Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Mark, Chapter 16ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΡΚΟΝ ΙϚ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ διαγενομένου τοῦ σαββάτου Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Ἰακώβου καὶ Σαλώμη ἠγόρασαν ἀρώματα ἵνα ἐλθοῦσαι ἀλείψωσιν αὐτόν.

And when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of James and Salome bought spices, that they might come and anoint him.

Scene-setting narrativeΚαὶMark's characteristic καί + genitive absolute opens the resurrection narrative: the Sabbath over, three named women prepare to complete the burial rites left undone.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (Markan paratactic καί)
διαγενομένουhaving passedAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Neut · διαγίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aorist (completed before main verb)διαγίνομαι: 'pass, elapse' (of time); the Sabbath fully over before the women may act.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (subject of gen. absolute)
σαββάτουSabbathGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; the seventh-day rest, on which anointing the body was unlawful.
ΜαρίαMaryNominativesubject (compound)Μαρία: Mary; here the Magdalene, named first of the women witnesses.
theNominativearticle
ΜαγδαληνὴMagdaleneNominativeapposition (place-origin epithet)Μαγδαληνή: 'of Magdala,' a town on the Sea of Galilee; the standing identifier of this Mary.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΜαρίαMaryNominativesubject (compound)Μαρία: a second Mary, distinguished by relationship to James.
the (one)Nominativearticle (with following genitive)
τοῦofGenitivearticle (with Ἰακώβου)
Ἰακώβουof JamesGenitivegenitive of relationship ('Mary [mother] of James')Ἰάκωβος: James; the relational genitive identifies this Mary (cf. 15:40, 'James the younger').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΣαλώμηSalomeNominativesubject (compound)Σαλώμη: Salome; the third named woman (cf. 15:40).
ἠγόρασανboughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀγοράζωmain verb→ constative aoristἀγοράζω: 'buy, purchase' (from ἀγορά, marketplace); they procure the spices once shops reopen.
ἀρώματαspicesAccusativedirect objectἄρωμα: 'aromatic spice'; fragrant materials for treating the body in burial.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
ἐλθοῦσαιhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · ἔρχομαιadverbial ptc. (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; the coming that precedes the anointing.
ἀλείψωσινthey might anointAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀλείφωverb of purpose clause (ἵνα + subj.)→ ingressive/constative aoristἀλείφω: 'anoint, smear'; the ordinary anointing of a body (vs. cultic χρίω).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀλείψωσιν
2

καὶ λίαν πρωῒ τῇ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων ἔρχονται ἐπὶ τὸ μνημεῖον ἀνατείλαντος τοῦ ἡλίου.

And very early on the first day of the week they came to the tomb when the sun had risen.

Temporal advanceκαὶThe vivid historical present ἔρχονται sets the women at the tomb at first light — the timing carefully marked by the rising sun.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λίανveryadverb (degree, modifying πρωΐ)λίαν: 'exceedingly, very'; intensifies the earliness of the hour.
πρωῒearlyadverb (time)πρωΐ: 'early in the morning'; the dawn watch.
τῇon theDativearticle (dat. of time)
μιᾷfirstDativedat. of time ('on day one')εἷς/μία: 'one'; Semitic idiom 'day one of the week' = the first day (Sunday).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
σαββάτωνweekGenitivepartitive/temporal genitiveσάββατον: pl. here = 'week' (reckoned by its Sabbath); 'the first day of the week.'
ἔρχονταιthey comePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historical present)→ historical present (vivid)ἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; Mark's vivid present brings the reader to the scene.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (motion toward)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
μνημεῖονtombAccusativeobject of ἐπί (goal)μνημεῖον: 'tomb, memorial'; the rock-hewn grave of 15:46.
ἀνατείλαντοςhaving risenAor Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἀνατέλλωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent/coincident aoristἀνατέλλω: 'rise' (of sun/star); marks the moment of arrival at sunrise.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (subject of gen. absolute)
ἡλίουsunGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteἥλιος: 'sun'; its rising fixes the time, perhaps echoing resurrection light.
3

καὶ ἔλεγον πρὸς ἑαυτάς· Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου;

And they were saying to one another, 'Who will roll away the stone for us from the door of the tomb?'

Reported deliberationκαὶAn imperfect of ongoing worry: as they walk they fret over the immovable obstacle — heightening the surprise of v.4.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλεγονthey were sayingImperf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ iterative/progressive imperfectλέγω: 'say'; the imperfect pictures repeated discussion en route.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (reciprocal)
ἑαυτάςthemselves/one anotherAccusativereflexive pronoun (reciprocal sense)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive; here 'among themselves, to one another.'
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)
ἀποκυλίσειwill roll awayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκυλίωmain verb (direct question)→ predictive futureἀποκυλίω: 'roll away' (ἀπό + κυλίω); of the great disk-stone sealing the tomb.
ἡμῖνfor usDativedat. of advantage
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λίθονstoneAccusativedirect objectλίθος: 'stone'; the sealing-stone, their pressing concern.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
θύραςdoorGenitiveobject of ἐκθύρα: 'door, entrance'; the tomb's opening.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
μνημείουtombGenitivegenitive of relationship (the tomb's door)μνημεῖον: 'tomb.'
4

καὶ ἀναβλέψασαι θεωροῦσιν ὅτι ἀποκεκύλισται ὁ λίθος· ἦν γὰρ μέγας σφόδρα.

And looking up, they saw that the stone had been rolled away — for it was very large.

Resolution of the difficultyκαὶTheir fear is answered before it is voiced: the perfect ἀποκεκύλισται marks the stone's standing-rolled-back state, the parenthetical γάρ underscoring how impossible the task had seemed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀναβλέψασαιhaving looked upAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · ἀναβλέπωadverbial ptc. (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristἀναβλέπω: 'look up' (ἀνά + βλέπω); lifting their eyes to the tomb.
θεωροῦσινthey seePres Act Indic 3 Pl · θεωρέωmain verb (historical present)→ historical present (vivid)θεωρέω: 'observe, behold'; attentive looking, not a mere glance.
ὅτιthatconjunction (object clause)
ἀποκεκύλισταιhas been rolled awayPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκυλίωverb of ὅτι clause→ perfect (resultant state)ἀποκυλίω: 'roll away'; the perfect: rolled back and still standing open (a divine passive).
theNominativearticle
λίθοςstoneNominativesubject of ἀποκεκύλισταιλίθος: 'stone.'
ἦνwasImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (parenthetical γάρ clause)→ descriptive imperfect
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (parenthetical)
μέγαςlargeNominativepredicate adjectiveμέγας: 'great, large'; the size that made their question urgent.
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb (degree)σφόδρα: 'very, exceedingly'; the stone was 'very large.'
5

καὶ εἰσελθοῦσαι εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον εἶδον νεανίσκον καθήμενον ἐν τοῖς δεξιοῖς περιβεβλημένον στολὴν λευκήν, καὶ ἐξεθαμβήθησαν.

And entering the tomb, they saw a young man sitting on the right, clothed in a white robe, and they were amazed.

Encounter / disclosureκαὶInside, the angelic 'young man' in dazzling white sits in the posture of authority; the women's ἐξεθαμβήθησαν is the awe proper to a heavenly encounter.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσελθοῦσαιhaving enteredAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · εἰσέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go in, enter' (εἰς + ἔρχομαι).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (motion into)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
μνημεῖονtombAccusativeobject of εἰςμνημεῖον: 'tomb.'
εἶδονthey sawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see, perceive'; the moment of beholding the figure.
νεανίσκονa young manAccusativedirect objectνεανίσκος: 'young man'; Mark's term for the angelic messenger (cf. the angel of Matt 28:5).
καθήμενονsittingPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · κάθημαιattributive/predicative ptc. (modifying νεανίσκον)→ present (concurrent state)κάθημαι: 'sit, be seated'; a posture of settled authority within the tomb.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (place)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
δεξιοῖςright sideDativedat. of place ('on the right')δεξιός: 'right (hand/side)'; the place of honor.
περιβεβλημένονclothedPerf Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · περιβάλλωattributive ptc. (modifying νεανίσκον)→ perfect (settled state of being clothed)περιβάλλω: 'throw around, clothe'; perf. mid. 'having been arrayed in.'
στολὴνa robeAccusativeaccusative of respect / object of περιβεβλημένονστολή: 'long robe'; a garment of dignity.
λευκήνwhiteAccusativeattributive adjectiveλευκός: 'white, bright'; the radiant white of heavenly beings (cf. 9:3).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξεθαμβήθησανthey were amazed/alarmedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐκθαμβέωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἐκθαμβέω: 'be utterly amazed, alarmed' (ἐκ-intensive); strong awe/dread before the heavenly.
6

ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐταῖς· Μὴ ἐκθαμβεῖσθε· Ἰησοῦν ζητεῖτε τὸν Ναζαρηνὸν τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον· ἠγέρθη, οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε· ἴδε ὁ τόπος ὅπου ἔθηκαν αὐτόν.

But he says to them, 'Do not be alarmed. You seek Jesus the Nazarene, the crucified one. He is risen; he is not here. See the place where they laid him.

Angelic proclamationδὲThe heart of the chapter: a calming command, the precise identification of the sought one, and the gospel's core declaration ἠγέρθη — 'he was raised' — sealed by the empty place.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun, ὁ δέ)
δὲbutadversative/transitional particle
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historical present)→ historical present (vivid)λέγω: 'say.'
αὐταῖςto themDativeindirect object
Μὴnotnegative particle (with imperative)
ἐκθαμβεῖσθεbe alarmedPres Pass Imper 2 Pl · ἐκθαμβέωprohibition (μή + pres. imper.)→ present imperative (cease/desist from)ἐκθαμβέω: 'be utterly amazed'; the angel quiets the very dread of v.5.
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect object (fronted for emphasis)Ἰησοῦς: Jesus; the named object of their search.
ζητεῖτεyou seekPres Act Indic 2 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ progressive presentζητέω: 'seek, look for'; their errand named precisely.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΝαζαρηνὸνNazareneAccusativeapposition to ἸησοῦνΝαζαρηνός: 'of Nazareth'; Mark's preferred form, locating the risen one as the earthly Jesus.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐσταυρωμένονcrucified onePerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · σταυρόωsubstantival participle (apposition)→ perfect (abiding identity as the crucified)σταυρόω: 'crucify'; the perfect marks the crucifixion as his permanent title — the risen one is the crucified one.
ἠγέρθηhe was raisedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb (the proclamation)→ aorist (divine passive)ἐγείρω: 'raise up'; the divine passive — God raised him; the gospel's central announcement.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ stative present
ὧδεhereadverb (place)ὧδε: 'here'; the tomb no longer holds him.
ἴδεbeholdAor Act Imper 2 Sg · ὁράω (ἴδε)demonstrative interjection / imperative→ aorist imperative (attention-marker)ἴδε: 'look! see!'; pointing them to the evidence.
theNominativearticle
τόποςplaceNominativesubject (nominative w/ ἴδε)τόπος: 'place, spot'; the burial niche, now empty.
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (place)
ἔθηκανthey laidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · τίθημιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'place, lay'; recalling the burial of 15:46–47.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of ἔθηκαν
7

ἀλλὰ ὑπάγετε εἴπατε τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ τῷ Πέτρῳ ὅτι Προάγει ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν· ἐκεῖ αὐτὸν ὄψεσθε, καθὼς εἶπεν ὑμῖν.

But go, tell his disciples and Peter that he is going before you into Galilee; there you will see him, just as he told you.'

Commission to witnessἀλλὰThe women are made the first evangelists: a double imperative sends them to the disciples — and Peter named separately, restored after his denial — with the promise of a Galilean reunion fulfilling Jesus' own word (14:28).
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
ὑπάγετεgoPres Act Imper 2 Pl · ὑπάγωimperative (command)→ present imperative (set out now)ὑπάγω: 'go, depart'; the first of the commissioning commands.
εἴπατεtellAor Act Imper 2 Pl · λέγω (εἶπον)imperative (asyndeton with ὑπάγετε)→ aorist imperative (do it!)λέγω/εἶπον: 'say, tell'; the message to be delivered.
τοῖςto theDativearticle
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativeindirect objectμαθητής: 'disciple, learner'; the scattered Eleven.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷtoDativearticle
ΠέτρῳPeterDativeindirect object (singled out)Πέτρος: Peter; named apart — a word of grace to the denier (14:66–72).
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of message)
Προάγειhe goes beforePres Act Indic 3 Sg · προάγωmain verb (reported message)→ futuristic/progressive presentπροάγω: 'go before, lead the way' (πρό + ἄγω); the risen Shepherd leads his flock to Galilee (cf. 14:28).
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ΓαλιλαίανGalileeAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)Γαλιλαία: Galilee; the place of Jesus' ministry, now of resurrection reunion.
ἐκεῖthereadverb (place)ἐκεῖ: 'there'; fronted for emphasis — Galilee, not the tomb, is where they will see him.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ὄψεσθε
ὄψεσθεyou will seeFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (promise)→ predictive futureὁράω: 'see'; the certain future sight of the risen Lord.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγω (εἶπον)verb of comparative clause→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον: 'say'; appeal to Jesus' prior prediction (14:28).
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
8

καὶ ἐξελθοῦσαι ἔφυγον ἀπὸ τοῦ μνημείου, εἶχεν γὰρ αὐτὰς τρόμος καὶ ἔκστασις· καὶ οὐδενὶ οὐδὲν εἶπαν, ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ.

And going out, they fled from the tomb, for trembling and astonishment had seized them; and they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid.

Abrupt narrative closeκαὶThe earliest text of Mark ends here — on flight, fear, trembling, and silence, with the jarring ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ ('for they were afraid'). The double negative οὐδενὶ οὐδὲν ('to no one nothing') and the unfinished-sounding γάρ make this one of the most discussed endings in the NT (see the chapter crux).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθοῦσαιhaving gone outAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · ἐξέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out' (ἐκ + ἔρχομαι); leaving the tomb.
ἔφυγονthey fledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb→ ingressive aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; their reaction is flight, not yet joy.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
μνημείουtombGenitiveobject of ἀπόμνημεῖον: 'tomb.'
εἶχενheld/seizedImperf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (γάρ clause)→ progressive imperfectἔχω: 'have, hold'; here 'grip, seize' — the emotion held them in its grasp.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
αὐτὰςthemAccusativedirect object of εἶχεν
τρόμοςtremblingNominativesubject (compound)τρόμος: 'trembling, quaking'; bodily fear before the holy.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔκστασιςastonishmentNominativesubject (compound)ἔκστασις: 'amazement, ecstasy' (lit. 'standing outside oneself'); overwhelming bewilderment.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδενὶto no oneDativeindirect object (double negative)οὐδείς: 'no one'; the emphatic double negation 'to no one nothing.'
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object (double negative)οὐδείς: 'nothing'; reinforces the silence.
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγω (εἶπον)main verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον: 'say'; their fearful silence (at least at first).
ἐφοβοῦντοthey were afraidImperf Mid Indic 3 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb (final γάρ clause)→ progressive imperfectφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid'; the final word of the earliest Mark — ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ, an unusually abrupt close.
γάρforexplanatory conjunction (sentence-final)γάρ: 'for'; ending a book on γάρ is rare, fueling debate over whether 16:8 is the intended close.
9

Ἀναστὰς δὲ πρωῒ πρώτῃ σαββάτου ἐφάνη πρῶτον Μαρίᾳ τῇ Μαγδαληνῇ, παρ’ ἧς ἐκβεβλήκει ἑπτὰ δαιμόνια.

Now when he had risen early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons.

[Longer Ending] Resurrection appearanceδὲDISPUTED LONGER ENDING (16:9–20). The seam shows at once: Mary Magdalene is re-introduced as if new, though just named in vv.1–8, and the style turns un-Markan. The verse opens the appearance-and-commission cycle of the longer ending.
Ἀναστὰςhaving risenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise, stand up'; here intransitive of resurrection.
δὲnowtransitional particle
πρωῒearlyadverb (time)πρωΐ: 'early in the morning.'
πρώτῃfirstDativedat. of time (attributive)πρῶτος: 'first'; 'on the first (day) of the week.'
σαββάτουof the weekGenitivetemporal genitiveσάββατον: 'week' (sg. here); the un-Markan singular contrasts with σαββάτων in v.2.
ἐφάνηhe appearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristφαίνω: 'appear, be seen'; the longer ending's appearance verb (vs. Mark's ὤφθη elsewhere).
πρῶτονfirstadverb (sequence)πρῶτον: 'first(ly)'; Mary Magdalene as the first witness.
Μαρίᾳto MaryDativeindirect object (recipient of appearance)Μαρία: Mary; the Magdalene.
τῇtheDativearticle
ΜαγδαληνῇMagdaleneDativeappositionΜαγδαληνή: 'of Magdala'; redundantly re-identified — a sign of the seam.
παρ’frompreposition + genitive (source)
ἧςwhomGenitiverelative pronoun (object of παρά)
ἐκβεβλήκειhe had cast outPluperf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκβάλλωverb of relative clause→ pluperfect (prior completed action)ἐκβάλλω: 'cast out, drive out'; the pluperfect recalls her earlier deliverance (cf. Luke 8:2).
ἑπτὰsevennumeral (indeclinable, modifying δαιμόνια)ἑπτά: 'seven'; the fullness of demonic bondage from which she was freed.
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativedirect object of ἐκβεβλήκειδαιμόνιον: 'demon, evil spirit.'
10

ἐκείνη πορευθεῖσα ἀπήγγειλεν τοῖς μετ’ αὐτοῦ γενομένοις πενθοῦσι καὶ κλαίουσιν·

She went and told those who had been with him, as they mourned and wept.

[Longer Ending] Report to the disciplesasyndetonDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. The demonstrative ἐκείνη and the periphrasis 'those who had been with him' (rather than 'the disciples') are non-Markan idioms; Mary becomes the first reporter of the resurrection.
ἐκείνηsheNominativesubject (demonstrative pronoun)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; the longer ending favors ἐκεῖνος as a simple pronoun (vv.10, 11, 13, 20).
πορευθεῖσαhaving goneAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · πορεύομαιadverbial ptc. (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristπορεύομαι: 'go, proceed'; her going to bear the news.
ἀπήγγειλενshe reportedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'announce, report'; carrying back word of the risen Lord.
τοῖςto thoseDativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
γενομένοιςhaving beenAor Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · γίνομαιsubstantival participle ('those who had been with him')→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'be, become'; the circumlocution for the disciples.
πενθοῦσιmourningPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · πενθέωadverbial ptc. (circumstantial, with γενομένοις)→ present (concurrent)πενθέω: 'mourn, grieve'; the disciples' grief at Jesus' death.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κλαίουσινweepingPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · κλαίωadverbial ptc. (circumstantial)→ present (concurrent)κλαίω: 'weep, wail'; the audible lamentation of bereavement.
11

κἀκεῖνοι ἀκούσαντες ὅτι ζῇ καὶ ἐθεάθη ὑπ’ αὐτῆς ἠπίστησαν.

But they, when they heard that he was alive and had been seen by her, did not believe.

[Longer Ending] UnbeliefκἀκεῖνοιDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. The crasis κἀκεῖνοι and the theme of stubborn unbelief recur through the ending (vv.11, 13, 14): the disciples disbelieve the first witness.
κἀκεῖνοιbut theyNominativesubject (crasis καί + ἐκεῖνοι)κἀκεῖνος: 'and/but those'; crasis typical of the longer ending.
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωadverbial ptc. (temporal/concessive)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; they hear the report yet refuse it.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
ζῇhe livesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωverb of ὅτι clause→ stative presentζάω: 'live, be alive'; the resurrection stated simply — he lives.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐθεάθηwas seenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · θεάομαιverb of ὅτι clause→ constative aoristθεάομαι: 'behold, look at'; another non-Markan appearance verb.
ὑπ’bypreposition + genitive (agency)
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of agency
ἠπίστησανthey did not believeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπιστέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπιστέω: 'disbelieve, refuse to believe'; the keynote failure the risen Lord will rebuke (v.14).
12

Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα δυσὶν ἐξ αὐτῶν περιπατοῦσιν ἐφανερώθη ἐν ἑτέρᾳ μορφῇ πορευομένοις εἰς ἀγρόν·

And after these things he appeared in another form to two of them as they were walking, going into the country.

[Longer Ending] Appearance to twoδὲDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. A compressed allusion to the Emmaus road (Luke 24:13–35); 'in another form' (ἐν ἑτέρᾳ μορφῇ) explains why they did not at first know him.
Μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
δὲandtransitional particle
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of μετά (demonstrative)
δυσὶνto twoDativeindirect object (recipients)δύο: 'two'; the pair on the road.
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive
περιπατοῦσινwalkingPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · περιπατέωadverbial ptc. (circumstantial, with δυσίν)→ present (concurrent)περιπατέω: 'walk about'; they were on the move.
ἐφανερώθηhe was revealedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φανερόωmain verb→ constative aoristφανερόω: 'make manifest, reveal'; yet another appearance verb peculiar to the ending.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)
ἑτέρᾳanotherDativeattributive adjectiveἕτερος: 'another (of a different kind)'; a changed appearance.
μορφῇformDativedat. of mannerμορφή: 'form, outward shape'; the risen Lord appears unrecognized.
πορευομένοιςgoingPres Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · πορεύομαιadverbial ptc. (circumstantial)→ present (concurrent)πορεύομαι: 'go, journey'; their travel into the countryside.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἀγρόνcountryAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)ἀγρός: 'field, country'; the rural destination (cf. Emmaus).
13

κἀκεῖνοι ἀπελθόντες ἀπήγγειλαν τοῖς λοιποῖς· οὐδὲ ἐκείνοις ἐπίστευσαν.

And they went and told the rest; but they did not believe them either.

[Longer Ending] Repeated unbeliefκἀκεῖνοιDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. The pattern of vv.10–11 repeats: a true report met with disbelief — building toward the rebuke of v.14.
κἀκεῖνοιand theyNominativesubject (crasis καί + ἐκεῖνοι)κἀκεῖνος: 'and those'; the two witnesses.
ἀπελθόντεςhaving gone awayAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀπέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart' (ἀπό + ἔρχομαι).
ἀπήγγειλανthey reportedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'announce, report.'
τοῖςto theDativearticle
λοιποῖςrestDativeindirect object (substantival adj.)λοιπός: 'remaining, rest'; the other disciples.
οὐδὲnot evennegative adverb (ascensive)οὐδέ: 'not even, neither'; the unbelief extends to this report too.
ἐκείνοιςthemDativeindirect object (demonstrative)ἐκεῖνος: 'those'; the two reporters.
ἐπίστευσανthey believedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πιστεύωmain verb (negated by οὐδέ)→ constative aoristπιστεύω: 'believe, trust'; here negated — persistent unbelief.
14

Ὕστερον δὲ ἀνακειμένοις αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἕνδεκα ἐφανερώθη, καὶ ὠνείδισεν τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν καὶ σκληροκαρδίαν ὅτι τοῖς θεασαμένοις αὐτὸν ἐγηγερμένον οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν.

Afterward he appeared to the eleven themselves as they reclined at table, and he rebuked their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they had not believed those who saw him after he had risen.

[Longer Ending] Appearance to the Eleven and rebukeδὲDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. The risen Lord confronts the Eleven at table, charging them with ἀπιστία and σκληροκαρδία — the hardness Mark's Gospel elsewhere indicts (6:52; 8:17).
Ὕστερονafterwardadverb (time)ὕστερον: 'later, afterward'; the temporal hinge to the final appearance.
δὲandtransitional particle
ἀνακειμένοιςrecliningPres Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · ἀνάκειμαιadverbial ptc. (circumstantial, with αὐτοῖς)→ present (concurrent)ἀνάκειμαι: 'recline (at table)'; the posture of a meal.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (recipients)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἕνδεκαelevenDativeapposition to αὐτοῖς (numeral, indeclinable form)ἕνδεκα: 'eleven'; the Twelve minus Judas — the apostolic remnant.
ἐφανερώθηhe appearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φανερόωmain verb→ constative aoristφανερόω: 'make manifest, reveal.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὠνείδισενhe rebukedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀνειδίζωmain verb→ constative aoristὀνειδίζω: 'reproach, rebuke'; a sharp censure of their disbelief.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀπιστίανunbeliefAccusativedirect objectἀπιστία: 'unbelief'; their refusal to credit the witnesses.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σκληροκαρδίανhardness of heartAccusativedirect object (coordinate)σκληροκαρδία: 'hardness of heart' (σκληρός + καρδία); the obduracy Mark exposes (cf. 6:52; 8:17).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
τοῖςthoseDativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
θεασαμένοιςwho had seenAor Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · θεάομαιsubstantival participle (object of ἐπίστευσαν)→ antecedent aoristθεάομαι: 'behold, see'; the eyewitnesses they had spurned.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of θεασαμένοις
ἐγηγερμένονrisenPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἐγείρωpredicative participle (object complement)→ perfect (resultant state — risen and alive)ἐγείρω: 'raise'; the perfect marks his abiding risen state.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐπίστευσανthey believedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πιστεύωverb of causal clause (negated)→ constative aoristπιστεύω: 'believe'; negated — the ground of the rebuke.
15

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Πορευθέντες εἰς τὸν κόσμον ἅπαντα κηρύξατε τὸ εὐαγγέλιον πάσῃ τῇ κτίσει.

And he said to them, 'Go into all the world and preach the gospel to all creation.

[Longer Ending] The Great CommissionκαὶDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. The longer ending's universal commission: the gospel to be proclaimed in 'all the world,' to 'all creation' — a Markan parallel to Matt 28:19.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγω (εἶπον)main verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Πορευθέντεςhaving goneAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιadverbial ptc. (attendant circumstance / imperatival)→ antecedent aorist (carrying imperatival force)πορεύομαι: 'go'; the going that the commission presupposes.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κόσμονworldAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)κόσμος: 'world'; the whole inhabited earth as mission field.
ἅπανταallAccusativeattributive adjectiveἅπας: 'all, whole' (strengthened πᾶς); 'the whole world.'
κηρύξατεpreachAor Act Imper 2 Pl · κηρύσσωmain imperative (the command)→ aorist imperative (do it!)κηρύσσω: 'proclaim, herald'; the verb of gospel preaching.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativedirect objectεὐαγγέλιον: 'good news, gospel'; Mark's keyword (1:1) now to be heralded universally.
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, every.'
τῇtheDativearticle
κτίσειcreationDativedat. of recipient ('to all creation')κτίσις: 'creation, creature'; the gospel's audience is all that is made.
16

ὁ πιστεύσας καὶ βαπτισθεὶς σωθήσεται, ὁ δὲ ἀπιστήσας κατακριθήσεται.

The one who believes and is baptized will be saved, but the one who does not believe will be condemned.

[Longer Ending] Faith, baptism, and judgmentasyndetonDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. A balanced antithesis on the response to the gospel: belief-and-baptism unto salvation, unbelief unto condemnation. Note that condemnation is tied to unbelief alone, not to lack of baptism.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
πιστεύσαςhaving believedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πιστεύωsubstantival participle (subject)→ constative aoristπιστεύω: 'believe'; the first condition of salvation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βαπτισθεὶςhaving been baptizedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · βαπτίζωsubstantival participle (coordinate subject)→ constative aoristβαπτίζω: 'baptize, immerse'; the outward seal of faith.
σωθήσεταιwill be savedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb→ predictive future (divine passive)σῴζω: 'save, rescue'; eschatological salvation.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
δὲbutadversative particle
ἀπιστήσαςhaving disbelievedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπιστέωsubstantival participle (subject)→ constative aoristἀπιστέω: 'disbelieve'; unbelief alone is the ground of condemnation.
κατακριθήσεταιwill be condemnedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατακρίνωmain verb→ predictive future (divine passive)κατακρίνω: 'condemn, pass sentence against' (κατά + κρίνω).
17

σημεῖα δὲ τοῖς πιστεύσασιν ταῦτα παρακολουθήσει· ἐν τῷ ὀνόματί μου δαιμόνια ἐκβαλοῦσιν, γλώσσαις λαλήσουσιν καιναῖς,

And these signs will accompany those who believe: in my name they will cast out demons; they will speak in new tongues;

[Longer Ending] Signs accompanying believers (I)δὲDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. The promised confirming signs begin: exorcism in Jesus' name and new tongues — charismata that authenticate the preached word (cf. v.20).
σημεῖαsignsNominativesubject (fronted)σημεῖον: 'sign'; miraculous confirmations of the gospel.
δὲandtransitional particle
τοῖςthoseDativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
πιστεύσασινwho have believedAor Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · πιστεύωsubstantival participle (dat. with παρακολουθήσει)→ constative aoristπιστεύω: 'believe'; the signs attend believers.
ταῦταtheseNominativedemonstrative adj. (with σημεῖα)
παρακολουθήσειwill accompanyFut Act Indic 3 Sg · παρακολουθέωmain verb (neut. pl. subject, sg. verb)→ predictive futureπαρακολουθέω: 'follow closely, accompany'; the signs go along with faith.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/sphere)
τῷtheDativearticle
ὀνόματίnameDativedat. of means/sphere ('in my name')ὄνομα: 'name'; the authority by which they act.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativedirect object of ἐκβαλοῦσινδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
ἐκβαλοῦσινthey will cast outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκβάλλωmain verb (first sign)→ predictive futureἐκβάλλω: 'cast out, drive out'; exorcism in Jesus' name.
γλώσσαιςwith tonguesDativedat. of means/instrumentγλῶσσα: 'tongue, language'; the gift of new tongues.
λαλήσουσινthey will speakFut Act Indic 3 Pl · λαλέωmain verb (second sign)→ predictive futureλαλέω: 'speak, utter'; speaking in tongues.
καιναῖςnewDativeattributive adjectiveκαινός: 'new (in kind)'; 'new tongues' — fresh, Spirit-given speech.
18

ὄφεις ἀροῦσιν· κἂν θανάσιμόν τι πίωσιν οὐ μὴ αὐτοὺς βλάψῃ· ἐπὶ ἀρρώστους χεῖρας ἐπιθήσουσιν καὶ καλῶς ἕξουσιν.

they will pick up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it will by no means harm them; they will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover.

[Longer Ending] Signs accompanying believers (II)asyndetonDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. The list of confirming signs concludes: immunity from serpents and deadly poison, and healing by the laying on of hands. These verses are the (notorious) charter for some later sect practices; here they round off the longer ending's promise of attesting power (fulfilled in v.20).
ὄφειςserpentsAccusativedirect object of ἀροῦσινὄφις: 'serpent, snake'; cf. Paul on Malta (Acts 28:3–6).
ἀροῦσινthey will pick upFut Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb (third sign)→ predictive futureαἴρω: 'take up, lift'; handling serpents unharmed.
κἂνand ifconjunction (crasis καί + ἄν; concessive condition)κἄν: 'even if, and if'; introduces the poison case.
θανάσιμόνdeadlyAccusativeattributive adjective (with τι)θανάσιμος: 'deadly, death-bringing' (from θάνατος); of lethal drink.
τιanythingAccusativedirect object of πίωσιν (indefinite pron.)τις: 'some, any'; 'any deadly thing.'
πίωσινthey drinkAor Act Subj 3 Pl · πίνωverb of conditional clause (κἄν + subj.)→ ingressive/constative aoristπίνω: 'drink'; the supposed drinking of poison.
οὐnotnegative particle (with μή = emphatic)
μὴby no meansnegative particle (οὐ μή = strong denial)οὐ μή: emphatic negation — 'will certainly not.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of βλάψῃ
βλάψῃit might harmAor Act Subj 3 Sg · βλάπτωverb in οὐ μή construction→ aorist subjunctive (emphatic future denial)βλάπτω: 'harm, injure'; the poison will do them no hurt.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (upon)
ἀρρώστουςsickAccusativeobject of ἐπί (substantival adj.)ἄρρωστος: 'sick, infirm' (lit. 'without strength'); the objects of healing.
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθήσουσινχείρ: 'hand'; the laying on of hands for healing.
ἐπιθήσουσινthey will layFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb (fifth sign)→ predictive futureἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon, lay on' (ἐπί + τίθημι); the healing gesture.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καλῶςwelladverb (manner, with ἕξουσιν)καλῶς: 'well, rightly'; καλῶς ἔχω = 'be well, recover.'
ἕξουσινthey will be/recoverFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb (idiom καλῶς ἕξουσιν)→ predictive futureἔχω: 'have, hold'; with καλῶς, 'fare well, be made well.'
19

Ὁ μὲν οὖν κύριος Ἰησοῦς μετὰ τὸ λαλῆσαι αὐτοῖς ἀνελήμφθη εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ θεοῦ.

So then the Lord Jesus, after he had spoken to them, was taken up into heaven and sat down at the right hand of God.

[Longer Ending] Ascension and sessionμὲν οὖνDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. The ending's climax: 'the Lord Jesus' (a title nowhere else in Mark) is taken up and seated at God's right hand — language echoing Ps 110:1, the only NT ascension scene besides Luke–Acts.
theNominativearticle
μὲνindeedparticle (μὲν οὖν, resumptive)
οὖνso theninferential particleοὖν: 'therefore, so'; with μέν marks the conclusion of the narrative.
κύριοςLordNominativesubjectκύριος: 'Lord'; the title 'the Lord Jesus' is unique to the longer ending in Mark.
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativeapposition to κύριοςἸησοῦς: Jesus.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time, w/ articular inf.)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with infinitive)
λαλῆσαιto speakAor Act Inf · λαλέωarticular infinitive (temporal, after μετά)→ antecedent aorist ('after he had spoken')λαλέω: 'speak'; his words to them now finished.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object of λαλῆσαι
ἀνελήμφθηwas taken upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀναλαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aorist (divine passive)ἀναλαμβάνω: 'take up'; the ascension verb (cf. Acts 1:2, 11).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)οὐρανός: 'heaven, sky'; his exalted destination.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκάθισενhe sat downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωmain verb→ constative aoristκαθίζω: 'sit down, seat'; the session of the enthroned Lord (Ps 110:1).
ἐκatpreposition + genitive (position)
δεξιῶνright handGenitiveobject of ἐκ ('at the right')δεξιός: 'right (hand/side)'; ἐκ δεξιῶν = 'at the right hand,' the place of power.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/relationship genitiveθεός: God; at whose right hand the Lord is seated.
20

ἐκεῖνοι δὲ ἐξελθόντες ἐκήρυξαν πανταχοῦ, τοῦ κυρίου συνεργοῦντος καὶ τὸν λόγον βεβαιοῦντος διὰ τῶν ἐπακολουθούντων σημείων.

And they went out and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them and confirming the word through the accompanying signs.

[Longer Ending] Fulfilment — the church's worldwide missionδὲDISPUTED LONGER ENDING. The closing summary: the commission of v.15 fulfilled — universal preaching with the risen Lord's co-working and the very signs promised in vv.17–18 confirming the word. The longer ending closes on note of mission accomplished.
ἐκεῖνοιtheyNominativesubject (demonstrative pronoun)ἐκεῖνος: 'those'; the disciples, now apostles.
δὲandtransitional particle
ἐξελθόντεςhaving gone outAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐξέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; obeying the commission to go.
ἐκήρυξανthey preachedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κηρύσσωmain verb→ constative aoristκηρύσσω: 'proclaim, herald'; the commission (v.15) carried out.
πανταχοῦeverywhereadverb (place)πανταχοῦ: 'everywhere'; the universal reach of the mission.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (subject of gen. absolute)
κυρίουLordGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteκύριος: 'Lord'; the exalted Lord acting from heaven with his preachers.
συνεργοῦντοςworking withPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · συνεργέωgenitive absolute (attendant circumstance)→ present (concurrent action)συνεργέω: 'work together with' (σύν + ἔργον); the Lord co-laboring with the church.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of βεβαιοῦντοςλόγος: 'word, message'; the preached gospel.
βεβαιοῦντοςconfirmingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · βεβαιόωgenitive absolute (coordinate with συνεργοῦντος)→ present (concurrent action)βεβαιόω: 'confirm, establish'; the Lord validates the word by signs.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐπακολουθούντωνfollowingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Neut · ἐπακολουθέωattributive participle (modifying σημείων)→ present (concurrent)ἐπακολουθέω: 'follow after, accompany'; the signs that attend the preaching (cf. vv.17–18).
σημείωνsignsGenitiveobject of διά (means)σημεῖον: 'sign'; the confirming wonders — the longer ending's final word, ἀμήν added in some witnesses.