηρός: 'evil, bad'; of an eye, 'unhealthy' or 'stingy/grudging.'
isPres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίsubjunctive in temporal clause→ imperfective
καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
τὸtheNominativearticle
σῶμάbodyNominativesubject (copula understood)σῶμα: 'body.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
σκοτεινόνdarkNominativepredicate adj.σκοτεινός: 'dark, full of darkness.'
35

σκόπει οὖν μὴ τὸ φῶς τὸ ἐν σοὶ σκότος ἐστίν.

Watch out, then, lest the light in you be darkness.

Warning inferenceοὖνThe application: examine whether one's supposed 'light' is in fact darkness — a paradox warning the sign-seekers that their perceived insight may be blindness.
σκόπειwatch outPres Act Impv 2 Sg · σκοπέωimperative→ imperfective (keep watching)σκοπέω: 'look at, watch, consider.'
οὖνtheninferential conjunction
μὴlestnegative conjunction (introducing caution)
τὸtheNominativearticle
φῶςlightNominativesubject of ἐστίνφῶς: 'light.'
τὸtheNominativearticle (attributive)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
σοὶyouDativeobject of ἐν
σκότοςdarknessNominativepredicate nominativeσκότος: 'darkness.'
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (indic. after μή, expecting/fearing)→ imperfective
36

εἰ οὖν τὸ σῶμά σου ὅλον φωτεινόν, μὴ ἔχον μέρος τι σκοτεινόν, ἔσται φωτεινὸν ὅλον ὡς ὅταν ὁ λύχνος τῇ ἀστραπῇ φωτίζῃ σε.

If then your whole body is full of light, having no part dark, it will be wholly bright, as when the lamp with its beam gives you light.

Conclusion of the light-sayingοὖνThe positive promise: a body wholly light, with no dark corner, blazes like a lamp's bright beam (ἀστραπή). Total inner illumination, undivided, is the goal of receiving Jesus' light.
εἰifconditional conjunction
οὖνtheninferential conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle
σῶμάbodyNominativesubjectσῶμα: 'body.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ὅλονwholeNominativeattributive adj.ὅλος: 'whole.'
φωτεινόνfull of lightNominativepredicate adj.φωτεινός: 'bright.'
μὴnotnegative particle (with ptc.)
ἔχονhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · ἔχωcircumstantial ptc. (condition/manner)→ imperfectiveἔχω: 'have.'
μέροςpartAccusativeobject of ἔχονμέρος: 'part, portion.'
τιanyAccusativeindefinite adj.τις: 'any, some.'
σκοτεινόνdarkAccusativeattributive adj.σκοτεινός: 'dark.'
ἔσταιit will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be.'
φωτεινὸνbrightNominativepredicate adj.φωτεινός: 'bright.'
ὅλονwhollyNominativeattributive adj. (predicate)ὅλος: 'whole.'
ὡςascomparative conjunction
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)
theNominativearticle
λύχνοςlampNominativesubject of φωτίζῃλύχνος: 'lamp.'
τῇwith theDativearticle
ἀστραπῇbeamDativedat. of means/mannerἀστραπή: 'flash, ray, brightness' (usually 'lightning'); here the lamp's bright beam.
φωτίζῃgives light toPres Act Subj 3 Sg · φωτίζωsubjunctive in temporal clause→ imperfectiveφωτίζω: 'give light, illumine.'
σεyouAccusativeobject of φωτίζῃ
37

Ἐν δὲ τῷ λαλῆσαι ἐρωτᾷ αὐτὸν Φαρισαῖος ὅπως ἀριστήσῃ παρ’ αὐτῷ· εἰσελθὼν δὲ ἀνέπεσεν.

Now as he was speaking, a Pharisee asked him to dine with him; and he went in and reclined at table.

Setting: dinner with a PhariseeδὲA new scene introduced by the temporal ἐν τῷ λαλῆσαι. The invitation to a meal sets up the table-talk woes. The historic present ἐρωτᾷ adds vividness; ἀνέπεσεν ('reclined') marks a formal meal.
Ἐνaspreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)
δὲnowdevelopmental conjunction
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
λαλῆσαιspeakingAor Act Inf · λαλέωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ aoristicλαλέω: 'speak.'
ἐρωτᾷasksPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐρωτάωmain verb (historic present)→ imperfective (vivid)ἐρωτάω: 'ask, request.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ἐρωτᾷ
Φαρισαῖοςa PhariseeNominativesubject of ἐρωτᾷΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
ὅπωςthatconjunction (content/purpose, + subjunctive)
ἀριστήσῃhe would dineAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀριστάωsubjunctive in ὅπως clause→ ingressive aoristἀριστάω: 'eat a meal, dine' (the midday or principal meal).
παρ’withpreposition + dative (alongside)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of παρά
εἰσελθὼνgoing inAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/attendant)→ aoristicεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
ἀνέπεσενreclinedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναπίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναπίπτω: 'recline (at table).'
38

ὁ δὲ Φαρισαῖος ἰδὼν ἐθαύμασεν ὅτι οὐ πρῶτον ἐβαπτίσθη πρὸ τοῦ ἀρίστου.

But the Pharisee, seeing it, was astonished that he did not first wash before the meal.

The point of offenseδὲThe host's silent astonishment at Jesus' omission of the ceremonial hand-washing (ἐβαπτίσθη here = ritual ablution, not baptism proper) triggers the discourse on inner versus outer cleansing.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
ΦαρισαῖοςPhariseeNominativesubject of ἐθαύμασενΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
ἰδὼνseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/causal)→ aoristicὁράω: 'see.'
ἐθαύμασενwas astonishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θαυμάζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristθαυμάζω: 'marvel, be astonished.'
ὅτιthatcausal/content conjunction
οὐnotnegative particle
πρῶτονfirstadverbπρῶτος: adverbial 'first.'
ἐβαπτίσθηhe washedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βαπτίζωverb of ὅτι clause→ constative aoristβαπτίζω: here 'wash, perform ablution' (ritual hand-washing before eating).
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (time)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀρίστουmealGenitiveobject of πρόἄριστον: 'meal, breakfast/luncheon.'
39

εἶπεν δὲ ὁ κύριος πρὸς αὐτόν· Νῦν ὑμεῖς οἱ Φαρισαῖοι τὸ ἔξωθεν τοῦ ποτηρίου καὶ τοῦ πίνακος καθαρίζετε, τὸ δὲ ἔσωθεν ὑμῶν γέμει ἁρπαγῆς καὶ πονηρίας.

But the Lord said to him, "Now you Pharisees cleanse the outside of the cup and the dish, but your inside is full of greed and wickedness.

Indictment: outer/inner inconsistencyδὲJesus (called 'the Lord' by Luke) exposes the hypocrisy: scrupulous about the vessel's exterior while the interior — the heart — is full of plunder and evil. The image of cup and dish stands for the whole person.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
δὲbutdevelopmental conjunction
theNominativearticle
κύριοςLordNominativesubject of εἶπενκύριος: 'Lord'; Luke's narratorial title for Jesus.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
Νῦνnowtemporal adverb
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subjectσύ: emphatic 'you.'
οἱtheNominativearticle (apposition)
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativeapposition to ὑμεῖςΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantival)
ἔξωθενoutsideadverb (substantivized by article)ἔξωθεν: 'from outside, the exterior.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ποτηρίουcupGenitivepossessive genitiveποτήριον: 'cup.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πίνακοςdishGenitivepossessive genitiveπίναξ: 'dish, platter.'
καθαρίζετεyou cleansePres Act Indic 2 Pl · καθαρίζωmain verb→ imperfective (customary)καθαρίζω: 'cleanse, purify.'
τὸtheNominativearticle (substantival)
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
ἔσωθενinsideadverb (substantivized)ἔσωθεν: 'from within, the interior.'
ὑμῶνof youGenitivepossessive genitive
γέμειis fullPres Act Indic 3 Sg · γέμωmain verb→ imperfectiveγέμω: 'be full (of),' + gen.
ἁρπαγῆςof greedGenitivegenitive of contentἁρπαγή: 'plunder, robbery, greed.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πονηρίαςwickednessGenitivegenitive of contentπονηρία: 'wickedness, evil.'
40

ἄφρονες, οὐχ ὁ ποιήσας τὸ ἔξωθεν καὶ τὸ ἔσωθεν ἐποίησεν;

Fools! Did not the one who made the outside make the inside also?

Rebuke: the Maker of bothasyndetonA sharp rebuke (ἄφρονες, 'fools'). The God who made the outer made the inner too; concern for ceremonial exteriors while ignoring the heart is folly, for both belong to the one Creator.
ἄφρονεςfoolsVocativevocative of address (rebuke)ἄφρων: 'foolish, senseless.'
οὐχnotnegative (interrogative, expecting 'yes')
the oneNominativearticle (substantival ptc.)
ποιήσαςwho madeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ποιέωsubstantival ptc. (subject)→ aoristicποιέω: 'make, do.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantival)
ἔξωθενoutsideadverb (substantivized)ἔξωθεν: 'the exterior.'
καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantival)
ἔσωθενinsideadverb (substantivized)ἔσωθεν: 'the interior.'
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb of question→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make.'
41

πλὴν τὰ ἐνόντα δότε ἐλεημοσύνην, καὶ ἰδοὺ πάντα καθαρὰ ὑμῖν ἐστιν.

But give as alms the things that are within, and behold, everything is clean for you.

The remedy: inner generosityπλὴνThe remedy turns the cleansing inward: 'the things within' (τὰ ἐνόντα) given as alms make all clean. True purity is mercy from the heart, not ritual rinsing — almsgiving as the counter to the greed of v.39.
πλὴνbutadversative conjunctionπλήν: 'nevertheless, but.'
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantival ptc.)
ἐνόνταthat are withinPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · ἔνειμιsubstantival ptc. (object of δότε)→ imperfectiveἔνειμι: 'be in, be within'; τὰ ἐνόντα = 'the contents, what is inside.'
δότεgiveAor Act Impv 2 Pl · δίδωμιimperative→ ingressive aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
ἐλεημοσύνηνas almsAccusativeaccusative of manner/predicateἐλεημοσύνη: 'alms, act of mercy.'
καὶandcoordinating (consecutive)
ἰδοὺbeholdinterjectionἰδού: 'behold.'
πάνταeverythingNominativesubject of ἐστινπᾶς: 'all, everything.'
καθαρὰcleanNominativepredicate adj.καθαρός: 'clean, pure.'
ὑμῖνfor youDativedat. of advantage/reference
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ imperfective
42

ἀλλὰ οὐαὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς Φαρισαίοις, ὅτι ἀποδεκατοῦτε τὸ ἡδύοσμον καὶ τὸ πήγανον καὶ πᾶν λάχανον, καὶ παρέρχεσθε τὴν κρίσιν καὶ τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ θεοῦ· ταῦτα δὲ ἔδει ποιῆσαι κἀκεῖνα μὴ παρεῖναι.

But woe to you Pharisees! For you tithe mint and rue and every herb, and you pass over justice and the love of God; but these you ought to have done, without neglecting the others.

First woe on the Pharisees (tithing)ἀλλὰThe first of three Pharisee-woes: meticulous tithing of garden herbs while bypassing 'justice and the love of God.' Jesus does not abolish the tithe but reorders priorities — the weightier matters must not crowd out, nor be crowded out by, the lesser.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
οὐαὶwoeinterjection of denunciationοὐαί: 'woe!' — a prophetic lament/threat.
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. of (dis)advantage with οὐαί
τοῖςtheDativearticle (apposition)
ΦαρισαίοιςPhariseesDativeapposition to ὑμῖνΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
ἀποδεκατοῦτεyou tithePres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀποδεκατόωmain verb→ imperfective (customary)ἀποδεκατόω: 'tithe, pay a tenth of.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἡδύοσμονmintAccusativeobject of ἀποδεκατοῦτεἡδύοσμον: 'mint.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πήγανονrueAccusativeobject of ἀποδεκατοῦτεπήγανον: 'rue' (a garden herb).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πᾶνeveryAccusativeattributive adj.πᾶς: 'every.'
λάχανονherbAccusativeobject of ἀποδεκατοῦτελάχανον: 'garden herb, vegetable.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρέρχεσθεyou pass overPres Mid Indic 2 Pl · παρέρχομαιmain verb→ imperfective (customary)παρέρχομαι: 'pass by, neglect, disregard.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κρίσινjusticeAccusativeobject of παρέρχεσθεκρίσις: 'justice, judgment, right judging.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀγάπηνloveAccusativeobject of παρέρχεσθεἀγάπη: 'love.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitiveobjective genitive (love for God)θεός: 'God.'
ταῦταtheseAccusativeobject of ποιῆσαι (the weightier)οὗτος: 'these.'
δὲbutdevelopmental conjunction
ἔδειone oughtImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb of obligation→ imperfective (unrealized obligation)δεῖ: 'it is necessary, one ought'; impf. of duty owed.
ποιῆσαιto have doneAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive with ἔδει→ aoristicποιέω: 'do.'
κἀκεῖναand thoseAccusativecrasis (καὶ ἐκεῖνα); object of παρεῖναιἐκεῖνος: 'those' (the lesser herbs/tithes).
μὴnotnegative particle (with inf.)
παρεῖναιto neglectPres Act Inf · παρίημιcomplementary infinitive→ imperfectiveπαρίημι: 'let go, neglect, leave undone.'
43

οὐαὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς Φαρισαίοις, ὅτι ἀγαπᾶτε τὴν πρωτοκαθεδρίαν ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς καὶ τοὺς ἀσπασμοὺς ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς.

Woe to you Pharisees! For you love the best seat in the synagogues and the greetings in the marketplaces.

Second woe on the Pharisees (honor)asyndetonThe second woe: love of public honor — front seats and deferential greetings. The vice is the craving for status, the opposite of the lowliness the kingdom requires.
οὐαὶwoeinterjection of denunciationοὐαί: 'woe!'
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. with οὐαί
τοῖςtheDativearticle (apposition)
ΦαρισαίοιςPhariseesDativeapposition to ὑμῖνΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
ἀγαπᾶτεyou lovePres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀγαπάωmain verb→ imperfective (customary)ἀγαπάω: 'love, cherish.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πρωτοκαθεδρίανbest seatAccusativeobject of ἀγαπᾶτεπρωτοκαθεδρία: 'chief/front seat' (NT hapax in this form).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
συναγωγαῖςsynagoguesDativeobject of ἐνσυναγωγή: 'synagogue, assembly.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀσπασμοὺςgreetingsAccusativeobject of ἀγαπᾶτεἀσπασμός: 'greeting, salutation.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἀγοραῖςmarketplacesDativeobject of ἐνἀγορά: 'marketplace, public square.'
44

οὐαὶ ὑμῖν, ὅτι ἐστὲ ὡς τὰ μνημεῖα τὰ ἄδηλα, καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι οἱ περιπατοῦντες ἐπάνω οὐκ οἴδασιν.

Woe to you! For you are like unmarked graves, and the people who walk over them do not know it.

Third woe on the Pharisees (hidden defilement)asyndetonThe third woe: they are 'unmarked graves' (ἄδηλα), spreading hidden corpse-defilement to the unsuspecting (contact with a grave made one unclean, Num 19:16). Their concealed corruption contaminates others unawares — the sharpest reversal of their purity claims.
οὐαὶwoeinterjection of denunciationοὐαί: 'woe!'
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. with οὐαί
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
ἐστὲyou arePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ imperfective
ὡςlikecomparative conjunction
τὰtheNominativearticle
μνημεῖαgravesNominativepredicate (object of comparison)μνημεῖον: 'tomb, grave.'
τὰtheNominativearticle (attributive)
ἄδηλαunmarkedNominativeattributive adj.ἄδηλος: 'unseen, unmarked, indistinct' (NT hapax).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄνθρωποιpeopleNominativesubject of οἴδασινἄνθρωπος: 'person.'
οἱtheNominativearticle (attributive)
περιπατοῦντεςwho walkPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · περιπατέωattributive ptc.→ imperfectiveπεριπατέω: 'walk about.'
ἐπάνωoveradverb/improper preposition (over them)ἐπάνω: 'above, over.'
οὐκnotnegative particle
οἴδασινknowPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · οἶδαmain verb→ stative perfect (present sense)οἶδα: 'know.'
45

Ἀποκριθεὶς δέ τις τῶν νομικῶν λέγει αὐτῷ· Διδάσκαλε, ταῦτα λέγων καὶ ἡμᾶς ὑβρίζεις.

And one of the lawyers answered him, "Teacher, in saying these things you insult us too."

The lawyer's protestδέA νομικός ('lawyer, expert in the Torah') objects that the woes implicate his guild as well — opening the second triad, the woes on the lawyers (vv.46–52).
ἈποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial ptc. (Semitic 'answered and said')→ aoristicἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer.'
δέanddevelopmental conjunction
τιςa certain oneNominativesubject of λέγειτις: 'one, a certain.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive)
νομικῶνlawyersGenitivepartitive genitiveνομικός: 'lawyer, expert in the (Mosaic) law.'
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ imperfective (vivid)
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΔιδάσκαλεTeacherVocativevocative of addressδιδάσκαλος: 'teacher.'
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of λέγωνοὗτος: 'these.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial ptc. (means/temporal)→ imperfectiveλέγω: 'say.'
καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of ὑβρίζεις
ὑβρίζειςyou insultPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ὑβρίζωmain verb→ imperfectiveὑβρίζω: 'insult, treat insolently.'
46

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· Καὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς νομικοῖς οὐαί, ὅτι φορτίζετε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους φορτία δυσβάστακτα, καὶ αὐτοὶ ἑνὶ τῶν δακτύλων ὑμῶν οὐ προσψαύετε τοῖς φορτίοις.

And he said, "Woe to you lawyers also! For you load people with burdens hard to bear, and you yourselves do not touch the burdens with one of your fingers.

First woe on the lawyers (burdens)δὲThe first lawyer-woe: they pile up oppressive legal burdens (φορτία δυσβάστακτα) on others while lifting not a finger to ease them — a regulating expertise without compassion.
heNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. with οὐαί
τοῖςtheDativearticle (apposition)
νομικοῖςlawyersDativeapposition to ὑμῖννομικός: 'lawyer.'
οὐαίwoeinterjection of denunciationοὐαί: 'woe!'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
φορτίζετεyou loadPres Act Indic 2 Pl · φορτίζωmain verb→ imperfective (customary)φορτίζω: 'load, burden.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleAccusativeobject of φορτίζετεἄνθρωπος: 'person.'
φορτίαwith burdensAccusativeaccusative of content (double acc.)φορτίον: 'burden, load.'
δυσβάστακταhard to bearAccusativeattributive adj.δυσβάστακτος: 'hard to carry, oppressive.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτοὶyou yourselvesNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)αὐτός: 'yourselves.'
ἑνὶwith oneDativenumeral (dat. of means)εἷς: 'one.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive)
δακτύλωνfingersGenitivepartitive genitiveδάκτυλος: 'finger.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
οὐnotnegative particle
προσψαύετεyou touchPres Act Indic 2 Pl · προσψαύωmain verb→ imperfectiveπροσψαύω: 'touch' (NT hapax).
τοῖςtheDativearticle
φορτίοιςburdensDativeobject of προσψαύετε (dat. with verb of touching)φορτίον: 'burden.'
47

οὐαὶ ὑμῖν, ὅτι οἰκοδομεῖτε τὰ μνημεῖα τῶν προφητῶν, οἱ δὲ πατέρες ὑμῶν ἀπέκτειναν αὐτούς.

Woe to you! For you build the tombs of the prophets, and your fathers killed them.

Second woe on the lawyers (the prophets' tombs)asyndetonThe second lawyer-woe: building the prophets' tombs while sharing the murderous spirit of the fathers who slew them — a monument-building that, far from honoring, ratifies the deed (v.48).
οὐαὶwoeinterjection of denunciationοὐαί: 'woe!'
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. with οὐαί
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
οἰκοδομεῖτεyou buildPres Act Indic 2 Pl · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ imperfective (customary)οἰκοδομέω: 'build.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
μνημεῖαtombsAccusativeobject of οἰκοδομεῖτεμνημεῖον: 'tomb, monument.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivepossessive genitiveπροφήτης: 'prophet.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲandcontrastive/developmental conjunction
πατέρεςfathersNominativesubject of ἀπέκτεινανπατήρ: 'father, ancestor.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἀπέκτεινανkilledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill, put to death.'
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of ἀπέκτειναν
48

ἄρα μάρτυρές ἐστε καὶ συνευδοκεῖτε τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν πατέρων ὑμῶν, ὅτι αὐτοὶ μὲν ἀπέκτειναν αὐτοὺς ὑμεῖς δὲ οἰκοδομεῖτε.

So you are witnesses and you consent to the deeds of your fathers, because they killed them, and you build their tombs.

Indictment from the tomb-buildingἄραThe inference (ἄρα): tomb-building is testimony and consent (συνευδοκεῖτε) to the fathers' deeds — the fathers did the killing, the sons complete it by memorializing. The μέν … δέ sets the two generations in damning continuity.
ἄραsoinferential particleἄρα: 'so, then, consequently.'
μάρτυρέςwitnessesNominativepredicate nominativeμάρτυς: 'witness.'
ἐστεyou arePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ imperfective
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνευδοκεῖτεyou consentPres Act Indic 2 Pl · συνευδοκέωmain verb→ imperfectiveσυνευδοκέω: 'consent, approve, agree with.'
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἔργοιςdeedsDativeobject of συνευδοκεῖτε (dat. with verb)ἔργον: 'work, deed.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
πατέρωνfathersGenitivepossessive genitiveπατήρ: 'father.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
αὐτοὶtheyNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)αὐτός: 'they themselves.'
μὲνon the one handcorrelative particle (μέν … δέ)
ἀπέκτεινανkilledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of ἀπέκτειναν
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subjectσύ: emphatic 'you.'
δὲon the other handcorrelative particle (μέν … δέ)
οἰκοδομεῖτεbuildPres Act Indic 2 Pl · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ imperfectiveοἰκοδομέω: 'build' (the tombs).
49

διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἡ σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ εἶπεν· Ἀποστελῶ εἰς αὐτοὺς προφήτας καὶ ἀποστόλους, καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀποκτενοῦσιν καὶ διώξουσιν,

Therefore also the Wisdom of God said, 'I will send to them prophets and apostles, and some of them they will kill and persecute,'

The Wisdom oracleδιὰ τοῦτοAn oracle ascribed to 'the Wisdom of God' (a personified-Wisdom citation, not extant verbatim in the OT) announcing the sending and slaying of prophets and apostles — grounding the blood-charge of vv.50–51 on this generation.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (διὰ τοῦτο = 'therefore')
καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
theNominativearticle
σοφίαWisdomNominativesubject of εἶπενσοφία: 'wisdom'; here personified, 'the Wisdom of God.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ἈποστελῶI will sendFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (oracle)→ predictive futureἀποστέλλω: 'send (with commission).'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of εἰς
προφήταςprophetsAccusativeobject of ἀποστελῶπροφήτης: 'prophet.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποστόλουςapostlesAccusativeobject of ἀποστελῶἀπόστολος: 'apostle, sent one.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive
ἀποκτενοῦσινthey will killFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb→ predictive futureἀποκτείνω: 'kill.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διώξουσινpersecuteFut Act Indic 3 Pl · διώκωmain verb→ predictive futureδιώκω: 'pursue, persecute.'
50

ἵνα ἐκζητηθῇ τὸ αἷμα πάντων τῶν προφητῶν τὸ ἐκκεχυμένον ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου ἀπὸ τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης,

so that the blood of all the prophets, shed from the foundation of the world, may be charged against this generation,

Purpose/result: the blood chargedἵναThe purpose-result: the accumulated prophetic blood 'from the foundation of the world' will be required of this generation. The perfect ἐκκεχυμένον ('having been poured out') views the whole history of martyrdom as a standing reality now reckoned.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose/result, + subjunctive)
ἐκζητηθῇmay be chargedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἐκζητέωsubjunctive in ἵνα clause→ aoristic; divine passiveἐκζητέω: 'seek out, require, demand (an account of).'
τὸtheNominativearticle
αἷμαbloodNominativesubject of ἐκζητηθῇαἷμα: 'blood'; here shed blood, guilt of murder.
πάντωνof allGenitiveattributive adj.πᾶς: 'all.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivepossessive/objective genitiveπροφήτης: 'prophet.'
τὸtheNominativearticle (attributive)
ἐκκεχυμένονshedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · ἐκχέωattributive ptc. modifying αἷμα→ intensive perfect (standing result)ἐκχέω: 'pour out, shed.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (time)
καταβολῆςfoundationGenitiveobject of ἀπόκαταβολή: 'foundation, founding.'
κόσμουof the worldGenitivepossessive genitiveκόσμος: 'world.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source: 'required of')
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γενεᾶςgenerationGenitiveobject of ἀπό (source of the requital)γενεά: 'generation.'
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adj.οὗτος: 'this.'
51

ἀπὸ αἵματος Ἅβελ ἕως αἵματος Ζαχαρίου τοῦ ἀπολομένου μεταξὺ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ τοῦ οἴκου· ναί, λέγω ὑμῖν, ἐκζητηθήσεται ἀπὸ τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης.

from the blood of Abel to the blood of Zechariah, who perished between the altar and the sanctuary. Yes, I tell you, it will be charged against this generation.

The span of guilt (Abel to Zechariah)asyndetonThe blood-guilt spans the canon from Abel (Gen 4) to Zechariah (2 Chr 24:20–22, the last murder in the Hebrew ordering) — the whole sweep of martyred righteousness. The solemn ναί … ἐκζητηθήσεται drives the verdict home.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive
αἵματοςthe bloodGenitiveobject of ἀπόαἷμα: 'blood.'
Ἅβελof AbelGenitivegenitive (apposition/possession)Ἅβελ: Abel, first martyr (Gen 4:8); indeclinable form, here functioning as genitive.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (extent)
αἵματοςthe bloodGenitiveobject of ἕωςαἷμα: 'blood.'
Ζαχαρίουof ZechariahGenitivepossessive genitiveΖαχαρίας: Zechariah son of Jehoiada (2 Chr 24:20–22).
τοῦthe oneGenitivearticle (substantival ptc.)
ἀπολομένουwho perishedAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἀπόλλυμιattributive ptc. modifying Ζαχαρίου→ aoristicἀπόλλυμι: mid. 'perish, die.'
μεταξὺbetweenimproper preposition + genitiveμεταξύ: 'between.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitiveobject of μεταξύθυσιαστήριον: 'altar.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
οἴκουsanctuaryGenitiveobject of μεταξύοἶκος: 'house'; here the temple sanctuary/shrine.
ναίyesaffirmative particleναί: 'yes, indeed.'
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (solemn assertion)→ imperfective
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
ἐκζητηθήσεταιit will be chargedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐκζητέωmain verb→ predictive future; divine passiveἐκζητέω: 'require, demand an account of.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γενεᾶςgenerationGenitiveobject of ἀπόγενεά: 'generation.'
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative adj.οὗτος: 'this.'
52

οὐαὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς νομικοῖς, ὅτι ἤρατε τὴν κλεῖδα τῆς γνώσεως· αὐτοὶ οὐκ εἰσήλθατε καὶ τοὺς εἰσερχομένους ἐκωλύσατε.

Woe to you lawyers! For you have taken away the key of knowledge; you yourselves did not enter, and you hindered those who were entering.

Third woe on the lawyers (the key of knowledge)asyndetonThe climactic lawyer-woe: by their interpretation they have removed 'the key of knowledge' — access to God through Scripture rightly understood — neither entering themselves nor letting others in. The teachers of Israel have become the gatekeepers who lock the door.
οὐαὶwoeinterjection of denunciationοὐαί: 'woe!'
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. with οὐαί
τοῖςtheDativearticle (apposition)
νομικοῖςlawyersDativeapposition to ὑμῖννομικός: 'lawyer.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
ἤρατεyou have taken awayAor Act Indic 2 Pl · αἴρωmain verb→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'take up, remove, take away.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κλεῖδαkeyAccusativeobject of ἤρατεκλείς: 'key'; access-granting authority.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
γνώσεωςknowledgeGenitiveepexegetical/objective genitiveγνῶσις: 'knowledge'; the key that is knowledge (of God/Scripture).
αὐτοὶyou yourselvesNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)αὐτός: 'yourselves.'
οὐκnotnegative particle
εἰσήλθατεenteredAor Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantival ptc.)
εἰσερχομένουςwho were enteringPres Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · εἰσέρχομαιsubstantival ptc. (object of ἐκωλύσατε)→ imperfective (conative: trying to enter)εἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
ἐκωλύσατεyou hinderedAor Act Indic 2 Pl · κωλύωmain verb→ constative aoristκωλύω: 'hinder, prevent, forbid.'
53

Κἀκεῖθεν ἐξελθόντος αὐτοῦ ἤρξαντο οἱ γραμματεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι δεινῶς ἐνέχειν καὶ ἀποστοματίζειν αὐτὸν περὶ πλειόνων,

And when he had gone out from there, the scribes and the Pharisees began to press him hard and to provoke him to speak about many things,

Aftermath: the hostilityasyndetonThe discourse provokes fierce opposition. The genitive absolute (ἐξελθόντος αὐτοῦ) and inceptive ἤρξαντο introduce the scribes' and Pharisees' relentless interrogation — δεινῶς ἐνέχειν ('to be terribly hostile, bear a grudge') and ἀποστοματίζειν ('to catechize, draw out by questioning').
Κἀκεῖθενand from therecrasis (καὶ ἐκεῖθεν); adverb of placeἐκεῖθεν: 'from there.'
ἐξελθόντοςhaving gone outAor Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ aoristicἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
ἤρξαντοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin' (+ inf.).
οἱtheNominativearticle
γραμματεῖςscribesNominativesubject of ἤρξαντογραμματεύς: 'scribe.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubject of ἤρξαντοΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
δεινῶςhardadverbδεινῶς: 'terribly, vehemently' (NT hapax).
ἐνέχεινto pressPres Act Inf · ἐνέχωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfectiveἐνέχω: 'have a grudge against, be hostile, press upon.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποστοματίζεινto provoke to speakPres Act Inf · ἀποστοματίζωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfectiveἀποστοματίζω: 'question closely, draw out by questioning' (NT hapax).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of the infinitives
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (reference)
πλειόνωνmany thingsGenitivesubstantival comparative (object of περί)πολύς: comparative πλείων 'more, many.'
54

ἐνεδρεύοντες αὐτὸν θηρεῦσαί τι ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ.

lying in wait for him, to catch something from his mouth.

The plot to trap himasyndetonThe closing note: the opponents lie in ambush (ἐνεδρεύοντες) to 'hunt' a damning word (θηρεῦσαί τι) from his speech — the hostility that will ripen into the passion. The hunting metaphor casts Jesus as the quarry.
ἐνεδρεύοντεςlying in wait forPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐνεδρεύωcircumstantial ptc. (manner/purpose)→ imperfectiveἐνεδρεύω: 'lie in wait, ambush.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ἐνεδρεύοντες
θηρεῦσαίto catchAor Act Inf · θηρεύωinfinitive of purpose→ aoristicθηρεύω: 'hunt, catch (as prey)' (NT hapax).
τιsomethingAccusativeobject of θηρεῦσαιτις: 'something.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐκστόμα: 'mouth'; i.e. his speech.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive