Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 15ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ ΙΕ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Ἦσαν δὲ αὐτῷ ἐγγίζοντες πάντες οἱ τελῶναι καὶ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀκούειν αὐτοῦ.

Now all the tax collectors and the sinners were drawing near to him to hear him.

Narrative settingδὲA periphrastic imperfect frames the recurring scene: the social outcasts habitually gathering to hear Jesus — the occasion for the three parables.
ἮσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic w/ ἐγγίζοντες)→ imperfect (customary)
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
αὐτῷto himDativedat. of relation (complement of ἐγγίζοντες)
ἐγγίζοντεςdrawing nearPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐγγίζωperiphrastic ptc. (w/ Ἦσαν)→ present (ongoing)ἐγγίζω: 'come near, approach'; the imperfect periphrasis stresses the habitual gathering.
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective
οἱtheNominativearticle
τελῶναιtax collectorsNominativesubjectτελώνης: 'tax/toll collector'; despised as collaborators and extortioners — a byword for 'sinner.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἁμαρτωλοὶsinnersNominativesubject (coordinate)ἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner'; the religiously disreputable, outside the bounds of the law-keeping pious.
ἀκούεινto hearPres Act Inf · ἀκούωinfinitive of purpose→ present (ongoing)ἀκούω: 'hear, listen to'; their aim is to hear him teach.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούειν
2

καὶ διεγόγγυζον οἵ τε Φαρισαῖοι καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς λέγοντες ὅτι Οὗτος ἁμαρτωλοὺς προσδέχεται καὶ συνεσθίει αὐτοῖς.

And both the Pharisees and the scribes were grumbling, saying, "This man receives sinners and eats with them."

Reaction / complaintκαὶThe religious leaders' muttered objection — table-fellowship with sinners — is the charge the parables answer and vindicate.
καὶandconnective
διεγόγγυζονwere grumblingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · διαγογγύζωmain verb→ imperfect (iterative/ongoing)διαγογγύζω: 'mutter, grumble throughout' (διά-intensive); an onomatopoeic word echoing Israel's wilderness murmuring.
οἵtheNominativearticle
τεbothcorrelative particle (τε … καί)
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubjectΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee' (the 'separated'); the lay party of strict legal purity, here scandalized.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
γραμματεῖςscribesNominativesubject (coordinate)γραμματεύς: 'scribe'; the professional experts in the law, allied here with the Pharisees.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance (introduces speech)→ present (concurrent)
ὅτι(that)ὅτι recitativum (introduces direct speech)
Οὗτοςthis manNominativesubject (contemptuous demonstrative)οὗτος: 'this one'; here dismissive — 'this fellow.'
ἁμαρτωλοὺςsinnersAccusativedirect objectἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner'; the very people the leaders shun.
προσδέχεταιreceives/welcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσδέχομαιmain verb (rel. clause)→ customary presentπροσδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome, await'; here of hospitable acceptance — the scandal.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνεσθίειeats withPres Act Indic 3 Sg · συνεσθίωmain verb (coordinate)→ customary presentσυνεσθίω: 'eat together with' (σύν + ἐσθίω); table-fellowship implying acceptance and intimacy.
αὐτοῖςwith themDativedat. of association (w/ συνεσθίει)
3

εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτοὺς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγων·

So he told them this parable, saying:

Discourse introductionδὲA narrative hinge: Jesus answers the grumbling not with rebuttal but with parable — the first of the trio.
εἶπενhe said/toldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
δὲsotransitional conjunction
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (address)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
παραβολὴνparableAccusativedirect objectπαραβολή: 'parable, comparison' (παρά + βάλλω, 'set alongside'); a story laid beside a truth.
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative (attributive)
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωredundant ptc. of speech (Semitic)→ present (concurrent)
4

Τίς ἄνθρωπος ἐξ ὑμῶν ἔχων ἑκατὸν πρόβατα καὶ ἀπολέσας ἐξ αὐτῶν ἓν οὐ καταλείπει τὰ ἐνενήκοντα ἐννέα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ καὶ πορεύεται ἐπὶ τὸ ἀπολωλὸς ἕως εὕρῃ αὐτό;

"Which man of you, having a hundred sheep and losing one of them, does not leave the ninety-nine in the wilderness and go after the lost one until he finds it?

Parable (rhetorical question)asyndetonThe lost-sheep parable opens with a 'which of you?' question expecting universal assent — any shepherd would seek the one.
ΤίςwhichNominativeinterrogative adjective
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος: 'person, man'; here generic — 'anyone of you.'
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωattributive/conditional participle→ present (concurrent)ἔχω: 'have, possess.'
ἑκατὸνa hundrednumeral (indeclinable)
πρόβαταsheepAccusativeobject of ἔχωνπρόβατον: 'sheep'; a modest flock — the loss of one matters.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπολέσαςhaving lostAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπόλλυμιtemporal/conditional participle→ antecedent aoristἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy, lose'; the keyword of the chapter (lost sheep, coin, son).
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive
ἓνoneAccusativeobject of ἀπολέσας
οὐnotnegative (expecting 'yes' answer)
καταλείπειleavesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb→ gnomic presentκαταλείπω: 'leave behind, leave.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἐνενήκονταninetynumeral (indeclinable)
ἐννέαninenumeral (indeclinable)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἐρήμῳwilderness/open pastureDativedat. of placeἔρημος: 'desert, uninhabited place'; here the open grazing country, not barren waste.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πορεύεταιgoesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (coordinate)→ gnomic presentπορεύομαι: 'go, journey.'
ἐπὶafterpreposition + accusative (goal of search)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀπολωλὸςlost onePerf Act Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · ἀπόλλυμιsubstantival participle→ intensive perfect (settled state of lostness)ἀπόλλυμι: perfect ptc. 'the (one that is) lost'; the abiding condition until found.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal)
εὕρῃhe findsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωsubjunctive (indefinite temporal)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; the relentless search ends only in finding — the chapter's joy-trigger.
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object
5

καὶ εὑρὼν ἐπιτίθησιν ἐπὶ τοὺς ὤμους αὐτοῦ χαίρων,

And when he has found it, he lays it on his shoulders, rejoicing,

Parable (continuation)καὶThe finding turns at once to joy: the shepherd carries the sheep home on his shoulders — tenderness, not rebuke.
καὶandconnective
εὑρὼνhaving foundAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εὑρίσκωtemporal participle→ antecedent aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
ἐπιτίθησινlays it onPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb→ gnomic presentἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon, lay on' (ἐπί + τίθημι).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὤμουςshouldersAccusativeobject of ἐπίὦμος: 'shoulder'; the burdened, glad bearing-home of the recovered sheep.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
χαίρωνrejoicingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · χαίρωadverbial ptc. of manner→ present (concurrent)χαίρω: 'rejoice'; the joy-keyword (χαρά/χαίρω) saturates all three parables.
6

καὶ ἐλθὼν εἰς τὸν οἶκον συγκαλεῖ τοὺς φίλους καὶ τοὺς γείτονας λέγων αὐτοῖς· Συγχάρητέ μοι, ὅτι εὗρον τὸ πρόβατόν μου τὸ ἀπολωλός.

and when he comes home, he calls together his friends and neighbors, saying to them, 'Rejoice with me, for I have found my sheep that was lost.'

Parable (climax — shared joy)καὶThe recovery overflows into communal celebration — the 'rejoice with me' that interprets heaven's response in v.7.
καὶandconnective
ἐλθὼνhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιtemporal participle→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκονhouse/homeAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house, home.'
συγκαλεῖcalls togetherPres Act Indic 3 Sg · συγκαλέωmain verb→ gnomic presentσυγκαλέω: 'call together, summon' (σύν + καλέω).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
φίλουςfriendsAccusativedirect objectφίλος: 'friend.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
γείτοναςneighborsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)γείτων: 'neighbor.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of speech→ present (concurrent)
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Συγχάρητέrejoice withAor Pass Impv 2 Pl · συγχαίρωimperative→ ingressive aoristσυγχαίρω: 'rejoice together with' (σύν + χαίρω); the shared joy of recovery.
μοιwith meDativedat. of association
ὅτιforcausal conjunction
εὗρονI have foundAor Act Indic 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (causal clause)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πρόβατόνsheepAccusativedirect objectπρόβατον: 'sheep.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
τὸtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
ἀπολωλός(that was) lostPerf Act Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · ἀπόλλυμιattributive participle→ intensive perfectἀπόλλυμι: perfect ptc. of the abiding lost state, now reversed.
7

λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οὕτως χαρὰ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἔσται ἐπὶ ἑνὶ ἁμαρτωλῷ μετανοοῦντι ἢ ἐπὶ ἐνενήκοντα ἐννέα δικαίοις οἵτινες οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσιν μετανοίας.

I tell you that in the same way there will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety-nine righteous persons who have no need of repentance.

Application (maxim)asyndetonThe interpretive punchline: heaven's joy is keyed to the repentant sinner — the parable answers the grumbling of v.2.
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (solemn formula)→ present (performative)
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (content clause)
οὕτωςin the same wayadverb of mannerοὕτως: 'thus, so'; links the earthly scene to heaven's joy.
χαρὰjoyNominativesubjectχαρά: 'joy'; the keyword binding the three parables and their refrain.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
οὐρανῷheavenDativedat. of placeοὐρανός: 'heaven'; a reverent circumlocution for God's own rejoicing.
ἔσταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ predictive future
ἐπὶoverpreposition + dative (basis/occasion)
ἑνὶoneDativeattributive numeral
ἁμαρτωλῷsinnerDativeobject of ἐπί (occasion of joy)ἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner'; the single repentant one outweighs the many.
μετανοοῦντιrepentingPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · μετανοέωattributive participle→ present (characteristic)μετανοέω: 'change one's mind, repent'; the turning that triggers heaven's joy.
thancomparative particle
ἐπὶoverpreposition + dative (basis/occasion)
ἐνενήκονταninetynumeral (indeclinable)
ἐννέαninenumeral (indeclinable)
δικαίοιςrighteous (ones)Dativeobject of ἐπί (substantival adj.)δίκαιος: 'righteous'; here pointedly of the self-assured 'righteous' who feel no need to repent.
οἵτινεςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative)ὅστις: 'who(ever)'; qualitative — 'such as.'
οὐno/notnegative
χρείανneedAccusativedirect objectχρεία: 'need'; the irony — those who think they need no repentance.
ἔχουσινhavePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb (rel. clause)→ stative present
μετανοίαςof repentanceGenitiveobjective genitive (w/ χρείαν)μετάνοια: 'repentance, change of mind.'
8

Ἢ τίς γυνὴ δραχμὰς ἔχουσα δέκα, ἐὰν ἀπολέσῃ δραχμὴν μίαν, οὐχὶ ἅπτει λύχνον καὶ σαροῖ τὴν οἰκίαν καὶ ζητεῖ ἐπιμελῶς ἕως οὗ εὕρῃ;

"Or what woman, having ten drachmas, if she loses one drachma, does not light a lamp and sweep the house and search carefully until she finds it?

Parable (paired rhetorical question)A matching parable, paired by 'or' — a woman's lost coin balances the shepherd's lost sheep, the same search-and-find-and-rejoice pattern.
ordisjunctive conjunction (links parables)
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative adjective
γυνὴwomanNominativesubjectγυνή: 'woman'; the feminine counterpart to the shepherd — God's seeking figured in a woman.
δραχμὰςdrachmasAccusativeobject of ἔχουσαδραχμή: 'drachma'; a silver coin ≈ a day's wage — a significant sum for a poor household.
ἔχουσαhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἔχωattributive participle→ present (concurrent)ἔχω: 'have, possess.'
δέκαtennumeral (indeclinable)
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (3rd class)
ἀπολέσῃshe losesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιsubjunctive (protasis)→ ingressive aoristἀπόλλυμι: 'lose'; the chapter keyword again.
δραχμὴνdrachmaAccusativedirect objectδραχμή: 'drachma.'
μίανoneAccusativeattributive numeral
οὐχὶ(does she) notemphatic negative (expecting 'yes')οὐχί: emphatic 'not?' — the question expects assent.
ἅπτειlightsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωmain verb→ gnomic presentἅπτω: 'kindle, light' (a lamp); a dark, windowless peasant house needs a lamp by day.
λύχνονlampAccusativedirect objectλύχνος: 'lamp.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σαροῖsweepsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · σαρόωmain verb (coordinate)→ gnomic presentσαρόω: 'sweep.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect objectοἰκία: 'house.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ζητεῖsearchesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb (coordinate)→ gnomic presentζητέω: 'seek, search for.'
ἐπιμελῶςcarefullyadverb of mannerἐπιμελῶς: 'diligently, carefully'; the thoroughness of the search.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal, w/ οὗ)
οὗwhichGenitiverel. pronoun (in ἕως οὗ idiom = 'until')
εὕρῃshe finds itAor Act Subj 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωsubjunctive (indefinite temporal)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
9

καὶ εὑροῦσα συγκαλεῖ τὰς φίλας καὶ γείτονας λέγουσα· Συγχάρητέ μοι, ὅτι εὗρον τὴν δραχμὴν ἣν ἀπώλεσα.

And when she has found it, she calls together her friends and neighbors, saying, 'Rejoice with me, for I have found the drachma that I lost.'

Parable (climax — shared joy)καὶThe same refrain as v.6, word for word adapted to the feminine — the deliberate parallelism reinforces the single point: recovery means joy.
καὶandconnective
εὑροῦσαhaving foundAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · εὑρίσκωtemporal participle→ antecedent aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
συγκαλεῖcalls togetherPres Act Indic 3 Sg · συγκαλέωmain verb→ gnomic presentσυγκαλέω: 'call together.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
φίλαςfriends (f.)Accusativedirect objectφίλη: 'female friend'; the feminine of φίλος, matching the woman protagonist.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γείτοναςneighborsAccusativedirect object (coordinate)γείτων: 'neighbor.'
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · λέγωptc. of speech→ present (concurrent)
Συγχάρητέrejoice withAor Pass Impv 2 Pl · συγχαίρωimperative→ ingressive aoristσυγχαίρω: 'rejoice together'; the shared-joy refrain repeated from v.6.
μοιwith meDativedat. of association
ὅτιforcausal conjunction
εὗρονI have foundAor Act Indic 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (causal clause)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
δραχμὴνdrachmaAccusativedirect objectδραχμή: 'drachma.'
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἀπώλεσα)
ἀπώλεσαI lostAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristἀπόλλυμι: 'lose.'
10

οὕτως, λέγω ὑμῖν, γίνεται χαρὰ ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀγγέλων τοῦ θεοῦ ἐπὶ ἑνὶ ἁμαρτωλῷ μετανοοῦντι.

In the same way, I tell you, there is joy before the angels of God over one sinner who repents."

Application (maxim)asyndetonThe parallel punchline to v.7: joy 'before the angels of God' — again a reverent way of naming God's own delight over the repentant.
οὕτωςin the same wayadverb of mannerοὕτως: 'thus, so.'
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (parenthetical formula)→ present (performative)
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
γίνεταιthere is/comes to bePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ gnomic presentγίνομαι: 'come to be, happen.'
χαρὰjoyNominativesubjectχαρά: 'joy'; the refrain word.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: 'before, in the presence of.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἀγγέλωνangelsGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονἄγγελος: 'angel, messenger'; the heavenly court whose joy reflects God's.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐπὶoverpreposition + dative (occasion)
ἑνὶoneDativeattributive numeral
ἁμαρτωλῷsinnerDativeobject of ἐπί (occasion of joy)ἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner.'
μετανοοῦντιrepentingPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · μετανοέωattributive participle→ present (characteristic)μετανοέω: 'repent.'
11

Εἶπεν δέ· Ἄνθρωπός τις εἶχεν δύο υἱούς.

And he said: "A certain man had two sons.

Parable (new narrative)δέThe third and climactic parable opens; 'two sons' already signals that both will be in view — the prodigal and the elder.
Εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
δέandtransitional conjunction
Ἄνθρωπόςa manNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος: 'man, person'; the father, who stands for God in the parable.
τιςa certainNominativeindefinite pronoun (attributive)
εἶχενhadImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ imperfect (state)ἔχω: 'have.'
δύοtwonumeral (indeclinable)
υἱούςsonsAccusativedirect objectυἱός: 'son.'
12

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ νεώτερος αὐτῶν τῷ πατρί· Πάτερ, δός μοι τὸ ἐπιβάλλον μέρος τῆς οὐσίας. ὁ δὲ διεῖλεν αὐτοῖς τὸν βίον.

And the younger of them said to the father, 'Father, give me the share of the property that falls to me.' So he divided his living between them.

Parable (the demand)καὶThe younger son's demand for his inheritance while the father still lives is a shocking breach — in effect wishing the father dead; the father grants it.
καὶandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
theNominativearticle
νεώτεροςyoungerNominativesubject (substantival comparative adj.)νέος: comparative νεώτερος, 'younger'; the second son by birth, first to act.
αὐτῶνof themGenitivepartitive genitive
τῷtheDativearticle
πατρίfatherDativeindirect objectπατήρ: 'father.'
ΠάτερFatherVocativevocative of addressπατήρ: voc. 'Father'; the term of address repeated by both sons (vv.12, 18, 21, 29).
δόςgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιimperative (request)→ ingressive aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
μοιmeDativeindirect object
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐπιβάλλονfalling (to me)Pres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · ἐπιβάλλωattributive participle→ present (characteristic)ἐπιβάλλω: intransitive 'fall to (one's share), belong'; the legal portion due him.
μέροςshare/portionAccusativedirect objectμέρος: 'part, share.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
οὐσίαςproperty/estateGenitivepartitive/possessive genitiveοὐσία: 'property, estate, substance'; the family wealth.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲsotransitional conjunction
διεῖλενdividedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διαιρέωmain verb→ constative aoristδιαιρέω: 'divide, distribute' (διά + αἱρέω).
αὐτοῖςbetween themDativedat. of advantage/recipient
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
βίονliving/livelihoodAccusativedirect objectβίος: here 'means of living, property' (cf. v.30); the estate as life-sustenance.
13

καὶ μετ' οὐ πολλὰς ἡμέρας συναγαγὼν πάντα ὁ νεώτερος υἱὸς ἀπεδήμησεν εἰς χώραν μακράν, καὶ ἐκεῖ διεσκόρπισεν τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ ζῶν ἀσώτως.

And not many days later, the younger son gathered everything together and journeyed to a far country, and there he squandered his property living recklessly.

Parable (the departure and waste)καὶThe son liquidates and leaves for a 'far country' (estranged from father and homeland), then dissipates the whole estate in reckless living.
καὶandconnective
μετ'afterpreposition + accusative (time)
οὐnotnegative
πολλὰςmanyAccusativeattributive adjective
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeobject of μετά (extent of time)ἡμέρα: 'day.'
συναγαγὼνhaving gatheredAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · συνάγωtemporal/attendant participle→ antecedent aoristσυνάγω: 'gather together'; here turning his share into portable assets.
πάνταeverythingAccusativeobject of συναγαγὼν (substantival)
theNominativearticle
νεώτεροςyoungerNominativeattributive adjectiveνεώτερος: 'younger.'
υἱὸςsonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son.'
ἀπεδήμησενjourneyed awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδημέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποδημέω: 'go abroad, travel away from home' (ἀπό + δῆμος).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
χώρανcountryAccusativeobject of εἰςχώρα: 'region, country.'
μακράνfarAccusativeattributive adjectiveμακρός: 'distant, far'; the 'far country' images estrangement from the father.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
διεσκόρπισενsquandered/scatteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διασκορπίζωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristδιασκορπίζω: 'scatter, squander'; the estate dispersed to the winds.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οὐσίανpropertyAccusativedirect objectοὐσία: 'property, estate.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ζῶνlivingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ζάωadverbial ptc. of manner→ present (concurrent)ζάω: 'live.'
ἀσώτωςrecklessly/dissolutelyadverb of mannerἀσώτως: 'wastefully, dissolutely' (lit. 'unsavingly'); the source of 'prodigal' — profligate, not necessarily debauched.
14

δαπανήσαντος δὲ αὐτοῦ πάντα ἐγένετο λιμὸς ἰσχυρὰ κατὰ τὴν χώραν ἐκείνην, καὶ αὐτὸς ἤρξατο ὑστερεῖσθαι.

And when he had spent everything, a severe famine arose throughout that country, and he began to be in need.

Parable (the crisis)δὲA genitive absolute marks the turning point: resources gone and famine struck, the son falls into want — the descent begins.
δαπανήσαντοςhaving spentAor Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · δαπανάωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristδαπανάω: 'spend, expend, use up.'
δὲandtransitional conjunction
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
πάνταeverythingAccusativeobject of δαπανήσαντος
ἐγένετοaroseAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be, arise.'
λιμὸςfamineNominativesubjectλιμός: 'famine, hunger.'
ἰσχυρὰsevereNominativeattributive adjectiveἰσχυρός: 'strong, severe.'
κατὰthroughoutpreposition + accusative (extension)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χώρανcountryAccusativeobject of κατάχώρα: 'country, region.'
ἐκείνηνthatAccusativedemonstrative (attributive)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (emphatic)
ἤρξατοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb (w/ complementary inf.)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin.'
ὑστερεῖσθαιto be in needPres Pass Inf · ὑστερέωcomplementary infinitive→ present (ongoing)ὑστερέω: 'fall short, lack, be in want.'
15

καὶ πορευθεὶς ἐκολλήθη ἑνὶ τῶν πολιτῶν τῆς χώρας ἐκείνης, καὶ ἔπεμψεν αὐτὸν εἰς τοὺς ἀγροὺς αὐτοῦ βόσκειν χοίρους·

So he went and attached himself to one of the citizens of that country, and he sent him into his fields to feed pigs.

Parable (the degradation)καὶThe Jewish son sinks to feeding pigs — unclean animals (Lev 11:7) — for a Gentile master: the nadir of self-imposed exile.
καὶand/soconnective
πορευθεὶςhaving goneAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πορεύομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristπορεύομαι: 'go, proceed.'
ἐκολλήθηattached himselfAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κολλάωmain verb→ ingressive aoristκολλάω: 'glue, join'; passive 'cling to, attach oneself to' — a desperate, clinging dependence.
ἑνὶoneDativedat. complement of ἐκολλήθη
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
πολιτῶνcitizensGenitivepartitive genitiveπολίτης: 'citizen, townsman.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
χώραςcountryGenitivegenitive (of the citizens)χώρα: 'country.'
ἐκείνηςthatGenitivedemonstrative (attributive)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔπεμψενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πέμπωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristπέμπω: 'send.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀγροὺςfieldsAccusativeobject of εἰςἀγρός: 'field, farm.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
βόσκεινto feedPres Act Inf · βόσκωinfinitive of purpose→ present (ongoing)βόσκω: 'feed, tend (grazing animals).'
χοίρουςpigsAccusativeobject of βόσκεινχοῖρος: 'pig, swine'; ritually unclean — the deepest disgrace for a Jew.
16

καὶ ἐπεθύμει χορτασθῆναι ἐκ τῶν κερατίων ὧν ἤσθιον οἱ χοῖροι, καὶ οὐδεὶς ἐδίδου αὐτῷ.

And he longed to be filled with the pods that the pigs were eating, and no one gave him anything.

Parable (the depth of want)καὶStarving, he craves even the swine's carob pods — and is given nothing: the absolute bottom from which the turn ('he came to himself') will spring.
καὶandconnective
ἐπεθύμειhe longedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιθυμέωmain verb→ imperfect (continuing desire)ἐπιθυμέω: 'desire, long for'; the imperfect paints the gnawing, unsatisfied craving.
χορτασθῆναιto be filled/satisfiedAor Pass Inf · χορτάζωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristχορτάζω: 'feed, fill, satisfy' (orig. of fodder, χόρτος); to eat one's fill.
ἐκwith/frompreposition + genitive (source/partitive)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
κερατίωνpods (carob)Genitiveobject of ἐκ (partitive)κεράτιον: 'little horn,' the carob pod (so-named for its shape); swine-fodder and famine-food of the poorest.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (gen. by attraction, object of ἤσθιον)
ἤσθιονwere eatingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb (rel. clause)→ imperfect (ongoing)ἐσθίω: 'eat.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
χοῖροιpigsNominativesubject (rel. clause)χοῖρος: 'pig.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς: 'no one'; even the pods are denied him — total destitution.
ἐδίδουwas givingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (coordinate)→ imperfect (customary)δίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
17

εἰς ἑαυτὸν δὲ ἐλθὼν ἔφη· Πόσοι μίσθιοι τοῦ πατρός μου περισσεύονται ἄρτων, ἐγὼ δὲ λιμῷ ὧδε ἀπόλλυμαι.

But when he came to himself he said, 'How many of my father's hired men have bread to spare, while I am perishing here with hunger!

Parable (the turning point)δὲ'He came to himself' — the moment of self-recognition that initiates the turn home; the contrast of the father's abundance with his own ruin.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (idiom)
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive (in idiom 'come to oneself')ἑαυτόν: 'himself'; εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἐλθών = 'came to his senses,' recognized his folly.
δὲbutadversative/transitional conjunction
ἐλθὼνhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιtemporal participle→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
ἔφηhe saidImpf/Aor Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb (introduces soliloquy)→ aoristic (narrative)φημί: 'say, declare.'
Πόσοιhow manyNominativeinterrogative adjective (exclamatory)πόσος: 'how much/many'; here exclamatory.
μίσθιοιhired menNominativesubjectμίσθιος: 'hired servant, day-laborer'; below even household slaves — yet they have bread.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πατρόςfatherGenitivepossessive genitiveπατήρ: 'father.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
περισσεύονταιhave an abundancePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · περισσεύωmain verb→ stative presentπερισσεύω: 'abound, have more than enough.'
ἄρτωνof breadGenitivegenitive of content/materialἄρτος: 'bread, loaf.'
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
δὲbut/whileadversative conjunction
λιμῷwith hungerDativedat. of means/causeλιμός: 'hunger, famine.'
ὧδεhereadverb of place
ἀπόλλυμαιI am perishingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb→ present (in process)ἀπόλλυμι: mid. 'perish, be lost'; the chapter keyword now in the son's own mouth — he names himself as 'lost.'
18

ἀναστὰς πορεύσομαι πρὸς τὸν πατέρα μου καὶ ἐρῶ αὐτῷ· Πάτερ, ἥμαρτον εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ ἐνώπιόν σου,

I will arise and go to my father, and I will say to him, "Father, I have sinned against heaven and before you;

Parable (the resolve and confession)asyndetonThe resolve and rehearsed confession: 'I will arise' — a verb of resurrection-overtones; sin owned as against heaven (God) and the father.
ἀναστὰςhaving arisenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise, stand up'; the rousing to action — 'I will get up and go.'
πορεύσομαιI will goFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ predictive future (resolve)πορεύομαι: 'go, journey.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραfatherAccusativeobject of πρόςπατήρ: 'father.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐρῶI will sayFut Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (coordinate)→ predictive futureλέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΠάτερFatherVocativevocative of addressπατήρ: voc. 'Father.'
ἥμαρτονI have sinnedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (confession)→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin, miss the mark'; the confession echoes Pharaoh's and David's 'I have sinned.'
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (against)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of εἰςοὐρανός: 'heaven'; reverent circumlocution for God — the sin is ultimately against God.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνώπιόνbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: 'in the presence of, before.'
σουyouGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιον
19

οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἄξιος κληθῆναι υἱός σου· ποίησόν με ὡς ἕνα τῶν μισθίων σου.

I am no longer worthy to be called your son; make me as one of your hired men."'

Parable (the confession continued)asyndetonThe renunciation of sonship and request for the lowest standing — the plea the father will silently overrule with full restoration.
οὐκέτιno longeradverb of time (negative)οὐκέτι: 'no longer.'
εἰμὶI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ἄξιοςworthyNominativepredicate nominativeἄξιος: 'worthy, deserving.'
κληθῆναιto be calledAor Pass Inf · καλέωepexegetical infinitive (w/ ἄξιος)→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, name.'
υἱόςsonNominativepredicate nom. (complement of κληθῆναι)υἱός: 'son'; the status he forfeits in his own eyes.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ποίησόνmakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωimperative (request)→ ingressive aoristποιέω: 'make, do.'
μεmeAccusativedirect object
ὡςascomparative particle
ἕναoneAccusativeobject complement (predicate acc.)
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
μισθίωνhired menGenitivepartitive genitiveμίσθιος: 'hired servant.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
20

καὶ ἀναστὰς ἦλθεν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ. ἔτι δὲ αὐτοῦ μακρὰν ἀπέχοντος εἶδεν αὐτὸν ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐσπλαγχνίσθη καὶ δραμὼν ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ καὶ κατεφίλησεν αὐτόν.

And he arose and came to his own father. But while he was still far off, his father saw him and was moved with compassion, and ran and fell on his neck and kissed him.

Parable (the father's running welcome)καὶThe emotional center: the watching father, seeing him 'while still far off,' is moved with compassion and runs (undignified for an elder) to embrace and kiss him before a word of confession is spoken.
καὶandconnective
ἀναστὰςhaving arisenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise'; the resolve of v.18 enacted.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραfatherAccusativeobject of πρόςπατήρ: 'father.'
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive possessive
ἔτιstilladverb of time
δὲbuttransitional conjunction
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
μακρὰνfar offAccusativeadverbial accusative (distance)μακράν: 'far away'; the father sees him from afar — he was watching, waiting.
ἀπέχοντοςbeing distantPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἀπέχωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ present (concurrent)ἀπέχω: 'be distant, be away from.'
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
theNominativearticle
πατὴρfatherNominativesubjectπατήρ: 'father.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐσπλαγχνίσθηwas moved with compassionAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σπλαγχνίζομαιmain verb (coordinate)→ ingressive aoristσπλαγχνίζομαι: 'be moved with compassion' (from σπλάγχνα, the inward parts); gut-level pity — the same verb used of Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δραμὼνhaving runAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · τρέχωattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristτρέχω: 'run'; a dignified patriarch running is itself a startling self-humbling of love.
ἐπέπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιπίπτωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristἐπιπίπτω: 'fall upon'; here an embrace (cf. Gen 33:4; 45:14).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
τράχηλονneckAccusativeobject of ἐπίτράχηλος: 'neck'; 'fell on his neck' = embraced him.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατεφίλησενkissedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταφιλέωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristκαταφιλέω: 'kiss fervently, kiss repeatedly' (κατά-intensive of φιλέω); a demonstrative welcome.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
21

εἶπεν δὲ ὁ υἱὸς αὐτῷ· Πάτερ, ἥμαρτον εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ ἐνώπιόν σου, οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἄξιος κληθῆναι υἱός σου.

And the son said to him, 'Father, I have sinned against heaven and before you; I am no longer worthy to be called your son.'

Parable (the confession spoken)δὲThe son delivers the confession of vv.18–19 — but is cut off before the 'make me a hired man' (the father will not hear of it), the printed text omitting that clause.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
δὲandtransitional conjunction
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςsonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΠάτερFatherVocativevocative of addressπατήρ: voc. 'Father.'
ἥμαρτονI have sinnedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (confession)→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin.'
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (against)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of εἰςοὐρανός: 'heaven' (for God).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνώπιόνbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: 'before.'
σουyouGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιον
οὐκέτιno longeradverb of timeοὐκέτι: 'no longer.'
εἰμὶI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ἄξιοςworthyNominativepredicate nominativeἄξιος: 'worthy.'
κληθῆναιto be calledAor Pass Inf · καλέωepexegetical infinitive→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call.'
υἱόςsonNominativepredicate nom. (complement)υἱός: 'son.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
22

εἶπεν δὲ ὁ πατὴρ πρὸς τοὺς δούλους αὐτοῦ· Ταχὺ ἐξενέγκατε στολὴν τὴν πρώτην καὶ ἐνδύσατε αὐτόν, καὶ δότε δακτύλιον εἰς τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑποδήματα εἰς τοὺς πόδας,

But the father said to his servants, 'Quickly, bring out the best robe and put it on him, and put a ring on his hand and sandals on his feet;

Parable (the restoration)δὲThe father's reply is not to the son but to the servants — a rush of imperatives that restore full sonship: robe (honor), ring (authority), sandals (free man, not a barefoot slave).
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
δὲbutadversative/transitional conjunction
theNominativearticle
πατὴρfatherNominativesubjectπατήρ: 'father.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (address)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δούλουςservants/slavesAccusativeobject of πρόςδοῦλος: 'slave, servant.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
Ταχὺquicklyadverb of mannerταχύ: 'quickly'; the father's haste matches his running — read with the earliest witnesses.
ἐξενέγκατεbring outAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐκφέρωimperative→ ingressive aoristἐκφέρω: 'carry/bring out.'
στολὴνrobeAccusativedirect objectστολή: 'long robe, fine garment'; a mark of honor and festivity.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
πρώτηνbest/firstAccusativeattributive adjectiveπρῶτος: 'first, foremost'; here 'the best robe' — perhaps the father's own.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνδύσατεclotheAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐνδύωimperative (coordinate)→ ingressive aoristἐνδύω: 'put on, clothe.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δότεgive/putAor Act Impv 2 Pl · δίδωμιimperative (coordinate)→ ingressive aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
δακτύλιονringAccusativedirect objectδακτύλιος: 'ring'; a signet — token of restored authority and family standing.
εἰςonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραhandAccusativeobject of εἰςχείρ: 'hand.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑποδήματαsandalsAccusativedirect object (of an implied δότε)ὑπόδημα: 'sandal, footwear'; slaves went barefoot — sandals mark him a free son, not a servant.
εἰςonpreposition + accusative (place)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativeobject of εἰςπούς: 'foot.'
23

καὶ φέρετε τὸν μόσχον τὸν σιτευτόν, θύσατε, καὶ φαγόντες εὐφρανθῶμεν,

and bring the fattened calf, slaughter it, and let us eat and celebrate,

Parable (the feast commanded)καὶThe restoration culminates in a feast: the fattened calf (kept for a special occasion) is slaughtered, and the household is summoned to joy — the parable's third 'rejoice.'
καὶandconnective
φέρετεbringPres Act Impv 2 Pl · φέρωimperative→ present (durative)φέρω: 'bring, carry.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
μόσχονcalfAccusativedirect objectμόσχος: 'calf, young bull.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
σιτευτόνfattenedAccusativeattributive adjectiveσιτευτός: 'grain-fed, fattened'; reserved for a major celebration.
θύσατεslaughter (it)Aor Act Impv 2 Pl · θύωimperative (asyndetic)→ ingressive aoristθύω: 'sacrifice, slaughter (for a meal).'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φαγόντεςhaving eatenAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐσθίωattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristἐσθίω: 'eat.'
εὐφρανθῶμενlet us celebrateAor Pass Subj 1 Pl · εὐφραίνωhortatory subjunctive→ ingressive aoristεὐφραίνω: 'make glad'; pass. 'rejoice, make merry, celebrate' — the keyword of the feast (vv.23–24, 29, 32).
24

ὅτι οὗτος ὁ υἱός μου νεκρὸς ἦν καὶ ἀνέζησεν, ἦν ἀπολωλὼς καὶ εὑρέθη. καὶ ἤρξαντο εὐφραίνεσθαι.

for this son of mine was dead and has come to life again; he was lost and has been found.' And they began to celebrate.

Parable (the reason — and feast begun)ὅτιThe double antithesis (dead/alive, lost/found) interprets the homecoming as resurrection, and ties the parable back to the lost sheep and coin — then the celebration begins.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (attributive)
theNominativearticle
υἱόςsonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son'; the father reasserts the sonship the boy thought forfeited.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
νεκρὸςdeadNominativepredicate nominativeνεκρός: 'dead'; metaphorical — lost to the family, as good as dead.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ imperfect (state)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέζησενhas come to life againAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναζάωmain verb (coordinate)→ ingressive aoristἀναζάω: 'come to life again, revive' (ἀνά + ζάω); the homecoming as resurrection.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic w/ ἀπολωλὼς)→ imperfect (state)
ἀπολωλὼςlostPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπόλλυμιperiphrastic ptc. (w/ ἦν)→ intensive perfect (settled state)ἀπόλλυμι: perfect ptc. 'lost'; the chapter keyword binding son to sheep and coin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὑρέθηhas been foundAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; the passive matches the found sheep and coin.
καὶandconnective
ἤρξαντοthey beganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb (w/ complementary inf.)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin.'
εὐφραίνεσθαιto celebratePres Pass Inf · εὐφραίνωcomplementary infinitive→ present (durative)εὐφραίνω: pass. 'celebrate, make merry'; the feast that will scandalize the elder brother.
25

Ἦν δὲ ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ πρεσβύτερος ἐν ἀγρῷ· καὶ ὡς ἐρχόμενος ἤγγισεν τῇ οἰκίᾳ, ἤκουσεν συμφωνίας καὶ χορῶν,

Now his older son was in the field; and as he came and drew near to the house, he heard music and dancing.

Parable (the elder son's scene opens)δὲThe second half opens: the dutiful elder son, in the field, returns to find a celebration already underway — he is outside, not yet knowing the cause.
ἮνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (state)→ imperfect (state)
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςsonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
theNominativearticle (attributive)
πρεσβύτεροςolderNominativeattributive comparative adj.πρεσβύτερος: 'elder, older'; the firstborn, representing the grumbling Pharisees of v.2.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ἀγρῷfieldDativedat. of placeἀγρός: 'field, farm'; he is at his work — the picture of diligent service.
καὶandconnective
ὡςastemporal conjunction
ἐρχόμενοςcomingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιadverbial ptc. (concomitant)→ present (concurrent)ἔρχομαι: 'come.'
ἤγγισενdrew nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωmain verb→ constative aoristἐγγίζω: 'come near'; the same verb as the sinners 'drawing near' in v.1 — an ironic echo.
τῇtheDativearticle
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedat. complement of ἤγγισενοἰκία: 'house.'
ἤκουσενhe heardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
συμφωνίαςmusicGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσενσυμφωνία: 'music, concord of sounds' (perhaps a particular instrument); the festal sound.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
χορῶνdancingGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσενχορός: 'dance, dancing, festive chorus.'
26

καὶ προσκαλεσάμενος ἕνα τῶν παίδων ἐπυνθάνετο τί ἂν εἴη ταῦτα.

And he called one of the servants and inquired what these things might be.

Parable (the elder son's inquiry)καὶRather than enter, he questions a servant from outside — already at a distance from the household's joy.
καὶandconnective
προσκαλεσάμενοςhaving summonedAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσκαλέωattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristπροσκαλέω: mid. 'call to oneself, summon.'
ἕναoneAccusativeobject of προσκαλεσάμενος
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
παίδωνservants/boysGenitivepartitive genitiveπαῖς: 'child, servant-boy'; here a household servant.
ἐπυνθάνετοhe inquiredImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · πυνθάνομαιmain verb→ imperfect (inceptive/ongoing)πυνθάνομαι: 'inquire, ascertain.'
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of εἴη)
ἂν(would)modal particle (w/ optative)ἄν: modal particle; with the optative, marks a potential/indirect question.
εἴηmight bePres Act Opt 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (indirect question, optative)→ potential optativeεἰμί: optative in an indirect question — a refined Lukan touch.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativepredicate/subject (demonstrative)
27

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὅτι Ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἥκει, καὶ ἔθυσεν ὁ πατήρ σου τὸν μόσχον τὸν σιτευτόν, ὅτι ὑγιαίνοντα αὐτὸν ἀπέλαβεν.

And he said to him, 'Your brother has come, and your father has killed the fattened calf, because he has received him back safe and sound.'

Parable (the servant's report)δὲThe servant names the cause — 'your brother' returned safe — but the elder will recast 'brother' as 'this son of yours' (v.30).
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲandtransitional conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ὅτι(that)ὅτι recitativum
theNominativearticle
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubjectἀδελφός: 'brother'; the servant calls him 'your brother' — the relationship the elder will deny.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἥκειhas comePres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἥκωmain verb→ present (resultative — 'is here')ἥκω: 'have come, be present'; the present has a perfective sense — 'has arrived.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔθυσενkilledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θύωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristθύω: 'slaughter (for a feast).'
theNominativearticle
πατήρfatherNominativesubjectπατήρ: 'father.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
μόσχονcalfAccusativedirect objectμόσχος: 'calf.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
σιτευτόνfattenedAccusativeattributive adjectiveσιτευτός: 'fattened.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
ὑγιαίνονταin good healthPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ὑγιαίνωpredicate (object-complement) participle→ present (concurrent)ὑγιαίνω: 'be well, healthy, safe and sound.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἀπέλαβενreceived backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπολαμβάνωmain verb (causal clause)→ constative aoristἀπολαμβάνω: 'receive back, get back' (ἀπό + λαμβάνω); the recovery sense matching 'found.'
28

ὠργίσθη δὲ καὶ οὐκ ἤθελεν εἰσελθεῖν· ὁ δὲ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ ἐξελθὼν παρεκάλει αὐτόν.

But he became angry and refused to go in; so his father came out and was entreating him.

Parable (the elder son's refusal)δὲThe elder son's anger keeps him outside the feast — and the father comes out to him too, the same outgoing love that ran to the younger now entreating the elder.
ὠργίσθηhe became angryAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὀργίζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristὀργίζω: pass. 'become angry, be enraged'; the elder's resentment mirrors the grumbling of v.2.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative
ἤθελενwas willing/refusedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb (w/ complementary inf.)→ imperfect (persistent refusal)θέλω: 'wish, be willing'; the imperfect with οὐκ = a sustained refusal.
εἰσελθεῖνto go inAor Act Inf · εἰσέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in.'
theNominativearticle
δὲsotransitional conjunction
πατὴρfatherNominativesubjectπατήρ: 'father.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἐξελθὼνhaving come outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, come out'; the father goes out to the elder as he ran to the younger.
παρεκάλειwas entreatingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · παρακαλέωmain verb→ imperfect (sustained pleading)παρακαλέω: 'urge, entreat, beseech'; the imperfect pictures the father's persistent appeal.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
29

ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν τῷ πατρὶ αὐτοῦ· Ἰδοὺ τοσαῦτα ἔτη δουλεύω σοι καὶ οὐδέποτε ἐντολήν σου παρῆλθον, καὶ ἐμοὶ οὐδέποτε ἔδωκας ἔριφον ἵνα μετὰ τῶν φίλων μου εὐφρανθῶ·

But he answered his father, 'Look, these many years I have served you, and I never disobeyed a command of yours, yet you never gave me a young goat that I might celebrate with my friends.

Parable (the elder son's complaint)δὲThe protest exposes a servant's heart: years of service framed as slavery ('I serve you'), grievance over a withheld goat, no joy in the brother's return.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιptc. of attendant circumstance (Semitic)→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
τῷtheDativearticle
πατρὶfatherDativeindirect objectπατήρ: 'father'; notably he omits the affectionate 'Father' vocative the younger used.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
Ἰδοὺlookinterjection (attention-getter)ἰδού: 'behold, look'; here with an edge of grievance.
τοσαῦταso manyAccusativeattributive (w/ ἔτη)τοσοῦτος: 'so great, so many.'
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἔτος: 'year.'
δουλεύωI servePres Act Indic 1 Sg · δουλεύωmain verb→ present (of past action continuing)δουλεύω: 'serve as a slave'; his telling word — he sees sonship as servitude.
σοιyouDativedat. complement of δουλεύω
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδέποτεneveradverb of time (negative)οὐδέποτε: 'never.'
ἐντολήνcommandAccusativedirect objectἐντολή: 'command, commandment.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
παρῆλθονI disobeyed/passed byAor Act Indic 1 Sg · παρέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπαρέρχομαι: 'pass by, transgress, neglect'; here 'disregard a command' — his claim to flawless obedience.
καὶyetadversative καί
ἐμοὶto meDativeindirect object (emphatic, fronted)
οὐδέποτεneveradverb of time (negative)
ἔδωκαςyou gaveAor Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
ἔριφονyoung goatAccusativedirect objectἔριφος: 'kid, young goat'; a modest animal, pointedly less than the fattened calf.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
φίλωνfriendsGenitiveobject of μετάφίλος: 'friend'; with his friends — not, tellingly, with his father.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
εὐφρανθῶI might celebrateAor Pass Subj 1 Sg · εὐφραίνωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aoristεὐφραίνω: pass. 'celebrate, make merry'; the feast-keyword, now in the elder's grudging mouth.
30

ὅτε δὲ ὁ υἱός σου οὗτος ὁ καταφαγών σου τὸν βίον μετὰ πορνῶν ἦλθεν, ἔθυσας αὐτῷ τὸν σιτευτὸν μόσχον.

But when this son of yours came, who devoured your living with prostitutes, you killed the fattened calf for him!'

Parable (the elder son's accusation)δὲThe bitterness peaks: 'this son of yours' (not 'my brother'), the worst construction put on the younger's life, and indignation at the lavish welcome.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction
δὲbutadversative conjunction
theNominativearticle
υἱόςsonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son'; 'this son of yours' — he disowns the brotherhood.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (contemptuous)οὗτος: 'this one'; dismissive, as in v.2.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
καταφαγώνwho devouredAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κατεσθίωsubstantival/attributive participle→ constative aoristκατεσθίω: 'eat up, devour, consume' (κατά-intensive); the estate 'eaten up.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
βίονliving/propertyAccusativeobject of καταφαγώνβίος: 'property, means of living' (as v.12).
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
πορνῶνprostitutesGenitiveobject of μετάπόρνη: 'prostitute'; an accusation the narrative never confirmed (cf. v.13 'recklessly') — the elder's harsh surmise.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (temporal clause)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
ἔθυσαςyou killedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · θύωmain verb (apodosis)→ constative aoristθύω: 'slaughter (for a feast).'
αὐτῷfor himDativedat. of advantage
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
σιτευτὸνfattenedAccusativeattributive adjectiveσιτευτός: 'fattened.'
μόσχονcalfAccusativedirect objectμόσχος: 'calf.'
31

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Τέκνον, σὺ πάντοτε μετ' ἐμοῦ εἶ, καὶ πάντα τὰ ἐμὰ σά ἐστιν·

And he said to him, 'Child, you are always with me, and all that is mine is yours.

Parable (the father's reply — assurance)δὲThe father answers tenderly ('Child'), affirming the elder's unbroken nearness and full inheritance — the privileges he has overlooked while resenting the feast.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲandtransitional conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΤέκνονChildVocativevocative of addressτέκνον: 'child'; an intimate, affectionate address — the father's love undiminished toward the elder too.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
πάντοτεalwaysadverb of timeπάντοτε: 'always.'
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (association)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάνταallNominativeattributive (w/ τὰ ἐμὰ)
τὰthe thingsNominativearticle (substantizes ἐμὰ)
ἐμὰmineNominativesubject (possessive adj., substantival)ἐμός: 'my, mine'; the whole remaining estate is already the elder's.
σάyoursNominativepredicate (possessive adj.)σός: 'your, yours.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
32

εὐφρανθῆναι δὲ καὶ χαρῆναι ἔδει, ὅτι ὁ ἀδελφός σου οὗτος νεκρὸς ἦν καὶ ἔζησεν, καὶ ἀπολωλὼς καὶ εὑρέθη.

But it was necessary to celebrate and rejoice, because this brother of yours was dead and has come to life; he was lost and has been found.'"

Parable (the father's vindication — open close)δὲThe father insists the feast 'was necessary' (ἔδει — divine necessity), recasting 'this son of yours' as 'this brother of yours' and repeating the dead/alive, lost/found refrain. The parable ends open — the elder's response (the Pharisees') is left to the hearer.
εὐφρανθῆναιto celebrateAor Pass Inf · εὐφραίνωsubject infinitive (of ἔδει)→ ingressive aoristεὐφραίνω: pass. 'celebrate, make merry'; the feast-keyword sealing the parable.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
χαρῆναιto rejoiceAor Pass Inf · χαίρωsubject infinitive (coordinate)→ ingressive aoristχαίρω: 'rejoice'; the joy-keyword that links all three parables (vv.5–7, 9–10).
ἔδειit was necessaryImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖmain verb (impersonal)→ imperfect (of obligation)δεῖ: 'it is necessary'; the divine 'must' — joy over the found is not optional but fitting and required.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubjectἀδελφός: 'brother'; the father gently corrects 'this son of yours' (v.30) to 'this brother of yours.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative (attributive)
νεκρὸςdeadNominativepredicate nominativeνεκρός: 'dead' (metaphorical, as v.24).
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ imperfect (state)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔζησενhas come to lifeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (coordinate)→ ingressive aoristζάω: 'live'; ingressive 'came to life' — paralleling ἀνέζησεν in v.24.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπολωλὼςlostPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπόλλυμιperiphrastic ptc. (w/ implied ἦν)→ intensive perfect (settled state)ἀπόλλυμι: perfect ptc. 'lost'; the chapter's keyword, final occurrence — binding the prodigal to sheep and coin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὑρέθηhas been foundAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; the found-keyword sealing all three parables — heaven's joy over the recovered lost.