Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 14ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ ΙΔ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἐλθεῖν αὐτὸν εἰς οἶκόν τινος τῶν ἀρχόντων [τῶν] Φαρισαίων σαββάτῳ φαγεῖν ἄρτον καὶ αὐτοὶ ἦσαν παρατηρούμενοι αὐτόν.

And it happened, when he came into the house of one of the rulers of the Pharisees on a Sabbath to eat bread, that they were watching him closely.

Narrative onsetasyndetonA Septuagintal ἐγένετο-construction sets the scene; the meal becomes a test, with the leaders 'watching closely.'
Καὶandconnectiveresumptive narrative καί
ἐγένετοit came aboutAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristSeptuagintal ἐγένετο framing a new scene
ἐνinpreposition (temporal)
τῷtheDativearticle w/ articular inf.
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristἐν τῷ + inf. = 'when'
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of inf.resumes Jesus
εἰςintopreposition
οἶκόνhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος, dwelling
τινοςof someoneGenitivepartitive/possessive genitiveindefinite τις
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀρχόντωνrulersGenitivepartitive genitiveἄρχων, leader; here Pharisaic leadership
[τῶν]of theGenitivearticle (bracketed)text-critically uncertain
ΦαρισαίωνPhariseesGenitiveattributive genitiveΦαρισαῖος
σαββάτῳon a SabbathDativedative of timeσάββατον
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristsupplementary purpose
ἄρτονbreadAccusativeobject of φαγεῖνἄρτος; idiom 'eat bread' = dine
καὶandconnectiveapodotic καί after ἐγένετο
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubjectemphatic
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίperiphrastic imperfect (w/ ptc)→ durative imperfectwith παρατηρούμενοι
παρατηρούμενοιwatching closelyPres Mid Ptc Nom Pl Masc · παρατηρέωperiphrastic participle→ durativeπαρατηρέω, watch with hostile intent
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject
2

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄνθρωπός τις ἦν ὑδρωπικὸς ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ.

And behold, a man with dropsy was there before him.

Scene-settingκαὶἰδού spotlights the afflicted man placed 'before him' — the bait of the test.
καὶandconnective
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού, attention-marker
ἄνθρωπόςa manNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος
τιςcertainNominativeindefinite adjectiveτις
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ durative imperfect
ὑδρωπικὸςwith dropsyNominativepredicate adjectiveὑδρωπικός, suffering edema; NT hapax
ἔμπροσθενbeforeimproper preposition (+gen)ἔμπροσθεν
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθεν
3

καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν πρὸς τοὺς νομικοὺς καὶ Φαρισαίους λέγων· ἔξεστιν τῷ σαββάτῳ θεραπεῦσαι ἢ οὔ;

And Jesus, responding, said to the lawyers and Pharisees, 'Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath, or not?'

Question posedκαὶJesus seizes the initiative, putting the Sabbath-law question to the experts before acting.
καὶandconnective
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial participle→ coincidentSemitic 'answered and said' idiom
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectindeclinable; nominative subject
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition (+acc)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
νομικοὺςlawyersAccusativeobject of πρόςνομικός, expert in the law
καὶandconnective
ΦαρισαίουςPhariseesAccusativeobject of πρόςΦαρισαῖος
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ durativepleonastic λέγων introducing direct speech
ἔξεστινit is lawfulPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔξεστι(ν)impersonal verb→ gnomic presentἔξεστιν, it is permitted
τῷon theDativearticle
σαββάτῳSabbathDativedative of timeσάββατον
θεραπεῦσαιto healAor Act Inf · θεραπεύωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristθεραπεύω
ordisjunctive conjunction
οὔnotnegative particleelliptical 'or not?'
4

οἱ δὲ ἡσύχασαν. καὶ ἐπιλαβόμενος ἰάσατο αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπέλυσεν.

But they kept silent. And taking hold of him he healed him and sent him away.

Response/actionδὲTheir silence yields the floor; Jesus acts — heals and dismisses.
οἱtheyNominativesubjectarticle as pronoun
δὲbutconnective
ἡσύχασανwere silentAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἡσυχάζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἡσυχάζω, fall silent
καὶandconnective
ἐπιλαβόμενοςtaking holdAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιλαμβάνομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedentἐπιλαμβάνομαι (+gen) take hold of
ἰάσατοhe healedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἰάομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἰάομαι, heal
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject
καὶandconnective
ἀπέλυσενsent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπολύωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπολύω, release
5

καὶ πρὸς αὐτοὺς εἶπεν· τίνος ὑμῶν υἱὸς ἢ βοῦς εἰς φρέαρ πεσεῖται, καὶ οὐκ εὐθέως ἀνασπάσει αὐτὸν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ σαββάτου;

And to them he said, 'Which of you, whose son or ox falls into a well, will not immediately pull him out on the Sabbath day?'

Rebuttal (a fortiori)καὶThe rescue argument: ordinary Sabbath mercy to a son or beast exposes their objection.
καὶandconnective
πρὸςtopreposition (+acc)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
τίνοςof whomGenitiveinterrogative possessive genitiveτίς
ὑμῶνof youGenitivepartitive genitive
υἱὸςsonNominativesubjectυἱός; var. ὄνος 'donkey'
ordisjunctive
βοῦςoxNominativesubject (alt.)βοῦς, ox
εἰςintopreposition
φρέαρa wellAccusativeobject of εἰςφρέαρ, well/cistern
πεσεῖταιwill fallFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωfuture (in rel. clause)→ predictive futuredeponent future of πίπτω
καὶandconnective
οὐκnotnegative (expects 'yes')interrogative οὐκ
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverbεὐθέως
ἀνασπάσειwill pull upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνασπάωmain verb→ predictive futureἀνασπάω, draw up
αὐτὸνhim/itAccusativeobject
ἐνonpreposition
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of timeἡμέρα
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
σαββάτουSabbathGenitiveattributive genitiveσάββατον
6

καὶ οὐκ ἴσχυσαν ἀνταποκριθῆναι πρὸς ταῦτα.

And they could not reply to these things.

OutcomeκαὶTheir inability to answer closes the controversy in Jesus' favor.
καὶandconnective
οὐκnotnegative
ἴσχυσανwere ableAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἰσχύωmain verb→ constative aoristἰσχύω, be strong/able
ἀνταποκριθῆναιto replyAor Pass Inf · ἀνταποκρίνομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἀνταποκρίνομαι, answer back; rare
πρὸςtopreposition
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of πρόςοὗτος
7

Ἔλεγεν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς κεκλημένους παραβολήν, ἐπέχων πῶς τὰς πρωτοκλισίας ἐξελέγοντο, λέγων πρὸς αὐτούς·

Now he told a parable to those who had been invited, noticing how they were choosing the places of honor, saying to them:

New unit (B)δὲTransition to the table-parable, prompted by the guests' jockeying for honor.
Ἔλεγενhe was tellingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ inceptive/iterative imperfectsets off the discourse
δὲnowconnective (transition)
πρὸςtopreposition
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle
κεκλημένουςwho had been invitedPerf Pass Ptc Acc Pl Masc · καλέωsubstantival participle→ resultative perfectperfect: standing state of being invited guests
παραβολήνa parableAccusativedirect objectπαραβολή
ἐπέχωνnoticingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐπέχωcircumstantial participle→ durativeἐπέχω, fix attention on
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (indirect)πῶς
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
πρωτοκλισίαςplaces of honorAccusativeobject of ἐξελέγοντοπρωτοκλισία, chief reclining-place
ἐξελέγοντοthey were choosingImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐκλέγομαιverb of indirect question→ durative imperfectἐκλέγομαι, pick out for oneself
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ durativeintroduces direct speech
πρὸςtopreposition
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
8

ὅταν κληθῇς ὑπό τινος εἰς γάμους, μὴ κατακλιθῇς εἰς τὴν πρωτοκλισίαν, μήποτε ἐντιμότερός σου ᾖ κεκλημένος ὑπ' αὐτοῦ,

When you are invited by someone to a wedding feast, do not recline in the place of honor, lest someone more distinguished than you has been invited by him,

Instruction (prohibition)asyndetonThe prudential counsel: avoid presuming the top place.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+subjunctive)ὅταν
κληθῇςyou are invitedAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · καλέωsubjunctive in temporal clause→ constative aoristκαλέω, invite
ὑπόbypreposition (agent, +gen)
τινοςsomeoneGenitivegenitive of agentτις
εἰςtopreposition
γάμουςa wedding feastAccusativeobject of εἰςγάμος, pl. wedding celebration
μὴnotnegative (w/ subj.)
κατακλιθῇςreclineAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · κατακλίνωprohibitive subjunctive→ ingressive aoristκατακλίνω, recline at table
εἰςinpreposition
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πρωτοκλισίανplace of honorAccusativeobject of εἰςπρωτοκλισία
μήποτεlestconjunction of apprehensionμήποτε
ἐντιμότερόςmore distinguishedNominativepredicate adjective (comparative)ἔντιμος, honored; comparative
σουthan youGenitivegenitive of comparison
may bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίsubjunctive w/ μήποτε→ durative
κεκλημένοςinvitedPerf Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · καλέωperiphrastic perfect (w/ ᾖ)→ resultative perfectperfect periphrasis
ὑπ'bypreposition (agent)elided ὑπό
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of agent
9

καὶ ἐλθὼν ὁ σὲ καὶ αὐτὸν καλέσας ἐρεῖ σοι· δὸς τούτῳ τόπον, καὶ τότε ἄρξῃ μετὰ αἰσχύνης τὸν ἔσχατον τόπον κατέχειν.

and the one who invited both you and him will come and say to you, 'Give this man your place,' and then in shame you will begin to take the lowest place.

ConsequenceκαὶThe humiliating demotion before all the guests.
καὶandconnective
ἐλθὼνcomingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
the oneNominativearticle (substantival)
σὲyouAccusativeobject of καλέσαςemphatic σύ
καὶandconnective
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of καλέσας
καλέσαςwho invitedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · καλέωsubstantival participle→ constative aoristsubject of ἐρεῖ
ἐρεῖwill sayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ predictive futuresuppletive future of λέγω
σοιto youDativeindirect object
δὸςgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιimperative→ ingressive aoristδίδωμι
τούτῳto this manDativeindirect objectοὗτος
τόπονplaceAccusativedirect objectτόπος
καὶandconnective
τότεthenadverb
ἄρξῃyou will beginFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive futuremid. ἄρχομαι, begin
μετὰwithpreposition (+gen)
αἰσχύνηςshameGenitiveobject of μετά (manner)αἰσχύνη
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἔσχατονlowestAccusativeattributive adjectiveἔσχατος, last
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of κατέχειν
κατέχεινto take/holdPres Act Inf · κατέχωcomplementary infinitive→ durativeκατέχω, occupy
10

ἀλλ' ὅταν κληθῇς, πορευθεὶς ἀνάπεσε εἰς τὸν ἔσχατον τόπον, ἵνα ὅταν ἔλθῃ ὁ κεκληκώς σε ἐρεῖ σοι· φίλε, προσανάβηθι ἀνώτερον· τότε ἔσται σοι δόξα ἐνώπιον πάντων τῶν συνανακειμένων σοι.

But when you are invited, go and recline in the lowest place, so that when the one who invited you comes he will say to you, 'Friend, move up higher.' Then you will have honor before all who recline at table with you.

Counsel (positive)ἀλλ'Take the low place and be honored — the strategy that yields glory before all.
ἀλλ'butadversativeelided ἀλλά
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction
κληθῇςyou are invitedAor Pass Subj 2 Sg · καλέωsubjunctive (temporal)→ constative aorist
πορευθεὶςgo andAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · πορεύομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedentdeponent πορεύομαι
ἀνάπεσεreclineAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναπίπτωimperative→ ingressive aoristἀναπίπτω, lie down
εἰςinpreposition
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἔσχατονlowestAccusativeattributive adjectiveἔσχατος
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of εἰς
ἵναso thatpurpose conjunction
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction
ἔλθῃcomesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιsubjunctive (temporal)→ constative aorist
the oneNominativearticle
κεκληκώςwho invitedPerf Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · καλέωsubstantival participle→ resultative perfectsubject of ἐρεῖ
σεyouAccusativeobject
ἐρεῖwill sayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb in ἵνα clause (fut.)→ predictive future
σοιto youDativeindirect object
φίλεfriendVocativevocative of addressφίλος
προσανάβηθιmove upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · προσαναβαίνωimperative→ ingressive aoristπροσαναβαίνω, go up; NT hapax
ἀνώτερονhighercomparative adverbἀνώτερος, higher
τότεthenadverb
ἔσταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ predictive future
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage
δόξαhonorNominativesubjectδόξα, glory/honor
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition (+gen)ἐνώπιον
πάντωνallGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονπᾶς
τῶνwhoGenitivearticle
συνανακειμένωνrecline togetherPres Mid Ptc Gen Pl Masc · συνανάκειμαιsubstantival participle→ durativeσυνανάκειμαι, recline with
σοιwith youDativedative w/ συν- compound
11

ὅτι πᾶς ὁ ὑψῶν ἑαυτὸν ταπεινωθήσεται, καὶ ὁ ταπεινῶν ἑαυτὸν ὑψωθήσεται.

For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and the one who humbles himself will be exalted.

Maxim (ground)ὅτιThe reversal principle that grounds the whole counsel; divine passives.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubject (w/ ptc.)πᾶς
whoNominativearticle
ὑψῶνexaltsPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ὑψόωsubstantival participle→ gnomicὑψόω, lift up
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive objectἑαυτοῦ
ταπεινωθήσεταιwill be humbledFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ταπεινόωmain verb→ gnomic/divine passiveταπεινόω; theological passive (God acts)
καὶandconnective
the oneNominativearticle
ταπεινῶνhumblesPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ταπεινόωsubstantival participle→ gnomic
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive object
ὑψωθήσεταιwill be exaltedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὑψόωmain verb→ gnomic/divine passivedivine passive
12

Ἔλεγεν δὲ καὶ τῷ κεκληκότι αὐτόν· ὅταν ποιῇς ἄριστον ἢ δεῖπνον, μὴ φώνει τοὺς φίλους σου μηδὲ τοὺς ἀδελφούς σου μηδὲ τοὺς συγγενεῖς σου μηδὲ γείτονας πλουσίους, μήποτε καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀντικαλέσωσίν σε καὶ γένηται ἀνταπόδομά σοι.

He also said to the one who had invited him, 'When you give a luncheon or a dinner, do not call your friends or your brothers or your relatives or rich neighbors, lest they also invite you in return and repayment come to you.

New unit (C)δὲTurning to the host: do not invite those who can reciprocate.
Ἔλεγενhe saidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ iterative imperfect
δὲandconnective
καὶalsoadverbial
τῷto the oneDativearticle
κεκληκότιwho had invitedPerf Act Ptc Dat Sg Masc · καλέωsubstantival participle→ resultative perfectthe host
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction
ποιῇςyou makePres Act Subj 2 Sg · ποιέωsubjunctive (temporal)→ durative
ἄριστονa luncheonAccusativedirect objectἄριστον, midday meal
ordisjunctive
δεῖπνονa dinnerAccusativedirect objectδεῖπνον, main meal
μὴnotnegative
φώνειcallPres Act Impv 2 Sg · φωνέωprohibitive imperative→ durative (prohibition of habit)φωνέω, summon
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
φίλουςfriendsAccusativedirect objectφίλος
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
μηδὲnornegative conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφούςbrothersAccusativedirect objectἀδελφός
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
μηδὲnornegative conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
συγγενεῖςrelativesAccusativedirect objectσυγγενής, kinsman
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
μηδὲnornegative conjunction
γείτοναςneighborsAccusativedirect objectγείτων
πλουσίουςrichAccusativeattributive adjectiveπλούσιος
μήποτεlestconjunction of apprehension
καὶalsoadverbial
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject (emphatic)
ἀντικαλέσωσίνinvite in returnAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀντικαλέωsubjunctive w/ μήποτε→ constative aoristἀντικαλέω, invite back; NT hapax
σεyouAccusativeobject
καὶandconnective
γένηταιcome aboutAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιsubjunctive w/ μήποτε→ ingressive aorist
ἀνταπόδομάrepaymentNominativesubjectἀνταπόδομα, recompense
σοιto youDativedative of advantage
13

ἀλλ' ὅταν δοχὴν ποιῇς, κάλει πτωχούς, ἀναπείρους, χωλούς, τυφλούς·

But when you give a banquet, invite the poor, the crippled, the lame, the blind,

Counsel (positive)ἀλλ'Invite the four who cannot repay.
ἀλλ'butadversative
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction
δοχὴνa banquetAccusativedirect objectδοχή, reception/feast
ποιῇςyou makePres Act Subj 2 Sg · ποιέωsubjunctive (temporal)→ durative
κάλειinvitePres Act Impv 2 Sg · καλέωimperative→ durativeκαλέω
πτωχούςthe poorAccusativedirect objectπτωχός, destitute
ἀναπείρουςthe crippledAccusativedirect objectἀνάπειρος, maimed
χωλούςthe lameAccusativedirect objectχωλός
τυφλούςthe blindAccusativedirect objectτυφλός
14

καὶ μακάριος ἔσῃ, ὅτι οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἀνταποδοῦναί σοι, ἀνταποδοθήσεται γάρ σοι ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει τῶν δικαίων.

and you will be blessed, because they cannot repay you; for you will be repaid at the resurrection of the just.

Promise (ground)καὶThe reward is eschatological: repayment at the resurrection of the just.
καὶandconnective
μακάριοςblessedNominativepredicate adjectiveμακάριος
ἔσῃyou will beFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ predictive future
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
οὐκnotnegative
ἔχουσινthey have (means)Pres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ durativeἔχω + inf., be able
ἀνταποδοῦναίto repayAor Act Inf · ἀνταποδίδωμιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἀνταποδίδωμι, pay back
σοιyouDativeindirect object
ἀνταποδοθήσεταιit will be repaidFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀνταποδίδωμιmain verb→ divine passiveGod repays
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
σοιto youDativedative of advantage
ἐνatpreposition
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀναστάσειresurrectionDativeobject of ἐν (time)ἀνάστασις
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
δικαίωνjustGenitiveattributive genitive (substantival)δίκαιος
15

Ἀκούσας δέ τις τῶν συνανακειμένων ταῦτα εἶπεν αὐτῷ· μακάριος ὅστις φάγεται ἄρτον ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ.

When one of those reclining at table heard these things, he said to him, 'Blessed is the one who will eat bread in the kingdom of God!'

New unit (D)δέA guest's beatitude on kingdom-banqueting prompts the parable of the great supper.
Ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle→ antecedentἀκούω
δέnowconnective
τιςsomeoneNominativesubjectτις
τῶνof thoseGenitivearticle
συνανακειμένωνreclining togetherPres Mid Ptc Gen Pl Masc · συνανάκειμαιsubstantival (partitive gen.)→ durative
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect objectοὗτος
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
μακάριοςblessedNominativepredicate adjectiveμακάριος; beatitude form
ὅστιςwhoeverNominativeindefinite relative (subject)ὅστις
φάγεταιwill eatFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωrelative-clause verb→ predictive futuresuppletive future of ἐσθίω
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect objectἄρτος
ἐνinpreposition
τῇtheDativearticle
βασιλείᾳkingdomDativeobject of ἐνβασιλεία
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός
16

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· ἄνθρωπός τις ἐποίει δεῖπνον μέγα, καὶ ἐκάλεσεν πολλούς

But he said to him, 'A certain man was giving a great dinner, and he invited many,

Parable onsetδὲThe parable proper begins: a host prepares a great supper and issues invitations.
heNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲbutconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἄνθρωπόςa manNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος
τιςcertainNominativeindefinite adjectiveτις
ἐποίειwas makingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ durative imperfectποιέω δεῖπνον, give a dinner
δεῖπνονa dinnerAccusativedirect objectδεῖπνον
μέγαgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας
καὶandconnective
ἐκάλεσενinvitedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαλέω
πολλούςmanyAccusativesubstantival adjective (object)πολύς
17

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν τὸν δοῦλον αὐτοῦ τῇ ὥρᾳ τοῦ δείπνου εἰπεῖν τοῖς κεκλημένοις· ἔρχεσθε, ὅτι ἤδη ἕτοιμά ἐστιν.

and at the hour of the dinner he sent his servant to say to those who had been invited, 'Come, for it is now ready.'

SummonsκαὶThe second invitation: 'come, all is ready.'
καὶandconnective
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω, send (commission)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δοῦλονservantAccusativedirect objectδοῦλος
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
τῇat theDativearticle
ὥρᾳhourDativedative of timeὥρα
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
δείπνουdinnerGenitiveattributive genitiveδεῖπνον
εἰπεῖνto sayAor Act Inf · λέγωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aorist
τοῖςto thoseDativearticle
κεκλημένοιςwho had been invitedPerf Pass Ptc Dat Pl Masc · καλέωsubstantival participle→ resultative perfect
ἔρχεσθεcomePres Mid Impv 2 Pl · ἔρχομαιimperative→ durativedeponent ἔρχομαι
ὅτιforcausal conjunction
ἤδηnowadverbἤδη
ἕτοιμάreadyNominativepredicate adjective (neut. pl.)ἕτοιμος
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durativeneut. pl. subj. w/ sg. verb
18

καὶ ἤρξαντο ἀπὸ μιᾶς πάντες παραιτεῖσθαι. ὁ πρῶτος εἶπεν αὐτῷ· ἀγρὸν ἠγόρασα καὶ ἔχω ἀνάγκην ἐξελθὼν ἰδεῖν αὐτόν· ἐρωτῶ σε, ἔχε με παρῃτημένον.

But they all alike began to make excuses. The first said to him, 'I have bought a field, and I must go out and see it; I ask you, have me excused.'

Excuses (1)καὶThe unanimous refusal begins; the first excuse — a newly bought field.
καὶandconnective
ἤρξαντοthey beganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristmid. ἄρχομαι
ἀπὸfromprepositionἀπὸ μιᾶς idiom: 'all alike/at once'
μιᾶςoneGenitiveobject of ἀπό (idiom)εἷς, fem.; elliptical idiom
πάντεςallNominativesubject (apposition)πᾶς
παραιτεῖσθαιto make excusesPres Mid Inf · παραιτέομαιcomplementary infinitive→ durativeπαραιτέομαι, beg off
theNominativearticle
πρῶτοςfirstNominativesubstantival adjective (subject)πρῶτος
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἀγρὸνa fieldAccusativedirect objectἀγρός
ἠγόρασαI boughtAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀγοράζωmain verb→ constative aoristἀγοράζω, buy
καὶandconnective
ἔχωI havePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ durative
ἀνάγκηνnecessityAccusativedirect objectἀνάγκη; ἔχω ἀνάγκην = 'I must'
ἐξελθὼνgoing outAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωepexegetic infinitive→ constative aoristὁράω
αὐτόνitAccusativeobject
ἐρωτῶI askPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐρωτάωmain verb→ durativeἐρωτάω, request
σεyouAccusativeobject
ἔχεhave/holdPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἔχωimperative (idiom)→ durativeἔχε με παρῃτημένον: 'consider me excused'
μεmeAccusativeobject
παρῃτημένονexcusedPerf Pass Ptc Acc Sg Masc · παραιτέομαιobject complement→ resultative perfectperiphrastic w/ ἔχε
19

καὶ ἕτερος εἶπεν· ζεύγη βοῶν ἠγόρασα πέντε καὶ πορεύομαι δοκιμάσαι αὐτά· ἐρωτῶ σε, ἔχε με παρῃτημένον.

And another said, 'I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I am going to examine them; I ask you, have me excused.'

Excuses (2)καὶThe second excuse — five yoke of oxen to test.
καὶandconnective
ἕτεροςanotherNominativesubjectἕτερος
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ζεύγηyoke (pairs)Accusativedirect objectζεῦγος, yoke/pair
βοῶνof oxenGenitiveattributive genitiveβοῦς
ἠγόρασαI boughtAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀγοράζωmain verb→ constative aorist
πέντεfiveAccusativecardinal (indeclinable) modifierπέντε; indeclinable but adjectival → numeral
καὶandconnective
πορεύομαιI am goingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ futuristic presentdeponent
δοκιμάσαιto examineAor Act Inf · δοκιμάζωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristδοκιμάζω, test/inspect
αὐτάthemAccusativeobject
ἐρωτῶI askPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐρωτάωmain verb→ durative
σεyouAccusativeobject
ἔχεhave/holdPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἔχωimperative (idiom)→ durative
μεmeAccusativeobject
παρῃτημένονexcusedPerf Pass Ptc Acc Sg Masc · παραιτέομαιobject complement→ resultative perfect
20

καὶ ἕτερος εἶπεν· γυναῖκα ἔγημα καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὐ δύναμαι ἐλθεῖν.

And another said, 'I have married a wife, and therefore I cannot come.'

Excuses (3)καὶThe third excuse — a new marriage; bluntly 'I cannot come.'
καὶandconnective
ἕτεροςanotherNominativesubjectἕτερος
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
γυναῖκαa wifeAccusativedirect objectγυνή
ἔγημαI marriedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · γαμέωmain verb→ constative aoristγαμέω; aor. ἔγημα
καὶandconnective
διὰbecause ofpreposition (+acc)
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διάδιὰ τοῦτο: therefore
οὐnotnegative
δύναμαιI am ablePres Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ durativedeponent δύναμαι
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
21

καὶ παραγενόμενος ὁ δοῦλος ἀπήγγειλεν τῷ κυρίῳ αὐτοῦ ταῦτα. τότε ὀργισθεὶς ὁ οἰκοδεσπότης εἶπεν τῷ δούλῳ αὐτοῦ· ἔξελθε ταχέως εἰς τὰς πλατείας καὶ ῥύμας τῆς πόλεως, καὶ τοὺς πτωχοὺς καὶ ἀναπείρους καὶ τυφλοὺς καὶ χωλοὺς εἰσάγαγε ὧδε.

So the servant came and reported these things to his master. Then the master of the house, becoming angry, said to his servant, 'Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in here the poor and crippled and blind and lame.'

Second missionτότεThe angered host sends the servant to gather the city's poor — the same four of v.13.
καὶandconnective
παραγενόμενοςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · παραγίνομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedentπαραγίνομαι, arrive
theNominativearticle
δοῦλοςservantNominativesubjectδοῦλος
ἀπήγγειλενreportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω
τῷto theDativearticle
κυρίῳmasterDativeindirect objectκύριος
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object
τότεthenadverb
ὀργισθεὶςbecoming angryAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ὀργίζωcircumstantial participle→ ingressiveὀργίζομαι, be angry
theNominativearticle
οἰκοδεσπότηςmaster of the houseNominativesubjectοἰκοδεσπότης
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
τῷto theDativearticle
δούλῳservantDativeindirect object
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἔξελθεgo outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιimperative→ ingressive aorist
ταχέωςquicklyadverbταχέως
εἰςintopreposition
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
πλατείαςstreetsAccusativeobject of εἰςπλατεῖα, wide street
καὶandconnective
ῥύμαςlanesAccusativeobject of εἰςῥύμη, alley
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
πόλεωςcityGenitiveattributive genitiveπόλις
καὶandconnective
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πτωχοὺςpoorAccusativedirect objectπτωχός
καὶandconnective
ἀναπείρουςcrippledAccusativedirect objectἀνάπειρος
καὶandconnective
τυφλοὺςblindAccusativedirect objectτυφλός
καὶandconnective
χωλοὺςlameAccusativedirect objectχωλός
εἰσάγαγεbring inAor Act Impv 2 Sg · εἰσάγωimperative→ ingressive aoristεἰσάγω
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε
22

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ δοῦλος· κύριε, γέγονεν ὃ ἐπέταξας, καὶ ἔτι τόπος ἐστίν.

And the servant said, 'Master, what you commanded has been done, and still there is room.'

ReportκαὶObedience accomplished, yet room remains — prompting the wider mission.
καὶandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
theNominativearticle
δοῦλοςservantNominativesubject
κύριεmasterVocativevocative of addressκύριος
γέγονενhas been donePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ intensive perfectabiding result
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object)ὅς
ἐπέταξαςyou commandedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐπιτάσσωrelative-clause verb→ constative aoristἐπιτάσσω, order
καὶandconnective
ἔτιstilladverbἔτι
τόποςroomNominativesubjectτόπος, space
ἐστίνthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula/existential→ durative
23

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ κύριος πρὸς τὸν δοῦλον· ἔξελθε εἰς τὰς ὁδοὺς καὶ φραγμοὺς καὶ ἀνάγκασον εἰσελθεῖν, ἵνα γεμισθῇ μου ὁ οἶκος·

And the master said to the servant, 'Go out to the highways and hedges and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled.

Third missionκαὶThe mission widens to the roads outside the city — 'compel them' so the house is full.
καὶandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
theNominativearticle
κύριοςmasterNominativesubjectκύριος
πρὸςtopreposition
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δοῦλονservantAccusativeobject of πρός
ἔξελθεgo outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιimperative→ ingressive aorist
εἰςtopreposition
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ὁδοὺςhighwaysAccusativeobject of εἰςὁδός, road
καὶandconnective
φραγμοὺςhedgesAccusativeobject of εἰςφραγμός, fence/hedge
καὶandconnective
ἀνάγκασονcompelAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναγκάζωimperative→ ingressive aoristἀναγκάζω, urge strongly
εἰσελθεῖνto come inAor Act Inf · εἰσέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
ἵναthatpurpose conjunction
γεμισθῇmay be filledAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · γεμίζωsubjunctive (purpose)→ constative aoristγεμίζω, fill
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
theNominativearticle
οἶκοςhouseNominativesubjectοἶκος
24

λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι οὐδεὶς τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἐκείνων τῶν κεκλημένων γεύσεταί μου τοῦ δείπνου.

For I tell you, none of those men who were invited will taste my dinner.'

VerdictγὰρThe closing pronouncement: the first-invited forfeit the supper.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ durative
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὑμῖνto you (pl.)Dativeindirect objectnote shift to plural ὑμῖν
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀνδρῶνmenGenitivepartitive genitiveἀνήρ
ἐκείνωνthoseGenitivedemonstrativeἐκεῖνος
τῶνwhoGenitivearticle
κεκλημένωνwere invitedPerf Pass Ptc Gen Pl Masc · καλέωsubstantival participle→ resultative perfect
γεύσεταίwill tasteFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · γεύομαιmain verb→ predictive futureγεύομαι (+gen), taste
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
δείπνουdinnerGenitivegenitive object of γεύσεταιδεῖπνον
25

Συνεπορεύοντο δὲ αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοί, καὶ στραφεὶς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς·

Now great crowds were going along with him, and he turned and said to them,

New unit (E)δὲTransition to the discipleship sayings addressed to the accompanying crowds.
Συνεπορεύοντοwere going withImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · συμπορεύομαιmain verb→ durative imperfectσυμπορεύομαι
δὲnowconnective
αὐτῷwith himDativedative w/ συν- compound
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubjectὄχλος
πολλοίgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveπολύς
καὶandconnective
στραφεὶςturningAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · στρέφωcircumstantial participle→ antecedentστρέφομαι, turn
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
26

εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς ἀδελφὰς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ, οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής.

'If anyone comes to me and does not hate his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be my disciple.

Condition (cost)asyndetonThe hyperbolic 'hate' — love of Christ above all kin and self is the cost of discipleship.
εἴifconditional conjunction
τιςanyoneNominativesubjectτις
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of condition→ durativedeponent
πρόςtopreposition
μεmeAccusativeobject of πρός
καὶandconnective
οὐnotnegative
μισεῖhatePres Act Indic 3 Sg · μισέωverb of condition→ durativeμισέω; Semitic comparative = 'love less'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραfatherAccusativedirect objectπατήρ
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive possessiveἑαυτοῦ
καὶandconnective
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μητέραmotherAccusativedirect objectμήτηρ
καὶandconnective
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativedirect objectγυνή
καὶandconnective
τὰtheAccusativearticle
τέκναchildrenAccusativedirect objectτέκνον
καὶandconnective
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφοὺςbrothersAccusativedirect objectἀδελφός
καὶandconnective
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφὰςsistersAccusativedirect objectἀδελφή
ἔτιyetadverb
τεandconnective particleτε ... καί correlative
καὶevenascensive
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ψυχὴνlifeAccusativedirect objectψυχή, life/self
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive possessive
οὐnotnegative
δύναταιhe is ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιapodosis verb→ durativedeponent
εἶναίto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive→ durative
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
μαθητήςdiscipleNominativepredicate nominative (w/ inf.)μαθητής
27

ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται ὀπίσω μου, οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής.

Whoever does not bear his own cross and come after me cannot be my disciple.

Condition (cost)asyndetonCross-bearing and following are non-negotiable for discipleship.
ὅστιςwhoeverNominativeindefinite relative (subject)ὅστις
οὐnotnegative
βαστάζειbearsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βαστάζωrelative-clause verb→ durativeβαστάζω, carry
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
σταυρὸνcrossAccusativedirect objectσταυρός
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive possessive
καὶandconnective
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιrelative-clause verb→ durativedeponent
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition (+gen)ὀπίσω
μουmeGenitiveobject of ὀπίσω
οὐnotnegative
δύναταιhe is ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιapodosis verb→ durative
εἶναίto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive→ durative
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
μαθητήςdiscipleNominativepredicate nominativeμαθητής
28

τίς γὰρ ἐξ ὑμῶν θέλων πύργον οἰκοδομῆσαι οὐχὶ πρῶτον καθίσας ψηφίζει τὴν δαπάνην, εἰ ἔχει εἰς ἀπαρτισμόν;

For which of you, desiring to build a tower, does not first sit down and count the cost, whether he has enough to complete it?

Parable (tower)γὰρThe first cost-counting illustration: the tower-builder who must reckon expense.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative subjectτίς
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐξofpreposition (partitive)
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive
θέλωνdesiringPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · θέλωcircumstantial participle→ durativeθέλω
πύργονa towerAccusativeobject of οἰκοδομῆσαιπύργος
οἰκοδομῆσαιto buildAor Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω
οὐχὶnotinterrogative negative (expects 'yes')οὐχί
πρῶτονfirstadverbπρῶτον
καθίσαςsitting downAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · καθίζωcircumstantial participle→ antecedentκαθίζω
ψηφίζειcountsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ψηφίζωmain verb→ gnomic presentψηφίζω, calculate
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
δαπάνηνcostAccusativedirect objectδαπάνη, expense; NT hapax
εἰwhetherconjunction (indirect question)
ἔχειhe hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of indirect question→ durative
εἰςforpreposition (purpose)
ἀπαρτισμόνcompletionAccusativeobject of εἰςἀπαρτισμός, completion; NT hapax
29

ἵνα μήποτε θέντος αὐτοῦ θεμέλιον καὶ μὴ ἰσχύοντος ἐκτελέσαι πάντες οἱ θεωροῦντες ἄρξωνται αὐτῷ ἐμπαίζειν

Otherwise, when he has laid a foundation and is not able to finish, all who see it begin to mock him,

ConsequenceἵναThe danger of an unfinished foundation — public ridicule.
ἵναso thatpurpose/result conjunctionἵνα μήποτε: lest
μήποτεlestnegative particle
θέντοςhaving laidAor Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · τίθημιgenitive absolute→ antecedentτίθημι
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of gen. absolute
θεμέλιονa foundationAccusativeobject of θέντοςθεμέλιος
καὶandconnective
μὴnotnegative
ἰσχύοντοςbeing ablePres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · ἰσχύωgenitive absolute→ durative
ἐκτελέσαιto finishAor Act Inf · ἐκτελέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἐκτελέω, complete
πάντεςallNominativesubjectπᾶς
οἱwhoNominativearticle
θεωροῦντεςseePres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · θεωρέωsubstantival participle→ durativeθεωρέω
ἄρξωνταιbeginAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · ἄρχωsubjunctive w/ μήποτε→ ingressive aoristmid. ἄρχομαι
αὐτῷat himDativedative object of ἐμπαίζειν
ἐμπαίζεινto mockPres Act Inf · ἐμπαίζωcomplementary infinitive→ durativeἐμπαίζω (+dat), ridicule
30

λέγοντες ὅτι οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἤρξατο οἰκοδομεῖν καὶ οὐκ ἴσχυσεν ἐκτελέσαι.

saying, 'This man began to build and was not able to finish.'

Mockery quotedasyndetonThe taunt that crowns the failure.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ durative
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτιintroduces direct quote
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrativeοὗτος
theNominativearticle
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος
ἤρξατοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristmid. ἄρχομαι
οἰκοδομεῖνto buildPres Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωcomplementary infinitive→ durative
καὶandconnective
οὐκnotnegative
ἴσχυσενwas ableAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἰσχύωmain verb→ constative aorist
ἐκτελέσαιto finishAor Act Inf · ἐκτελέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
31

ἢ τίς βασιλεὺς πορευόμενος ἑτέρῳ βασιλεῖ συμβαλεῖν εἰς πόλεμον οὐχὶ καθίσας πρῶτον βουλεύσεται εἰ δυνατός ἐστιν ἐν δέκα χιλιάσιν ὑπαντῆσαι τῷ μετὰ εἴκοσι χιλιάδων ἐρχομένῳ ἐπ' αὐτόν;

Or what king, going to engage another king in war, will not first sit down and deliberate whether he is able with ten thousand to meet the one coming against him with twenty thousand?

Parable (king)The second cost illustration: a king weighing whether his force can meet a larger one.
ordisjunctive
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative subjectτίς
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubject (apposition)βασιλεύς
πορευόμενοςgoingPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · πορεύομαιcircumstantial participle→ durativedeponent
ἑτέρῳanotherDativeattributive adjectiveἕτερος
βασιλεῖkingDativeobject of συμβαλεῖνβασιλεύς
συμβαλεῖνto engageAor Act Inf · συμβάλλωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristσυμβάλλω (+dat), join battle
εἰςinpreposition
πόλεμονwarAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλεμος
οὐχὶnotinterrogative negative
καθίσαςsitting downAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · καθίζωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
πρῶτονfirstadverb
βουλεύσεταιwill deliberateFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · βουλεύωmain verb→ predictive futuremid. βουλεύομαι, take counsel
εἰwhetherconjunction (indirect question)
δυνατόςableNominativepredicate adjectiveδυνατός
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
ἐνwithpreposition (means)
δέκαtenDativecardinal modifierδέκα; indeclinable but adjectival → numeral
χιλιάσινthousandDativeobject of ἐνχιλιάς, a thousand
ὑπαντῆσαιto meetAor Act Inf · ὑπαντάωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristὑπαντάω (+dat), oppose
τῷthe oneDativearticle
μετὰwithpreposition (+gen)
εἴκοσιtwentyGenitivecardinal modifierεἴκοσι; indeclinable numeral
χιλιάδωνthousandGenitiveobject of μετάχιλιάς
ἐρχομένῳcomingPres Mid Ptc Dat Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιsubstantival participle→ durativedeponent
ἐπ'againstpreposition (+acc)elided ἐπί
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπί
32

εἰ δὲ μή γε, ἔτι αὐτοῦ πόρρω ὄντος πρεσβείαν ἀποστείλας ἐρωτᾷ τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην.

And if not, while the other is still far off, he sends a delegation and asks for terms of peace.

AlternativeδὲIf unable, he sues for peace — the prudent reckoning applied.
εἰifconditionalεἰ δὲ μή γε: 'otherwise'
δὲbutconnective
μήnotnegative
γεindeedemphatic particleγε
ἔτιstilladverb
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of gen. absolute
πόρρωfar offadverbπόρρω
ὄντοςbeingPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · εἰμίgenitive absolute→ durative
πρεσβείανa delegationAccusativeobject of ἀποστείλαςπρεσβεία, embassy
ἀποστείλαςsendingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀποστέλλωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
ἐρωτᾷasksPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐρωτάωmain verb→ gnomic presentἐρωτάω, request
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantival)
πρὸςforprepositionτὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην: terms of peace
εἰρήνηνpeaceAccusativeobject of πρόςεἰρήνη
33

οὕτως οὖν πᾶς ἐξ ὑμῶν ὃς οὐκ ἀποτάσσεται πᾶσιν τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ ὑπάρχουσιν οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής.

So therefore, any one of you who does not renounce all that he has cannot be my disciple.

ApplicationοὖνThe point of both illustrations: renounce all to be a disciple.
οὕτωςsoadverbοὕτως
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubjectπᾶς
ἐξofpreposition (partitive)
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronounὅς
οὐκnotnegative
ἀποτάσσεταιrenouncesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποτάσσωrelative-clause verb→ durativemid. ἀποτάσσομαι (+dat), say farewell to/renounce
πᾶσινallDativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive possessive
ὑπάρχουσινpossessionsPres Act Ptc Dat Pl Neut · ὑπάρχωsubstantival participle (object)→ durativeτὰ ὑπάρχοντα, possessions
οὐnotnegative
δύναταιis ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ durative
εἶναίto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive→ durative
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
μαθητήςdiscipleNominativepredicate nominativeμαθητής
34

Καλὸν οὖν τὸ ἅλας· ἐὰν δὲ καὶ τὸ ἅλας μωρανθῇ, ἐν τίνι ἀρτυθήσεται;

Salt therefore is good, but if even the salt has lost its taste, with what will it be seasoned?

New unit (F)οὖνThe salt saying: savorless salt is good for nothing.
ΚαλὸνgoodNominativepredicate adjectiveκαλός
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle
ἅλαςsaltNominativesubjectἅλας
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+subj.)
δὲbutconnective
καὶevenascensive
τὸtheNominativearticle
ἅλαςsaltNominativesubject
μωρανθῇbecomes tastelessAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · μωραίνωsubjunctive (3rd-class cond.)→ ingressive aoristμωραίνω, make foolish/insipid
ἐνwithpreposition (means)
τίνιwhatDativeinterrogative (instrumental)τίς
ἀρτυθήσεταιwill it be seasonedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀρτύωmain verb→ predictive futureἀρτύω, season
35

οὔτε εἰς γῆν οὔτε εἰς κοπρίαν εὔθετόν ἐστιν, ἔξω βάλλουσιν αὐτό. ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω.

It is fit neither for the soil nor for the manure pile; they throw it away. The one who has ears to hear, let him hear.

Conclusion + callasyndetonUseless salt is discarded; the proverb closes with the call to hear.
οὔτεneithercorrelative negative
εἰςforpreposition
γῆνsoilAccusativeobject of εἰςγῆ, earth/land
οὔτεnorcorrelative negative
εἰςforpreposition
κοπρίανmanure pileAccusativeobject of εἰςκοπρία, dunghill
εὔθετόνfitNominativepredicate adjectiveεὔθετος, suitable
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
ἔξωoutadverbἔξω
βάλλουσινthey throwPres Act Indic 3 Pl · βάλλωmain verb→ gnomic presentimpersonal 'they' = it is thrown
αὐτόitAccusativeobject
the oneNominativearticle
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle→ durative
ὦταearsAccusativedirect objectοὖς
ἀκούεινto hearPres Act Inf · ἀκούωepexegetic infinitive→ durative
ἀκουέτωlet him hearPres Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀκούωimperative→ durativeformulaic call to attention