independentparticipialrelativecausecomparativecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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Repent or perish — the Galileans and the tower of Siloam 13:1–5
vv. 1–3 — the report of Pilate's atrocity and the first refrain
1
Παρῆσαν δέ τινες ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ καιρῷindependent — imperfect of the situation — a new scene opens on fresh news of an atrocity
ἀπαγγέλλοντες αὐτῷ περὶ τῶν Γαλιλαίωνparticipial — attendant participle — the bystanders bring the news
ὧν τὸ αἷμα Πιλᾶτος ἔμιξεν μετὰ τῶν θυσιῶν αὐτῶν.relative — the atrocity — slaughter amid the very act of offering
2
καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς·independent — the ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν idiom — the speech-frame for vv. 2–5
Δοκεῖτεcontent — the probing question — the sin-suffering calculus put on trial
ὅτι οἱ Γαλιλαῖοι οὗτοι ἁμαρτωλοὶ παρὰ πάντας τοὺς Γαλιλαίους ἐγένοντο,content — παρά + accusative — comparative, 'beyond all'
ὅτι ταῦτα πεπόνθασιν;cause — perfect πεπόνθασιν — the assumed inference from suffering back to guilt
3
οὐχί, λέγω ὑμῖν,content — emphatic οὐχί — he answers his own question
ἀλλ' ἐὰν μὴ μετανοῆτεconditional — present-subjunctive protasis — ongoing repentance demanded; leans on ἀπολεῖσθε
πάντες ὁμοίως ἀπολεῖσθε.content — the first refrain — ὁμοίως, 'in the same way': the atrocity a mirror for all
vv. 4–5 — the tower of Siloam and the refrain repeated
4
ἢ ἐκεῖνοι οἱ δεκαοκτὼphrase modifier — casus pendens — fronted and resumed by αὐτοί; leans on δοκεῖτε below
ἐφ' οὓς ἔπεσεν ὁ πύργος ἐν τῷ Σιλωὰμrelative — accident, not atrocity — the second instance widens the lesson
καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτούς,relative — coordinate with ἔπεσεν — the relative clause runs on
δοκεῖτεcontent — the question resumed after the suspension
ὅτι αὐτοὶ ὀφειλέται ἐγένοντο παρὰ πάντας τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοὺς κατοικοῦντας Ἰερουσαλήμ;content — ὀφειλέται — sin as debt (cf. 11:4); Jerusalem itself now in the comparison
5
οὐχί, λέγω ὑμῖν,content — the denial repeated verbatim
ἀλλ' ἐὰν μὴ μετανοῆτεconditional — the protasis repeated — the twin warnings frame both examples
πάντες ὡσαύτως ἀπολεῖσθε.content — the refrain — ὡσαύτως for ὁμοίως, the lone substitution
The parable of the barren fig tree 13:6–9
vv. 6–7 — three fruitless years: the owner's verdict
6
Ἔλεγεν δὲ ταύτην τὴν παραβολήν·independent — imperfect Ἔλεγεν — the warning becomes a parable of deferred judgment
Συκῆν εἶχέν τις πεφυτευμένην ἐν τῷ ἀμπελῶνι αὐτοῦ,content — συκῆ fronted — the fig tree, Israel's emblem (Mic 7:1; Jer 8:13)
καὶ ἦλθεν ζητῶν καρπὸν ἐν αὐτῇcontent — purpose participle ζητῶν — καρπός, the demanded evidence (3:8–9)
καὶ οὐχ εὗρεν.content — the flat aorist — three words close the inspection
7
εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς τὸν ἀμπελουργόν·content — dialogue inside the parable — the speech-frame for the verdict
Ἰδοὺ τρία ἔτη ἀφ' οὗ ἔρχομαι ζητῶν καρπὸν ἐν τῇ συκῇ ταύτῃcontent — ἀφ' οὗ, 'since' — iterative present ἔρχομαι: ample probation
καὶ οὐχ εὑρίσκω·content — habitual present — the standing result
ἔκκοψον αὐτήν·content — the sentence — the axe of 3:9 ordered
ἱνατί καὶ τὴν γῆν καταργεῖ;content — καταργεῖ — the tree as ongoing waste of good ground
vv. 8–9 — the vinedresser's plea: one year more
8
ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς λέγει αὐτῷ·content — historic present λέγει — the intercession made vivid
Κύριε, ἄφες αὐτὴν καὶ τοῦτο τὸ ἔτος,content — ἄφες — the plea for reprieve; patient mercy under threat of judgment
ἕως ὅτου σκάψω περὶ αὐτὴν καὶ βάλω κόπρια·conditional — temporal ἕως ὅτου (typed cnd; no temporal key) — renewed labor bought with the delay
9
κἂν μὲν ποιήσῃ καρπὸν εἰς τὸ μέλλον·conditional — aposiopesis — the apodosis ('well and good') is suppressed in the Greek; μέν awaits its δέ
εἰ δὲ μήγε,conditional — verbless counter-protasis — εἰ δὲ μήγε, 'otherwise'; leans on ἐκκόψεις
ἐκκόψεις αὐτήν.content — future as concessive apodosis — the sentence deferred, not revoked
The bent woman loosed on the sabbath 13:10–17
vv. 10–13 — the eighteen-year bond broken
10
Ἦν δὲ διδάσκων ἐν μιᾷ τῶν συναγωγῶν ἐν τοῖς σάββασιν.independent — periphrastic imperfect — the sabbath-synagogue backdrop for the conflict
11
καὶ ἰδοὺ γυνὴ πνεῦμα ἔχουσα ἀσθενείας ἔτη δεκαοκτώ,independent — verbless ἰδού-presentation — δεκαοκτώ echoes v. 4's eighteen; the 'spirit' sets up v. 16
καὶ ἦν συγκύπτουσαindependent — periphrastic imperfect — συγκύπτω, a NT hapax
καὶ μὴ δυναμένη ἀνακύψαι εἰς τὸ παντελές.participial — coordinate periphrastic participle — εἰς τὸ παντελές, 'completely'
12
ἰδὼν δὲ αὐτὴν ὁ Ἰησοῦςparticipial — preposed circumstantial — unbidden initiative; leans on προσεφώνησεν
προσεφώνησενindependent — the summons — she asks for nothing
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ·independent — the speech-frame
Γύναι, ἀπολέλυσαι τῆς ἀσθενείας σου,content — perfect ἀπολέλυσαι — a standing release declared; the λύω-family keyword enters
13
καὶ ἐπέθηκεν αὐτῇ τὰς χεῖρας·independent — the touch that enacts the word
καὶ παραχρῆμα ἀνωρθώθη,independent — παραχρῆμα, Luke's instant — divine passive ἀνωρθώθη
καὶ ἐδόξαζεν τὸν θεόν.independent — imperfect — sustained doxology, the response the ruler will resent
vv. 14–17 — the ruler's protest and the Lord's reply
14
ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ ἀρχισυνάγωγος,participial — preposed pleonastic participle — leans on ἔλεγεν
ἀγανακτῶνparticipial — second preposed participle — his displeasure targets the timing, not the cure
ὅτι τῷ σαββάτῳ ἐθεράπευσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς,cause — the offense named
ἔλεγεν τῷ ὄχλῳ ὅτιindependent — imperfect + recitative ὅτι — he lectures the crowd, attacking Jesus sideways
Ἓξ ἡμέραι εἰσὶνcontent — Exod 20:9 invoked
ἐν αἷς δεῖ ἐργάζεσθαι·relative — his δεῖ — soon answered by the Lord's ἔδει (v. 16)
ἐν αὐταῖς οὖν ἐρχόμενοι θεραπεύεσθεcontent — the standing directive — healing rescheduled
καὶ μὴ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ σαββάτου.content — elliptical counterpart — the sabbath fenced against mercy
15
ἀπεκρίθη δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ κύριοςindependent — ὁ κύριος — Luke's reverent narrative title at the decisive word
καὶ εἶπεν·independent — the reply-frame
Ὑποκριταί,content — plural — the ruler and his sympathizers; the singular ὑποκριτά is the rival reading
ἕκαστος ὑμῶν τῷ σαββάτῳ οὐ λύει τὸν βοῦν αὐτοῦ ἢ τὸν ὄνον ἀπὸ τῆς φάτνηςcontent — οὐ expects yes — λύει, the keyword: you already 'loose' on the sabbath
καὶ ἀπαγαγὼν ποτίζει;content — coordinate with λύει — the customary sabbath kindness to animals
16
ταύτην δὲ θυγατέρα Ἀβραὰμ οὖσαν,phrase modifier — fronted subject of λυθῆναι — her covenant standing outweighs an ox; leans on ἔδει below
ἣν ἔδησεν ὁ Σατανᾶς ἰδοὺ δέκα καὶ ὀκτὼ ἔτη,relative — δέω against λύω — the binder named; the a fortiori sharpened
οὐκ ἔδει λυθῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ δεσμοῦ τούτου τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ σαββάτου;content — ἔδει answers the ruler's δεῖ — her loosing a sabbath necessity, not a violation
17
καὶ ταῦτα λέγοντος αὐτοῦparticipial — genitive absolute — forward-leaning on the twin reactions
κατῃσχύνοντο πάντες οἱ ἀντικείμενοι αὐτῷ,independent — imperfect passive — mounting humiliation (cf. Isa 45:16 LXX)
καὶ πᾶς ὁ ὄχλος ἔχαιρεν ἐπὶ πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐνδόξοις τοῖς γινομένοις ὑπ' αὐτοῦ.independent — the Lukan double verdict — shame for the opponents, joy for the crowd
The mustard seed and the leaven 13:18–21
vv. 18–19 — the mustard seed: smallest to sheltering tree
18
Ἔλεγεν οὖν·independent — οὖν — the kingdom-parables drawn from the power just displayed (v. 17)
Τίνι ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ,content — the double question — the parable-pair's frame
καὶ τίνι ὁμοιώσω αὐτήν;content — deliberative future ὁμοιώσω
19
ὁμοία ἐστὶν κόκκῳ σινάπεως,content — the proverbially smallest of seeds
ὃν λαβὼν ἄνθρωπος ἔβαλεν εἰς κῆπον ἑαυτοῦ,relative — the hidden beginning — one seed, one garden
καὶ ηὔξησεν καὶ ἐγένετο εἰς δένδρον,relative — coordinate with ἔβαλεν — the seed itself takes over as subject; hyperbolic δένδρον
καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κατεσκήνωσεν ἐν τοῖς κλάδοις αὐτοῦ.relative — Dan 4:12; Ezek 17:23 — the nations sheltered in the world-tree
vv. 20–21 — the leaven: hidden until all is leavened
20
Καὶ πάλιν εἶπεν·independent — πάλιν — the twin parable signaled
Τίνι ὁμοιώσω τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ;content — the question repeated, pairing leaven with seed
21
ὁμοία ἐστὶν ζύμῃ,content — ζύμη — for once a positive leaven
ἣν λαβοῦσα γυνὴ ἐνέκρυψεν εἰς ἀλεύρου σάτα τρίαrelative — a woman pairs the man of v. 19; ἐνέκρυψεν — hidden; three seahs, a vast baking (Gen 18:6)
ἕως οὗ ἐζυμώθη ὅλον.conditional — temporal ἕως οὗ (typed cnd; no temporal key) — the certain, complete permeation
The narrow door 13:22–30
vv. 22–24 — the question of the few and the command to strive
22
Καὶ διεπορεύετο κατὰ πόλεις καὶ κώμαςindependent — travel-notice — the road to Jerusalem (9:51) resumes
διδάσκωνparticipial — manner — teaching as he goes
καὶ πορείαν ποιούμενος εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα.participial — the goal named — the city of vv. 33–35
23
εἶπεν δέ τις αὐτῷ·independent — the prompting question
Κύριε, εἰ ὀλίγοι οἱ σῳζόμενοι;content — verbless question with interrogative εἰ — speculative arithmetic about others
ὁ δὲ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς·independent — πρὸς αὐτούς — the answer goes to all, not the asker; the frame for vv. 24–30
24
Ἀγωνίζεσθε εἰσελθεῖν διὰ τῆς στενῆς θύρας,content — the question redirected — from 'how many' to 'you'; agonistic ἀγωνίζεσθε; Luke's door, not Matthew's gate
ὅτι πολλοί, λέγω ὑμῖν, ζητήσουσιν εἰσελθεῖνcause — seeking is not striving
καὶ οὐκ ἰσχύσουσιν.cause — the inability once the hour has passed
vv. 25–27 — the door shut: the two Οὐκ οἶδα refrains
25
ἀφ' οὗ ἂν ἐγερθῇ ὁ οἰκοδεσπότηςconditional — ἀφ' οὗ ἄν protasis-train — where its apodosis begins is a noted crux; taken here at ἐρεῖ
καὶ ἀποκλείσῃ τὴν θύραν,conditional — the narrow door of v. 24, now shut for good
καὶ ἄρξησθε ἔξω ἑστάναι καὶ κρούειν τὴν θύρανconditional — ἔξω — the word that will toll in v. 28; perfect ἑστάναι, fixed standing
λέγοντες·participial — speech inside the protasis
Κύριε, ἄνοιξον ἡμῖν·content — the belated plea (cf. Matt 25:11)
καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ἐρεῖ ὑμῖν·content — the apodosis — καί resumptive after the long protasis
Οὐκ οἶδα ὑμᾶς πόθεν ἐστέ.content — the first refrain — prolepsis, ὑμᾶς drawn forward; relational non-recognition
26
τότε ἄρξεσθε λέγειν·content — the plea of acquaintance framed
Ἐφάγομεν ἐνώπιόν σου καὶ ἐπίομεν,content — proximity pleaded, not discipleship
καὶ ἐν ταῖς πλατείαις ἡμῶν ἐδίδαξας·content — hearers only — the streets, never the door
27
καὶ ἐρεῖ λέγων ὑμῖν·content — pleonastic λέγων — the verdict-frame
Οὐκ οἶδα πόθεν ἐστέ·content — the refrain repeated, colder
ἀπόστητε ἀπ' ἐμοῦ πάντες ἐργάται ἀδικίας.content — Ps 6:9 LXX — ἀδικίας for the psalm's ἀνομίας; acquaintance answered with expulsion
vv. 28–30 — outside the feast: the great reversal
28
ἐκεῖ ἔσται ὁ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων,content — articular — THE weeping; the formula's one Lukan occurrence
ὅταν ὄψησθε Ἀβραὰμ καὶ Ἰσαὰκ καὶ Ἰακὼβ καὶ πάντας τοὺς προφήτας ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ,conditional — temporal ὅταν (typed cnd; no temporal key) — the patriarchs and prophets within
ὑμᾶς δὲ ἐκβαλλομένους ἔξω.participial — second object of the seeing — emphatic ὑμᾶς δέ; the ἔξω of v. 25 lands
29
καὶ ἥξουσιν ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν καὶ ἀπὸ βορρᾶ καὶ νότουcontent — Ps 107:3; Isa 49:12 — the four-quarters ingathering of the nations
καὶ ἀνακλιθήσονται ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ.content — the messianic banquet — outsiders seated where insiders knocked
30
καὶ ἰδοὺ εἰσὶν ἔσχατοιcontent — the reversal-maxim caps the discourse
οἳ ἔσονται πρῶτοι,relative — the latecomer nations
καὶ εἰσὶν πρῶτοιcontent — the chiasm's second limb
οἳ ἔσονται ἔσχατοι.relative — the presumed insiders — the discourse's last word
Herod the fox and the lament over Jerusalem 13:31–35
vv. 31–33 — the warning and the message for the fox
31
Ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ προσῆλθάν τινες Φαρισαῖοιindependent — friendly warning or ploy to move him on — left open; προσῆλθάν, the later -αν ending
λέγοντες αὐτῷ·participial — the speech-participle
Ἔξελθε καὶ πορεύου ἐντεῦθεν,content — the double imperative of flight
ὅτι Ἡρῴδης θέλει σε ἀποκτεῖναι.cause — Antipas — the Baptist's killer (9:9) now stalking Jesus
32
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς·independent — the reply-frame for vv. 32–35
Πορευθέντες εἴπατε τῇ ἀλώπεκι ταύτῃ·content — their πορεύου returned as πορευθέντες; ἀλώπηξ — sly, destructive, and small
Ἰδοὺ ἐκβάλλω δαιμόνιαcontent — the message within the message — the work continues under threat
καὶ ἰάσεις ἀποτελῶ σήμερον καὶ αὔριον,content — 'today and tomorrow' — a short, fixed span not Herod's to shorten
καὶ τῇ τρίτῃ τελειοῦμαι.content — τελειοῦμαι — 'finished / perfected'; consummation in death and beyond it, deliberately double
33
πλὴν δεῖ με σήμερον καὶ αὔριον καὶ τῇ ἐχομένῃ πορεύεσθαι,content — the divine δεῖ, not the tetrarch's threat, sets the itinerary
ὅτι οὐκ ἐνδέχεται προφήτην ἀπολέσθαι ἔξω Ἰερουσαλήμ.cause — bitter irony — the prophet-killing city claims her own; the pivot into the lament
vv. 34–35 — the lament: the hen, the forsaken house, the Psalm
34
Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ,content — double-vocative apostrophe (near-verbatim in Matt 23:37) — grief, not invective
ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήταςparticipial — present participle — habitual; her standing record in vocative apposition
καὶ λιθοβολοῦσα τοὺς ἀπεσταλμένους πρὸς αὐτήν,participial — coordinate — the city addressed slips to the third person (πρὸς αὐτήν)
ποσάκις ἠθέλησα ἐπισυνάξαι τὰ τέκνα σουcontent — ἠθέλησα — the repeated, frustrated maternal longing
ὃν τρόπον ὄρνις τὴν ἑαυτῆς νοσσιὰν ὑπὸ τὰς πτέρυγας,comparative — the gathering-verb implied — wings, the refuge of Ps 91:4
καὶ οὐκ ἠθελήσατε.content — ἠθελήσατε against ἠθέλησα — will against will; the tragedy in two verbs
35
ἰδοὺ ἀφίεται ὑμῖν ὁ οἶκος ὑμῶν.content — Jer 12:7 — temple and city forsaken; the shorter text (without ἔρημος) followed
λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν,content — the solemn seal on the verdict
οὐ μὴ ἴδητέ μεcontent — οὐ μή — the strongest negation; his presence withdrawn
ἕως ἥξειconditional — temporal ἕως (typed cnd; no temporal key) — the 'until' that keeps hope open
ὅτε εἴπητε·conditional — the condition of seeing — the city's own acclamation
Εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου.content — Ps 118:26 (117:26 LXX) — voiced at 19:38 by the disciples; the chapter's deepest nest
Analysis. Luke 13 is a chain of speech-scenes, and the page reads as blue cnt columns hanging from slender narrative frames. In vv. 1–5 the twin refrains stand in visible parallel: οὐχί, λέγω ὑμῖν twice, each with the forward-leaning protasis ἐὰν μὴ μετανοῆτε poised above its apodosis πάντες … ἀπολεῖσθε — ὁμοίως in v. 3, ὡσαύτως in v. 5, the one substitution the eye can catch. The fig-tree parable nests dialogue inside parable (the owner's ἔκκοψον against the vinedresser's ἄφες) and ends on the chapter's syntactic signature: κἂν μὲν ποιήσῃ with its apodosis suppressed (aposiopesis — 'well and good' is not in the Greek), answered by the verbless εἰ δὲ μήγε over ἐκκόψεις. The sabbath healing turns on the λύω/δέω wordplay — each of you λύει his ox, while this daughter of Abraham ἣν ἔδησεν ὁ Σατανᾶς ought to be λυθῆναι — with the fronted ταύτην … οὖσαν leaning across its relative clause onto the ἔδει-apodosis; Ὑποκριταί is printed plural (the singular ὑποκριτά is the noted rival reading). The mustard seed and leaven hang as twin relative chains under κόκκῳ and ζύμῃ. The narrow-door discourse is the deepest water: the ἀφ' οὗ ἂν protasis-train (where its apodosis begins is a known crux — taken here at καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ἐρεῖ) stacks speech within speech down to the belated Κύριε, ἄνοιξον ἡμῖν, and the householder's two Οὐκ οἶδα refrains answer the two pleas before the reversal-maxim closes the column. The Herod scene runs a message inside a reply (the words for 'that fox' hanging under εἴπατε), with τελειοῦμαι left deliberately double ('I am finished / brought to my goal'); the lament's apostrophe Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ carries its two indicting participles, and the chapter bottoms out five levels deep at the Ps 118:26 (117:26 LXX) citation — ἕως ἥξει ὅτε εἴπητε· Εὐλογημένος — the shorter text of v. 35 (without ἔρημος after ὁ οἶκος ὑμῶν) being followed.