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The Gospel according to Mark, Chapter 15ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΡΚΟΝ ΙΕ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ εὐθὺς πρωῒ συμβούλιον ποιήσαντες οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς μετὰ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων καὶ γραμματέων καὶ ὅλον τὸ συνέδριον δήσαντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπήνεγκαν καὶ παρέδωκαν Πιλάτῳ.

And immediately, early in the morning, the chief priests, having held a consultation with the elders and scribes and the whole council, bound Jesus, led him away, and delivered him to Pilate.

Narrative continuationκαίThe Roman trial opens at daybreak: the night session formalized, Jesus bound and transferred to the governor.
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)καί: Mark's characteristic paratactic connector, driving the passion narrative forward.
εὐθὺςimmediatelytemporal adverbεὐθύς: 'at once'; Mark's signature adverb of urgency, here marking the dawn transition.
πρωῒearlytemporal adverbπρωΐ: 'early in the morning,' the fourth watch (c. 6 a.m.); the formal daytime decision.
συμβούλιονa consultationAccusativeobject of ποιήσαντεςσυμβούλιον: 'council, consultation, decision'; συμβούλιον ποιέω = 'hold a deliberation, reach a verdict.'
ποιήσαντεςhaving heldAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ποιέωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristποιέω: here idiomatic with συμβούλιον, 'to take counsel, form a resolution.'
οἱtheNominativearticle with ἀρχιερεῖς
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubjectἀρχιερεύς: 'high/chief priest'; the dominant party of the Sanhedrin throughout the passion.
μετὰwithpreposition (+ gen.)μετά + gen.: association, 'together with.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with πρεσβυτέρων
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitiveobject of μετάπρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; the lay aristocracy among the council's three constituent groups.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γραμματέωνscribesGenitiveobject of μετά (coordinate)γραμματεύς: 'scribe,' expert in the Law; the third estate of the Sanhedrin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅλονthe wholeNominativeattributive adj. with συνέδριονὅλος: 'whole, entire'; underscores the full council's complicity.
τὸtheNominativearticle with συνέδριον
συνέδριονcouncilNominativesubject (in apposition / summation)συνέδριον: the Sanhedrin, the supreme Jewish council in Jerusalem.
δήσαντεςhaving boundAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · δέωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristδέω: 'bind, tie'; Jesus is led to Pilate already a fettered prisoner.
τὸνAccusativearticle with Ἰησοῦν
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of δήσαντες / ἀπήνεγκανἸησοῦς: 'Yahweh saves'; the central figure of the trial.
ἀπήνεγκανthey led awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποφέρωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποφέρω: 'carry/lead away'; the transfer from the council to the praetorium.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρέδωκανdelivered himAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παραδίδωμιmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over, deliver up'; the passion's keyword, here the handing to Rome.
Πιλάτῳto PilateDativeindirect object (dative of recipient)Πιλᾶτος: Pontius Pilate, Roman prefect of Judea (AD 26–36).
2

Καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτὸν ὁ Πιλᾶτος· Σὺ εἶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων; ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτῷ λέγει· Σὺ λέγεις.

And Pilate questioned him, 'Are you the king of the Jews?' And he answered him, 'You say so.'

Narrative continuationκαίPilate's interrogation fixes on the political charge — kingship; Jesus' guarded reply neither denies nor simply affirms.
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἐπηρώτησενquestionedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπερωτάω: 'ask, interrogate'; the intensive ἐπί suits formal questioning.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
Nominativearticle with Πιλᾶτος
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubjectΠιλᾶτος: the Roman governor (see v.1).
ΣὺYouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)σύ: fronted for emphasis — 'you, of all people, the king?'
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'to be.'
theNominativearticle with βασιλεὺς
βασιλεὺςkingNominativepredicate nominativeβασιλεύς: 'king'; the charge framed in Roman political terms (a rival to Caesar).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with Ἰουδαίων
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivegenitive (subordination/relationship)Ἰουδαῖος: 'Jew, Judean'; the Roman, outsider's designation of the people.
heNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲAndpostpositive conjunction (mild contrast)δέ: marks the change of speaker.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial (attendant) participle→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply'; Semitic-flavored pleonastic 'answering... says.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
λέγειsaidPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: 'say'; Mark's vivid historic present.
ΣὺYouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)σύ: emphatic — the affirmation is laid back on Pilate's own words.
λέγειςsay soPres Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ stative/qualified presentλέγω: 'σὺ λέγεις,' a qualified affirmation — true, but not on the questioner's terms.
3

Καὶ κατηγόρουν αὐτοῦ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς πολλά.

And the chief priests accused him of many things.

Narrative continuationκαίThe priests press a barrage of charges; the imperfect paints the sustained accusation.
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
κατηγόρουνaccusedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · κατηγορέωmain verb→ iterative/durative imperfectκατηγορέω (+ gen.): 'bring charges against, accuse'; a forensic term.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of κατηγόρουν
οἱtheNominativearticle with ἀρχιερεῖς
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubjectἀρχιερεύς: see v.1.
πολλάof many thingsAccusativeaccusative of respect / adverbialπολύς: 'many'; the neuter plural sums the multiplied charges.
4

ὁ δὲ Πιλᾶτος πάλιν ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν λέγων· Οὐκ ἀποκρίνῃ οὐδέν; ἴδε πόσα σου κατηγοροῦσιν.

And Pilate again questioned him, saying, 'Do you answer nothing? See how many charges they bring against you.'

Narrative developmentδέPilate, puzzled by the silence, presses Jesus to defend himself against the mounting accusations.
Nominativearticle with Πιλᾶτος
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ: marks the shift back to Pilate.
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubjectΠιλᾶτος: the governor.
πάλινagainadverbπάλιν: 'again'; renewed questioning.
ἐπηρώταquestionedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ inceptive/durative imperfectἐπερωτάω: 'interrogate'; the imperfect lingers on Pilate's renewed probing.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial (manner) participle introducing speech→ imperfectiveλέγω: pleonastic participle of saying.
Οὐκnotnegative particle (expecting affirmative)οὐ: with a question expects 'yes'; 'have you no answer?'
ἀποκρίνῃdo you answerPres Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (question)→ progressive presentἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply.'
οὐδένnothingAccusativedirect object (double negative for emphasis)οὐδείς: 'nothing'; the redundant negation intensifies.
ἴδεseeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὁράω (εἶδον)imperatival interjection→ attention-markerἴδε: frozen imperative 'look! behold!'
πόσαhow many thingsAccusativeobject of κατηγοροῦσιν (interrogative adj.)πόσος: 'how much/many'; the volume of the charges.
σουagainst youGenitivegenitive object of κατηγοροῦσιν
κατηγοροῦσινthey bring againstPres Act Indic 3 Pl · κατηγορέωmain verb (subordinate clause)→ progressive presentκατηγορέω: 'accuse'; see v.3.
5

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς οὐκέτι οὐδὲν ἀπεκρίθη, ὥστε θαυμάζειν τὸν Πιλᾶτον.

But Jesus still answered nothing, so that Pilate was amazed.

Contrast / resultδέJesus' silence (the Suffering Servant of Isa 53:7) provokes Pilate's astonishment — a result clause closing the scene.
Nominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
δὲButpostpositive conjunction (contrast)δέ: contrastive — over against Pilate's prompting.
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς.
οὐκέτιno longertemporal adverb (negative)οὐκέτι: 'no more, no longer.'
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object (reinforced negation)οὐδείς: piled negatives stress the total silence.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'reply'; deponent passive form.
ὥστεso thatconjunction introducing result (+ inf.)ὥστε: 'so as to, so that'; with infinitive, actual result.
θαυμάζεινwas amazedPres Act Inf · θαυμάζωinfinitive of result→ imperfective infinitiveθαυμάζω: 'marvel, be astonished'; Pilate's wonder at the silent prisoner.
τὸνAccusativearticle with Πιλᾶτον
ΠιλᾶτονPilateAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitiveΠιλᾶτος.
6

Κατὰ δὲ ἑορτὴν ἀπέλυεν αὐτοῖς ἕνα δέσμιον ὃν παρῃτοῦντο.

Now at the feast he used to release to them one prisoner whom they requested.

Background explanationδέAn explanatory aside introducing the Passover amnesty custom that sets up the Barabbas episode.
ΚατὰAtpreposition (+ acc., distributive)κατά + acc.: here 'at each, at the time of.'
δὲNowpostpositive conjunction (transition)δέ: introduces background.
ἑορτὴνthe feastAccusativeobject of κατάἑορτή: 'festival'; the Passover.
ἀπέλυενhe used to releaseImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπολύωmain verb→ customary imperfectἀπολύω: 'release, set free'; the imperfect marks the recurring custom.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (advantage)
ἕναoneAccusativeattributive numeral with δέσμιονεἷς: 'one.'
δέσμιονprisonerAccusativedirect objectδέσμιος: 'prisoner, captive' (one bound).
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of παρῃτοῦντο)ὅς: relative pronoun.
παρῃτοῦντοthey requestedImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · παραιτέομαιmain verb (relative clause)→ customary imperfectπαραιτέομαι: 'ask for, beg off'; here 'request (a prisoner).'
7

ἦν δὲ ὁ λεγόμενος Βαραββᾶς μετὰ τῶν στασιαστῶν δεδεμένος οἵτινες ἐν τῇ στάσει φόνον πεποιήκεισαν.

And there was one called Barabbas, bound with the rebels who had committed murder in the insurrection.

Background explanationδέBarabbas introduced — an insurrectionist and murderer, the dark foil whose release will spare the guilty and condemn the innocent.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'to be, exist.'
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
the oneNominativearticle substantizing the participle
λεγόμενοςcalledPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωsubstantival/attributive participle→ imperfectiveλέγω (pass.): 'be called, named.'
ΒαραββᾶςBarabbasNominativesubject (apposition to ὁ λεγόμενος)Βαραββᾶς: Aramaic 'bar-Abba,' 'son of the father'; the irony is pointed.
μετὰwithpreposition (+ gen.)μετά + gen.: association.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with στασιαστῶν
στασιαστῶνrebelsGenitiveobject of μετάστασιαστής: 'insurrectionist, rebel'; an armed seditionary.
δεδεμένοςboundPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · δέωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἦν)→ stative perfectδέω: 'bind'; the perfect denotes his standing imprisonment.
οἵτινεςwhoNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject)ὅστις: 'who (of such a kind that)'; qualitative relative.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)ἐν + dat.: temporal/local.
τῇtheDativearticle with στάσει
στάσειinsurrectionDativeobject of ἐνστάσις: 'uprising, riot, sedition.'
φόνονmurderAccusativedirect objectφόνος: 'murder, killing.'
πεποιήκεισανhad committedPlpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (relative clause)→ pluperfect (past state)ποιέω: 'do, commit'; the pluperfect sets the prior crime.
8

καὶ ἀναβὰς ὁ ὄχλος ἤρξατο αἰτεῖσθαι καθὼς ἐποίει αὐτοῖς.

And the crowd came up and began to ask him to do as he was accustomed to do for them.

Narrative continuationκαίThe crowd presses the amnesty claim; the imperfect ἐποίει recalls Pilate's habitual practice.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἀναβὰςhaving come upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβαίνωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the crowd ascends to the praetorium.
theNominativearticle with ὄχλος
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd, mob.'
ἤρξατοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb (+ inf.)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin'; Markan idiom with complementary infinitive.
αἰτεῖσθαιto askPres Mid Inf · αἰτέωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfective infinitiveαἰτέω (mid.): 'ask for oneself, request.'
καθὼςascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: 'just as, according as.'
ἐποίειhe was accustomed to doImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (comparative clause)→ customary imperfectποιέω: 'do'; the habitual imperfect of the yearly amnesty.
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedative of advantage
9

ὁ δὲ Πιλᾶτος ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς λέγων· Θέλετε ἀπολύσω ὑμῖν τὸν βασιλέα τῶν Ἰουδαίων;

And Pilate answered them, saying, 'Do you want me to release to you the king of the Jews?'

Narrative developmentδέPilate offers Jesus under the loaded title 'king of the Jews,' probing — and perhaps mocking — the crowd.
Nominativearticle with Πιλᾶτος
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubjectΠιλᾶτος.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle of speech→ imperfectiveλέγω: pleonastic.
ΘέλετεDo you wantPres Act Indic 2 Pl · θέλωmain verb (deliberative question)→ progressive presentθέλω: 'wish, want'; asyndetic with the subjunctive that follows.
ἀπολύσωme to releaseAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἀπολύωdeliberative subjunctive (object clause)→ deliberative aorist subjunctiveἀπολύω: 'release'; cf. v.6.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object (advantage)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with βασιλέα
βασιλέαkingAccusativedirect objectβασιλεύς: 'king'; Pilate's pointed designation of Jesus.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with Ἰουδαίων
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivegenitive (relationship)Ἰουδαῖος: see v.2.
10

ἐγίνωσκεν γὰρ ὅτι διὰ φθόνον παραδεδώκεισαν αὐτὸν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς.

For he knew that the chief priests had handed him over out of envy.

Explanation / groundγάρThe narrator discloses Pilate's insight: the priests' motive was envy, not justice.
ἐγίνωσκενhe knewImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb→ durative imperfectγινώσκω: 'know, perceive'; Pilate's ongoing recognition.
γὰρForpostpositive causal conjunctionγάρ: introduces the ground.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content clauseὅτι: declarative 'that.'
διὰout ofpreposition (+ acc., cause)διά + acc.: causal, 'because of.'
φθόνονenvyAccusativeobject of διά (cause)φθόνος: 'envy, jealousy'; the diagnosed motive.
παραδεδώκεισανhad handed overPlpf Act Indic 3 Pl · παραδίδωμιmain verb (content clause)→ pluperfectπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over'; cf. v.1.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
οἱtheNominativearticle with ἀρχιερεῖς
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubjectἀρχιερεύς: see v.1.
11

οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς ἀνέσεισαν τὸν ὄχλον ἵνα μᾶλλον τὸν Βαραββᾶν ἀπολύσῃ αὐτοῖς.

But the chief priests stirred up the crowd to have him release Barabbas to them instead.

ContrastδέThe priests counter Pilate's offer, inciting the mob for Barabbas — the choice is steered toward the murderer.
οἱtheNominativearticle with ἀρχιερεῖς
δὲButpostpositive conjunction (contrast)δέ: contrastive.
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubjectἀρχιερεύς.
ἀνέσεισανstirred upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνασείωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνασείω: 'shake up, incite, instigate.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with ὄχλον
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativedirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd, mob.'
ἵναthatconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'in order that.'
μᾶλλονinsteadcomparative adverbμᾶλλον: 'rather, instead'; Barabbas over Jesus.
τὸνAccusativearticle with Βαραββᾶν
ΒαραββᾶνBarabbasAccusativedirect object of ἀπολύσῃΒαραββᾶς: see v.7.
ἀπολύσῃhe might releaseAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀπολύωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ aorist subjunctiveἀπολύω: 'release.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (advantage)
12

ὁ δὲ Πιλᾶτος πάλιν ἀποκριθεὶς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Τί οὖν θέλετε ποιήσω ὃν λέγετε τὸν βασιλέα τῶν Ἰουδαίων;

And Pilate again answered them, 'Then what shall I do with the one you call the king of the Jews?'

Narrative developmentδέPilate presses the consequence of their choice, again styling Jesus 'the one you call the king of the Jews.'
Nominativearticle with Πιλᾶτος
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubjectΠιλᾶτος.
πάλινagainadverbπάλιν: 'again.'
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial (attendant) participle→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: pleonastic 'answering... said.'
ἔλεγενsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ durative imperfectλέγω: 'say'; imperfect of vivid narration.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ΤίWhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ποιήσω)τίς: 'what?'
οὖνtheninferential particleοὖν: 'therefore, then.'
θέλετεdo you wantPres Act Indic 2 Pl · θέλωmain verb→ progressive presentθέλω: 'want, wish.'
ποιήσωI shall doAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ποιέωdeliberative subjunctive (object clause)→ deliberative aoristποιέω: 'do'; 'what shall I do with...?'
ὃνwith the one whomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of λέγετε)ὅς: relative.
λέγετεyou callPres Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb (relative clause)→ progressive presentλέγω: 'call, name.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with βασιλέα
βασιλέαkingAccusativedouble accusative (object complement)βασιλεύς: 'king.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with Ἰουδαίων
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivegenitive (relationship)Ἰουδαῖος.
13

οἱ δὲ πάλιν ἔκραξαν· Σταύρωσον αὐτόν.

And they cried out again, 'Crucify him!'

Narrative developmentδέThe mob's verdict — the first cry for crucifixion.
οἱtheyNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
πάλινagainadverbπάλιν: 'again.'
ἔκραξανcried outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κράζωmain verb→ constative aoristκράζω: 'cry out, shout.'
ΣταύρωσονCrucifyAor Act Impv 2 Sg · σταυρόωimperative (demand)→ ingressive aorist imperativeσταυρόω: 'crucify'; the mob's chant.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
14

ὁ δὲ Πιλᾶτος ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Τί γὰρ ἐποίησεν κακόν; οἱ δὲ περισσῶς ἔκραξαν· Σταύρωσον αὐτόν.

And Pilate said to them, 'Why, what evil has he done?' But they cried out all the more, 'Crucify him!'

Narrative developmentδέPilate's protest of Jesus' innocence is drowned by the intensified cry — the crowd's will hardens.
Nominativearticle with Πιλᾶτος
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubjectΠιλᾶτος.
ἔλεγενsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ durative imperfectλέγω.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object)τίς: 'what?'
γὰρWhy,postpositive particle (in a question)γάρ: in questions, 'why then?'
ἐποίησενhas he doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, commit.'
κακόνevilAccusativedirect object (substantized adj.)κακός: 'evil, wrong'; Pilate finds no crime.
οἱtheyNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲButpostpositive conjunction (contrast)δέ.
περισσῶςall the moreadverb of degreeπερισσῶς: 'exceedingly, the more.'
ἔκραξανcried outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κράζωmain verb→ constative aoristκράζω: 'shout.'
ΣταύρωσονCrucifyAor Act Impv 2 Sg · σταυρόωimperative (demand)→ ingressive aorist imperativeσταυρόω: 'crucify.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
15

ὁ δὲ Πιλᾶτος βουλόμενος τῷ ὄχλῳ τὸ ἱκανὸν ποιῆσαι ἀπέλυσεν αὐτοῖς τὸν Βαραββᾶν, καὶ παρέδωκεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν φραγελλώσας ἵνα σταυρωθῇ.

So Pilate, wishing to satisfy the crowd, released Barabbas to them, and having scourged Jesus, delivered him to be crucified.

ResolutionδέPilate capitulates to the crowd: Barabbas freed, Jesus scourged and handed over for crucifixion — the trial's verdict.
Nominativearticle with Πιλᾶτος
δὲSopostpositive conjunction (resumptive)δέ.
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubjectΠιλᾶτος.
βουλόμενοςwishingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · βούλομαιcircumstantial (causal) participle→ imperfectiveβούλομαι: 'wish, want, be minded'; the motive of expediency.
τῷtheDativearticle with ὄχλῳ
ὄχλῳcrowdDativedative of advantage (with τὸ ἱκανὸν ποιῆσαι)ὄχλος: 'crowd.'
τὸAccusativearticle with ἱκανὸν
ἱκανὸνsatisfactionAccusativedirect object of ποιῆσαι (Latinism)ἱκανός: 'sufficient'; τὸ ἱκανὸν ποιεῖν = Lat. satis facere, 'to satisfy.'
ποιῆσαιto do/satisfyAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with βουλόμενος)→ constative aorist infinitiveποιέω: here in the idiom 'render satisfaction.'
ἀπέλυσενreleasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπολύωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπολύω: 'release.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
τὸνAccusativearticle with Βαραββᾶν
ΒαραββᾶνBarabbasAccusativedirect objectΒαραββᾶς: see v.7.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρέδωκενdeliveredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over'; cf. vv.1, 10.
τὸνAccusativearticle with Ἰησοῦν
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect objectἸησοῦς.
φραγελλώσαςhaving scourgedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · φραγελλόωcircumstantial (temporal/attendant) participle→ antecedent aoristφραγελλόω: 'flog, scourge' (Lat. flagellare); the brutal pre-crucifixion lashing.
ἵναthatconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'so that.'
σταυρωθῇhe might be crucifiedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · σταυρόωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ aorist passive subjunctiveσταυρόω: 'crucify.'
16

Οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται ἀπήγαγον αὐτὸν ἔσω τῆς αὐλῆς, ὅ ἐστιν πραιτώριον, καὶ συγκαλοῦσιν ὅλην τὴν σπεῖραν.

And the soldiers led him away into the courtyard, that is, the praetorium, and they called together the whole cohort.

Scene shiftδέThe mockery scene opens: Jesus taken inside the governor's residence, the whole cohort assembled for sport.
ΟἱtheNominativearticle with στρατιῶται
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
στρατιῶταιsoldiersNominativesubjectστρατιώτης: 'soldier'; the Roman auxiliaries.
ἀπήγαγονled awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπάγω: 'lead away.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἔσωintoimproper preposition (+ gen.)ἔσω: 'inside, within.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with αὐλῆς
αὐλῆςcourtyardGenitiveobject of ἔσωαὐλή: 'courtyard, palace.'
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)ὅς: relative.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (explanatory)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is'; Mark's editorial gloss.
πραιτώριονthe praetoriumNominativepredicate nominativeπραιτώριον: Lat. praetorium, the governor's official residence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συγκαλοῦσινthey called togetherPres Act Indic 3 Pl · συγκαλέωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentσυγκαλέω: 'summon together.'
ὅληνthe wholeAccusativeattributive adj. with σπεῖρανὅλος: 'whole.'
τὴνAccusativearticle with σπεῖραν
σπεῖρανcohortAccusativedirect objectσπεῖρα: 'cohort' (Lat. cohors), nominally ~600 men.
17

καὶ ἐνδιδύσκουσιν αὐτὸν πορφύραν καὶ περιτιθέασιν αὐτῷ πλέξαντες ἀκάνθινον στέφανον·

And they clothed him in purple, and twisting together a crown of thorns, they put it on him;

Narrative continuationκαίThe mock-coronation: royal purple and a thorny crown, parodying kingship.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἐνδιδύσκουσινthey clothedPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐνδιδύσκωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἐνδιδύσκω: 'clothe, dress.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
πορφύρανin purpleAccusativeaccusative of thing (double accusative)πορφύρα: 'purple (robe)'; the imperial color, here a soldier's cast-off cloak.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιτιθέασινthey put onPres Act Indic 3 Pl · περιτίθημιmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentπεριτίθημι: 'place around, put on.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
πλέξαντεςhaving twisted togetherAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πλέκωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristπλέκω: 'weave, plait, twist.'
ἀκάνθινονof thornsAccusativeattributive adj. with στέφανονἀκάνθινος: 'thorny, of thorns.'
στέφανονa crownAccusativedirect object of πλέξαντεςστέφανος: 'crown, wreath'; the victor's/royal garland, here cruel parody.
18

καὶ ἤρξαντο ἀσπάζεσθαι αὐτόν· Χαῖρε, βασιλεῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων·

And they began to salute him, 'Hail, king of the Jews!'

Narrative continuationκαίThe mock-acclamation, echoing the 'Ave, Caesar' greeting turned to ridicule.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἤρξαντοthey beganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb (+ inf.)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin'; Markan idiom.
ἀσπάζεσθαιto salutePres Mid Inf · ἀσπάζομαιcomplementary infinitive→ imperfective infinitiveἀσπάζομαι: 'greet, salute'; here mock-homage.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
ΧαῖρεHailPres Act Impv 2 Sg · χαίρωimperative (greeting formula)→ imperatival greetingχαίρω: 'rejoice'; as greeting, 'hail!' (cf. Ave).
βασιλεῦkingVocativevocative of addressβασιλεύς: 'king'; the mocking title.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with Ἰουδαίων
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivegenitive (relationship)Ἰουδαῖος.
19

καὶ ἔτυπτον αὐτοῦ τὴν κεφαλὴν καλάμῳ καὶ ἐνέπτυον αὐτῷ, καὶ τιθέντες τὰ γόνατα προσεκύνουν αὐτῷ.

And they kept striking his head with a reed, and spitting on him, and bending their knees they did homage to him.

Narrative continuationκαίThe mockery deepens: blows, spitting, and feigned obeisance — the imperfects render the repeated abuse.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἔτυπτονthey kept strikingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · τύπτωmain verb→ iterative imperfectτύπτω: 'strike, beat.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with κεφαλὴν
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativedirect objectκεφαλή: 'head'; struck where the thorns press.
καλάμῳwith a reedDativedative of instrumentκάλαμος: 'reed, staff'; the mock-scepter turned weapon.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνέπτυονspittingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπτύωmain verb→ iterative imperfectἐμπτύω: 'spit on'; cf. Isa 50:6.
αὐτῷon himDativedative object of ἐνέπτυον
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τιθέντεςbendingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · τίθημιcircumstantial (manner) participle→ imperfectiveτίθημι: 'place'; τιθέντες τὰ γόνατα = 'bending the knees.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle with γόνατα
γόναταtheir kneesAccusativedirect object of τιθέντεςγόνυ: 'knee.'
προσεκύνουνdid homageImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · προσκυνέωmain verb→ iterative imperfectπροσκυνέω: 'bow down, worship'; the mock-prostration.
αὐτῷto himDativedative object of προσεκύνουν
20

καὶ ὅτε ἐνέπαιξαν αὐτῷ, ἐξέδυσαν αὐτὸν τὴν πορφύραν καὶ ἐνέδυσαν αὐτὸν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἐξάγουσιν αὐτὸν ἵνα σταυρώσωσιν αὐτόν.

And when they had mocked him, they stripped the purple off him and put his own clothes on him. And they led him out to crucify him.

Narrative continuationκαίThe mockery ends; Jesus re-clothed and led out to the cross — the transition to Golgotha.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunctionὅτε: 'when.'
ἐνέπαιξανthey had mockedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπαίζωmain verb (temporal clause)→ constative aoristἐμπαίζω: 'mock, ridicule.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἐνέπαιξαν
ἐξέδυσανthey stripped offAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκδύωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκδύω: 'strip off, take off.'
αὐτὸνoff himAccusativedouble accusative (person)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with πορφύραν
πορφύρανpurpleAccusativedouble accusative (thing)πορφύρα: 'purple robe'; cf. v.17.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνέδυσανput onAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐνδύωmain verb→ constative aoristἐνδύω: 'put on, clothe.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedouble accusative (person)
τὰtheAccusativearticle with ἱμάτια
ἱμάτιαclothesAccusativedouble accusative (thing)ἱμάτιον: 'garment, cloak.'
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἐξάγουσινthey led outPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξάγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἐξάγω: 'lead out'; to the place of execution outside the city.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἵναtoconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'in order that.'
σταυρώσωσινcrucifyAor Act Subj 3 Pl · σταυρόωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ aorist subjunctiveσταυρόω: 'crucify.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
21

καὶ ἀγγαρεύουσιν παράγοντά τινα Σίμωνα Κυρηναῖον ἐρχόμενον ἀπʼ ἀγροῦ, τὸν πατέρα Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ Ῥούφου, ἵνα ἄρῃ τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ.

And they compelled a passer-by, Simon of Cyrene, coming in from the country, the father of Alexander and Rufus, to carry his cross.

Narrative continuationκαίSimon, named with his sons (known to Mark's readers), is conscripted to bear the cross — a glimpse of forced discipleship.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἀγγαρεύουσινthey compelledPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀγγαρεύωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἀγγαρεύω: 'press into service, requisition' (a Persian loanword for impressment).
παράγοντάpassing byPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · παράγωattributive participle with Σίμωνα→ imperfectiveπαράγω: 'pass by, go along.'
τιναa certainAccusativeindefinite pronoun/adj. with Σίμωνατις: 'someone, a certain.'
ΣίμωναSimonAccusativedirect objectΣίμων: a common Jewish name; here the Cyrenian.
Κυρηναῖονof CyreneAccusativeapposition to ΣίμωναΚυρηναῖος: 'Cyrenian'; from Cyrene in North Africa.
ἐρχόμενονcomingPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιattributive participle with Σίμωνα→ imperfectiveἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
ἀπʼfrompreposition (+ gen.)ἀπό: 'from.'
ἀγροῦthe countryGenitiveobject of ἀπόἀγρός: 'field, countryside.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with πατέρα
πατέραfatherAccusativeapposition to Σίμωναπατήρ: 'father.'
Ἀλεξάνδρουof AlexanderGenitivegenitive (relationship)Ἀλέξανδρος: Simon's son, evidently known to Mark's church (cf. Rom 16:13).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ῬούφουRufusGenitivegenitive (relationship)Ῥοῦφος: Simon's other son; possibly the Rufus of Rom 16:13.
ἵναtoconjunction introducing purpose/object clauseἵνα: 'that.'
ἄρῃcarryAor Act Subj 3 Sg · αἴρωsubjunctive (object clause)→ aorist subjunctiveαἴρω: 'take up, carry'; cf. 'take up his cross' (8:34).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with σταυρὸν
σταυρὸνcrossAccusativedirect objectσταυρός: 'cross'; the patibulum (crossbeam) borne to the site.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
22

καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθᾶν τόπον, ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον Κρανίου Τόπος.

And they brought him to the place Golgotha, which means, being translated, 'Place of a Skull.'

Scene shiftκαίArrival at Golgotha, named and glossed for Mark's Greek readers.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
φέρουσινthey broughtPres Act Indic 3 Pl · φέρωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentφέρω: 'carry, bring'; perhaps hinting Jesus could no longer walk.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἐπὶtopreposition (+ acc.)ἐπί + acc.: 'to, onto.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with τόπον
ΓολγοθᾶνGolgothaAccusativeapposition / attributive to τόπονΓολγοθᾶ: Aramaic gulgolta, 'skull'; the execution site.
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of ἐπίτόπος: 'place.'
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: relative.
ἐστινmeansPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with participle)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is.'
μεθερμηνευόμενονbeing translatedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · μεθερμηνεύωpredicate participle (periphrastic)→ imperfectiveμεθερμηνεύω: 'translate, interpret'; Mark's recurring gloss-formula.
Κρανίουof a SkullGenitivegenitive of content/descriptionκρανίον: 'skull' (Lat. calvaria).
ΤόποςPlaceNominativepredicate nominativeτόπος: 'place.'
23

καὶ ἐδίδουν αὐτῷ ἐσμυρνισμένον οἶνον· ὃς δὲ οὐκ ἔλαβεν.

And they offered him wine mingled with myrrh, but he did not take it.

Narrative continuationκαίThe drugged wine (a narcotic for the condemned) is refused — Jesus meets death with full awareness.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἐδίδουνthey offeredImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb→ conative imperfectδίδωμι: 'give'; conative — 'tried to give.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
ἐσμυρνισμένονmingled with myrrhPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · σμυρνίζωattributive participle with οἶνον→ stative perfectσμυρνίζω: 'mix with myrrh'; a mild narcotic/analgesic.
οἶνονwineAccusativedirect objectοἶνος: 'wine.'
ὃςheNominativerelative pronoun (subject, loosely demonstrative)ὅς: here near-demonstrative, 'but he.'
δὲbutpostpositive conjunction (contrast)δέ.
οὐκnotnegative particleοὐ: 'not.'
ἔλαβενtook itAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take, receive.'
24

καὶ σταυροῦσιν αὐτὸν καὶ διαμερίζονται τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ, βάλλοντες κλῆρον ἐπʼ αὐτὰ τίς τί ἄρῃ.

And they crucified him, and divided his garments among them, casting lots for them, to decide what each should take.

Narrative climaxκαίThe crucifixion stated with stark restraint; the soldiers' lot-casting fulfills Ps 22:18.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
σταυροῦσινthey crucifiedPres Act Indic 3 Pl · σταυρόωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentσταυρόω: 'crucify'; Mark states the act with stark brevity.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διαμερίζονταιdividedPres Mid Indic 3 Pl · διαμερίζωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentδιαμερίζω: 'divide up, distribute' (echoes Ps 21:19 LXX).
τὰtheAccusativearticle with ἱμάτια
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect objectἱμάτιον: 'garment.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
βάλλοντεςcastingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βάλλωcircumstantial (manner) participle→ imperfectiveβάλλω: 'throw, cast'; βάλλειν κλῆρον = 'cast lots.'
κλῆρονlotsAccusativedirect object of βάλλοντεςκλῆρος: 'lot.'
ἐπʼforpreposition (+ acc.)ἐπί + acc.: 'for, over.'
αὐτὰthemAccusativeobject of ἐπί
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject, indirect question)τίς: 'who.'
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of ἄρῃ)τίς: 'what.'
ἄρῃshould takeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · αἴρωdeliberative subjunctive (indirect question)→ deliberative aoristαἴρω: 'take, carry off.'
25

ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν.

And it was the third hour when they crucified him.

Temporal noteδέThe hour fixed: the third hour (c. 9 a.m.), beginning Mark's three-hour markers (cf. vv.33–34).
ἦνit wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'to be.'
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
ὥραthe hourNominativesubject (predicate of time)ὥρα: 'hour'; the daylight hours reckoned from sunrise.
τρίτηthirdNominativepredicate adj. (ordinal)τρίτος: 'third'; c. 9 a.m.
καὶwhencoordinating conjunction (Semitic καί = 'when')καί: here temporal-coordinative.
ἐσταύρωσανthey crucifiedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · σταυρόωmain verb→ constative aoristσταυρόω: 'crucify.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
26

καὶ ἦν ἡ ἐπιγραφὴ τῆς αἰτίας αὐτοῦ ἐπιγεγραμμένη· Ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων.

And the inscription of the charge against him was written above: 'The King of the Jews.'

Narrative detailκαίThe titulus naming the capital charge — ironically a true confession of Jesus' royalty.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic auxiliary)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: with ptc., periphrastic 'was written.'
theNominativearticle with ἐπιγραφὴ
ἐπιγραφὴinscriptionNominativesubjectἐπιγραφή: 'inscription'; the titulus stating the crime.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with αἰτίας
αἰτίαςchargeGenitivegenitive of content/appositionαἰτία: 'cause, charge, accusation.'
αὐτοῦagainst himGenitiveobjective genitive
ἐπιγεγραμμένηwritten abovePerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἐπιγράφωpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἦν)→ stative perfectἐπιγράφω: 'write upon, inscribe.'
TheNominativearticle with βασιλεὺς
βασιλεὺςKingNominativenominative (titulus text)βασιλεύς: 'king'; the inscription's wording.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with Ἰουδαίων
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivegenitive (relationship)Ἰουδαῖος.
27

Καὶ σὺν αὐτῷ σταυροῦσιν δύο λῃστάς, ἕνα ἐκ δεξιῶν καὶ ἕνα ἐξ εὐωνύμων αὐτοῦ.

And with him they crucified two robbers, one on his right and one on his left.

Narrative detailκαίTwo brigands flank Jesus — the innocent reckoned among criminals (cf. the omitted v.28 / Isa 53:12).
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
σὺνwithpreposition (+ dat.)σύν: 'together with.'
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
σταυροῦσινthey crucifiedPres Act Indic 3 Pl · σταυρόωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentσταυρόω: 'crucify.'
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral with λῃστάς (indeclinable form, acc. function)δύο: 'two.'
λῃστάςrobbersAccusativedirect objectλῃστής: 'robber, brigand, insurgent'; the same word used of Barabbas-type rebels.
ἕναoneAccusativeapposition (numeral)εἷς: 'one.'
ἐκonpreposition (+ gen.)ἐκ: 'from'; idiom ἐκ δεξιῶν = 'on the right.'
δεξιῶνhis rightGenitiveobject of ἐκ (substantized adj.)δεξιός: 'right (hand/side).'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἕναoneAccusativeapposition (numeral)εἷς: 'one.'
ἐξonpreposition (+ gen.)ἐκ: 'from'; ἐξ εὐωνύμων = 'on the left.'
εὐωνύμωνhis leftGenitiveobject of ἐξ (substantized adj.)εὐώνυμος: 'left (side)'; lit. 'well-named,' a euphemism.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relation
29

Καὶ οἱ παραπορευόμενοι ἐβλασφήμουν αὐτὸν κινοῦντες τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτῶν καὶ λέγοντες· Οὐὰ ὁ καταλύων τὸν ναὸν καὶ οἰκοδομῶν ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις,

And those who passed by reviled him, wagging their heads and saying, 'Aha! You who would destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days,

Narrative continuationκαίThe first taunt: passers-by mock with Ps 22:7 head-wagging, throwing back the temple saying (14:58).
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
οἱthoseNominativearticle substantizing the participle
παραπορευόμενοιwho passed byPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παραπορεύομαιsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfectiveπαραπορεύομαι: 'pass by, go alongside.'
ἐβλασφήμουνreviledImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · βλασφημέωmain verb→ iterative imperfectβλασφημέω: 'revile, blaspheme, slander.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
κινοῦντεςwaggingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κινέωcircumstantial (manner) participle→ imperfectiveκινέω: 'move, shake'; head-wagging in scorn (Ps 21:8 LXX).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with κεφαλὰς
κεφαλὰςheadsAccusativedirect object of κινοῦντεςκεφαλή: 'head.'
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle of speech→ imperfectiveλέγω: pleonastic.
ΟὐὰAhainterjection (mockery)οὐά: 'aha! ha!'; a jeering exclamation.
you whoNominativearticle substantizing the participle (vocatival nom.)
καταλύωνwould destroyPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καταλύωsubstantival participle (address)→ imperfective (conative)καταλύω: 'tear down, destroy'; the temple charge (14:58).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with ναὸν
ναὸνtempleAccusativedirect objectναός: 'temple, sanctuary'; the inner shrine.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἰκοδομῶνrebuildPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · οἰκοδομέωsubstantival participle (coordinate)→ imperfectiveοἰκοδομέω: 'build'; the boast hurled back.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat., time)ἐν + dat.: temporal.
τρισὶνthreeDativeattributive numeral with ἡμέραιςτρεῖς: 'three.'
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of timeἡμέρα: 'day.'
30

σῶσον σεαυτὸν καταβὰς ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ.

save yourself, and come down from the cross!'

Continuation of tauntasyndetonThe challenge: prove the boast by self-rescue — the very thing the cross will not permit.
σῶσονsaveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · σῴζωimperative (challenge)→ ingressive aorist imperativeσῴζω: 'save, rescue'; the irony — he saves others, not himself.
σεαυτὸνyourselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (direct object)σεαυτοῦ: reflexive, 'yourself.'
καταβὰςcoming downAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καταβαίνωcircumstantial (means/attendant) participle→ antecedent/coincident aoristκαταβαίνω: 'come down, descend.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition (+ gen.)ἀπό: 'from.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with σταυροῦ
σταυροῦcrossGenitiveobject of ἀπόσταυρός: 'cross.'
31

ὁμοίως καὶ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς ἐμπαίζοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους μετὰ τῶν γραμματέων ἔλεγον· Ἄλλους ἔσωσεν, ἑαυτὸν οὐ δύναται σῶσαι·

Likewise also the chief priests, mocking him among themselves with the scribes, said, 'He saved others; he cannot save himself.

Parallel tauntasyndetonThe second taunt, from the religious leaders — an unwitting confession of his saving work.
ὁμοίωςLikewiseadverbὁμοίως: 'similarly, likewise.'
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunctionκαί: 'also.'
οἱtheNominativearticle with ἀρχιερεῖς
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubjectἀρχιερεύς.
ἐμπαίζοντεςmockingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐμπαίζωcircumstantial (manner) participle→ imperfectiveἐμπαίζω: 'mock, ridicule.'
πρὸςamongpreposition (+ acc.)πρός + acc.: 'to, toward, among.'
ἀλλήλουςthemselvesAccusativereciprocal pronoun (object of πρός)ἀλλήλων: 'one another.'
μετὰwithpreposition (+ gen.)μετά + gen.: 'with.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with γραμματέων
γραμματέωνscribesGenitiveobject of μετάγραμματεύς: 'scribe.'
ἔλεγονsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ durative imperfectλέγω.
ἌλλουςOthersAccusativedirect object (fronted for contrast)ἄλλος: 'other.'
ἔσωσενhe savedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb→ constative aoristσῴζω: 'save'; an ironic truth on hostile lips.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of σῶσαι)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive.
οὐnotnegative particleοὐ: 'not.'
δύναταιhe cannotPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (+ inf.)→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able.'
σῶσαιsaveAor Act Inf · σῴζωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist infinitiveσῴζω: 'save.'
32

ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἰσραὴλ καταβάτω νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ, ἵνα ἴδωμεν καὶ πιστεύσωμεν. καὶ οἱ συνεσταυρωμένοι σὺν αὐτῷ ὠνείδιζον αὐτόν.

Let the Christ, the King of Israel, come down now from the cross, that we may see and believe.' And those crucified with him reviled him.

Continuation of taunt / summaryasyndetonThe leaders' demand for a sign on their terms; even the co-crucified join the reviling — universal rejection.
theNominativearticle with Χριστὸς
ΧριστὸςChristNominativesubjectΧριστός: 'Anointed, Messiah'; the title turned to scorn.
theNominativearticle with βασιλεὺς
βασιλεὺςKingNominativeapposition to Χριστὸςβασιλεύς: 'king.'
Ἰσραὴλof Israelindeclinable genitive of relationshipἸσραήλ: 'Israel'; indeclinable Hebrew name.
καταβάτωlet him come downAor Act Impv 3 Sg · καταβαίνωthird-person imperative (demand)→ ingressive aorist imperativeκαταβαίνω: 'come down.'
νῦνnowtemporal adverbνῦν: 'now.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition (+ gen.)ἀπό: 'from.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with σταυροῦ
σταυροῦcrossGenitiveobject of ἀπόσταυρός: 'cross.'
ἵναthatconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'so that.'
ἴδωμενwe may seeAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ὁράω (εἶδον)subjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveὁράω: 'see.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πιστεύσωμενbelieveAor Act Subj 1 Pl · πιστεύωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveπιστεύω: 'believe'; faith demanded on sight, the opposite of faith.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
οἱthoseNominativearticle substantizing the participle
συνεσταυρωμένοιcrucified withPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · συσταυρόωsubstantival participle (subject)→ stative perfectσυσταυρόω: 'crucify together with.'
σὺνwithpreposition (+ dat.)σύν: 'with.'
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
ὠνείδιζονreviledImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ὀνειδίζωmain verb→ iterative imperfectὀνειδίζω: 'reproach, revile, insult.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
33

Καὶ γενομένης ὥρας ἕκτης σκότος ἐγένετο ἐφʼ ὅλην τὴν γῆν ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης.

And when the sixth hour had come, darkness fell over the whole land until the ninth hour.

Scene shiftκαίCosmic darkness from noon to 3 p.m. — a sign of judgment and the day of the Lord (Amos 8:9).
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
γενομένηςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'become, come to be, happen.'
ὥραςthe hourGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteὥρα: 'hour.'
ἕκτηςsixthGenitiveattributive adj. (ordinal)ἕκτος: 'sixth'; noon.
σκότοςdarknessNominativesubjectσκότος: 'darkness, gloom.'
ἐγένετοfellAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be, arise.'
ἐφʼoverpreposition (+ acc.)ἐπί + acc.: 'over, upon.'
ὅληνthe wholeAccusativeattributive adj. with γῆνὅλος: 'whole.'
τὴνAccusativearticle with γῆν
γῆνlandAccusativeobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'earth, land'; perhaps the land of Judea or the whole earth.
ἕωςuntilimproper preposition (+ gen.)ἕως: 'until, up to.'
ὥραςthe hourGenitiveobject of ἕωςὥρα: 'hour.'
ἐνάτηςninthGenitiveattributive adj. (ordinal)ἔνατος: 'ninth'; 3 p.m.
34

καὶ τῇ ἐνάτῃ ὥρᾳ ἐβόησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς φωνῇ μεγάλῃ· Ἐλωῒ ἐλωῒ λεμὰ σαβαχθάνι; ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον· Ὁ θεός μου ὁ θεός μου, εἰς τί ἐγκατέλιπές με;

And at the ninth hour Jesus cried out with a loud voice, 'Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?' which means, translated, 'My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?'

Narrative climaxκαίThe cry of dereliction — Ps 22:1 in Aramaic, the only word from the cross in Mark; Jesus bears the abandonment of judgment, yet still calls God 'my God.'
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
τῇtheDativearticle with ὥρᾳ
ἐνάτῃninthDativeattributive adj. (ordinal)ἔνατος: 'ninth.'
ὥρᾳhourDativedative of time (when)ὥρα: 'hour'; c. 3 p.m.
ἐβόησενcried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοάωmain verb→ constative aoristβοάω: 'cry out, shout aloud.'
Nominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς.
φωνῇwith a voiceDativedative of manner/instrumentφωνή: 'voice, sound.'
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adj. with φωνῇμέγας: 'great, loud.'
ἘλωῒEloitransliterated Aramaic vocative (address)Ἐλωΐ: Aramaic ʾĕlāhî, 'my God' (Ps 22:1); transliterated, hence misheard as 'Elijah.'
ἐλωῒEloitransliterated Aramaic (repeated address)Ἐλωΐ: repeated 'my God.'
λεμὰlematransliterated Aramaic interrogativeλεμά: Aramaic lĕmā, 'why?'
σαβαχθάνιsabachthanitransliterated Aramaic verbσαβαχθάνι: Aramaic šĕbaqtanî, 'you have forsaken me.'
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: relative.
ἐστινmeansPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (with participle)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is.'
μεθερμηνευόμενονtranslatedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · μεθερμηνεύωpredicate participle (periphrastic)→ imperfectiveμεθερμηνεύω: 'translate.'
Nominativearticle with θεός (vocatival nom.)
θεόςGodNominativenominative of address (vocatival)θεός: 'God'; nom. for voc., 'my God.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
Nominativearticle with θεός (repeated)
θεόςGodNominativenominative of address (repeated)θεός: 'God.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
εἰςforpreposition (+ acc., in idiom)εἰς: in εἰς τί = 'to what end? why?'
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of εἰς)τίς: 'what'; εἰς τί = 'why.'
ἐγκατέλιπέςhave you forsakenAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐγκαταλείπωmain verb (quotation)→ constative aoristἐγκαταλείπω: 'abandon, forsake, leave behind.'
μεmeAccusativedirect object
35

καί τινες τῶν παρεστηκότων ἀκούσαντες ἔλεγον· Ἴδε Ἠλίαν φωνεῖ.

And some of the bystanders, hearing it, said, 'Look, he is calling Elijah.'

Narrative continuationκαίThe misheard cry ('Eloi' ≈ 'Eliya') sparks the Elijah misunderstanding — irony in the moment of dereliction.
καίAndcoordinating conjunction
τινεςsomeNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject)τις: 'some, certain ones.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle substantizing the participle
παρεστηκότωνbystandersPerf Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · παρίστημιsubstantival participle (partitive genitive)→ stative perfectπαρίστημι: 'stand by'; perf. 'those standing near.'
ἀκούσαντεςhearingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
ἔλεγονsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ durative imperfectλέγω.
ἼδεLookAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὁράω (εἶδον)imperatival interjection→ attention-markerἴδε: 'behold! look!'
ἨλίανElijahAccusativedirect object of φωνεῖἨλίας: 'Elijah'; the prophet expected to come (Mal 4:5).
φωνεῖhe is callingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · φωνέωmain verb→ progressive presentφωνέω: 'call, summon.'
36

δραμὼν δέ τις καὶ γεμίσας σπόγγον ὄξους περιθεὶς καλάμῳ ἐπότιζεν αὐτόν, λέγων· Ἄφετε ἴδωμεν εἰ ἔρχεται Ἠλίας καθελεῖν αὐτόν.

And one ran, and filling a sponge with sour wine, put it on a reed and gave him to drink, saying, 'Wait, let us see whether Elijah will come to take him down.'

Narrative continuationδέThe sour wine offered (Ps 69:21); the bystander prolongs the Elijah spectacle, expecting a rescue that will not come.
δραμὼνhaving runAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · τρέχωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristτρέχω: 'run.'
δέAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
τιςoneNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject)τις: 'someone.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γεμίσαςfillingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · γεμίζωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristγεμίζω: 'fill.'
σπόγγονa spongeAccusativedirect object of γεμίσαςσπόγγος: 'sponge.'
ὄξουςwith sour wineGenitivegenitive of contentὄξος: 'sour wine, vinegar' (posca); cf. Ps 68:22 LXX.
περιθεὶςputting it onAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · περιτίθημιcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristπεριτίθημι: 'place around, put on.'
καλάμῳa reedDativedative of instrumentκάλαμος: 'reed, stick.'
ἐπότιζενgave to drinkImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποτίζωmain verb→ conative imperfectποτίζω: 'give to drink.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle of speech→ imperfectiveλέγω: pleonastic.
ἌφετεWaitAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀφίημιimperative (hortatory permission)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἀφίημι: 'let, allow'; 'leave off, wait, let us...'
ἴδωμενlet us seeAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ὁράω (εἶδον)hortatory subjunctive→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveὁράω: 'see.'
εἰwhetherconjunction introducing indirect questionεἰ: 'if, whether.'
ἔρχεταιwill comePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (indirect question)→ futuristic presentἔρχομαι: 'come.'
ἨλίαςElijahNominativesubjectἨλίας: 'Elijah.'
καθελεῖνto take downAor Act Inf · καθαιρέωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aorist infinitiveκαθαιρέω: 'take down, bring down'; cf. the burial (v.46).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of καθελεῖν
37

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἀφεὶς φωνὴν μεγάλην ἐξέπνευσεν.

And Jesus, uttering a loud cry, breathed his last.

Narrative climaxδέThe death itself — a great cry, then expiration; stated with Markan starkness.
Nominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς.
ἀφεὶςutteringAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀφίημιcircumstantial (manner/attendant) participle→ coincident aoristἀφίημι: 'let go, send out'; ἀφεὶς φωνήν = 'utter a cry.'
φωνὴνa cryAccusativedirect object of ἀφεὶςφωνή: 'voice, cry.'
μεγάληνloudAccusativeattributive adj. with φωνὴνμέγας: 'great, loud'; an unusual vigor for a dying man.
ἐξέπνευσενbreathed his lastAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκπνέωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκπνέω: 'breathe out, expire, die.'
38

Καὶ τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη εἰς δύο ἀπʼ ἄνωθεν ἕως κάτω.

And the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom.

Narrative consequence (sign)καίThe veil torn from top down (a divine act) — the barrier to God's presence rent at Jesus' death; an inclusio with the baptism heavens-torn (1:10).
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle with καταπέτασμα
καταπέτασμαcurtainNominativesubjectκαταπέτασμα: 'veil, curtain'; the temple's inner or outer veil.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with ναοῦ
ναοῦtempleGenitivegenitive of relationship/possessionναός: 'sanctuary.'
ἐσχίσθηwas tornAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σχίζωmain verb (divine passive)→ constative aoristσχίζω: 'tear, split'; same verb as the rent heavens (1:10).
εἰςinpreposition (+ acc.)εἰς: 'into.'
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (object of εἰς)δύο: 'two.'
ἀπʼfrompreposition (+ gen.)ἀπό: 'from.'
ἄνωθενtopadverb (object of ἀπό)ἄνωθεν: 'from above, from the top.'
ἕωςtoimproper preposition (+ adv.)ἕως: 'until, down to.'
κάτωbottomadverb (object of ἕως)κάτω: 'below, bottom.'
39

Ἰδὼν δὲ ὁ κεντυρίων ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐτοῦ ὅτι οὕτως ἐξέπνευσεν εἶπεν· Ἀληθῶς οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος υἱὸς θεοῦ ἦν.

And when the centurion who stood facing him saw that he thus breathed his last, he said, 'Truly this man was the Son of God.'

Narrative climax (confession)δέThe Gentile centurion's confession — the climactic human recognition of Jesus' divine sonship, fulfilling the Gospel's opening (1:1) at the foot of the cross.
Ἰδὼνhaving seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράω (εἶδον)circumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see, perceive.'
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
theNominativearticle with κεντυρίων
κεντυρίωνcenturionNominativesubjectκεντυρίων: Lat. centurio, commander of ~100 soldiers; a Gentile officer.
whoNominativearticle substantizing the participle (attributive)
παρεστηκὼςstood byPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παρίστημιattributive participle with κεντυρίων→ stative perfectπαρίστημι: 'stand by, be present.'
ἐξfacingpreposition (+ gen., in idiom)ἐκ: 'from'; ἐξ ἐναντίας = 'opposite, facing.'
ἐναντίαςoppositeGenitiveobject of ἐξ (substantized adj.)ἐναντίος: 'opposite, facing.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of relation
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing content clauseὅτι: 'that.'
οὕτωςthusadverb of mannerοὕτως: 'thus, in this way'; the manner of the death struck him.
ἐξέπνευσενhe breathed his lastAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκπνέωmain verb (content clause)→ constative aoristἐκπνέω: 'expire, die'; cf. v.37.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγω (εἶπον)main verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ἈληθῶςTrulyadverb (asseveration)ἀληθῶς: 'truly, really.'
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)οὗτος: 'this.'
Nominativearticle with ἄνθρωπος
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject (apposition to οὗτος)ἄνθρωπος: 'man, human being.'
υἱὸςSonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'son'; anarthrous — 'a/the Son of God'; the Gospel's confessional climax.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationshipθεός: 'God.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'to be.'
40

Ἦσαν δὲ καὶ γυναῖκες ἀπὸ μακρόθεν θεωροῦσαι, ἐν αἷς καὶ Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ Μαρία ἡ Ἰακώβου τοῦ μικροῦ καὶ Ἰωσῆτος μήτηρ καὶ Σαλώμη,

There were also women looking on from a distance, among whom were Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James the younger and of Joses, and Salome,

Scene shift / witnessesδέThe faithful women, named witnesses of the death (and soon of burial and empty tomb), watching from afar.
ἮσανThere wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (existential/periphrastic)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'to be'; with ptc., 'were looking on.'
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunctionκαί: 'also.'
γυναῖκεςwomenNominativesubjectγυνή: 'woman.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition (+ gen., in idiom)ἀπό: 'from'; ἀπὸ μακρόθεν = 'from afar.'
μακρόθενa distanceadverb (object of ἀπό)μακρόθεν: 'from afar, at a distance.'
θεωροῦσαιlooking onPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · θεωρέωpredicate participle (periphrastic with Ἦσαν)→ imperfectiveθεωρέω: 'observe, watch, behold.'
ἐνamongpreposition (+ dat.)ἐν + dat.: 'among.'
αἷςwhomDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν)ὅς: relative.
καὶwereascensive/adjunctive conjunctionκαί: 'both, also.'
ΜαρίαMaryNominativenominative (in apposition / listing)Μαρία: a common Jewish name (Miriam).
theNominativearticle with Μαγδαληνὴ
ΜαγδαληνὴMagdaleneNominativeapposition to ΜαρίαΜαγδαληνή: 'of Magdala,' a town on the Sea of Galilee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΜαρίαMaryNominativenominative (listing)Μαρία: a second Mary.
the motherNominativearticle (with implied μήτηρ) governing genitives
Ἰακώβουof JamesGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸάκωβος: 'James'; here 'James the younger.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with μικροῦ
μικροῦyoungerGenitiveattributive adj. with Ἰακώβουμικρός: 'small, little, younger.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
Ἰωσῆτοςof JosesGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸωσῆς: 'Joses' (Joseph), her other son.
μήτηρmotherNominativeapposition to Μαρίαμήτηρ: 'mother.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΣαλώμηSalomeNominativenominative (listing)Σαλώμη: a third named woman among the Galilean followers.
41

αἳ ὅτε ἦν ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ ἠκολούθουν αὐτῷ καὶ διηκόνουν αὐτῷ, καὶ ἄλλαι πολλαὶ αἱ συναναβᾶσαι αὐτῷ εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα.

who, when he was in Galilee, followed him and ministered to him, and many other women who had come up with him to Jerusalem.

Relative clause (characterization)asyndetonTheir discipleship summarized: following and serving from Galilee to Jerusalem — faithful where the Twelve had fled.
αἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: relative.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunctionὅτε: 'when.'
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (temporal clause)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'to be.'
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)ἐν + dat.: locative.
τῇDativearticle with Γαλιλαίᾳ
ΓαλιλαίᾳGalileeDativeobject of ἐνΓαλιλαία: 'Galilee'; the locus of Jesus' ministry and the women's discipleship.
ἠκολούθουνfollowedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb (relative clause)→ durative imperfectἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; the discipleship verb.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἠκολούθουν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διηκόνουνministeredImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · διακονέωmain verb (relative clause)→ durative imperfectδιακονέω: 'serve, minister to'; cf. 10:45.
αὐτῷto himDativedative object of διηκόνουν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἄλλαιotherNominativeattributive adj. with πολλαὶ (subject)ἄλλος: 'other.'
πολλαὶmanyNominativesubstantized adj. (subject)πολύς: 'many.'
αἱwhoNominativearticle substantizing the participle
συναναβᾶσαιhad come up withAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · συναναβαίνωattributive participle with πολλαὶ→ antecedent aoristσυναναβαίνω: 'come up together with'; the pilgrim ascent to Jerusalem.
αὐτῷhimDativedative (association)
εἰςtopreposition (+ acc.)εἰς: 'to, into.'
ἹεροσόλυμαJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰςἹεροσόλυμα: 'Jerusalem'; the city of the passion.
42

Καὶ ἤδη ὀψίας γενομένης, ἐπεὶ ἦν παρασκευή, ὅ ἐστιν προσάββατον,

And when evening had already come, since it was the day of Preparation, that is, the day before the Sabbath,

Temporal settingκαίThe burial scene's time-frame: late Friday, before the Sabbath begins at sunset — hence the urgency.
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἤδηalreadytemporal adverbἤδη: 'now, already.'
ὀψίαςeveningGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteὀψία: 'evening.'
γενομένηςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'come, become.'
ἐπεὶsincecausal conjunctionἐπεί: 'since, because.'
ἦνit wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (causal clause)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'to be.'
παρασκευήthe PreparationNominativepredicate nominativeπαρασκευή: 'Preparation (day),' Friday, when the Sabbath was made ready.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: relative.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (explanatory)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is'; Mark's gloss for readers.
προσάββατονthe day before the SabbathNominativepredicate nominativeπροσάββατον: 'the eve of the Sabbath.'
43

ἐλθὼν Ἰωσὴφ ὁ ἀπὸ Ἁριμαθαίας, εὐσχήμων βουλευτής, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν προσδεχόμενος τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ, τολμήσας εἰσῆλθεν πρὸς τὸν Πιλᾶτον καὶ ᾐτήσατο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ.

Joseph of Arimathea, a respected member of the council, who was himself also waiting for the kingdom of God, came and boldly went in to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus.

Narrative continuation (new agent)asyndetonJoseph, a council member yet a kingdom-seeker, takes the bold step the disciples could not — claiming the body for burial.
ἐλθὼνhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιcircumstantial (attendant) participle→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
ἸωσὴφJosephNominativesubjectἸωσήφ: 'Joseph'; indeclinable in form but here the syntactic subject.
the oneNominativearticle with the prepositional phrase
ἀπὸfrompreposition (+ gen.)ἀπό: 'from.'
ἉριμαθαίαςArimatheaGenitiveobject of ἀπόἉριμαθαία: a Judean town, Joseph's home.
εὐσχήμωνrespectedNominativeattributive adj. with βουλευτήςεὐσχήμων: 'prominent, honorable, of good standing.'
βουλευτήςcouncil memberNominativeapposition to Ἰωσὴφβουλευτής: 'councillor'; a member of the Sanhedrin.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: relative.
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunctionκαί: 'also.'
αὐτὸςhimselfNominativeintensive pronounαὐτός: intensive, 'himself.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic auxiliary)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: with ptc., 'was waiting.'
προσδεχόμενοςwaiting forPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσδέχομαιpredicate participle (periphrastic with ἦν)→ imperfectiveπροσδέχομαι: 'await, expect, look for.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with βασιλείαν
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of προσδεχόμενοςβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationship/sourceθεός: 'God.'
τολμήσαςboldlyAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · τολμάωcircumstantial (manner) participle→ antecedent/coincident aoristτολμάω: 'dare, take courage'; the boldness of his request.
εἰσῆλθενwent inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in.'
πρὸςtopreposition (+ acc.)πρός + acc.: 'to.'
τὸνAccusativearticle with Πιλᾶτον
ΠιλᾶτονPilateAccusativeobject of πρόςΠιλᾶτος.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ᾐτήσατοasked forAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · αἰτέωmain verb→ constative aoristαἰτέω (mid.): 'ask, request for oneself.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with σῶμα
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect objectσῶμα: 'body.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle with Ἰησοῦ
ἸησοῦJesusGenitivegenitive of possessionἸησοῦς.
44

ὁ δὲ Πιλᾶτος ἐθαύμασεν εἰ ἤδη τέθνηκεν, καὶ προσκαλεσάμενος τὸν κεντυρίωνα ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτὸν εἰ πάλαι ἀπέθανεν·

And Pilate was surprised that he was already dead, and summoning the centurion, he asked him whether he had been dead for some time.

Narrative developmentδέPilate's surprise at the speed of death; the centurion is called to verify — establishing the reality of the death.
Nominativearticle with Πιλᾶτος
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubjectΠιλᾶτος.
ἐθαύμασενwas surprisedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θαυμάζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristθαυμάζω: 'marvel, wonder, be surprised'; crucifixion often took days.
εἰthatconjunction (object of wonder)εἰ: 'if, that'; introducing the cause of surprise.
ἤδηalreadytemporal adverbἤδη: 'already.'
τέθνηκενhe was deadPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · θνῄσκωmain verb (subordinate)→ resultative perfectθνῄσκω: 'die'; perf. 'is/has died, is dead.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσκαλεσάμενοςsummoningAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσκαλέωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristπροσκαλέω (mid.): 'call to oneself, summon.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with κεντυρίωνα
κεντυρίωναcenturionAccusativedirect objectκεντυρίων: Lat. centurio; cf. v.39.
ἐπηρώτησενaskedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπερωτάω: 'question, ask.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
εἰwhetherconjunction introducing indirect questionεἰ: 'whether.'
πάλαιfor some timetemporal adverbπάλαι: 'long ago, for some while.'
ἀπέθανενhe had diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (indirect question)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die.'
45

καὶ γνοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ κεντυρίωνος ἐδωρήσατο τὸ πτῶμα τῷ Ἰωσήφ.

And when he learned it from the centurion, he granted the corpse to Joseph.

Narrative developmentκαίConfirmed by the officer, Pilate releases the body — official acknowledgment of the death before the burial.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
γνοὺςhaving learnedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · γινώσκωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristγινώσκω: 'know, ascertain, learn.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition (+ gen., source)ἀπό: 'from.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with κεντυρίωνος
κεντυρίωνοςcenturionGenitiveobject of ἀπό (source)κεντυρίων: cf. vv.39, 44.
ἐδωρήσατοhe grantedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · δωρέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristδωρέομαι: 'give, grant, present as a gift.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with πτῶμα
πτῶμαcorpseAccusativedirect objectπτῶμα: 'corpse, dead body' (lit. 'that which has fallen').
τῷtoDativearticle with Ἰωσήφ
ἸωσήφJosephDativeindirect object (dative of recipient)Ἰωσήφ: Joseph of Arimathea; indeclinable form, here functioning as dative.
46

καὶ ἀγοράσας σινδόνα καθελὼν αὐτὸν ἐνείλησεν τῇ σινδόνι καὶ ἔθηκεν αὐτὸν ἐν μνημείῳ ὃ ἦν λελατομημένον ἐκ πέτρας, καὶ προσεκύλισεν λίθον ἐπὶ τὴν θύραν τοῦ μνημείου.

And he bought a linen cloth, and taking him down, wrapped him in the linen, and laid him in a tomb that had been hewn out of rock, and rolled a stone against the door of the tomb.

Narrative resolutionκαίThe burial proper: linen, rock-hewn tomb, and sealing stone — the honorable interment that prepares the empty-tomb account.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἀγοράσαςhaving boughtAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀγοράζωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristἀγοράζω: 'buy, purchase.'
σινδόναa linen clothAccusativedirect object of ἀγοράσαςσινδών: 'linen cloth, fine linen sheet.'
καθελὼνtaking downAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καθαιρέωcircumstantial (temporal) participle→ antecedent aoristκαθαιρέω: 'take down'; from the cross (cf. v.36).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of καθελὼν
ἐνείλησενwrappedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐνειλέωmain verb→ constative aoristἐνειλέω: 'wrap up, roll in.'
τῇtheDativearticle with σινδόνι
σινδόνιlinenDativedative of instrumentσινδών: 'linen cloth.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔθηκενlaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'place, lay.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)ἐν + dat.: locative.
μνημείῳa tombDativeobject of ἐνμνημεῖον: 'tomb, sepulchre.'
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: relative.
ἦνhad beenImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic auxiliary)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: with perf. ptc., pluperfect periphrasis.
λελατομημένονhewnPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · λατομέωpredicate participle (periphrastic pluperfect)→ stative perfectλατομέω: 'cut/hew (in rock).'
ἐκout ofpreposition (+ gen.)ἐκ: 'out of, from.'
πέτραςrockGenitiveobject of ἐκπέτρα: 'rock, bedrock.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσεκύλισενrolledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυλίωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσκυλίω: 'roll up to, roll against.'
λίθονa stoneAccusativedirect objectλίθος: 'stone'; the disc-shaped tomb seal.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition (+ acc.)ἐπί + acc.: 'against, upon.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with θύραν
θύρανdoorAccusativeobject of ἐπίθύρα: 'door, entrance.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with μνημείου
μνημείουtombGenitivegenitive of possessionμνημεῖον: 'tomb.'
47

ἡ δὲ Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ Μαρία ἡ Ἰωσῆτος ἐθεώρουν ποῦ τέθειται.

And Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses saw where he was laid.

Narrative conclusion (witnesses)δέThe two Marys mark the burial place — the chain of witnesses linking cross, tomb, and resurrection (16:1).
Nominativearticle with Μαρία
δὲAndpostpositive conjunctionδέ.
ΜαρίαMaryNominativesubjectΜαρία.
theNominativearticle with Μαγδαληνὴ
ΜαγδαληνὴMagdaleneNominativeapposition to ΜαρίαΜαγδαληνή: 'of Magdala'; cf. v.40.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΜαρίαMaryNominativesubject (coordinate)Μαρία: the mother of Joses (cf. v.40).
the motherNominativearticle governing the genitive (mother of)
Ἰωσῆτοςof JosesGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸωσῆς: 'Joses'; cf. v.40.
ἐθεώρουνsawImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θεωρέωmain verb→ durative imperfectθεωρέω: 'observe, watch'; they marked the spot.
ποῦwhereinterrogative adverb (indirect question)ποῦ: 'where.'
τέθειταιhe was laidPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb (indirect question)→ resultative perfectτίθημι: 'place, lay'; perf. pass. 'has been laid.'