Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 17ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ ΙΖ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ· Ἀνένδεκτόν ἐστιν τοῦ τὰ σκάνδαλα μὴ ἐλθεῖν, πλὴν οὐαὶ διʼ οὗ ἔρχεται·

And he said to his disciples, "It is impossible that occasions of stumbling should not come, but woe to the one through whom they come!"

Discourse opening to disciplesδέA new teaching block addressed to the disciples; δέ loosely transitions from chapter 16. The first word names the inevitability of stumbling-blocks and pronounces a woe on their agents.
Εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist of the speech-event introducing the discourseλέγω: say, speak.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
πρὸςtopreposition (+ acc., of address)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativeobject of πρόςμαθητής: disciple, learner, follower.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἈνένδεκτόνimpossibleNominativepredicate adj. (impersonal ἐστιν)ἀνένδεκτος: inadmissible, impossible (NT hapax).
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίimpersonal verb→ present, stating a settled factεἰμί: be.
τοῦthatGenitivearticle with articular infinitive (epexegetical)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
σκάνδαλαoccasions of stumblingAccusativesubject (acc.) of the infinitiveσκάνδαλον: trap-stick, snare; figuratively an occasion of stumbling or sin, an enticement to apostasy.
μὴnotnegative with infinitive
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιarticular infinitive (subject of ἀνένδεκτον)→ aorist infinitiveἔρχομαι: come, go.
πλὴνbutadversative particleπλήν: nevertheless, however, only.
οὐαὶwoeinterjection of warningοὐαί: woe! (an exclamation of grief or denunciation).
διʼthroughpreposition (+ gen., agency)διά (+ gen.): through, by means of.
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pron. (object of διά)
ἔρχεταιthey comePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of relative clause→ present, gnomic — the standing perilἔρχομαι: come.
2

λυσιτελεῖ αὐτῷ εἰ λίθος μυλικὸς περίκειται περὶ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔρριπται εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν ἢ ἵνα σκανδαλίσῃ τῶν μικρῶν τούτων ἕνα.

It would be better for him if a millstone were hung around his neck and he were cast into the sea than that he should cause one of these little ones to stumble.

Intensification (a fortiori)asyndetonAsyndeton drives the warning home: drowning is preferable to leading a 'little one' astray. The impersonal λυσιτελεῖ frames a stark comparison.
λυσιτελεῖit is betterPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λυσιτελέωimpersonal main verb→ present, gnomic — states the abiding advantageλυσιτελέω: it is advantageous, profitable, better (NT hapax).
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage
εἰifconjunction introducing the preferred caseεἰ: if.
λίθοςa stoneNominativesubjectλίθος: stone.
μυλικὸςmillstoneNominativeattributive adj. with λίθοςμυλικός: belonging to a mill; λίθος μυλικός = a millstone (turned by a donkey).
περίκειταιwere hungPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · περίκειμαιverb of εἰ-clause→ present passive-sense, depicting the stateπερίκειμαι: lie around, be placed around, be hung around.
περὶaroundpreposition (+ acc.)περί (+ acc.): around, about.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
τράχηλονneckAccusativeobject of περίτράχηλος: neck, throat.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandconnective
ἔρριπταιhe were castPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ῥίπτωverb of εἰ-clause (coordinate)→ perfect passive; the settled result of being thrownῥίπτω: throw, cast, hurl.
εἰςintopreposition (+ acc.)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of εἰςθάλασσα: sea.
thancomparative particle (after λυσιτελεῖ)ἤ: or, than.
ἵναthatconjunction (epexegetic/result with σκανδαλίσῃ)ἵνα: that, in order that.
σκανδαλίσῃhe should cause to stumbleAor Act Subj 3 Sg · σκανδαλίζωverb of ἵνα-clause→ aorist subjunctive; the act to be avoidedσκανδαλίζω: cause to stumble, lead into sin or apostasy.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive)
μικρῶνlittle onesGenitivepartitive genitive with ἕναμικρός: small, little; here the vulnerable, lowly disciple.
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative with μικρῶνοὗτος: this.
ἕναoneAccusativedirect object of σκανδαλίσῃεἷς: one.
3

προσέχετε ἑαυτοῖς. ἐὰν ἁμάρτῃ ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἐπιτίμησον αὐτῷ, καὶ ἐὰν μετανοήσῃ ἄφες αὐτῷ·

Watch yourselves! If your brother sins, rebuke him; and if he repents, forgive him.

Command and conditional pairasyndetonAsyndeton with an imperatival jolt ('watch yourselves'); two conditional clauses set rebuke and forgiveness in sequence.
προσέχετεwatchPres Act Impv 2 Pl · προσέχωimperative→ present imperative; ongoing vigilanceπροσέχω: take heed, give attention; προσέχετε ἑαυτοῖς = 'watch yourselves.'
ἑαυτοῖςyourselvesDativereflexive (dat. with προσέχω)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun, 'oneself.'
ἐὰνifconjunction (3rd-class condition)ἐάν: if (+ subj.).
ἁμάρτῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of protasis→ aorist subjunctive; a particular offenseἁμαρτάνω: sin, do wrong, miss the mark.
theNominativearticle
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubjectἀδελφός: brother; here a fellow disciple.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐπιτίμησονrebukeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιτιμάωimperative (apodosis)→ aorist imperative; decisive admonitionἐπιτιμάω: rebuke, warn, censure.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἐπιτίμησον
καὶandconnective
ἐὰνifconjunction (3rd-class condition)ἐάν: if (+ subj.).
μετανοήσῃhe repentsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μετανοέωverb of protasis→ aorist subjunctive; a decisive turnμετανοέω: repent, change one's mind/heart.
ἄφεςforgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀφίημιimperative (apodosis)→ aorist imperative; grant releaseἀφίημι: let go, release, forgive.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἄφες
4

καὶ ἐὰν ἑπτάκις τῆς ἡμέρας ἁμαρτήσῃ εἰς σὲ καὶ ἑπτάκις ἐπιστρέψῃ πρὸς σὲ λέγων· Μετανοῶ, ἀφήσεις αὐτῷ.

And if he sins against you seven times in the day, and turns to you seven times saying, 'I repent,' you shall forgive him.

Extension of the forgiveness commandκαίThe forgiveness command is stretched to its limit — seven times a day — to exclude any ceiling on mercy toward the repentant.
καὶandconnective
ἐὰνifconjunction (3rd-class condition)ἐάν: if (+ subj.).
ἑπτάκιςseven timesadverb of frequencyἑπτάκις: seven times.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἡμέραςin the dayGenitivegenitive of time (within which)ἡμέρα: day.
ἁμαρτήσῃhe sinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of protasis→ aorist subjunctiveἁμαρτάνω: sin.
εἰςagainstpreposition (+ acc., of offense)εἰς (+ acc.): into, against.
σὲyouAccusativeobject of εἰςσύ: you.
καὶandconnective
ἑπτάκιςseven timesadverb of frequencyἑπτάκις: seven times.
ἐπιστρέψῃhe turnsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωverb of protasis (coordinate)→ aorist subjunctive; turning back in repentanceἐπιστρέφω: turn, turn back, return.
πρὸςtopreposition (+ acc.)
σὲyouAccusativeobject of πρός
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ present; accompanying speechλέγω: say.
ΜετανοῶI repentPres Act Indic 1 Sg · μετανοέωdirect discourse→ present; the declared change of mindμετανοέω: repent.
ἀφήσειςyou shall forgiveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (apodosis)→ future with imperatival force — obligation, not mere predictionἀφίημι: forgive, release.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἀφήσεις
5

Καὶ εἶπαν οἱ ἀπόστολοι τῷ κυρίῳ· Πρόσθες ἡμῖν πίστιν.

And the apostles said to the Lord, "Increase our faith!"

The apostles' requestκαίThe apostles respond to the demanding ethic of vv.1–4 with a plea about faith; their address τῷ κυρίῳ is Luke's reverent designation.
Καὶandconnective
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ aorist of the requestλέγω: say.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀπόστολοιapostlesNominativesubjectἀπόστολος: apostle, one sent.
τῷtheDativearticle
κυρίῳLordDativeindirect object (dat. of address)κύριος: Lord, master — Luke's reverent title for Jesus.
ΠρόσθεςincreaseAor Act Impv 2 Sg · προστίθημιimperative (request)→ aorist imperative; 'add to' our faithπροστίθημι: add, add to, increase.
ἡμῖνto us / ourDativedative of advantageἐγώ: I/we.
πίστινfaithAccusativedirect object of Πρόσθεςπίστις: faith, trust, faithfulness.
6

εἶπεν δὲ ὁ κύριος· Εἰ ἔχετε πίστιν ὡς κόκκον σινάπεως, ἐλέγετε ἂν τῇ συκαμίνῳ ταύτῃ· Ἐκριζώθητι καὶ φυτεύθητι ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ· καὶ ὑπήκουσεν ἂν ὑμῖν.

And the Lord said, "If you had faith like a grain of mustard seed, you would say to this mulberry tree, 'Be uprooted and planted in the sea,' and it would obey you.

The Lord's answerδέJesus redirects from quantity to reality: even mustard-seed faith would accomplish the impossible. The conditional is mixed (present 'if you have' with imperfect apodosis).
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist of the replyλέγω: say.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
theNominativearticle
κύριοςLordNominativesubjectκύριος: Lord.
Εἰifconjunction (2nd-class/contrary-to-fact-leaning condition)εἰ: if.
ἔχετεyou hadPres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔχωverb of protasis→ present indicative in a condition implying they lack itἔχω: have, hold.
πίστινfaithAccusativedirect objectπίστις: faith.
ὡςlikecomparative particleὡς: as, like.
κόκκονa grainAccusativeobject of comparison (acc.)κόκκος: seed, grain, kernel.
σινάπεωςof mustardGenitivegenitive of source/materialσίναπι: mustard (plant), proverbial for the smallest seed.
ἐλέγετεyou would sayImpf Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωapodosis with ἄν→ imperfect + ἄν; potential/contrary-to-presentλέγω: say.
ἂνwouldmodal particle (with ἐλέγετε)ἄν: marks contingency/potentiality.
τῇtheDativearticle
συκαμίνῳmulberry treeDativedative object of ἐλέγετε (address)συκάμινος: mulberry tree (black mulberry), deep-rooted (NT hapax).
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative with συκαμίνῳοὗτος: this.
Ἐκριζώθητιbe uprootedAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · ἐκριζόωimperative (direct discourse)→ aorist passive imperative; commanded uprootingἐκριζόω: uproot, pull up by the roots.
καὶandconnective
φυτεύθητιbe plantedAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · φυτεύωimperative (direct discourse)→ aorist passive imperativeφυτεύω: plant.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)
τῇtheDativearticle
θαλάσσῃseaDativeobject of ἐνθάλασσα: sea.
καὶandconnective
ὑπήκουσενit would obeyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπακούωapodosis with ἄν→ aorist + ἄν; potential resultὑπακούω: obey, listen to, heed.
ἂνwouldmodal particle (with ὑπήκουσεν)ἄν: marks potentiality.
ὑμῖνyouDativedative object of ὑπήκουσενσύ: you.
7

Τίς δὲ ἐξ ὑμῶν δοῦλον ἔχων ἀροτριῶντα ἢ ποιμαίνοντα, ὃς εἰσελθόντι ἐκ τοῦ ἀγροῦ ἐρεῖ αὐτῷ· Εὐθέως παρελθὼν ἀνάπεσε,

Now which of you, having a slave plowing or keeping sheep, will say to him when he has come in from the field, 'Come at once and recline at table'?

Parable of the unworthy servants — opening questionδέA rhetorical 'which of you?' introduces the parable; the expected answer is 'no one.' The master does not wait on his returning slave.
ΤίςwhichNominativeinterrogative pron. (subject)τίς: who? which?
δὲnowcontinuative conjunction
ἐξofpreposition (+ gen., partitive)ἐκ: out of, from.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitiveσύ: you.
δοῦλονa slaveAccusativeobject of ἔχωνδοῦλος: slave, bondservant.
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωcircumstantial ptc. modifying τίς→ present; ongoing ownershipἔχω: have.
ἀροτριῶνταplowingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἀροτριάωptc. modifying δοῦλον (complement)→ present; the slave's field-workἀροτριάω: plow.
ordisjunctive particleἤ: or.
ποιμαίνονταkeeping sheepPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ποιμαίνωptc. modifying δοῦλον (complement)→ present; tending the flockποιμαίνω: shepherd, tend, herd.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pron. (subject of ἐρεῖ)ὅς: who, which.
εἰσελθόντιwhen he has come inAor Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal), agreeing with αὐτῷ→ aorist; on his coming inεἰσέρχομαι: come in, enter.
ἐκfrompreposition (+ gen.)ἐκ: out of, from.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀγροῦfieldGenitiveobject of ἐκἀγρός: field, countryside.
ἐρεῖwill sayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of relative clause→ future; the hypothetical responseλέγω/ἐρῶ: say, will say.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Εὐθέωςat onceadverb of timeεὐθέως: immediately, at once.
παρελθὼνcomeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παρέρχομαιattendant-circumstance ptc.→ aorist; 'come along' and reclineπαρέρχομαι: pass by, come up/along.
ἀνάπεσεrecline at tableAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀναπίπτωimperative (direct discourse)→ aorist imperative; the unlikely invitationἀναπίπτω: recline (to eat), lie back at table.
8

ἀλλʼ οὐχὶ ἐρεῖ αὐτῷ· Ἑτοίμασον τί δειπνήσω, καὶ περιζωσάμενος διακόνει μοι ἕως φάγω καὶ πίω, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα φάγεσαι καὶ πίεσαι σύ;

Will he not rather say to him, 'Prepare something for me to eat, and gird yourself and serve me while I eat and drink, and afterward you shall eat and drink'?

The expected master's responseἀλλάἀλλʼ οὐχί presses the obvious answer: the master is served first; the slave eats afterward. The order of priority makes the point of vv.9–10.
ἀλλʼratheradversative conjunctionἀλλά: but, rather.
οὐχὶnotnegative expecting affirmative answerοὐχί: not (emphatic); in questions expects 'yes.'
ἐρεῖwill he sayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (question)→ future; the expected responseλέγω/ἐρῶ: say.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἙτοίμασονprepareAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἑτοιμάζωimperative (direct discourse)→ aorist imperative; the command on returningἑτοιμάζω: prepare, make ready.
τίsomethingAccusativeindefinite/interrogative obj. ('what I may dine on')τις/τί: something, what.
δειπνήσωI may eatAor Act Subj 1 Sg · δειπνέωdeliberative subj. in indirect question→ aorist subjunctive; 'what I am to dine on'δειπνέω: dine, eat (the main meal).
καὶandconnective
περιζωσάμενοςhaving girded yourselfAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · περιζώννυμιattendant-circumstance ptc.→ aorist middle; gird up for serviceπεριζώννυμι: gird oneself, tuck up one's robe for work/service.
διακόνειservePres Act Impv 2 Sg · διακονέωimperative→ present imperative; ongoing waiting at tableδιακονέω: serve, wait on, minister.
μοιmeDativedative object of διακόνειἐγώ: I, me.
ἕωςwhileconjunction (temporal)ἕως: until, while.
φάγωI eatAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἐσθίωverb of ἕως-clause→ aorist subjunctiveἐσθίω: eat.
καὶandconnective
πίωdrinkAor Act Subj 1 Sg · πίνωverb of ἕως-clause→ aorist subjunctiveπίνω: drink.
καὶandconnective
μετὰafterpreposition (+ acc.)μετά (+ acc.): after.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of μετάοὗτος: this.
φάγεσαιyou shall eatFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἐσθίωverb (direct discourse)→ future; the slave's deferred mealἐσθίω: eat.
καὶandconnective
πίεσαιdrinkFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · πίνωverb (direct discourse)→ futureπίνω: drink.
σύyouNominativeemphatic subject pron.σύ: you (emphatic, contrasting slave with master).
9

μὴ ἔχει χάριν τῷ δούλῳ ὅτι ἐποίησεν τὰ διαταχθέντα;

Does he thank the slave because he did what was commanded?

Rhetorical question (no thanks owed)asyndetonμή expects a negative answer: no thanks are owed for the mere performance of duty. The best text omits the following οὐ δοκῶ ('I think not').
μὴnotinterrogative negative (expects 'no')μή: not; in questions expecting a negative answer.
ἔχειdoes he havePres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (question)→ present; ἔχει χάριν = 'has gratitude toward / thanks'ἔχω: have; ἔχειν χάριν τινί = to be grateful to, to thank.
χάρινthanksAccusativedirect object of ἔχειχάρις: grace, favor, thanks; ἔχειν χάριν = feel/express gratitude.
τῷtheDativearticle
δούλῳslaveDativedative (recipient of thanks)δοῦλος: slave.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: that, because.
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of causal clause→ aorist; the completed obedienceποιέω: do, make.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantizing the ptc.)
διαταχθένταcommandedAor Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · διατάσσωsubstantival ptc. (object of ἐποίησεν)→ aorist passive; 'the things that were ordered'διατάσσω: command, order, arrange.
10

οὕτως καὶ ὑμεῖς, ὅταν ποιήσητε πάντα τὰ διαταχθέντα ὑμῖν, λέγετε ὅτι Δοῦλοι ἀχρεῖοί ἐσμεν, ὃ ὠφείλομεν ποιῆσαι πεποιήκαμεν.

So you also, when you have done all that was commanded you, say, 'We are unworthy slaves; we have done only what was our duty.'

Application of the parableasyndetonοὕτως καὶ ὑμεῖς applies the parable: even full obedience earns no claim on God; the disciple's posture is that of the 'unworthy slave.'
οὕτωςsoadverb (comparison)οὕτως: thus, in this way.
καὶalsoadjunctive adverbκαί: also, even.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pron.σύ: you (pl.).
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subj.)ὅταν: whenever, when.
ποιήσητεyou have doneAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ποιέωverb of ὅταν-clause→ aorist subjunctive; completed performanceποιέω: do.
πάνταallAccusativeadjective with τὰ διαταχθένταπᾶς: all, every.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle
διαταχθένταcommandedAor Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · διατάσσωsubstantival ptc. (object of ποιήσητε)→ aorist passiveδιατάσσω: command, order.
ὑμῖνyouDativedative of indirect obj. (with διαταχθέντα)σύ: you.
λέγετεsayPres Act Impv 2 Pl · λέγωimperative (apodosis)→ present imperative; the habitual confessionλέγω: say.
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτι (introducing direct speech)ὅτι: that (here marks quotation).
ΔοῦλοιslavesNominativepredicate nominativeδοῦλος: slave.
ἀχρεῖοίunworthyNominativepredicate adj. with Δοῦλοιἀχρεῖος: useless, unworthy, undeserving of reward (here: 'with no claim').
ἐσμενwe arePres Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ present; the abiding self-assessmentεἰμί: be.
whatAccusativerelative pron. (object of πεποιήκαμεν)ὅς: who, which, what.
ὠφείλομενwe were obligatedImpf Act Indic 1 Pl · ὀφείλωverb of relative clause→ imperfect; the standing obligationὀφείλω: owe, be obligated, ought.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with ὠφείλομεν)→ aorist infinitiveποιέω: do.
πεποιήκαμενwe have donePerf Act Indic 1 Pl · ποιέωmain verb of the confession→ perfect; the duty accomplished and standingποιέω: do.
11

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ πορεύεσθαι εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ καὶ αὐτὸς διήρχετο διὰ μέσον Σαμαρείας καὶ Γαλιλαίας.

And it happened, as he was journeying to Jerusalem, that he was passing along between Samaria and Galilee.

Scene-setting for the healing of the lepersκαίA Lukan travel-notice (καὶ ἐγένετο + ἐν τῷ + infinitive) anchors the leper episode on the journey toward Jerusalem, in the borderland that prepares for a Samaritan's role.
Καὶandconnective
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Septuagintal narrative formula)→ aorist; 'it came to pass'γίνομαι: become, happen, come to be.
ἐνaspreposition (+ articular inf., temporal)ἐν: in; ἐν τῷ + inf. = 'while, as.'
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
πορεύεσθαιjourneyingPres Mid Inf · πορεύομαιarticular infinitive (temporal)→ present infinitive; the ongoing journeyπορεύομαι: go, travel, journey.
εἰςtopreposition (+ acc.)
ἸερουσαλὴμJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰς (indeclinable place-name with case by context)Ἰερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (the journey's goal in Luke's travel narrative).
καὶthatconnective (Septuagintal καί after ἐγένετο)
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject pron. (intensive)αὐτός: he (himself).
διήρχετοwas passing throughImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · διέρχομαιmain narrative verb→ imperfect; the ongoing passageδιέρχομαι: pass through, go through.
διὰbetweenpreposition (+ gen./acc., here with μέσον)διά: through; διὰ μέσον = 'through the midst of, between.'
μέσονthe midstAccusativesubstantival adj. ('between')μέσος: middle, midst.
ΣαμαρείαςSamariaGenitivegenitive with μέσονΣαμάρεια: Samaria (the region).
καὶandconnective
ΓαλιλαίαςGalileeGenitivegenitive with μέσονΓαλιλαία: Galilee (the region).
12

καὶ εἰσερχομένου αὐτοῦ εἴς τινα κώμην ἀπήντησαν δέκα λεπροὶ ἄνδρες, οἳ ἔστησαν πόρρωθεν,

And as he entered a certain village, ten leprous men met him, who stood at a distance.

The meeting with the lepersκαίA genitive-absolute sets the encounter; the lepers' standing 'at a distance' reflects the Levitical separation required of the unclean.
καὶandconnective
εἰσερχομένουas he enteredPres Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιptc. of genitive absolute (temporal)→ present; during his enteringεἰσέρχομαι: enter, go in.
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
εἴςintopreposition (+ acc.)
τιναa certainAccusativeindefinite adj. with κώμηντις: a certain, some.
κώμηνvillageAccusativeobject of εἰςκώμη: village.
ἀπήντησανmetAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαντάωmain verb→ aorist; the encounterἀπαντάω: meet, encounter.
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral with ἄνδρεςδέκα: ten.
λεπροὶleprousNominativeattributive adj. with ἄνδρεςλεπρός: leprous, a leper (afflicted with a defiling skin disease).
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubjectἀνήρ: man.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pron. (subject of ἔστησαν)ὅς: who.
ἔστησανstoodAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιverb of relative clause→ aorist (intransitive); they took their standἵστημι: stand, set.
πόρρωθενat a distanceadverb of placeπόρρωθεν: from afar, at a distance (as the law required of lepers, Lev 13:45–46).
13

καὶ αὐτοὶ ἦραν φωνὴν λέγοντες· Ἰησοῦ ἐπιστάτα, ἐλέησον ἡμᾶς.

And they lifted up their voices, saying, "Jesus, Master, have mercy on us!"

The lepers' cry for mercyκαίFrom their distance they shout for mercy; ἐπιστάτα ('Master') is a title Luke reserves for those who approach Jesus' authority.
καὶandconnective
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject pron. (emphatic)αὐτός: they (themselves).
ἦρανlifted upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb→ aorist; the raised cryαἴρω: take up, raise, lift.
φωνὴνtheir voiceAccusativedirect objectφωνή: voice, sound.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ present; the words of the cryλέγω: say.
ἸησοῦJesusVocativevocative of addressἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἐπιστάταMasterVocativevocative of addressἐπιστάτης: master, overseer (a Lukan title for Jesus).
ἐλέησονhave mercyAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐλεέωimperative (petition)→ aorist imperative; urgent appealἐλεέω: have mercy, show compassion.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object of ἐλέησονἐγώ: I/we.
14

καὶ ἰδὼν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Πορευθέντες ἐπιδείξατε ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν. καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ὑπάγειν αὐτοὺς ἐκαθαρίσθησαν.

And when he saw them he said to them, "Go and show yourselves to the priests." And as they went, they were cleansed.

Command and cleansingκαίJesus sends them to the priests (Lev 14) before any visible cure; the cleansing comes 'as they went' — obedience precedes healing.
καὶandconnective
ἰδὼνwhen he sawAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ aorist; upon seeing themὁράω: see.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist of speechλέγω: say.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ΠορευθέντεςgoAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιattendant-circumstance ptc. (imperatival force)→ aorist; 'having gone' = goπορεύομαι: go, proceed.
ἐπιδείξατεshowAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐπιδείκνυμιimperative→ aorist imperative; the command to present themselvesἐπιδείκνυμι: show, display, present.
ἑαυτοὺςyourselvesAccusativereflexive direct objectἑαυτοῦ: oneself.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἱερεῦσινpriestsDativeindirect objectἱερεύς: priest (who certified cleansing, Lev 14:2–3).
καὶandconnective
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιnarrative formula→ aorist; 'it came to pass'γίνομαι: become, happen.
ἐνaspreposition (+ articular inf., temporal)ἐν: in; ἐν τῷ + inf. = 'as, while.'
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
ὑπάγεινwentPres Act Inf · ὑπάγωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ present infinitive; while departingὑπάγω: go, depart, withdraw.
αὐτοὺςtheyAccusativesubject (acc.) of the infinitive
ἐκαθαρίσθησανthey were cleansedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · καθαρίζωmain verb→ aorist passive; the divine cleansingκαθαρίζω: cleanse, make clean (the proper word for leprosy).
15

εἷς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἰδὼν ὅτι ἰάθη, ὑπέστρεψεν μετὰ φωνῆς μεγάλης δοξάζων τὸν θεόν,

Then one of them, when he saw that he was healed, turned back, glorifying God with a loud voice,

The one who returnsδέδέ singles out 'one of them' against the nine; the shift from καθαρίζω (cleansed, v.14) to ἰάομαι (healed) hints at a deeper restoration in the grateful one.
εἷςoneNominativesubjectεἷς: one.
δὲthencontinuative/contrastive conjunction
ἐξofpreposition (+ gen., partitive)ἐκ: out of, from.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive
ἰδὼνwhen he sawAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/causal)→ aorist; perceiving his cureὁράω: see, perceive.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)ὅτι: that.
ἰάθηhe was healedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἰάομαιverb of ὅτι-clause→ aorist passive; the accomplished healingἰάομαι: heal, cure (often of a deeper restoration).
ὑπέστρεψενturned backAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑποστρέφωmain verb→ aorist; the decisive returnὑποστρέφω: turn back, return.
μετὰwithpreposition (+ gen., manner)μετά (+ gen.): with.
φωνῆςvoiceGenitiveobject of μετάφωνή: voice.
μεγάληςloudGenitiveattributive adj. with φωνῆςμέγας: great, loud.
δοξάζωνglorifyingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · δοξάζωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ present; the act of praiseδοξάζω: glorify, praise, honor.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativedirect object of δοξάζωνθεός: God.
16

καὶ ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον παρὰ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ εὐχαριστῶν αὐτῷ· καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν Σαμαρίτης.

and he fell on his face at his feet, giving him thanks. And he was a Samaritan.

Worship and the surprising disclosureκαίThe man worships at Jesus' feet; the closing note 'and he was a Samaritan' is the sting — the one who returns is the despised outsider.
καὶandconnective
ἔπεσενhe fellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ aorist; the act of prostrationπίπτω: fall, fall down.
ἐπὶonpreposition (+ acc.)ἐπί (+ acc.): on, upon.
πρόσωπονhis faceAccusativeobject of ἐπίπρόσωπον: face.
παρὰatpreposition (+ acc., of place)παρά (+ acc.): beside, at.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativeobject of παράπούς: foot.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
εὐχαριστῶνgiving thanksPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εὐχαριστέωcircumstantial ptc. (manner/purpose)→ present; the ongoing thanksgivingεὐχαριστέω: give thanks, be grateful.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of εὐχαριστῶν
καὶandconnective
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject pron. (emphatic)αὐτός: he.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ imperfect; the background disclosureεἰμί: be.
Σαμαρίτηςa SamaritanNominativepredicate nominativeΣαμαρίτης: a Samaritan — to Jews a despised half-foreigner; the surprising note of the story.
17

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν· Οὐχὶ οἱ δέκα ἐκαθαρίσθησαν; οἱ δὲ ἐννέα ποῦ;

Then Jesus answered, "Were not ten cleansed? But where are the nine?"

Jesus' double questionδέTwo pointed questions expose the missing nine; οὐχί expects 'yes' (ten were cleansed), throwing the absence into relief.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial ptc. (pleonastic, Semitic)→ aorist; 'in response'ἀποκρίνομαι: answer, reply.
δὲthencontinuative conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist of speechλέγω: say.
Οὐχὶnotinterrogative negative (expects 'yes')οὐχί: not (emphatic).
οἱtheNominativearticle
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral (substantival, subject)δέκα: ten.
ἐκαθαρίσθησανwere cleansedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · καθαρίζωmain verb (question)→ aorist passive; the cleansing of all tenκαθαρίζω: cleanse.
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἐννέαnineindeclinable numeral (substantival, subject)ἐννέα: nine.
ποῦwhereinterrogative adverb (elliptical: 'where [are they]?')ποῦ: where?
18

οὐχ εὑρέθησαν ὑποστρέψαντες δοῦναι δόξαν τῷ θεῷ εἰ μὴ ὁ ἀλλογενὴς οὗτος;

Was no one found to return and give glory to God except this foreigner?

The verdict on the nineasyndetonAsyndeton sharpens the rebuke: only 'this foreigner' (ἀλλογενής, a word found on the temple's exclusion-warning) returned to glorify God.
οὐχnotinterrogative negativeοὐ: not.
εὑρέθησανwere foundAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (question)→ aorist passive; 'were any found?'εὑρίσκω: find.
ὑποστρέψαντεςto returnAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὑποστρέφωsupplementary/result ptc. with εὑρέθησαν→ aorist; 'turning back'ὑποστρέφω: return, turn back.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive of purpose→ aorist infinitive; purpose of returningδίδωμι: give.
δόξανgloryAccusativedirect object of δοῦναιδόξα: glory, honor.
τῷtheDativearticle
θεῷto GodDativeindirect objectθεός: God.
εἰexceptpart of εἰ μή ('except')εἰ: if; εἰ μή = except.
μὴnotpart of εἰ μή ('except')μή: not.
theNominativearticle
ἀλλογενὴςforeignerNominativesubject (substantival adj.)ἀλλογενής: of another race, foreigner (the word on the temple's Gentile-exclusion inscription).
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative with ἀλλογενήςοὗτος: this.
19

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἀναστὰς πορεύου· ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε.

And he said to him, "Rise and go; your faith has saved you."

Pronouncement of salvationκαίTo the Samaritan alone Jesus says 'your faith has saved you' (σέσωκεν) — beyond the bodily cleansing the nine received, this is wholeness/salvation.
καὶandconnective
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist of speechλέγω: say.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἈναστὰςriseAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιattendant-circumstance ptc. (imperatival)→ aorist; 'having risen' = get upἀνίστημι: rise, stand up.
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιimperative→ present imperative; be on your wayπορεύομαι: go.
theNominativearticle
πίστιςfaithNominativesubjectπίστις: faith, trust.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
σέσωκένhas savedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb→ perfect; an accomplished and abiding salvationσῴζω: save, heal, make whole, deliver.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of σέσωκενσύ: you.
20

Ἐπερωτηθεὶς δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν Φαρισαίων πότε ἔρχεται ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς καὶ εἶπεν· Οὐκ ἔρχεται ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ μετὰ παρατηρήσεως,

Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, he answered them and said, "The kingdom of God is not coming with observation,

The Pharisees' question on the kingdomδέA new dialogue: the Pharisees ask 'when'; Jesus denies that the kingdom comes μετὰ παρατηρήσεως, with the kind of watching that charts signs.
Ἐπερωτηθεὶςbeing askedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπερωτάωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ aorist passive; upon being questionedἐπερωτάω: ask, question, inquire.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ὑπὸbypreposition (+ gen., agency)ὑπό (+ gen.): by (agent).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ΦαρισαίωνPhariseesGenitivegenitive of agentΦαρισαῖος: Pharisee.
πότεwheninterrogative adverb (indirect question)πότε: when?
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of indirect question→ present; the awaited comingἔρχομαι: come.
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubjectβασιλεία: kingdom, reign, rule.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (possessive/subjective)θεός: God.
ἀπεκρίθηhe answeredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ aorist; the replyἀποκρίνομαι: answer.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἀπεκρίθη
καὶandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (coordinate)→ aorist of speechλέγω: say.
Οὐκnotnegativeοὐ: not.
ἔρχεταιis comingPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb of the saying→ present; the manner of the kingdom's comingἔρχομαι: come.
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubjectβασιλεία: kingdom.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitiveθεός: God.
μετὰwithpreposition (+ gen., manner)μετά (+ gen.): with.
παρατηρήσεωςobservationGenitiveobject of μετάπαρατήρησις: observation, watching (for signs); NT hapax.
21

οὐδὲ ἐροῦσιν· Ἰδοὺ ὧδε ἤ· Ἐκεῖ· ἰδοὺ γὰρ ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ἐντὸς ὑμῶν ἐστιν.

nor will they say, 'Look, here!' or, 'There!' For behold, the kingdom of God is within / among you."

The kingdom not localized — it is already presentasyndetonNo one can point it out spatially; γάρ grounds the denial — the kingdom is ἐντὸς ὑμῶν, 'within' or (more probably here) 'among/in the midst of' you, already present in Jesus.
οὐδὲnornegative conjunctionοὐδέ: nor, not even.
ἐροῦσινwill they sayFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ future; the impossibility of pointing it outλέγω/ἐρῶ: say.
Ἰδοὺlookinterjectionἰδού: behold! look!
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: here.
ordisjunctive particleἤ: or.
Ἐκεῖthereadverb of placeἐκεῖ: there.
ἰδοὺbeholdinterjectionἰδού: behold!
γὰρforcausal conjunctionγάρ: for, because.
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubjectβασιλεία: kingdom.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitiveθεός: God.
ἐντὸςwithin / amongimproper preposition (+ gen.)ἐντός: within, inside; with the gen. 'within you' or 'among/in the midst of you' — the chapter's chief crux.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive with ἐντόςσύ: you (pl.).
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ present; the kingdom's present realityεἰμί: be.
22

Εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς μαθητάς· Ἐλεύσονται ἡμέραι ὅτε ἐπιθυμήσετε μίαν τῶν ἡμερῶν τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἰδεῖν καὶ οὐκ ὄψεσθε.

And he said to the disciples, "Days will come when you will long to see one of the days of the Son of Man, and you will not see it.

Turn to the disciples — the days of the Son of ManδέJesus turns from the Pharisees to the disciples to speak of the future; he warns of a longing that goes unsatisfied amid delay and persecution.
Εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist of speechλέγω: say.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
πρὸςtopreposition (+ acc.)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητάςdisciplesAccusativeobject of πρόςμαθητής: disciple.
Ἐλεύσονταιwill comeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb of the saying→ future; days yet to comeἔρχομαι: come.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubjectἡμέρα: day.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunctionὅτε: when.
ἐπιθυμήσετεyou will longFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐπιθυμέωverb of temporal clause→ future; the unfulfilled longingἐπιθυμέω: long for, desire, crave.
μίανoneAccusativedirect object (of ἰδεῖν)εἷς: one.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive)
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivepartitive genitiveἡμέρα: day.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
υἱοῦSonGenitivegenitive (possessive)υἱός: son.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive (the title 'Son of Man')ἄνθρωπος: man, human; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου = the Son of Man (Dan 7:13).
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐπιθυμήσετε)→ aorist infinitiveὁράω: see.
καὶandconnective
οὐκnotnegativeοὐ: not.
ὄψεσθεyou will seeFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ future; the unmet longingὁράω: see.
23

καὶ ἐροῦσιν ὑμῖν· Ἰδοὺ ἐκεῖ· Ἰδοὺ ὧδε· μὴ ἀπέλθητε μηδὲ διώξητε.

And they will say to you, 'Look, there!' or 'Look, here!' Do not go off, do not run after them.

Warning against false reportsκαίEchoing v.21, false announcements of the Son of Man's location must not be chased; the coming will need no such pointing out.
καὶandconnective
ἐροῦσινthey will sayFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ future; the coming false reportsλέγω/ἐρῶ: say.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect objectσύ: you.
Ἰδοὺlookinterjectionἰδού: behold! look!
ἐκεῖthereadverb of placeἐκεῖ: there.
Ἰδοὺlookinterjectionἰδού: behold!
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: here.
μὴdo notnegative with prohibitive subj.μή: not.
ἀπέλθητεgo offAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιprohibitive subjunctive→ aorist subjunctive; do not set offἀπέρχομαι: go away, depart.
μηδὲnornegative conjunctionμηδέ: nor, and not.
διώξητεrun afterAor Act Subj 2 Pl · διώκωprohibitive subjunctive→ aorist subjunctive; do not pursueδιώκω: pursue, run after, chase.
24

ὥσπερ γὰρ ἡ ἀστραπὴ ἀστράπτουσα ἐκ τῆς ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανὸν εἰς τὴν ὑπʼ οὐρανὸν λάμπει, οὕτως ἔσται ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ αὐτοῦ.

For as the lightning, flashing from one part under heaven, shines to the other part under heaven, so will the Son of Man be in his day.

The lightning simileγάργάρ grounds the prohibition of v.23: the coming will be instantaneous and sky-wide, like lightning — unmistakable, not needing a guide. The words 'in his day' are bracketed/omitted by some editions.
ὥσπερascomparative conjunctionὥσπερ: just as, even as.
γὰρforcausal conjunctionγάρ: for.
theNominativearticle
ἀστραπὴlightningNominativesubjectἀστραπή: lightning, flash.
ἀστράπτουσαflashingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἀστράπτωattributive ptc. modifying ἀστραπή→ present; the flashing motionἀστράπτω: flash, gleam (like lightning).
ἐκfrompreposition (+ gen.)ἐκ: out of, from.
τῆςthe [part]Genitivearticle (substantival; 'the region')
ὑπὸunderpreposition (+ acc.)ὑπό (+ acc.): under.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of ὑπόοὐρανός: heaven, sky.
εἰςtopreposition (+ acc.)
τὴνthe [part]Accusativearticle (substantival)
ὑπʼunderpreposition (+ acc.)ὑπό (+ acc.): under.
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of ὑπόοὐρανός: heaven, sky.
λάμπειshinesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λάμπωverb of the comparison-clause→ present; the instantaneous shiningλάμπω: shine, give light.
οὕτωςsoadverb of comparison (apodosis)οὕτως: thus, so.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ future; the manner of the comingεἰμί: be.
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός: son.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive (the title)ἄνθρωπος: man; the Son of Man.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of timeἡμέρα: day.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (some editions omit/bracket)
25

πρῶτον δὲ δεῖ αὐτὸν πολλὰ παθεῖν καὶ ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι ἀπὸ τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης.

But first he must suffer many things and be rejected by this generation.

The necessity of the passion firstδέBefore the glorious 'day,' the divine δεῖ requires suffering and rejection — the cross precedes the parousia; this anchors the eschatology in the passion.
πρῶτονfirstadverb of sequenceπρῶτον: first, firstly.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
δεῖmustPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb of necessity→ present; the divine 'must'δεῖ: it is necessary, must (of divine necessity).
αὐτὸνheAccusativesubject (acc.) of the infinitivesαὐτός: he.
πολλὰmany thingsAccusativedirect object of παθεῖνπολύς: much, many.
παθεῖνto sufferAor Act Inf · πάσχωcomplementary infinitive (with δεῖ)→ aorist infinitive; the passionπάσχω: suffer, experience.
καὶandconnective
ἀποδοκιμασθῆναιbe rejectedAor Pass Inf · ἀποδοκιμάζωcomplementary infinitive (with δεῖ)→ aorist passive infinitive; the rejectionἀποδοκιμάζω: reject (after examination), repudiate.
ἀπὸbypreposition (+ gen., agency)ἀπό (+ gen.): from, by.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γενεᾶςgenerationGenitivegenitive of agentγενεά: generation, age.
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative with γενεᾶςοὗτος: this.
26

καὶ καθὼς ἐγένετο ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Νῶε, οὕτως ἔσται καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου·

And just as it was in the days of Noah, so will it also be in the days of the Son of Man.

The Noah typologyκαίThe first of two typologies (Noah, then Lot): ordinary life proceeds heedlessly until sudden judgment — the pattern of the Son of Man's day.
καὶandconnective
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: just as, even as.
ἐγένετοit wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of comparison-clause→ aorist; 'it came to pass'γίνομαι: become, happen, be.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἡμέραιςdaysDativeobject of ἐνἡμέρα: day.
Νῶεof NoahGenitivegenitive (possessive, indeclinable proper name)Νῶε: Noah (indeclinable; here genitive by syntax).
οὕτωςsoadverb of comparison (apodosis)οὕτως: thus, so.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ future; the coming patternεἰμί: be.
καὶalsoadjunctive adverbκαί: also, even.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἡμέραιςdaysDativeobject of ἐνἡμέρα: day.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
υἱοῦSonGenitivegenitive (possessive)υἱός: son.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive (the title)ἄνθρωπος: man; the Son of Man.
27

ἤσθιον, ἔπινον, ἐγάμουν, ἐγαμίζοντο, ἄχρι ἧς ἡμέρας εἰσῆλθεν Νῶε εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν, καὶ ἦλθεν ὁ κατακλυσμὸς καὶ ἀπώλεσεν πάντας.

They were eating and drinking, marrying and being given in marriage, until the day Noah entered the ark, and the flood came and destroyed them all.

Life-as-usual until the floodasyndetonFour imperfects pile up the ordinary rhythms of life, abruptly cut off by two aorists (the flood came and destroyed) — heedlessness met by sudden, total judgment.
ἤσθιονthey were eatingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ imperfect; the ongoing routineἐσθίω: eat.
ἔπινονdrinkingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · πίνωmain verb (asyndeton)→ imperfect; the ongoing routineπίνω: drink.
ἐγάμουνmarryingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · γαμέωmain verb (asyndeton)→ imperfect; the ongoing routineγαμέω: marry (of the man taking a wife).
ἐγαμίζοντοbeing given in marriageImpf Pass Indic 3 Pl · γαμίζωmain verb (asyndeton)→ imperfect passive; the ongoing routineγαμίζω: give in marriage.
ἄχριuntilpreposition/conjunction (temporal, + gen.)ἄχρι: until, as far as.
ἧςwhichGenitiverelative pron. with ἡμέραςὅς: who, which.
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive with ἄχρι (ἄχρι ἧς ἡμέρας = 'until the day')ἡμέρα: day.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιverb of relative/temporal clause→ aorist; the decisive entryεἰσέρχομαι: enter, go in.
ΝῶεNoahNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name, nom. by syntax)Νῶε: Noah.
εἰςintopreposition (+ acc.)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κιβωτόνarkAccusativeobject of εἰςκιβωτός: ark, chest, box.
καὶandconnective
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ aorist; the sudden onsetἔρχομαι: come.
theNominativearticle
κατακλυσμὸςfloodNominativesubjectκατακλυσμός: flood, deluge.
καὶandconnective
ἀπώλεσενdestroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb→ aorist; the total destructionἀπόλλυμι: destroy, ruin, lose.
πάνταςthem allAccusativedirect objectπᾶς: all, every.
28

ὁμοίως καθὼς ἐγένετο ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Λώτ· ἤσθιον, ἔπινον, ἠγόραζον, ἐπώλουν, ἐφύτευον, ᾠκοδόμουν·

Likewise, just as it was in the days of Lot — they were eating, drinking, buying, selling, planting, building —

The Lot typology — life-as-usualasyndetonThe second typology doubles the first: six imperfects of ordinary commerce and life in Sodom, again about to be cut off by sudden judgment.
ὁμοίωςlikewiseadverb of comparisonὁμοίως: likewise, similarly.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: just as.
ἐγένετοit wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of comparison-clause→ aorist; 'it came to pass'γίνομαι: become, happen, be.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἡμέραιςdaysDativeobject of ἐνἡμέρα: day.
Λώτof LotGenitivegenitive (possessive, indeclinable proper name)Λώτ: Lot (indeclinable; here genitive by syntax).
ἤσθιονthey were eatingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ imperfect; ongoing routineἐσθίω: eat.
ἔπινονdrinkingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · πίνωmain verb (asyndeton)→ imperfectπίνω: drink.
ἠγόραζονbuyingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀγοράζωmain verb (asyndeton)→ imperfectἀγοράζω: buy, purchase.
ἐπώλουνsellingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · πωλέωmain verb (asyndeton)→ imperfectπωλέω: sell.
ἐφύτευονplantingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · φυτεύωmain verb (asyndeton)→ imperfectφυτεύω: plant.
ᾠκοδόμουνbuildingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · οἰκοδομέωmain verb (asyndeton)→ imperfectοἰκοδομέω: build, build up.
29

ᾗ δὲ ἡμέρᾳ ἐξῆλθεν Λὼτ ἀπὸ Σοδόμων, ἔβρεξεν πῦρ καὶ θεῖον ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἀπώλεσεν πάντας.

but on the day Lot went out from Sodom, fire and sulfur rained from heaven and destroyed them all —

The day of judgment on Sodomδέδέ pivots from routine to ruin: the very day Lot left Sodom, fire and sulfur fell and destroyed all — the same 'and destroyed them all' as the flood (v.27).
on whichDativerelative pron. with ἡμέρᾳ (dat. of time)ὅς: who, which.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of timeἡμέρα: day.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of relative/temporal clause→ aorist; the departureἐξέρχομαι: go out, come out.
ΛὼτLotNominativesubject (indeclinable proper name, nom. by syntax)Λώτ: Lot.
ἀπὸfrompreposition (+ gen.)ἀπό: from.
ΣοδόμωνSodomGenitiveobject of ἀπόΣόδομα: Sodom (neut. pl. place-name).
ἔβρεξενit rainedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βρέχωmain verb (impersonal/God as subj.)→ aorist; the sudden judgmentβρέχω: rain, send rain, wet.
πῦρfireAccusativedirect object of ἔβρεξενπῦρ: fire.
καὶandconnective
θεῖονsulfurAccusativedirect object of ἔβρεξενθεῖον: sulfur, brimstone.
ἀπʼfrompreposition (+ gen.)ἀπό: from.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἀπόοὐρανός: heaven, sky.
καὶandconnective
ἀπώλεσενdestroyedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb→ aorist; the total destructionἀπόλλυμι: destroy, ruin.
πάνταςthem allAccusativedirect objectπᾶς: all.
30

κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ ἔσται ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀποκαλύπτεται.

so will it be on the day when the Son of Man is revealed.

Application of the two typologiesasyndetonThe double typology lands: 'on the day the Son of Man is revealed' (ἀποκαλύπτεται) the same suddenness will fall — the present tense vividly portrays the certain future unveiling.
κατὰaccording topreposition (+ acc.; κατὰ τὰ αὐτά = 'in the same way')κατά (+ acc.): according to, in keeping with.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
αὐτὰsame thingsAccusativeobject of κατά (κατὰ τὰ αὐτά = 'likewise')αὐτός: same.
ἔσταιit will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ future; the coming dayεἰμί: be.
on whichDativerelative pron. with ἡμέρᾳ (dat. of time)ὅς: who, which.
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of timeἡμέρα: day.
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός: son.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive (the title)ἄνθρωπος: man; the Son of Man.
ἀποκαλύπτεταιis revealedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκαλύπτωverb of temporal clause→ present (futuristic); the unveilingἀποκαλύπτω: reveal, unveil, disclose.
31

ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ὃς ἔσται ἐπὶ τοῦ δώματος καὶ τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ, μὴ καταβάτω ἆραι αὐτά, καὶ ὁ ἐν ἀγρῷ ὁμοίως μὴ ἐπιστρεψάτω εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω.

On that day, let the one who is on the housetop, with his goods in the house, not come down to take them away; and likewise let the one in the field not turn back to what is behind.

Command for that day — do not turn backasyndetonThe suddenness demands instant detachment: no descent for possessions, no turning back — flight without regard to property, picking up the warning that climaxes in v.32.
ἐνonpreposition (+ dat.)
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative with ἡμέρᾳἐκεῖνος: that.
τῇtheDativearticle
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of timeἡμέρα: day.
ὃςthe one whoNominativerelative pron. (subject)ὅς: who.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of relative clause→ future; the supposed situationεἰμί: be.
ἐπὶonpreposition (+ gen.)ἐπί (+ gen.): on, upon.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
δώματοςhousetopGenitiveobject of ἐπίδῶμα: roof, housetop (flat, accessible).
καὶandconnective
τὰtheNominativearticle
σκεύηgoodsNominativesubject (of implied 'are')σκεῦος: vessel, thing, goods, belongings.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)
τῇtheDativearticle
οἰκίᾳhouseDativeobject of ἐνοἰκία: house, home.
μὴnotnegative with 3rd-pers. imperativeμή: not.
καταβάτωlet him come downAor Act Impv 3 Sg · καταβαίνωthird-person imperative→ aorist imperative; the forbidden descentκαταβαίνω: go down, come down, descend.
ἆραιto takeAor Act Inf · αἴρωinfinitive of purpose→ aorist infinitive; purpose of descendingαἴρω: take up, take away, carry.
αὐτάthemAccusativedirect object of ἆραιαὐτός: it/them.
καὶandconnective
the oneNominativearticle (substantival with ἐν ἀγρῷ)
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)
ἀγρῷthe fieldDativeobject of ἐνἀγρός: field.
ὁμοίωςlikewiseadverbὁμοίως: likewise.
μὴnotnegative with 3rd-pers. imperativeμή: not.
ἐπιστρεψάτωlet him turn backAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωthird-person imperative→ aorist imperative; the forbidden returnἐπιστρέφω: turn back, return.
εἰςtopreposition (+ acc.)
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantival)
ὀπίσωbehindadverb (εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω = 'to what is behind')ὀπίσω: behind, back.
32

μνημονεύετε τῆς γυναικὸς Λώτ.

Remember Lot's wife.

The terse warningasyndetonA single arresting imperative: Lot's wife looked back and became a pillar of salt (Gen 19:26) — the embodiment of the divided heart that v.31 forbids and v.33 explains.
μνημονεύετεrememberPres Act Impv 2 Pl · μνημονεύωimperative→ present imperative; keep on rememberingμνημονεύω: remember, keep in mind, mention.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γυναικὸςwifeGenitivegenitive object of μνημονεύετεγυνή: woman, wife.
Λώτof LotGenitivegenitive (possessive, indeclinable proper name)Λώτ: Lot (indeclinable; here genitive by syntax). Cf. Gen 19:26.
33

ὃς ἐὰν ζητήσῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ περιποιήσασθαι ἀπολέσει αὐτήν, ὃς δʼ ἂν ἀπολέσῃ ζῳογονήσει αὐτήν.

Whoever seeks to preserve his life will lose it, but whoever loses it will keep it alive.

The paradox of saving and losing lifeasyndetonThe grounding paradox: grasping at one's life forfeits it; letting it go preserves it (ζῳογονέω, 'keep alive') — Lot's wife as the negative illustration.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pron. (subject; ὃς ἐάν = 'whoever')ὅς: who; ὃς ἐάν = whoever.
ἐὰνeverparticle (with ὅς, indefinite)ἐάν: if, ever (generalizing).
ζητήσῃseeksAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ζητέωverb of relative clause→ aorist subjunctive; the attemptζητέω: seek, try, strive.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ψυχὴνlifeAccusativeobject of περιποιήσασθαιψυχή: soul, life, self.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
περιποιήσασθαιto preserveAor Mid Inf · περιποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with ζητήσῃ)→ aorist middle infinitive; to keep/gain for oneselfπεριποιέω: (mid.) preserve, acquire, gain for oneself.
ἀπολέσειwill loseFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb (apodosis)→ future; the forfeitureἀπόλλυμι: lose, destroy.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect objectαὐτός: it/her.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pron. (subject)ὅς: who.
δʼbutadversative conjunction (δέ)δέ: but.
ἂνevermodal particle (with ἀπολέσῃ, indefinite)ἄν: marks indefiniteness/contingency.
ἀπολέσῃlosesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιverb of relative clause→ aorist subjunctive; the letting-goἀπόλλυμι: lose.
ζῳογονήσειwill keep aliveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ζῳογονέωmain verb (apodosis)→ future; preservation of lifeζῳογονέω: keep alive, preserve alive, give life.
αὐτήνitAccusativedirect objectαὐτός: it/her.
34

λέγω ὑμῖν, ταύτῃ τῇ νυκτὶ ἔσονται δύο ἐπὶ κλίνης μιᾶς, ὁ εἷς παραλημφθήσεται καὶ ὁ ἕτερος ἀφεθήσεται·

I tell you, on that night there will be two in one bed; one will be taken and the other left.

The separation — two in a bedasyndetonA solemn 'I tell you' introduces the night-time separation: of two side by side, one is taken and the other left — judgment cuts through the closest companionship.
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (solemn assertion)→ present; the emphatic declarationλέγω: say, tell.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect objectσύ: you.
ταύτῃthatDativedemonstrative with νυκτίοὗτος: this/that.
τῇtheDativearticle
νυκτὶnightDativedative of timeνύξ: night.
ἔσονταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb→ future; the sceneεἰμί: be.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (subject)δύο: two.
ἐπὶin / onpreposition (+ gen.)ἐπί (+ gen.): on, upon.
κλίνηςbedGenitiveobject of ἐπίκλίνη: bed, couch.
μιᾶςoneGenitiveattributive numeral with κλίνηςεἷς: one.
theNominativearticle
εἷςoneNominativesubjectεἷς: one.
παραλημφθήσεταιwill be takenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · παραλαμβάνωmain verb→ future passive; the one takenπαραλαμβάνω: take, take along, receive.
καὶandconnective
theNominativearticle
ἕτεροςotherNominativesubjectἕτερος: other, another.
ἀφεθήσεταιwill be leftFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb→ future passive; the one leftἀφίημι: leave, let go, forgive.
35

ἔσονται δύο ἀλήθουσαι ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό, ἡ μία παραλημφθήσεται ἡ δὲ ἑτέρα ἀφεθήσεται.

There will be two women grinding together; one will be taken and the other left."

The separation — two grindingasyndetonA parallel scene by day: two women at the same mill, one taken and one left — the same division running through daily labor. (Verse 36 is omitted by the critical text.)
ἔσονταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb→ future; the sceneεἰμί: be.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (subject)δύο: two.
ἀλήθουσαιgrindingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · ἀλήθωpredicate ptc. (with ἔσονται, periphrastic-like)→ present; the ongoing grindingἀλήθω: grind (grain at a mill).
ἐπὶatpreposition (+ acc.; ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό = 'together')ἐπί: on, at; ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό = at the same place, together.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
αὐτόsameAccusativeobject of ἐπί (ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό = 'together')αὐτός: same.
theNominativearticle
μίαoneNominativesubjectεἷς: one (fem.).
παραλημφθήσεταιwill be takenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · παραλαμβάνωmain verb→ future passive; the one takenπαραλαμβάνω: take, take along.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: but.
ἑτέραotherNominativesubjectἕτερος: other.
ἀφεθήσεταιwill be leftFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb→ future passive; the one leftἀφίημι: leave, let go.
37

καὶ ἀποκριθέντες λέγουσιν αὐτῷ· Ποῦ, κύριε; ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Ὅπου τὸ σῶμα, ἐκεῖ καὶ οἱ ἀετοὶ ἐπισυναχθήσονται.

And answering they said to him, "Where, Lord?" And he said to them, "Where the body is, there also the vultures will be gathered."

The disciples' question and the proverb of the vulturesκαίTo the 'where?' Jesus answers not with a place but a proverb: as vultures unerringly converge on a corpse, so the judgment of that day will find its object — inescapable and unmistakable. (The intervening v.36 is omitted by the critical text.)
καὶandconnective
ἀποκριθέντεςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial ptc. (pleonastic, Semitic)→ aorist; 'in response'ἀποκρίνομαι: answer.
λέγουσινthey saidPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present; vivid narrationλέγω: say.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Ποῦwhereinterrogative adverbποῦ: where?
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: Lord, master.
heNominativearticle as pron. (ὁ δέ = 'and he')
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist of speechλέγω: say.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Ὅπουwhererelative adverb of placeὅπου: where, wherever.
τὸtheNominativearticle
σῶμαbodyNominativesubject (of implied 'is')σῶμα: body; here a carcass/corpse.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of placeἐκεῖ: there.
καὶalsoadjunctive adverbκαί: also, even.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀετοὶvulturesNominativesubjectἀετός: eagle, vulture (a carrion-bird here).
ἐπισυναχθήσονταιwill be gatheredFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐπισυνάγωmain verb→ future passive; the certain convergingἐπισυνάγω: gather together, assemble.