Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Matthew, Chapter 18ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΘΘΑΙΟΝ ΙΗ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ προσῆλθον οἱ μαθηταὶ τῷ Ἰησοῦ λέγοντες· Τίς ἄρα μείζων ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν;

In that hour the disciples came to Jesus, saying, “Who then is greatest in the kingdom of heaven?”

Scene-opening questionasyndetonA temporal hinge opens the discourse: the disciples' status-question — 'who is greatest?' — sets the agenda for the whole chapter on greatness, humility, and care for the little ones.
Ἐνinpreposition + dative (time)
ἐκείνῃthatDativeattributive (demonstrative)
τῇtheDativearticle
ὥρᾳhourDativedat. of time (point)ὥρα: 'hour, time'; the moment, linking this scene to the preceding (the temple tax, 17:24–27).
προσῆλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come/draw near to'; a Matthean favorite for approaching Jesus as teacher.
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'learner, disciple'; the Twelve who follow and are taught.
τῷtoDativearticle
ἸησοῦJesusDativeindirect object (with προσῆλθον)
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωattendant-circumstance participle→ present (concurrent)
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)
ἄραtheninferential particleἄρα: 'then, consequently'; draws an inference — 'who then, given the kingdom?'
μείζωνgreater/greatestNominativepredicate nominative (comparative for superlative)μέγας (compar. μείζων): 'greater'; here used as a superlative, 'greatest' — the status-rivalry the discourse will overturn.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῇtheDativearticle
βασιλείᾳkingdomDativedat. of sphereβασιλεία: 'reign, kingdom'; the realm of God's rule.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitivegenitive (Matthean periphrasis for God)οὐρανός: 'heaven'; Matthew's reverential 'kingdom of the heavens' = kingdom of God.
2

καὶ προσκαλεσάμενος παιδίον ἔστησεν αὐτὸ ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν

And calling a child to him, he set it in their midst

Symbolic actκαίJesus answers not with words but with an enacted parable: a child placed center-stage as the living object lesson.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσκαλεσάμενοςcalling to himselfAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσκαλέομαιtemporal/attendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristπροσκαλέομαι: 'summon, call to oneself'; the middle stresses Jesus' own beckoning.
παιδίονa childAccusativedirect object of ptc.παιδίον: 'little child, young child'; diminutive of παῖς — small, dependent, low in status.
ἔστησενhe set/placedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb→ constative aoristἵστημι (trans.): 'cause to stand, set'; he positions the child as exhibit.
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
μέσῳmidstDativedat. of place (substantival adj.)μέσος: 'middle'; ἐν μέσῳ = 'in the middle, among.'
αὐτῶνof themGenitivepartitive/possessive genitive
3

καὶ εἶπεν· Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ἐὰν μὴ στραφῆτε καὶ γένησθε ὡς τὰ παιδία, οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν.

and said, “Truly I say to you, unless you turn and become like the children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven.

Solemn pronouncementκαίThe lesson: entry into the kingdom requires conversion to childlikeness — a reversal of the disciples' status-seeking. The double negative οὐ μὴ makes the exclusion emphatic.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Ἀμὴνtrulysolemn asseverative (transliterated Hebrew)ἀμήν: 'truly, verily'; Jesus' characteristic authoritative preface.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (formula)→ presentλέγω: 'say'; the formula ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν introduces a weighty saying.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ἐὰνif/unlessconditional conjunction (3rd class)ἐάν: 'if'; with μή = 'unless,' introducing the condition for entry.
μὴnotnegative particle
στραφῆτεyou turn/are convertedAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · στρέφωverb of protasis→ ingressive aoristστρέφω (pass.): 'turn (oneself), be converted'; a radical reorientation, not mere improvement.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γένησθεbecomeAor Mid Subj 2 Pl · γίνομαιverb of protasis→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; the turning issues in a new childlike condition.
ὡςas/likecomparative particle
τὰtheNominativearticle
παιδίαchildrenNominativeobject of comparisonπαιδίον: 'child'; the model of trustful dependence and low status.
οὐnotnegative (emphatic with μή)
μὴnevernegative (οὐ μή = emphatic denial)οὐ μή + subj.: the strongest Greek negation of the future — 'you will certainly not.'
εἰσέλθητεyou enterAor Act Subj 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb (apodosis)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go into'; entry into the kingdom is the issue at stake.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativeobject of εἰςβασιλεία: 'kingdom.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitivegenitive (periphrasis)
4

ὅστις οὖν ταπεινώσει ἑαυτὸν ὡς τὸ παιδίον τοῦτο, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ μείζων ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν.

Whoever therefore humbles himself like this child, this one is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven.

Answer to the questionοὖνThe direct answer: greatness is self-humbling. The status-question of v.1 is resolved by inversion — the lowly child is the measure.
ὅστιςwhoeverNominativeindefinite relative (subject)ὅστις: 'whoever'; generalizing — the principle applies to anyone.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
ταπεινώσειwill humbleFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ταπεινόωverb of relative clause→ gnomic/futureταπεινόω: 'make low, humble'; voluntary self-lowering is the path to true greatness.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive direct object
ὡςas/likecomparative particle
τὸtheNominativearticle
παιδίονchildNominativeobject of comparisonπαιδίον: 'child.'
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative (deictic — the child present)
οὗτόςthis oneNominativesubject (resumptive)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
theNominativearticle
μείζωνgreatestNominativepredicate nominativeμείζων: 'greater/greatest'; answering the μείζων of v.1.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῇtheDativearticle
βασιλείᾳkingdomDativedat. of sphere
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitivegenitive (periphrasis)
5

καὶ ὃς ἐὰν δέξηται ἓν παιδίον τοιοῦτο ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου, ἐμὲ δέχεται.

And whoever receives one such child in my name receives me.

Reception of the little oneκαίThe child becomes the type of the lowly disciple: to welcome such a one is to welcome Christ himself — identification of Jesus with the least.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (indefinite with ἐάν)
ἐὰν-everparticle (generalizes relative)
δέξηταιreceives/welcomesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · δέχομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome'; hospitable acceptance of the lowly.
ἓνoneAccusativeattributive numeralεἷς: 'one'; 'one such' — even a single lowly one matters.
παιδίονchildAccusativedirect objectπαιδίον: 'child'; here representing the humble disciple.
τοιοῦτοsuchAccusativeattributive (correlative)τοιοῦτος: 'such, of this kind'; a child characterized by the humility just described.
ἐπὶin/on the basis ofpreposition + dative (basis/ground)
τῷtheDativearticle
ὀνόματίnameDativedat. of basis (ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι = 'in the name')ὄνομα: 'name'; 'on account of / in connection with my name' — because of allegiance to Christ.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐμὲmeAccusativedirect object (emphatic, fronted)
δέχεταιreceivesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δέχομαιmain verb→ gnomic presentδέχομαι: 'receive'; the welcome reaches Christ himself.
6

Ὃς δ’ ἂν σκανδαλίσῃ ἕνα τῶν μικρῶν τούτων τῶν πιστευόντων εἰς ἐμέ, συμφέρει αὐτῷ ἵνα κρεμασθῇ μύλος ὀνικὸς περὶ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ καὶ καταποντισθῇ ἐν τῷ πελάγει τῆς θαλάσσης.

But whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in me to stumble, it is better for him that a great millstone be hung around his neck and he be drowned in the depth of the sea.

Warning against causing stumblingδέThe counter-case: to trip up a 'little one' merits a fate worse than drowning. The δέ pivots from welcoming the lowly to the dire guilt of harming them.
ὋςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (indefinite with ἄν)
δ’butadversative conjunction (δέ)
ἂν-evermodal particle (generalizes)
σκανδαλίσῃcauses to stumbleAor Act Subj 3 Sg · σκανδαλίζωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristσκανδαλίζω: 'cause to stumble, entrap into sin'; from σκάνδαλον, a trap-stick — the keyword of vv.6–9.
ἕναoneAccusativedirect object (numeral)εἷς: 'one'; even a single little one.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
μικρῶνlittle onesGenitivepartitive genitiveμικρός: 'small, little'; the humble believer, vulnerable and lowly — not necessarily a child in age.
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative
τῶνthe (ones)Genitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
πιστευόντωνwho believePres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · πιστεύωattributive participle→ present (ongoing)πιστεύω: 'believe, trust'; defines the little ones by their faith in Christ.
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (object of faith)
ἐμέmeAccusativeobject of πιστεύω (via εἰς)
συμφέρειit is better/profitablePres Act Indic 3 Sg · συμφέρωmain verb (impersonal)→ gnomic presentσυμφέρω: 'be advantageous, profitable'; impersonal 'it is better.'
αὐτῷfor himDativedat. of advantage
ἵναthatconjunction (epexegetic/content)
κρεμασθῇbe hungAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κρεμάννυμιverb of ἵνα clause→ constative aoristκρεμάννυμι: 'hang, suspend'; the millstone hung about the neck.
μύλοςmillstoneNominativesubjectμύλος: 'millstone'; with ὀνικός, the large stone turned by a donkey — heavy enough to sink a man.
ὀνικὸςdonkey-(driven)Nominativeattributive adjectiveὀνικός: 'of a donkey'; μύλος ὀνικός = a great upper millstone, not a hand-mill.
περὶaroundpreposition + accusative (place)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
τράχηλονneckAccusativeobject of περίτράχηλος: 'neck.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καταποντισθῇbe drowned/sunkAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · καταποντίζωverb of ἵνα clause→ constative aoristκαταποντίζω: 'plunge/sink into the sea, drown'; a fate proverbially dreadful.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
πελάγειdepth/open seaDativedat. of placeπέλαγος: 'open sea, the deep'; the high sea, far from rescue.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivegenitive (epexegetic/partitive)θάλασσα: 'sea.'
7

οὐαὶ τῷ κόσμῳ ἀπὸ τῶν σκανδάλων· ἀνάγκη γὰρ ἐλθεῖν τὰ σκάνδαλα, πλὴν οὐαὶ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ δι’ οὗ τὸ σκάνδαλον ἔρχεται.

Woe to the world because of the stumbling-blocks! For it is necessary that the stumbling-blocks come, but woe to the man through whom the stumbling-block comes!

Woe over stumbling-blocksasyndetonA double woe: the world is endangered by stumbling-blocks, which inevitably come; yet inevitability does not excuse the one who causes them.
οὐαὶwoeinterjection of lament/judgmentοὐαί: 'woe!'; a prophetic cry of grief and impending judgment.
τῷto theDativearticle
κόσμῳworldDativedat. of disadvantage (recipient of woe)κόσμος: 'world'; the realm of humanity exposed to temptation.
ἀπὸbecause ofpreposition + genitive (cause)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
σκανδάλωνstumbling-blocksGenitiveobject of ἀπό (cause)σκάνδαλον: 'trap-stick, snare, occasion of sin'; the cause of the world's peril.
ἀνάγκηnecessityNominativepredicate (impersonal 'it is necessary')ἀνάγκη: 'necessity, compulsion'; ἀνάγκη [ἐστιν] = 'it must be.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιsubject infinitive (of ἀνάγκη)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the coming of temptations is inevitable in a fallen world.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
σκάνδαλαstumbling-blocksAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitiveσκάνδαλον: 'stumbling-block.'
πλὴνbut/neverthelessadversative conjunctionπλήν: 'however, nevertheless'; concedes inevitability yet presses responsibility.
οὐαὶwoeinterjection
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativedat. of disadvantageἄνθρωπος: 'person, man'; the individual agent of the stumbling.
δι’throughpreposition + genitive (agency)
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun (object of διά)
τὸtheNominativearticle
σκάνδαλονstumbling-blockNominativesubject of ἔρχεταισκάνδαλον: 'stumbling-block.'
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (rel. clause)→ gnomic presentἔρχομαι: 'come.'
8

Εἰ δὲ ἡ χείρ σου ἢ ὁ πούς σου σκανδαλίζει σε, ἔκκοψον αὐτὸν καὶ βάλε ἀπὸ σοῦ· καλόν σοί ἐστιν εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν ζωὴν κυλλὸν ἢ χωλόν, ἢ δύο χεῖρας ἢ δύο πόδας ἔχοντα βληθῆναι εἰς τὸ πῦρ τὸ αἰώνιον.

If your hand or your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off and throw it away from you; it is better for you to enter into life maimed or lame than, having two hands or two feet, to be thrown into the eternal fire.

Radical self-amputation (hand/foot)δέFrom causing others to stumble to one's own occasions of sin: a hyperbolic call to drastic renunciation — life maimed surpasses wholeness in hell.
Εἰifconditional conjunction (1st class)
δὲand/buttransitional conjunction
theNominativearticle
χείρhandNominativesubjectχείρ: 'hand'; an instrument of action — here standing for whatever leads to sin.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ordisjunctive conjunction
theNominativearticle
πούςfootNominativesubject (coordinate)πούς: 'foot.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
σκανδαλίζειcauses to stumblePres Act Indic 3 Sg · σκανδαλίζωverb of protasis→ present (real condition)σκανδαλίζω: 'cause to stumble, trip into sin.'
σεyouAccusativedirect object
ἔκκοψονcut offAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐκκόπτωmain verb (command)→ ingressive/urgent aoristἐκκόπτω: 'cut off, cut out' (ἐκ-intensive of κόπτω); decisive severance.
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object (masc., agreeing w/ πούς)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βάλεthrowAor Act Impv 2 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (command)→ urgent aoristβάλλω: 'throw, cast'; get rid of it utterly.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of ἀπό
καλόνgood/betterNominativepredicate adjective (impersonal)καλός: 'good'; here comparative in force — 'better.'
σοίfor youDativedat. of advantage
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
εἰσελθεῖνto enterAor Act Inf · εἰσέρχομαιsubject infinitive→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; into life — i.e. the kingdom/eternal life.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ζωὴνlifeAccusativeobject of εἰςζωή: '(eternal) life'; the goal, set against eternal fire.
κυλλὸνmaimedAccusativepredicate accusative (with subject of inf.)κυλλός: 'maimed, crippled' (esp. of a hand).
ordisjunctive conjunction
χωλόνlameAccusativepredicate accusativeχωλός: 'lame' (of a foot).
thancomparative particle (after καλόν ... ἤ)
δύοtwoAccusativeattributive numeral (indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἔχονταχείρ: 'hand.'
ordisjunctive conjunction
δύοtwoAccusativeattributive numeral
πόδαςfeetAccusativedirect object of ἔχονταπούς: 'foot.'
ἔχονταhavingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἔχωconcessive participle→ present (concurrent)ἔχω: 'have'; 'though having two...'
βληθῆναιto be thrownAor Pass Inf · βάλλωsubject infinitive (parallel)→ constative aoristβάλλω (pass.): 'be thrown, cast'; into the fire of judgment.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πῦρfireAccusativeobject of εἰςπῦρ: 'fire'; the fire of final judgment.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (second attributive)
αἰώνιονeternalAccusativeattributive adjectiveαἰώνιος: 'eternal, age-long'; the unending fire of Gehenna.
9

καὶ εἰ ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου σκανδαλίζει σε, ἔξελε αὐτὸν καὶ βάλε ἀπὸ σοῦ· καλόν σοί ἐστιν μονόφθαλμον εἰς τὴν ζωὴν εἰσελθεῖν, ἢ δύο ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχοντα βληθῆναι εἰς τὴν γέενναν τοῦ πυρός.

And if your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out and throw it away from you; it is better for you to enter into life one-eyed than, having two eyes, to be thrown into the Gehenna of fire.

Radical self-amputation (eye)καίThe eye-saying parallels the hand/foot: even the most precious faculty must go rather than forfeit life. 'Gehenna of fire' names the destination.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰifconditional conjunction (1st class)
theNominativearticle
ὀφθαλμόςeyeNominativesubjectὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; the organ of desire/perception, here a source of stumbling.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
σκανδαλίζειcauses to stumblePres Act Indic 3 Sg · σκανδαλίζωverb of protasis→ present (real condition)σκανδαλίζω: 'cause to stumble.'
σεyouAccusativedirect object
ἔξελεpluck outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξαιρέωmain verb (command)→ urgent aoristἐξαιρέω: 'take out, remove'; here 'pluck out (the eye).'
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βάλεthrowAor Act Impv 2 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (command)→ urgent aoristβάλλω: 'throw, cast.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of ἀπό
καλόνgood/betterNominativepredicate adjectiveκαλός: 'good'; comparative force, 'better.'
σοίfor youDativedat. of advantage
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
μονόφθαλμονone-eyedAccusativepredicate accusativeμονόφθαλμος: 'one-eyed'; maimed yet alive.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ζωὴνlifeAccusativeobject of εἰςζωή: '(eternal) life.'
εἰσελθεῖνto enterAor Act Inf · εἰσέρχομαιsubject infinitive→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
thancomparative particle
δύοtwoAccusativeattributive numeral (indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesAccusativedirect object of ἔχονταὀφθαλμός: 'eye.'
ἔχονταhavingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἔχωconcessive participle→ present (concurrent)ἔχω: 'have'; 'though having two eyes.'
βληθῆναιto be thrownAor Pass Inf · βάλλωsubject infinitive (parallel)→ constative aoristβάλλω (pass.): 'be thrown.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γέεννανGehennaAccusativeobject of εἰςγέεννα: 'Gehenna' (Heb. 'Valley of Hinnom'); the place of fiery final punishment.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πυρόςfireGenitivegenitive of quality ('fiery Gehenna')πῦρ: 'fire'; qualifies Gehenna as the fiery place of judgment.
10

Ὁρᾶτε μὴ καταφρονήσητε ἑνὸς τῶν μικρῶν τούτων· λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτῶν ἐν οὐρανοῖς διὰ παντὸς βλέπουσι τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ πατρός μου τοῦ ἐν οὐρανοῖς.

See that you do not despise one of these little ones; for I say to you that their angels in heaven continually behold the face of my Father who is in heaven.

Do not despise the little onesasyndetonThe section's hinge: care for the little ones grounded in their dignity before God — their angels behold the Father's face. This launches the lost-sheep parable.
Ὁρᾶτεsee/take carePres Act Impv 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (command)→ present (general)ὁράω: 'see, watch'; here 'take care, beware.'
μὴnotnegative (with subjunctive of prohibition)
καταφρονήσητεyou despiseAor Act Subj 2 Pl · καταφρονέωverb of prohibition→ ingressive aoristκαταφρονέω: 'look down on, despise' (κατά + φρονέω); to think slightingly of.
ἑνὸςoneGenitivegenitive object of καταφρονέωεἷς: 'one'; even a single little one.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
μικρῶνlittle onesGenitivepartitive genitiveμικρός: 'small, little'; the humble believer.
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ presentλέγω: 'say.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of saying)
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄγγελοιangelsNominativesubjectἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; their guardian angels with access to God.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
οὐρανοῖςheavenDativedat. of placeοὐρανός: 'heaven.'
διὰthrough(out)preposition + genitive (in διὰ παντός = 'always')
παντὸςallGenitiveobject of διά (idiom 'continually')πᾶς: 'all'; διὰ παντός = 'continually, always.'
βλέπουσιbeholdPres Act Indic 3 Pl · βλέπωmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ customary presentβλέπω: 'see, behold'; constant access to God's presence — a mark of high honor.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativedirect objectπρόσωπον: 'face'; to see the king's face = to stand in his immediate presence.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πατρόςFatherGenitivegenitive of relationshipπατήρ: 'Father'; God as Jesus' Father, jealous over the little ones.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (attributive)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
οὐρανοῖςheavenDativedat. of placeοὐρανός: 'heaven.'
12

Τί ὑμῖν δοκεῖ; ἐὰν γένηταί τινι ἀνθρώπῳ ἑκατὸν πρόβατα καὶ πλανηθῇ ἓν ἐξ αὐτῶν, οὐχὶ ἀφήσει τὰ ἐνενήκοντα ἐννέα ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη καὶ πορευθεὶς ζητεῖ τὸ πλανώμενον;

What do you think? If a man has a hundred sheep and one of them goes astray, will he not leave the ninety-nine on the hills and go and seek the one that is straying?

Parable of the lost sheep (setup)asyndetonThe parable proper: the shepherd's pursuit of the single straying sheep dramatizes the Father's regard for each little one.
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative (adverbial accusative)
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. of reference
δοκεῖseemsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δοκέωmain verb (impersonal)→ presentδοκέω: 'seem, think'; τί ὑμῖν δοκεῖ = 'what do you think?'
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (3rd class)
γένηταίthere be/comes to beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of protasis→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, be'; here 'if a man has/comes to have.'
τινιa certainDativeindefinite adjectiveτις: 'someone, a certain.'
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativedat. of possession ('a man has')ἄνθρωπος: 'man, person.'
ἑκατὸνa hundredAccusativeattributive numeral (indeclinable)ἑκατόν: 'hundred.'
πρόβαταsheepNominativesubject of γένηταιπρόβατον: 'sheep'; the flock, and the one as image of the little one.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πλανηθῇgoes astrayAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · πλανάωverb of protasis→ ingressive aoristπλανάω (pass.): 'wander, go astray, be led astray'; the keyword of the parable.
ἓνoneNominativesubject (numeral)εἷς: 'one'; the single lost one is the focus.
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive
οὐχὶnot (surely)interrogative negative (expects 'yes')οὐχί: emphatic 'not'; introduces a question expecting affirmation.
ἀφήσειwill leaveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive futureἀφίημι: 'leave, let go.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἐνενήκονταninetyAccusativeattributive numeral (indeclinable)ἐνενήκοντα: 'ninety.'
ἐννέαnineAccusativeattributive numeral (indeclinable)ἐννέα: 'nine'; the ninety-nine left behind.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ὄρηhills/mountainsAccusativeobject of ἐπίὄρος: 'mountain, hill'; the open pasture-land.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πορευθεὶςgoingAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πορεύομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristπορεύομαι: 'go, journey'; he sets out after the one.
ζητεῖseeksPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb→ present (vivid)ζητέω: 'seek, search for'; the diligent pursuit of the lost.
τὸthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
πλανώμενονstrayingPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · πλανάωsubstantival participle→ present (ongoing)πλανάω: 'go astray'; the wandering sheep, object of the search.
13

καὶ ἐὰν γένηται εὑρεῖν αὐτό, ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι χαίρει ἐπ’ αὐτῷ μᾶλλον ἢ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐνενήκοντα ἐννέα τοῖς μὴ πεπλανημένοις.

And if it happens that he finds it, truly I say to you, he rejoices over it more than over the ninety-nine that did not go astray.

Parable of the lost sheep (joy)καίThe point of the parable: disproportionate joy over the recovered one — the divine valuation of each individual little one.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (3rd class)
γένηταιit happensAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of protasis (impersonal)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'come to pass, happen'; 'if it should happen to find it.'
εὑρεῖνto findAor Act Inf · εὑρίσκωepexegetical/subject infinitive→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; recovery of the lost.
αὐτόitAccusativeobject of infinitive
ἀμὴνtrulysolemn asseverativeἀμήν: 'truly.'
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (formula)→ present
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
χαίρειhe rejoicesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · χαίρωmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ present (vivid)χαίρω: 'rejoice'; the shepherd's (and God's) joy over recovery.
ἐπ’overpreposition + dative (ground/basis)
αὐτῷitDativeobject of ἐπί
μᾶλλονmorecomparative adverbμᾶλλον: 'more, rather.'
thancomparative particle
ἐπὶoverpreposition + dative (ground)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἐνενήκονταninetyDativeattributive numeral (indeclinable)ἐνενήκοντα: 'ninety.'
ἐννέαnineDativeattributive numeral (indeclinable)ἐννέα: 'nine.'
τοῖςthe (ones)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
μὴnotnegative particle
πεπλανημένοιςthat have gone astrayPerf Pass Ptc · Dat Pl Neut · πλανάωattributive (substantival) participle→ perfect (settled state)πλανάω: 'go astray'; perfect — those in a standing condition of not-having-strayed.
14

οὕτως οὐκ ἔστιν θέλημα ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν τοῦ ἐν οὐρανοῖς ἵνα ἀπόληται ἓν τῶν μικρῶν τούτων.

So it is not the will of your Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish.

Application of the parableοὕτωςThe application seals vv.10–13: the Father wills that not one little one be lost — grounding the pastoral care that follows in vv.15–20.
οὕτωςso/thusadverb (drawing the application)οὕτως: 'thus, in this way'; ties parable to point.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ stative present
θέλημαwillNominativepredicate/subject nominativeθέλημα: 'will, desire'; God's gracious purpose toward the little ones.
ἔμπροσθενbeforepreposition + genitive (in the sight of)ἔμπροσθεν: 'before, in the presence of'; a reverential periphrasis ('before your Father').
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πατρὸςFatherGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθενπατήρ: 'Father.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (attributive)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
οὐρανοῖςheavenDativedat. of placeοὐρανός: 'heaven.'
ἵναthatconjunction (content of θέλημα)
ἀπόληταιshould perishAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιverb of ἵνα clause→ constative aoristἀπόλλυμι (mid.): 'perish, be lost'; the fate the Father's will excludes.
ἓνoneNominativesubject (numeral)εἷς: 'one'; not even one.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
μικρῶνlittle onesGenitivepartitive genitiveμικρός: 'little one.'
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative
15

Ἐὰν δὲ ἁμαρτήσῃ εἰς σὲ ὁ ἀδελφός σου, ὕπαγε ἔλεγξον αὐτὸν μεταξὺ σοῦ καὶ αὐτοῦ μόνου. ἐάν σου ἀκούσῃ, ἐκέρδησας τὸν ἀδελφόν σου·

And if your brother sins against you, go and reprove him between you and him alone. If he listens to you, you have gained your brother.

Reproving a sinning brotherδέFrom God's care for the straying to the church's: private, restorative confrontation. The aim is gain, not condemnation. (εἰς σέ 'against you' is a textual variant — see note.)
Ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (3rd class)
δὲand/buttransitional conjunction
ἁμαρτήσῃsinsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωverb of protasis→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin, miss the mark'; an offense calling for correction.
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (disadvantage)εἰς σέ ('against you') is read by many witnesses but omitted by א B — see text_note.
σὲyouAccusativeobject of εἰς
theNominativearticle
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubjectἀδελφός: 'brother'; a fellow disciple/member of the community.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ὕπαγεgoPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ὑπάγωmain verb (command)→ present (general)ὑπάγω: 'go, depart'; take the initiative.
ἔλεγξονreproveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐλέγχωmain verb (command)→ urgent aoristἐλέγχω: 'expose, reprove, convince'; bring the fault to light for correction, not mere blame.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
μεταξὺbetweenpreposition + genitive (place/relation)μεταξύ: 'between'; privacy guards the offender's dignity.
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of μεταξύ
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μεταξύ (coordinate)
μόνουaloneGenitiveattributive adjective (with αὐτοῦ)μόνος: 'alone, only'; just the two of you.
ἐάνifconditional conjunction
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούσῃ
ἀκούσῃhe listens/heedsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of protasis→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear, heed'; with genitive = 'listen to, obey.'
ἐκέρδησαςyou have gainedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · κερδαίνωmain verb (apodosis)→ dramatic/proleptic aoristκερδαίνω: 'gain, win'; restoration is winning the brother back, the goal of discipline.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφόνbrotherAccusativedirect objectἀδελφός: 'brother.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
16

ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀκούσῃ, παράλαβε μετὰ σοῦ ἔτι ἕνα ἢ δύο, ἵνα ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων ἢ τριῶν σταθῇ πᾶν ῥῆμα·

But if he does not listen, take with you one or two more, so that by the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.

Second step: witnessesδέEscalation by the Deuteronomic rule (Deut 19:15): one or two others added so that every matter is verified — due process, not gossip.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction
δὲbutadversative conjunction
μὴnotnegative particle
ἀκούσῃhe listensAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀκούωverb of protasis→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear, heed.'
παράλαβεtake alongAor Act Impv 2 Sg · παραλαμβάνωmain verb (command)→ urgent aoristπαραλαμβάνω: 'take along, take with'; bring additional witnesses.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of μετά
ἔτιstill/moreadverbἔτι: 'still, yet, besides'; one or two more besides yourself.
ἕναoneAccusativedirect object (numeral)εἷς: 'one.'
ordisjunctive conjunction
δύοtwoAccusativedirect object (numeral, indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
ἐπὶby/onpreposition + genitive (basis)ἐπὶ στόματος = 'on the testimony/mouth of' — a Septuagintism (Deut 19:15).
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐπίστόμα: 'mouth'; here 'on the word/testimony of.'
δύοtwoGenitiveattributive numeral (indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
μαρτύρωνwitnessesGenitivegenitive (with στόματος)μάρτυς: 'witness'; the legal corroborators of Deut 19:15.
ordisjunctive conjunction
τριῶνthreeGenitiveattributive numeralτρεῖς: 'three.'
σταθῇmay be establishedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἵστημιverb of ἵνα clause→ constative aoristἵστημι (pass.): 'be established, confirmed'; every matter legally secured.
πᾶνeveryNominativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every, all.'
ῥῆμαword/matterNominativesubject of σταθῇῥῆμα: 'word, thing, matter'; Hebraistic for 'every charge/affair.'
17

ἐὰν δὲ παρακούσῃ αὐτῶν, εἰπὲ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ· ἐὰν δὲ καὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας παρακούσῃ, ἔστω σοι ὥσπερ ὁ ἐθνικὸς καὶ ὁ τελώνης.

But if he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the church; and if he refuses to listen even to the church, let him be to you as the Gentile and the tax-collector.

Third step: the churchδέThe final escalation to the assembled ἐκκλησία; persistent refusal results in treating him as an outsider — a sober last resort, not vindictiveness.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction
δὲbutadversative conjunction
παρακούσῃrefuses to listenAor Act Subj 3 Sg · παρακούωverb of protasis→ constative aoristπαρακούω: 'refuse to hear, disregard' (παρά + ἀκούω); hear amiss / pay no heed.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of παρακούσῃ
εἰπὲtellAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (command)→ urgent aoristλέγω: 'tell, say'; refer the matter to the assembly.
τῇtheDativearticle
ἐκκλησίᾳchurchDativeindirect objectἐκκλησία: 'assembly, congregation, church'; the gathered community (the term appears in the Gospels only here and 16:18).
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction
δὲand/butconjunction
καὶevenadverbial (ascensive)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἐκκλησίαςchurchGenitivegenitive object of παρακούσῃἐκκλησία: 'church.'
παρακούσῃrefuses to listenAor Act Subj 3 Sg · παρακούωverb of protasis→ constative aoristπαρακούω: 'refuse to heed.'
ἔστωlet him bePres Act Impv 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (command)→ stative presentεἰμί (impv.): 'let him be'; the prescribed relational stance.
σοιto youDativedat. of reference
ὥσπερas/just ascomparative particleὥσπερ: 'just as, like.'
theNominativearticle
ἐθνικὸςGentileNominativepredicate (object of comparison)ἐθνικός: 'Gentile, pagan'; the outsider to the covenant community.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
τελώνηςtax-collectorNominativepredicate (coordinate)τελώνης: 'tax-collector'; a byword for the excluded and despised — yet recall Matthew's own calling (9:9).
18

Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅσα ἐὰν δήσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται δεδεμένα ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ὅσα ἐὰν λύσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται λελυμένα ἐν οὐρανῷ.

Truly I say to you, whatever you bind on earth will have been bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will have been loosed in heaven.

Binding and loosingasyndetonThe church's disciplinary verdicts are ratified in heaven. The periphrastic future-perfects suggest the earthly decision aligns with what already stands settled before God.
Ἀμὴνtrulysolemn asseverativeἀμήν: 'truly.'
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (formula)→ present
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅσαwhateverAccusativecorrelative relative (object of δήσητε)ὅσος: 'as much/many as, whatever.'
ἐὰν-everparticle (generalizes relative)
δήσητεyou bindAor Act Subj 2 Pl · δέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristδέω: 'bind, tie'; rabbinic term for declaring forbidden/binding a verdict.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'earth, land.'
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic future-perfect→ futureεἰμί: forms a periphrastic future-perfect with δεδεμένα.
δεδεμέναboundPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · δέωperiphrastic (with ἔσται) — future-perfect→ perfect (resultant state)δέω: 'bind'; 'will have been bound' — heaven's prior ratification.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
οὐρανῷheavenDativedat. of placeοὐρανός: 'heaven.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅσαwhateverAccusativecorrelative relative (object of λύσητε)ὅσος: 'whatever.'
ἐὰν-everparticle (generalizes)
λύσητεyou looseAor Act Subj 2 Pl · λύωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristλύω: 'loose, release'; rabbinic term for declaring permitted/absolving.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'earth.'
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic future-perfect→ future
λελυμέναloosedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · λύωperiphrastic (with ἔσται) — future-perfect→ perfect (resultant state)λύω: 'loose'; 'will have been loosed.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
οὐρανῷheavenDativedat. of placeοὐρανός: 'heaven.'
19

Πάλιν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι ἐὰν δύο συμφωνήσωσιν ἐξ ὑμῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς περὶ παντὸς πράγματος οὗ ἐὰν αἰτήσωνται, γενήσεται αὐτοῖς παρὰ τοῦ πατρός μου τοῦ ἐν οὐρανοῖς.

Again, truly I say to you that if two of you agree on earth about any matter that they ask, it will be done for them by my Father who is in heaven.

Agreement in prayerΠάλινA promise undergirding communal discipline: agreed prayer of even two is honored by the Father — divine backing for the gathered church's decisions.
Πάλινagainadverb (resumptive)πάλιν: 'again'; introduces a further assurance.
ἀμὴνtrulysolemn asseverativeἀμήν: 'truly.'
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (formula)→ present
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (3rd class)
δύοtwoNominativesubject (numeral, indeclinable)δύο: 'two'; the minimal agreeing pair.
συμφωνήσωσινagreeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · συμφωνέωverb of protasis→ constative aoristσυμφωνέω: 'agree, be in harmony' (lit. 'sound together'; cf. 'symphony'); concord in petition.
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'earth.'
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)
παντὸςany/everyGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every, any.'
πράγματοςmatterGenitiveobject of περίπρᾶγμα: 'matter, thing, affair'; possibly the disciplinary 'case' of vv.15–18.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (object of αἰτήσωνται)
ἐὰν-everparticle (generalizes)
αἰτήσωνταιthey askAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · αἰτέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristαἰτέω (mid.): 'ask, request (for oneself)'; petitionary prayer.
γενήσεταιit will be doneFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive futureγίνομαι: 'come to pass, be done'; the petition granted.
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedat. of advantage
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πατρόςFatherGenitiveobject of παρά (source)πατήρ: 'Father'; the granting source.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (attributive)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
οὐρανοῖςheavenDativedat. of placeοὐρανός: 'heaven.'
20

οὗ γάρ εἰσιν δύο ἢ τρεῖς συνηγμένοι εἰς τὸ ἐμὸν ὄνομα, ἐκεῖ εἰμι ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν.

For where two or three are gathered in my name, there am I in their midst.

The presence of ChristγάρThe ground of the whole promise: Christ's own presence amid even the smallest gathering convened in his name — the assurance behind communal discipline and prayer.
οὗwhererelative adverb of placeοὗ: 'where'; locative adverb.
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (with ptc., periphrastic-like)→ stative present
δύοtwoNominativesubject (numeral, indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
ordisjunctive conjunction
τρεῖςthreeNominativesubject (numeral)τρεῖς: 'three'; the smallest quorum — even this suffices for Christ's presence.
συνηγμένοιgatheredPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · συνάγωpredicate participle (periphrastic w/ εἰσίν)→ perfect (resultant state)συνάγω: 'gather together, assemble'; root of συναγωγή — the assembling congregation.
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (reference/goal)εἰς τὸ ὄνομα: 'into/with reference to the name' — gathered under his authority and for him.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἐμὸνmyAccusativepossessive adjectiveἐμός: 'my'; emphatic possessive.
ὄνομαnameAccusativeobject of εἰςὄνομα: 'name'; gathering 'in my name' = under Christ's person and authority.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of placeἐκεῖ: 'there'; answering οὗ.
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ stative presentεἰμί: 'I am'; an echo of the Shekinah / 'God in the midst' (cf. 1:23 Emmanuel; 28:20).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
μέσῳmidstDativedat. of place (substantival)μέσος: 'middle'; ἐν μέσῳ = 'among, in the midst of.'
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive/possessive genitive
21

Τότε προσελθὼν ὁ Πέτρος εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Κύριε, ποσάκις ἁμαρτήσει εἰς ἐμὲ ὁ ἀδελφός μου καὶ ἀφήσω αὐτῷ; ἕως ἑπτάκις;

Then Peter came and said to him, “Lord, how many times shall my brother sin against me and I forgive him? As many as seven times?”

Peter's question on forgivenessasyndetonPeter shifts from the offender's accountability to the offended one's duty: how often must one forgive? His 'seven times' seems generous — and is about to be vastly exceeded.
Τότεthenadverb (temporal/sequential)τότε: 'then, at that time'; Matthean connective.
προσελθὼνcomingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come to, approach.'
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος: 'Peter' (the Rock); the spokesman of the Twelve.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord, sir'; respectful address to Jesus.
ποσάκιςhow ofteninterrogative adverbποσάκις: 'how many times, how often.'
ἁμαρτήσειwill sinFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (deliberative future)→ predictive/deliberative futureἁμαρτάνω: 'sin'; the repeated offense in view.
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (disadvantage)
ἐμὲmeAccusativeobject of εἰς (emphatic)
theNominativearticle
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativesubjectἀδελφός: 'brother.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀφήσωshall I forgiveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (deliberative future)→ deliberative futureἀφίημι: 'forgive, release, let go'; remit the offense.
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
ἕωςup topreposition/particle (extent)ἕως: 'until, up to.'
ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumeral adverbἑπτάκις: 'seven times'; a generous-seeming round number.
22

λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Οὐ λέγω σοι ἕως ἑπτάκις ἀλλὰ ἕως ἑβδομηκοντάκις ἑπτά.

Jesus said to him, “I do not say to you up to seven times, but up to seventy-seven times.”

Limitless forgivenessasyndetonJesus' answer bursts the calculus altogether (an echo/reversal of Lamech's seventy-sevenfold vengeance, Gen 4:24). ἑβδομηκοντάκις ἑπτά = 'seventy-seven' or 'seventy times seven' — see crux.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: 'say'; vivid narrative present.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
Οὐnotnegative particle
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ present
σοιto youDativeindirect object
ἕωςup topreposition/particle (extent)ἕως: 'up to.'
ἑπτάκιςseven timesnumeral adverbἑπτάκις: 'seven times.'
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction
ἕωςup topreposition/particle (extent)
ἑβδομηκοντάκιςseventy timesnumeral adverb (indeclinable)ἑβδομηκοντάκις: 'seventy times'; with ἑπτά either 'seventy-seven times' or 'seventy times seven' (Gen 4:24 LXX). The crux: a number meant to defy counting.
ἑπτάsevennumeral (indeclinable)ἑπτά: 'seven'; see lexical note on ἑβδομηκοντάκις.
23

Διὰ τοῦτο ὡμοιώθη ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἀνθρώπῳ βασιλεῖ ὃς ἠθέλησεν συνᾶραι λόγον μετὰ τῶν δούλων αὐτοῦ.

Therefore the kingdom of heaven is like a king who wished to settle accounts with his servants.

Parable of the unforgiving servant (setting)Διὰ τοῦτοThe parable grounds the call to limitless forgiveness: a king's reckoning sets the scene for grace received and grace withheld.
Διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause, in idiom)διὰ τοῦτο = 'therefore, for this reason'; links parable to the forgiveness saying.
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (demonstrative)
ὡμοιώθηis/has been likenedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁμοιόωmain verb→ constative aorist (gnomic)ὁμοιόω: 'make like, compare'; standard parable formula — 'the kingdom may be compared to.'
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubjectβασιλεία: 'kingdom.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitivegenitive (periphrasis)
ἀνθρώπῳa manDativedat. of comparison (with ὡμοιώθη)ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; ἀνθρώπῳ βασιλεῖ = 'a man who was a king.'
βασιλεῖkingDativeapposition to ἀνθρώπῳβασιλεύς: 'king'; the God-figure of the parable.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
ἠθέλησενwishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristθέλω: 'will, wish, want.'
συνᾶραιto settleAor Act Inf · συναίρωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristσυναίρω: 'settle (accounts)'; συνᾶραι λόγον = 'to reckon, audit accounts.'
λόγονaccountAccusativedirect object (idiom w/ συνᾶραι)λόγος: here 'account, reckoning'; the financial sense.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
δούλωνservantsGenitiveobject of μετάδοῦλος: 'slave, servant'; royal officials/stewards.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
24

ἀρξαμένου δὲ αὐτοῦ συναίρειν προσηνέχθη αὐτῷ εἷς ὀφειλέτης μυρίων ταλάντων.

And when he had begun to settle, one debtor of ten thousand talents was brought to him.

The vast debtδέThe genitive-absolute sets the reckoning in motion; the first debtor owes an unimaginable sum — ten thousand talents, a hyperbole for an unpayable debt.
ἀρξαμένουhaving begunAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἄρχωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἄρχω (mid.): 'begin'; the reckoning commences.
δὲandtransitional conjunction
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
συναίρεινto settlePres Act Inf · συναίρωcomplementary infinitive→ present (ongoing)συναίρω: 'settle accounts.'
προσηνέχθηwas broughtAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · προσφέρωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσφέρω (pass.): 'be brought to/before'; the debtor haled before the king.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
εἷςoneNominativesubject (numeral, ≈ indefinite 'a')εἷς: 'one'; here almost 'a certain.'
ὀφειλέτηςdebtorNominativeapposition to εἷςὀφειλέτης: 'debtor, one who owes'; the first servant.
μυρίωνten thousandGenitiveattributive numeralμύριοι: 'ten thousand' (also 'countless'); the largest Greek numeral — staggering.
ταλάντωνof talentsGenitivegenitive of price/valueτάλαντον: 'talent' (the largest monetary unit, ~6,000 denarii); ten thousand talents = an astronomically unpayable sum.
25

μὴ ἔχοντος δὲ αὐτοῦ ἀποδοῦναι ἐκέλευσεν αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος πραθῆναι καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἔχει, καὶ ἀποδοθῆναι.

And since he had nothing to repay, the master ordered him to be sold, with his wife and children and all that he had, and payment to be made.

The sentenceδέThe debtor's insolvency triggers the harsh ancient remedy — sale into slavery of the whole household. The hopelessness sets up the appeal.
μὴnotnegative particle (with ptc.)
ἔχοντοςhavingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἔχωgenitive absolute (causal)→ present (concurrent)ἔχω: 'have'; 'since he had nothing to pay with.'
δὲandtransitional conjunction
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
ἀποδοῦναιto repayAor Act Inf · ἀποδίδωμιcomplementary infinitive (object of ἔχοντος)→ constative aoristἀποδίδωμι: 'give back, repay, pay off' (ἀπό + δίδωμι); the debt-repayment term recurring through the parable.
ἐκέλευσενorderedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κελεύωmain verb→ constative aoristκελεύω: 'command, order.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
theNominativearticle
κύριοςmaster/lordNominativesubjectκύριος: 'master, lord'; the king as the servant's owner.
πραθῆναιto be soldAor Pass Inf · πιπράσκωinfinitive (content of command)→ constative aoristπιπράσκω: 'sell'; debt-slavery, the ancient recourse.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeaccusative (to be sold)γυνή: 'wife, woman.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle
τέκναchildrenAccusativeaccusative (to be sold)τέκνον: 'child.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάνταallAccusativesubstantival adjectiveπᾶς: 'all.'
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative (object of ἔχει)ὅσος: 'as much as, whatever.'
ἔχειhe hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of relative clause→ presentἔχω: 'have, possess.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποδοθῆναιpayment be madeAor Pass Inf · ἀποδίδωμιinfinitive (content of command)→ constative aoristἀποδίδωμι (pass.): 'be repaid'; the sale to satisfy the debt.
26

πεσὼν οὖν ὁ δοῦλος προσεκύνει αὐτῷ λέγων· Μακροθύμησον ἐπ’ ἐμοί, καὶ πάντα ἀποδώσω σοι.

So the servant fell down and did obeisance to him, saying, ‘Be patient with me, and I will repay you everything.’

The servant's pleaοὖνProstrate, the servant begs for time, promising the impossible — to repay all. His plea is for patience, but he will receive far more.
πεσὼνfallingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πίπτωattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristπίπτω: 'fall (down)'; falling prostrate in supplication.
οὖνso/thereforeinferential conjunction
theNominativearticle
δοῦλοςservantNominativesubjectδοῦλος: 'slave, servant.'
προσεκύνειdid obeisanceImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb→ inchoative/iterative imperfectπροσκυνέω: 'bow down, do homage, worship'; the imperfect pictures repeated/continued entreaty.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωattendant-circumstance participle→ present (concurrent)
Μακροθύμησονbe patientAor Act Impv 2 Sg · μακροθυμέωmain verb (request)→ ingressive aoristμακροθυμέω: 'be patient, longsuffering' (μακρός + θυμός); 'bear long with me.'
ἐπ’withpreposition + dative (toward/over)
ἐμοίmeDativeobject of ἐπί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (consecutive)
πάνταall/everythingAccusativedirect objectπᾶς: 'all'; the impossible promise.
ἀποδώσωI will repayFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureἀποδίδωμι: 'repay'; he pledges full repayment he cannot make.
σοιyouDativeindirect object
27

σπλαγχνισθεὶς δὲ ὁ κύριος τοῦ δούλου ἐκείνου ἀπέλυσεν αὐτόν, καὶ τὸ δάνειον ἀφῆκεν αὐτῷ.

And the master of that servant, moved with compassion, released him and forgave him the loan.

The master's compassionδέThe turning-point: not patience but pardon. Moved at the gut level (σπλαγχνισθείς), the king cancels the entire debt — sheer grace, the parable's measure of mercy.
σπλαγχνισθεὶςmoved with compassionAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · σπλαγχνίζομαιcausal/attendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristσπλαγχνίζομαι: 'be moved with compassion' (from σπλάγχνα, 'inward parts'); visceral pity — the mainspring of the king's act.
δὲand/buttransitional conjunction
theNominativearticle
κύριοςmasterNominativesubjectκύριος: 'master, lord.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
δούλουservantGenitivegenitive of relationshipδοῦλος: 'servant.'
ἐκείνουthatGenitivedemonstrative
ἀπέλυσενreleasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπολύωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπολύω: 'release, set free, dismiss'; let him go.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle
δάνειονloan/debtAccusativedirect objectδάνειον: 'loan, debt'; the whole sum owed, here fully remitted.
ἀφῆκενforgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'forgive, cancel, remit'; the forgiveness keyword of the chapter applied to the debt.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. of advantage
28

ἐξελθὼν δὲ ὁ δοῦλος ἐκεῖνος εὗρεν ἕνα τῶν συνδούλων αὐτοῦ ὃς ὤφειλεν αὐτῷ ἑκατὸν δηνάρια, καὶ κρατήσας αὐτὸν ἔπνιγεν λέγων· Ἀπόδος εἴ τι ὀφείλεις.

But that servant went out and found one of his fellow servants who owed him a hundred denarii, and seizing him he began to choke him, saying, ‘Pay what you owe!’

The forgiven servant turns brutalδέThe shocking contrast: the just-pardoned servant throttles a fellow over a trivial debt (a hundred denarii vs. ten thousand talents) — grace received but not extended.
ἐξελθὼνgoing outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, come out.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
theNominativearticle
δοῦλοςservantNominativesubjectδοῦλος: 'servant.'
ἐκεῖνοςthatNominativedemonstrative
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
ἕναoneAccusativedirect object (numeral)εἷς: 'one.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
συνδούλωνfellow servantsGenitivepartitive genitiveσύνδουλος: 'fellow slave' (σύν + δοῦλος); an equal, not a superior — sharpening the cruelty.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
ὤφειλενowedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀφείλωverb of relative clause→ durative imperfectὀφείλω: 'owe, be indebted'; the standing debt.
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
ἑκατὸνa hundredAccusativeattributive numeral (indeclinable)ἑκατόν: 'hundred.'
δηνάριαdenariiAccusativedirect objectδηνάριον: 'denarius' (a day's wage); a hundred denarii — trivial beside ten thousand talents.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κρατήσαςseizingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κρατέωattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristκρατέω: 'seize, grasp, take hold of'; violent apprehension.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ptc.
ἔπνιγενbegan to chokeImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · πνίγωmain verb→ inchoative imperfectπνίγω: 'choke, throttle, strangle'; the imperfect — 'set about choking him.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωattendant-circumstance participle→ present (concurrent)
Ἀπόδοςpay backAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb (demand)→ urgent aoristἀποδίδωμι: 'pay back, repay'; the same verb he himself had begged relief from.
εἴif/whatconjunction (≈ 'whatever')εἴ τι ὀφείλεις = 'whatever you owe.'
τιanything/whatAccusativeindefinite pronoun (object of ὀφείλεις)
ὀφείλειςyou owePres Act Indic 2 Sg · ὀφείλωverb of relative clause→ presentὀφείλω: 'owe.'
29

πεσὼν οὖν ὁ σύνδουλος αὐτοῦ παρεκάλει αὐτὸν λέγων· Μακροθύμησον ἐπ’ ἐμοί, καὶ ἀποδώσω σοι.

So his fellow servant fell down and begged him, saying, ‘Be patient with me, and I will repay you.’

The fellow servant's identical pleaοὖνThe fellow servant's words echo the first servant's plea verbatim (v.26) — making the refusal that follows unmistakably damnable.
πεσὼνfallingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πίπτωattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristπίπτω: 'fall down'; the same posture as v.26.
οὖνsoinferential conjunction
theNominativearticle
σύνδουλοςfellow servantNominativesubjectσύνδουλος: 'fellow slave.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
παρεκάλειbeggedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · παρακαλέωmain verb→ iterative/durative imperfectπαρακαλέω: 'beg, entreat, urge' (παρά + καλέω); persistent pleading.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωattendant-circumstance participle→ present (concurrent)
Μακροθύμησονbe patientAor Act Impv 2 Sg · μακροθυμέωmain verb (request)→ ingressive aoristμακροθυμέω: 'be patient'; identical to the first servant's plea.
ἐπ’withpreposition + dative
ἐμοίmeDativeobject of ἐπί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (consecutive)
ἀποδώσωI will repayFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureἀποδίδωμι: 'repay'; a debt actually repayable, unlike the first.
σοιyouDativeindirect object
30

ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἤθελεν, ἀλλὰ ἀπελθὼν ἔβαλεν αὐτὸν εἰς φυλακὴν ἕως ἀποδῷ τὸ ὀφειλόμενον.

But he refused, and went and threw him into prison until he should repay what was owed.

The merciless refusalδέFlat refusal of the very mercy he had received: debtor's prison until full payment — pitiless, and in full view of the watching servants.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)ὁ δέ: 'but he'; the resumptive article-as-pronoun.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἤθελενwas willingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ durative imperfectθέλω: 'will, wish'; 'he would not.'
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction
ἀπελθὼνgoing offAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
ἔβαλενthrewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb→ constative aoristβάλλω: 'throw, cast'; into prison.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
φυλακὴνprisonAccusativeobject of εἰςφυλακή: 'prison, guard'; debtor's confinement until payment.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal)ἕως: 'until.'
ἀποδῷhe should repayAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristἀποδίδωμι: 'repay'; the condition of release.
τὸthe (thing)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ὀφειλόμενονwhat was owedPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · ὀφείλωsubstantival participle→ present (ongoing)ὀφείλω (pass.): 'be owed'; 'the debt.'
31

ἰδόντες οὖν οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτοῦ τὰ γενόμενα ἐλυπήθησαν σφόδρα, καὶ ἐλθόντες διεσάφησαν τῷ κυρίῳ ἑαυτῶν πάντα τὰ γενόμενα.

So when his fellow servants saw what had happened, they were greatly grieved, and they went and reported to their master all that had happened.

The witnesses reportοὖνThe other servants, grieved at the injustice, bring the matter before the king — the parable's own 'court,' echoing the church's role in vv.15–17.
ἰδόντεςseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωtemporal participle→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see'; they witnessed the cruelty.
οὖνsoinferential conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
σύνδουλοιfellow servantsNominativesubjectσύνδουλος: 'fellow slave.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
τὰthe (things)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
γενόμεναthat had happenedAor Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · γίνομαιsubstantival participle (object)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'happen, take place'; the events witnessed.
ἐλυπήθησανwere grievedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · λυπέωmain verb→ ingressive aoristλυπέω (pass.): 'be grieved, distressed.'
σφόδραgreatlyadverb (degree)σφόδρα: 'exceedingly, greatly.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐλθόντεςgoingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
διεσάφησανreported/explainedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · διασαφέωmain verb→ constative aoristδιασαφέω: 'make clear, report fully' (διά + σαφής, 'clear'); a detailed account.
τῷtheDativearticle
κυρίῳmasterDativeindirect objectκύριος: 'master, lord.'
ἑαυτῶνtheir ownGenitivereflexive possessive genitive
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all.'
τὰthe (things)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
γενόμεναthat had happenedAor Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · γίνομαιsubstantival participle (object)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'happen'; the whole affair.
32

τότε προσκαλεσάμενος αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ λέγει αὐτῷ· Δοῦλε πονηρέ, πᾶσαν τὴν ὀφειλὴν ἐκείνην ἀφῆκά σοι, ἐπεὶ παρεκάλεσάς με·

Then his master summoned him and said to him, ‘You wicked servant! I forgave you all that debt because you begged me.

The master's indictmentτότεThe reckoning resumed: the king names the servant 'wicked' and rehearses the grace given — the ground of the coming verdict is the mercy already shown.
τότεthentemporal adverbτότε: 'then.'
προσκαλεσάμενοςsummoningAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσκαλέομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent aoristπροσκαλέομαι: 'summon, call to oneself.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ptc.
theNominativearticle
κύριοςmasterNominativesubjectκύριος: 'master, lord.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: 'say'; vivid present.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΔοῦλεservantVocativevocative of addressδοῦλος: 'servant'; direct, accusing address.
πονηρέwickedVocativeattributive (vocative)πονηρός: 'evil, wicked'; the moral verdict on his conduct.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; the whole debt.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὀφειλὴνdebtAccusativedirect objectὀφειλή: 'debt, what is owed.'
ἐκείνηνthatAccusativedemonstrative
ἀφῆκάI forgaveAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'forgive, cancel'; the grace already enacted.
σοιyouDativedat. of advantage
ἐπεὶbecausecausal conjunctionἐπεί: 'since, because.'
παρεκάλεσάςyou beggedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · παρακαλέωverb of causal clause→ constative aoristπαρακαλέω: 'beg, entreat'; the appeal that moved the king.
μεmeAccusativedirect object
33

οὐκ ἔδει καὶ σὲ ἐλεῆσαι τὸν σύνδουλόν σου, ὡς κἀγὼ σὲ ἠλέησα;

Should you not also have had mercy on your fellow servant, as I also had mercy on you?’

The moral demandasyndetonThe parable's pivot into application: received mercy obligates extended mercy. The 'as I... so you' logic is the lesson Peter (and the church) must learn.
οὐκnotnegative particle (in question expecting 'yes')
ἔδειwas it not necessaryImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖmain verb (impersonal)→ durative imperfectδεῖ: 'it is necessary, one ought'; οὐκ ἔδει = 'ought you not to have...?'
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
σὲyouAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (emphatic)
ἐλεῆσαιto have mercyAor Act Inf · ἐλεέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἐλεέω: 'have mercy, show compassion'; the duty owed downward.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
σύνδουλόνfellow servantAccusativedirect object of infinitiveσύνδουλος: 'fellow slave.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ὡςascomparative particle
κἀγὼI alsoNominativesubject (crasis καί + ἐγώ)κἀγώ: 'and I, I also'; sets the king's mercy as the pattern.
σὲyouAccusativedirect object
ἠλέησαI had mercyAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐλεέωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristἐλεέω: 'show mercy'; the measure for the servant's required mercy.
34

καὶ ὀργισθεὶς ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ παρέδωκεν αὐτὸν τοῖς βασανισταῖς ἕως οὗ ἀποδῷ πᾶν τὸ ὀφειλόμενον.

And in anger his master handed him over to the torturers until he should repay all that was owed.

The reversal of the verdictκαίThe pardon is revoked: the unmerciful servant is delivered to the jailers/tormentors until the unpayable sum is paid — i.e. without end. Mercy refused forfeits mercy received.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὀργισθεὶςbecoming angryAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὀργίζωcausal/attendant-circumstance participle→ ingressive aoristὀργίζω (pass.): 'be/become angry, enraged'; righteous wrath at the ingratitude.
theNominativearticle
κύριοςmasterNominativesubjectκύριος: 'master, lord.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
παρέδωκενhanded overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over, deliver up'; consign to punishment.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
τοῖςtheDativearticle
βασανισταῖςtorturersDativeindirect object (recipient)βασανιστής: 'torturer, tormentor, jailer'; those who extract payment by torture — an ominous note pointing beyond mere prison.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal)ἕως οὗ: 'until.'
οὗwhich (time)Genitiverelative (with ἕως)
ἀποδῷhe should repayAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristἀποδίδωμι: 'repay'; the unpayable debt = endless consequence.
πᾶνallAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all.'
τὸthe (thing)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ὀφειλόμενονwhat was owedPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · ὀφείλωsubstantival participle→ present (ongoing)ὀφείλω (pass.): 'be owed'; the whole restored debt.
35

οὕτως καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ οὐράνιος ποιήσει ὑμῖν ἐὰν μὴ ἀφῆτε ἕκαστος τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν καρδιῶν ὑμῶν.

So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if you do not forgive each one his brother from your hearts.

The applicationοὕτωςThe chapter's sober conclusion: the Father will treat the unforgiving as the king treated the servant. Forgiveness must be heartfelt and from each one — the discourse closes where it must, in mercy or judgment.
οὕτωςso/thusadverb (application)οὕτως: 'thus, so'; binds parable to the hearers.
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive)
theNominativearticle
πατήρFatherNominativesubjectπατήρ: 'Father'; God as the king of the parable.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
theNominativearticle (attributive)
οὐράνιοςheavenlyNominativeattributive adjectiveοὐράνιος: 'heavenly'; the Father in heaven, the parable's true subject.
ποιήσειwill doFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ predictive futureποιέω: 'do, make'; the analogous treatment promised.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (3rd class)
μὴnotnegative particle
ἀφῆτεyou forgiveAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ἀφίημιverb of protasis→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'forgive'; the chapter's keyword, now demanded of all.
ἕκαστοςeach oneNominativesubject in apposition (distributive)ἕκαστος: 'each, every one'; individualizes the duty.
τῷtheDativearticle
ἀδελφῷbrotherDativeindirect objectἀδελφός: 'brother'; the fellow member to be forgiven.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
καρδιῶνheartsGenitiveobject of ἀπό (source)καρδία: 'heart'; forgiveness must be inward and sincere, not merely formal.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession