Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Matthew, Chapter 19ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΘΘΑΙΟΝ ΙΘ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε ἐτέλεσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς τοὺς λόγους τούτους, μετῆρεν ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς τὰ ὅρια τῆς Ἰουδαίας πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου.

And it happened, when Jesus had finished these words, that he departed from Galilee and came into the region of Judea beyond the Jordan.

Narrative transitionκαίMatthew's recurring formula (καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε ἐτέλεσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς) closing a discourse block and moving the action toward Judea — here ending the fourth great discourse (ch. 18) and opening the journey to Jerusalem.
ΚαὶAndnarrative connective
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Septuagintal 'and it came to pass')→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, come to pass'; the formula καὶ ἐγένετο renders a Hebraistic narrative idiom.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunctionὅτε: 'when,' marking the temporal clause.
ἐτέλεσενhad finishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τελέωverb of the temporal clause→ constative aoristτελέω: 'complete, finish'; Matthew's five-fold discourse-closing verb (7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 26:1).
Nominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of ἐτέλεσενἸησοῦς: 'YHWH saves'; the Gospel's protagonist.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with λόγους
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect object of ἐτέλεσενλόγος: 'word, saying, discourse'; here the teaching of ch. 18.
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative modifying λόγους
μετῆρενhe departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταίρωmain verb of the apodosis→ constative aoristμεταίρω: 'move away, depart' (only here and 13:53 in the NT).
ἀπὸfrompreposition (separation) + gen.ἀπό: 'from, away from.'
τῆςGenitivearticle with Γαλιλαίας
ΓαλιλαίαςGalileeGenitiveobject of ἀπόΓαλιλαία: the northern region, Jesus' base of ministry now left behind.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (coordinate with μετῆρεν)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
εἰςintopreposition (goal) + acc.εἰς: 'into, to.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle with ὅρια
ὅριαregionAccusativeobject of εἰςὅριον: 'boundary, territory'; plural for 'district, region.'
τῆςofGenitivearticle with Ἰουδαίας
ἸουδαίαςJudeaGenitivegenitive of definition (the region of Judea)Ἰουδαία: the southern province, drawing toward Jerusalem.
πέρανbeyondimproper preposition (adverbial) + gen.πέραν: 'on the other side, beyond' — the Perean route east of the Jordan.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with Ἰορδάνου
ἸορδάνουJordanGenitiveobject of πέρανἸορδάνης: the Jordan River.
2

καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοί, καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς ἐκεῖ.

And great crowds followed him, and he healed them there.

Narrative continuationκαίA summary statement: the crowds follow and are healed, the standard Matthean transition framing the controversy that follows.
καὶAndnarrative connective
ἠκολούθησανfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow, accompany' (+ dat.); used both of physical following and discipleship.
αὐτῷhimDativedative complement of ἀκολουθέω
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubject of ἠκολούθησανὄχλος: 'crowd, multitude.'
πολλοίgreatNominativeattributive adjective with ὄχλοιπολύς: 'many, much, great.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐθεράπευσενhe healedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θεραπεύωmain verb→ constative aoristθεραπεύω: 'heal, cure, serve.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐθεράπευσεν
ἐκεῖthereadverb of placeἐκεῖ: 'there.'
3

Καὶ προσῆλθον αὐτῷ Φαρισαῖοι πειράζοντες αὐτὸν καὶ λέγοντες· Εἰ ἔξεστιν ἀνθρώπῳ ἀπολῦσαι τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ κατὰ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν;

And Pharisees came to him, testing him and saying, "Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife for any cause?"

Controversy openingκαίThe Pharisees' test-question, phrased in the terms of the Hillel–Shammai debate: κατὰ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν ('for any cause') is the lax Hillelite slogan, designed to entrap Jesus on a divisive halakhic issue.
ΚαὶAndnarrative connective
προσῆλθονcame toAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come/draw near to' (+ dat.).
αὐτῷhimDativedative complement of προσῆλθον
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubject of προσῆλθονΦαρισαῖος: 'separated one'; the lay legal party, Jesus' frequent interlocutors.
πειράζοντεςtestingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πειράζωadverbial (telic/circumstantial) participle→ imperfective (purpose)πειράζω: 'test, tempt, try'; here with hostile intent to ensnare.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πειράζοντες
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech introducing direct discourse→ imperfectiveλέγω: 'say, speak.'
Εἰinterrogative particle (introducing a direct question)εἰ: here marking a direct yes/no question, 'Is it…?'
ἔξεστινis it lawfulPres Act Indic 3 Sg (impers.) · ἔξεστιimpersonal main verb→ stative presentἔξεστι: 'it is permitted/lawful'; the legal pivot of the dispute.
ἀνθρώπῳfor a manDativedative of reference (the one permitted)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being, man'; here a husband.
ἀπολῦσαιto divorceAor Act Infin · ἀπολύωcomplementary infinitive of ἔξεστιν→ constative aoristἀπολύω: 'release, send away'; the technical term for divorce.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with γυναῖκα
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeobject of ἀπολῦσαιγυνή: 'woman, wife.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
κατὰforpreposition (distributive/causal) + acc.κατά: with acc., 'according to, for'; κατὰ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν = 'for any and every cause.'
πᾶσανanyAccusativeadjective with αἰτίανπᾶς: 'all, every, any.'
αἰτίανcauseAccusativeobject of κατάαἰτία: 'cause, ground, charge'; the Hillelite formula for permissible grounds.
4

ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· Οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε ὅτι ὁ κτίσας ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ ἐποίησεν αὐτούς;

But he answered and said, "Have you not read that the One who created them from the beginning made them male and female,"

Reply (counter-question)δέJesus refuses the casuistic frame and goes behind Moses to creation, citing Gen 1:27. 'Have you not read?' rebukes scribes for missing the foundational text.
heNominativearticle used as pronoun (subject)
δὲbutdevelopmental/contrastive connectiveδέ: 'but, and'; mild contrast marking the reply.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweredAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial (pleonastic) participle of response→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply'; the Semitic 'answered and said' idiom.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον): 'say.'
Οὐκnotnegative expecting 'yes' answerοὐ: negative; οὐκ … ; expects an affirmative response.
ἀνέγνωτεhave you readAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀναγινώσκωmain verb of the question→ constative aoristἀναγινώσκω: 'read'; 'have you not read?' a recurring scriptural rebuke (cf. 12:3; 21:42).
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing object clauseὅτι: 'that.'
the oneNominativearticle substantizing κτίσας
κτίσαςwho createdAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κτίζωsubstantival participle (subject = the Creator)→ constative aoristκτίζω: 'create'; the Creator is the unexpressed subject of ἐποίησεν and εἶπεν (v.5).
ἀπ’frompreposition (temporal origin) + gen.ἀπό: 'from.'
ἀρχῆςthe beginningGenitiveobject of ἀπό (temporal)ἀρχή: 'beginning'; ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς echoes Gen 1:1 / the creation ordinance.
ἄρσενmaleAccusativeobject complement (double accusative)ἄρσην: 'male'; with θῆλυ from Gen 1:27 LXX.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θῆλυfemaleAccusativeobject complement (double accusative)θῆλυς: 'female.'
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the ὅτι-clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make, do.'
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐποίησεν
5

καὶ εἶπεν· Ἕνεκα τούτου καταλείψει ἄνθρωπος τὸν πατέρα καὶ τὴν μητέρα καὶ κολληθήσεται τῇ γυναικὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἔσονται οἱ δύο εἰς σάρκα μίαν;

"and said, 'For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh'?

Scripture citation (Gen 2:24)καίThe second creation text. The Creator who made the pair (v.4) also pronounced the marriage ordinance; the three future verbs (leave, cleave, become) define marriage as a one-flesh union instituted by God.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb (subject = the Creator of v.4)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say'; subjectless — the Creator still speaks.
Ἕνεκαfor the sake ofimproper preposition (cause) + gen.ἕνεκα: 'because of, for the sake of'; Ἕνεκα τούτου = 'for this reason.'
τούτουthisGenitiveobject of ἕνεκα
καταλείψειshall leaveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · καταλείπωmain verb (gnomic future from LXX)→ gnomic/predictive futureκαταλείπω: 'leave behind, forsake.'
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject of καταλείψειἄνθρωπος: 'man, human'; here the husband.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with πατέρα
πατέραfatherAccusativeobject of καταλείψειπατήρ: 'father.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with μητέρα
μητέραmotherAccusativeobject of καταλείψειμήτηρ: 'mother.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κολληθήσεταιshall be joinedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · κολλάωmain verb (coordinate)→ gnomic/predictive futureκολλάω: 'glue, join fast'; pass. 'cleave to' (+ dat.); LXX of Gen 2:24.
τῇtheDativearticle with γυναικί
γυναικὶwifeDativedative complement of κολληθήσεταιγυνή: 'woman, wife.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔσονταιshall becomeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (coordinate)→ gnomic/predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; ἔσονται εἰς = Semitic 'become' (LXX).
οἱtheNominativearticle with δύο
δύοtwoNominativesubject of ἔσονται (substantival numeral)δύο: 'two' (indecl. numeral; here nominative subject).
εἰςintopreposition (Semitic predicate) + acc.εἰς: with γίνομαι/εἰμί, predicate 'to be (become).'
σάρκαfleshAccusativepredicate (object of εἰς)σάρξ: 'flesh'; the one-flesh union.
μίανoneAccusativeadjective with σάρκαεἷς: 'one.'
6

ὥστε οὐκέτι εἰσὶν δύο ἀλλὰ σὰρξ μία. ὃ οὖν ὁ θεὸς συνέζευξεν ἄνθρωπος μὴ χωριζέτω.

So they are no longer two but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let not man separate."

Inference and prohibitionὥστεὥστε draws the conclusion from the Genesis texts; the climactic command ('let no one separate') makes the marriage bond a divine act, not a human contract to be dissolved at will.
ὥστεso thatinferential conjunction (result)ὥστε: 'so that, so'; drawing the conclusion.
οὐκέτιno longertemporal adverbοὐκέτι: 'no longer, no more.'
εἰσὶνthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (equative)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
δύοtwoNominativepredicate nominative (numeral)δύο: 'two.'
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversativeἀλλά: 'but, rather.'
σὰρξfleshNominativepredicate nominativeσάρξ: 'flesh.'
μίαoneNominativeadjective with σάρξεἷς: 'one.'
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of συνέζευξεν, fronted)ὅς: relative; neuter 'that which.'
οὖνthereforeinferential particleοὖν: 'therefore, then.'
Nominativearticle with θεός
θεὸςGodNominativesubject of συνέζευξενθεός: 'God'; the agent who joins the pair.
συνέζευξενhas joined togetherAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συζεύγνυμιverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristσυζεύγνυμι: 'yoke together, join'; the verb behind 'what God has joined.'
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of χωριζέτωἄνθρωπος: 'a human being'; no mere man may undo it.
μὴnotnegative with imperativeμή: prohibitive negative.
χωριζέτωlet him separatePres Act Impv 3 Sg · χωρίζωthird-person prohibition→ imperfective (general prohibition)χωρίζω: 'separate, divide'; μὴ χωριζέτω = 'let no one separate.'
7

λέγουσιν αὐτῷ· Τί οὖν Μωϋσῆς ἐνετείλατο δοῦναι βιβλίον ἀποστασίου καὶ ἀπολῦσαι αὐτήν;

They say to him, "Why then did Moses command to give a certificate of divorce and to send her away?"

Counter-objectionasyndetonAsyndeton (vivid λέγουσιν). The Pharisees press the Deut 24:1 concession against Jesus' creation argument, claiming Moses 'commanded' divorce.
λέγουσινthey sayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (historical present)→ dramatic presentλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΤίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (adverbial accusative)τίς: interrogative; τί = 'why?'
οὖνtheninferential particleοὖν: 'then, therefore.'
ΜωϋσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἐνετείλατοΜωϋσῆς: Moses, lawgiver (proper name, here syntactic nominative).
ἐνετείλατοcommandAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb of the question→ constative aoristἐντέλλομαι: 'command, order, enjoin.'
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Infin · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive (content of command)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
βιβλίονa certificateAccusativeobject of δοῦναιβιβλίον: 'document, scroll'; βιβλίον ἀποστασίου = 'bill of divorce' (Deut 24:1).
ἀποστασίουof divorceGenitivegenitive of description/contentἀποστάσιον: 'notice of divorce, repudiation.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπολῦσαιto send awayAor Act Infin · ἀπολύωcomplementary infinitive (coordinate)→ constative aoristἀπολύω: 'release, divorce.'
αὐτήνherAccusativeobject of ἀπολῦσαι
8

λέγει αὐτοῖς ὅτι Μωϋσῆς πρὸς τὴν σκληροκαρδίαν ὑμῶν ἐπέτρεψεν ὑμῖν ἀπολῦσαι τὰς γυναῖκας ὑμῶν· ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς δὲ οὐ γέγονεν οὕτως.

He says to them, "Because of your hardness of heart Moses permitted you to divorce your wives, but from the beginning it was not so."

CorrectionasyndetonJesus distinguishes permission from command and concession from origin: Moses 'permitted' (ἐπέτρεψεν) on account of hard hearts, but ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς (echoing v.4) the order was otherwise.
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historical present)→ dramatic presentλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτι (introducing speech)ὅτι: here recitative (untranslated quotation marker).
ΜωϋσῆςMosesNominativesubject of ἐπέτρεψενΜωϋσῆς: Moses (proper name, nominative subject).
πρὸςbecause ofpreposition (cause/with a view to) + acc.πρός: with acc., here 'in view of, because of.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with σκληροκαρδίαν
σκληροκαρδίανhardness of heartAccusativeobject of πρόςσκληροκαρδία: 'hardness of heart' (σκληρός + καρδία); the reason for the concession.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπέτρεψενpermittedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτρέπωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτρέπω: 'permit, allow'; deliberately weaker than ἐνετείλατο ('command,' v.7).
ὑμῖνyouDativedative of person (permitted)
ἀπολῦσαιto divorceAor Act Infin · ἀπολύωcomplementary infinitive of ἐπέτρεψεν→ constative aoristἀπολύω: 'release, divorce.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with γυναῖκας
γυναῖκαςwivesAccusativeobject of ἀπολῦσαιγυνή: 'wife, woman.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ἀπ’frompreposition (temporal) + gen.ἀπό: 'from.'
ἀρχῆςthe beginningGenitiveobject of ἀπόἀρχή: 'beginning'; deliberate echo of v.4.
δὲbutcontrastive connectiveδέ: 'but'; setting concession against origin.
οὐnotnegativeοὐ: negative.
γέγονενhas it beenPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (resultative perfect)→ consummative perfectγίνομαι: 'become, be'; perfect — 'it has not been (and is not) so.'
οὕτωςsoadverb of mannerοὕτως: 'thus, so.'
9

λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι ὃς ἂν ἀπολύσῃ τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ μὴ ἐπὶ πορνείᾳ καὶ γαμήσῃ ἄλλην μοιχᾶται.

And I say to you that whoever divorces his wife, not for sexual immorality, and marries another commits adultery."

Authoritative pronouncementδέλέγω δὲ ὑμῖν — Jesus' own ruling, surpassing Moses. The exceptive clause μὴ ἐπὶ πορνείᾳ ('not for immorality') is the Matthean crux: it carves out porneia as the sole ground on which remarriage is not adulterous. See the text-note for the variant forms (παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας; the appended clause on marrying a divorced woman).
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (authoritative formula)→ performative presentλέγω: 'say'; λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν asserts Jesus' own authority over the law.
δὲanddevelopmental connectiveδέ: 'and, but.'
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing object clauseὅτι: 'that.'
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of indefinite rel. clause)ὅς ἄν: 'whoever' (indefinite relative).
ἂνmodal particle (with subjunctive)ἄν: contingency particle in the indefinite relative clause.
ἀπολύσῃdivorcesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀπολύωsubjunctive of indefinite relative clause→ constative aoristἀπολύω: 'divorce, send away.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with γυναῖκα
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeobject of ἀπολύσῃγυνή: 'wife.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
μὴnotnegative of the exceptive phraseμή: negative; μὴ ἐπὶ πορνείᾳ = 'except on the ground of immorality.'
ἐπὶon the ground ofpreposition (basis/cause) + dat.ἐπί: with dat., 'on the basis of, for.'
πορνείᾳsexual immoralityDativeobject of ἐπί (ground of exception)πορνεία: 'sexual immorality, fornication'; the disputed exception — its precise referent (adultery, incest, premarital unchastity) is debated.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γαμήσῃmarriesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · γαμέωsubjunctive (coordinate in rel. clause)→ constative aoristγαμέω: 'marry, take a wife.'
ἄλληνanotherAccusativeobject of γαμήσῃ (another woman)ἄλλος: 'another.'
μοιχᾶταιcommits adulteryPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · μοιχάομαιmain verb of the apodosis→ gnomic presentμοιχάομαι: 'commit adultery'; the verdict on illegitimate remarriage.
10

λέγουσιν αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ· Εἰ οὕτως ἐστὶν ἡ αἰτία τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μετὰ τῆς γυναικός, οὐ συμφέρει γαμῆσαι.

The disciples say to him, "If such is the case of a man with his wife, it is not advantageous to marry."

Disciples' reactionasyndetonThe disciples, taking Jesus' rigor seriously, conclude that marriage so understood may not be 'worth it' — the foil for the saying on celibacy that follows.
λέγουσινsayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (historical present)→ dramatic presentλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
οἱtheNominativearticle with μαθηταί
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject of λέγουσινμαθητής: 'disciple, learner.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
Εἰifconditional conjunction (first-class condition)εἰ: 'if'; assumed-true protasis.
οὕτωςsoadverb of mannerοὕτως: 'thus, so.'
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the protasis (equative)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
theNominativearticle with αἰτία
αἰτίαcaseNominativesubject of ἐστίναἰτία: 'cause, case, situation'; here 'the legal/relational case of a man with his wife.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with ἀνθρώπου
ἀνθρώπουmanGenitivegenitive (the man's case)ἄνθρωπος: 'man, husband.'
μετὰwithpreposition (association) + gen.μετά: with gen., 'with.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with γυναικός
γυναικόςwifeGenitiveobject of μετάγυνή: 'wife, woman.'
οὐnotnegativeοὐ: negative.
συμφέρειit is advantageousPres Act Indic 3 Sg (impers.) · συμφέρωimpersonal main verb (apodosis)→ stative presentσυμφέρω: 'be profitable, advantageous, better.'
γαμῆσαιto marryAor Act Infin · γαμέωsubject infinitive of συμφέρει→ constative aoristγαμέω: 'marry.'
11

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Οὐ πάντες χωροῦσιν τὸν λόγον τοῦτον, ἀλλ’ οἷς δέδοται.

But he said to them, "Not all can receive this saying, but those to whom it has been given.

Qualified replyδέJesus neither commands nor forbids celibacy: 'this saying' (the disciples' 'better not to marry,' or the celibate vocation of v.12) is a gift granted only to some — χάρισμα, not a universal rule.
heNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲbutdevelopmental connectiveδέ: 'but.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Οὐnotnegativeοὐ: negative.
πάντεςallNominativesubject of χωροῦσινπᾶς: 'all, everyone.'
χωροῦσινcan receivePres Act Indic 3 Pl · χωρέωmain verb→ gnomic presentχωρέω: 'make room for, contain, accept'; 'grasp/receive' a teaching.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with λόγον
λόγονsayingAccusativeobject of χωροῦσινλόγος: 'word, saying'; 'this saying' = the celibate option.
τοῦτονthisAccusativedemonstrative with λόγον
ἀλλ’butadversativeἀλλά: 'but.'
οἷςthose to whomDativerelative pronoun (dat. of indirect object of δέδοται)ὅς: relative; 'those to whom.'
δέδοταιit has been givenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of the relative clause→ consummative perfectδίδωμι: 'give'; divine passive — the vocation is a gift bestowed.
12

εἰσὶν γὰρ εὐνοῦχοι οἵτινες ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς ἐγεννήθησαν οὕτως, καὶ εἰσὶν εὐνοῦχοι οἵτινες εὐνουχίσθησαν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ εἰσὶν εὐνοῦχοι οἵτινες εὐνούχισαν ἑαυτοὺς διὰ τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. ὁ δυνάμενος χωρεῖν χωρείτω.

For there are eunuchs who were born so from their mother's womb, and there are eunuchs who were made eunuchs by men, and there are eunuchs who made themselves eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven. Let the one who is able to receive this receive it."

Grounds (threefold illustration)γάργάρ explains who can 'receive' the saying. Three classes of εὐνοῦχοι, climaxing in the voluntary celibate who renounces marriage διὰ τὴν βασιλείαν — the kingdom-eunuch. The closing maxim makes it vocational, not obligatory.
εἰσὶνthere arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; existential 'there are.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for'; grounding.
εὐνοῦχοιeunuchsNominativesubject of εἰσίνεὐνοῦχος: 'eunuch'; here both literal and (third class) metaphorical for the celibate.
οἵτινεςwhoNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject)ὅστις: 'who(ever),' qualitative relative.
ἐκfrompreposition (source) + gen.ἐκ: 'from, out of.'
κοιλίαςwombGenitiveobject of ἐκκοιλία: 'belly, womb.'
μητρὸςof motherGenitivegenitive of relationshipμήτηρ: 'mother.'
ἐγεννήθησανwere bornAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · γεννάωverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristγεννάω: 'beget'; pass. 'be born.'
οὕτωςsoadverb of mannerοὕτως: 'thus, so' (i.e. congenitally incapable).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσὶνthere arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίexistential verb→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
εὐνοῦχοιeunuchsNominativesubjectεὐνοῦχος: 'eunuch.'
οἵτινεςwhoNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject)ὅστις: 'who.'
εὐνουχίσθησανwere made eunuchsAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · εὐνουχίζωverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristεὐνουχίζω: 'make a eunuch, castrate.'
ὑπὸbypreposition (agency) + gen.ὑπό: with gen., agent 'by.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with ἀνθρώπων
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitiveagent (object of ὑπό)ἄνθρωπος: 'man, person.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσὶνthere arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίexistential verb→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
εὐνοῦχοιeunuchsNominativesubjectεὐνοῦχος: 'eunuch.'
οἵτινεςwhoNominativeindefinite relative pronoun (subject)ὅστις: 'who.'
εὐνούχισανmade eunuchsAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὐνουχίζωverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristεὐνουχίζω: 'make a eunuch'; here voluntary self-renunciation (metaphorical).
ἑαυτοὺςthemselvesAccusativereflexive direct objectἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'themselves.'
διὰfor the sake ofpreposition (cause/purpose) + acc.διά: with acc., 'because of, for the sake of.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with βασιλείαν
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativeobject of διάβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; the goal of voluntary celibacy.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with οὐρανῶν
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitivegenitive of source/quality (Matthean periphrasis)οὐρανός: 'heaven'; 'kingdom of heaven' is Matthew's reverent circumlocution.
the oneNominativearticle substantizing δυνάμενος
δυνάμενοςwho is ablePres Mid/Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · δύναμαιsubstantival participle (subject of χωρείτω)→ imperfectiveδύναμαι: 'be able, can.'
χωρεῖνto receivePres Act Infin · χωρέωcomplementary infinitive of δυνάμενος→ imperfectiveχωρέω: 'make room for, accept, grasp.'
χωρείτωlet him receivePres Act Impv 3 Sg · χωρέωthird-person imperative→ imperfective (general)χωρέω: 'receive, accept'; the closing maxim leaves the vocation to the called.
13

Τότε προσηνέχθησαν αὐτῷ παιδία ἵνα τὰς χεῖρας ἐπιθῇ αὐτοῖς καὶ προσεύξηται· οἱ δὲ μαθηταὶ ἐπετίμησαν αὐτοῖς.

Then little children were brought to him, that he might lay his hands on them and pray; but the disciples rebuked them.

New sceneτότεΤότε opens the children-pericope. The purpose clause (ἵνα … ἐπιθῇ … προσεύξηται) gives the intent; the disciples' rebuke (δέ) sets up Jesus' reversal.
ΤότεThentemporal adverb (scene marker)τότε: 'then, at that time'; favorite Matthean transition.
προσηνέχθησανwere broughtAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσφέρω: 'bring to, offer.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
παιδίαlittle childrenNominativesubject of προσηνέχθησανπαιδίον: 'little child, infant.'
ἵναthatconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'in order that.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with χεῖρας
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeobject of ἐπιθῇχείρ: 'hand.'
ἐπιθῇhe might layAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιsubjunctive of purpose→ constative aoristἐπιτίθημι: 'lay/place upon'; laying on of hands for blessing.
αὐτοῖςon themDativedative complement of ἐπιθῇ
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσεύξηταιprayAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · προσεύχομαιsubjunctive of purpose (coordinate)→ constative aoristπροσεύχομαι: 'pray.'
οἱtheNominativearticle with μαθηταί
δὲbutcontrastive connectiveδέ: 'but.'
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject of ἐπετίμησανμαθητής: 'disciple.'
ἐπετίμησανrebukedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτιμάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτιμάω: 'rebuke, censure'; here scolding those who brought the children.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative complement of ἐπετίμησαν
14

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν· Ἄφετε τὰ παιδία καὶ μὴ κωλύετε αὐτὰ ἐλθεῖν πρός με, τῶν γὰρ τοιούτων ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν.

But Jesus said, "Let the little children come, and do not hinder them from coming to me, for to such belongs the kingdom of heaven."

Correction and pronouncementδέJesus reverses the rebuke with paired imperatives (permit / do not hinder) and grounds it (γάρ): the kingdom belongs to such as these — the lowly and dependent, paradigms of kingdom reception (cf. 18:3–4).
Nominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
δὲbutcontrastive connectiveδέ: 'but.'
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of εἶπενἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ἌφετεLetAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀφίημιimperative (permission)→ constative aorist (command)ἀφίημι: 'let go, permit, allow'; 'let (them come).'
τὰtheAccusativearticle with παιδία
παιδίαlittle childrenAccusativeobject of Ἄφετεπαιδίον: 'little child.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative with imperativeμή: prohibitive.
κωλύετεhinderPres Act Impv 2 Pl · κωλύωprohibition (present imperative)→ imperfective (cease/do not)κωλύω: 'hinder, prevent, forbid.'
αὐτὰthemAccusativeobject of κωλύετε
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Infin · ἔρχομαιcomplementary infinitive (after κωλύω)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
πρόςtopreposition (direction) + acc.πρός: 'to, toward.'
μεmeAccusativeobject of πρός
τῶνof suchGenitivearticle with τοιούτων
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for'; grounding.
τοιούτωνsuchGenitivegenitive of possession (predicate)τοιοῦτος: 'such, of this kind'; not the children only but those like them.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (possessive genitive predicate)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; with possessive genitive, 'belongs to.'
theNominativearticle with βασιλεία
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of ἐστίνβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with οὐρανῶν
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitivegenitive (Matthean 'kingdom of heaven')οὐρανός: 'heaven.'
15

καὶ ἐπιθεὶς τὰς χεῖρας αὐτοῖς ἐπορεύθη ἐκεῖθεν.

And having laid his hands on them, he went on from there.

Scene closureκαίJesus enacts the blessing the children were brought for, then departs — closing the pericope with a circumstantial participle of attendant action.
καὶAndnarrative connective
ἐπιθεὶςhaving laidAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιτίθημιcircumstantial participle (antecedent action)→ constative aoristἐπιτίθημι: 'lay on'; the blessing-gesture.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with χεῖρας
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeobject of ἐπιθείςχείρ: 'hand.'
αὐτοῖςon themDativedative complement of ἐπιθείς
ἐπορεύθηhe wentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go, proceed, journey.'
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of placeἐκεῖθεν: 'from there, thence.'
16

Καὶ ἰδοὺ εἷς προσελθὼν αὐτῷ εἶπεν· Διδάσκαλε, τί ἀγαθὸν ποιήσω ἵνα σχῶ ζωὴν αἰώνιον;

And behold, one came up to him and said, "Teacher, what good deed shall I do, that I may have eternal life?"

New scene (encounter)καίἰδού spotlights a new figure. The man frames salvation as a deed to perform (τί ἀγαθὸν ποιήσω) — a works-question Jesus will both engage and overturn.
ΚαὶAndnarrative connective
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjectionἰδού: 'behold, look'; fixed attention-marker.
εἷςoneNominativesubject (substantival numeral, 'a certain man')εἷς: 'one'; here idiomatic 'someone, a man.'
προσελθὼνhaving come upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (antecedent)→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come/approach' (+ dat.).
αὐτῷto himDativedative complement of προσελθών
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ΔιδάσκαλεTeacherVocativevocative of addressδιδάσκαλος: 'teacher'; the critical text omits the Markan 'good.'
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative adjective with ἀγαθόντίς: interrogative 'what?'
ἀγαθὸνgoodAccusativesubstantival adjective (object of ποιήσω)ἀγαθός: 'good'; 'what good thing/deed.'
ποιήσωshall I doAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ποιέωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make.'
ἵναthatconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'in order that.'
σχῶI may haveAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἔχωsubjunctive of purpose→ ingressive aoristἔχω: 'have, hold'; ingressive 'gain, obtain.'
ζωὴνlifeAccusativeobject of σχῶζωή: 'life.'
αἰώνιονeternalAccusativeattributive adjective with ζωήναἰώνιος: 'eternal, age-long'; the life of the coming age.
17

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Τί με ἐρωτᾷς περὶ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ; εἷς ἐστιν ὁ ἀγαθός. εἰ δὲ θέλεις εἰς τὴν ζωὴν εἰσελθεῖν, τήρησον τὰς ἐντολάς.

And he said to him, "Why do you ask me about what is good? One there is who is good. But if you wish to enter into life, keep the commandments."

Reply (redirection)δέJesus deflects the 'good' from himself to God ('One is good') and reframes the demand: not a single heroic deed but keeping the commandments — testing whether the man's claim of obedience is real.
heNominativearticle as pronoun (subject)
δὲanddevelopmental connectiveδέ: 'and, but.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΤίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (adverbial accusative)τίς: 'why?'
μεmeAccusativeobject of ἐρωτᾷς
ἐρωτᾷςdo you askPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐρωτάωmain verb of the question→ imperfectiveἐρωτάω: 'ask, question.'
περὶaboutpreposition (reference) + gen.περί: with gen., 'about, concerning.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ἀγαθοῦ
ἀγαθοῦgoodGenitivesubstantival adjective (object of περί)ἀγαθός: 'good'; 'the good' as such.
εἷςoneNominativepredicate nominative (fronted)εἷς: 'one'; emphatic — God alone.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίequative verb→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
theNominativearticle substantizing ἀγαθός
ἀγαθόςgoodNominativesubject (the Good One = God)ἀγαθός: 'good'; 'the Good One,' i.e. God.
εἰifconditional conjunctionεἰ: 'if.'
δὲbutdevelopmental connectiveδέ: 'but.'
θέλειςyou wishPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωverb of protasis→ imperfectiveθέλω: 'will, wish, want.'
εἰςintopreposition (goal) + acc.εἰς: 'into.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with ζωήν
ζωὴνlifeAccusativeobject of εἰςζωή: 'life'; the eternal life of v.16.
εἰσελθεῖνto enterAor Act Infin · εἰσέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive of θέλεις→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in.'
τήρησονkeepAor Act Impv 2 Sg · τηρέωimperative (apodosis)→ constative aorist (command)τηρέω: 'keep, observe, guard.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with ἐντολάς
ἐντολάςcommandmentsAccusativeobject of τήρησονἐντολή: 'commandment, precept.'
18

λέγει αὐτῷ· Ποίας; ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν· Τὸ Οὐ φονεύσεις, Οὐ μοιχεύσεις, Οὐ κλέψεις, Οὐ ψευδομαρτυρήσεις,

He says to him, "Which ones?" And Jesus said, "You shall not murder, You shall not commit adultery, You shall not steal, You shall not bear false witness,

Dialogue (specification)asyndetonThe man asks which commandments; Jesus answers with the 'second table' of the Decalogue (Exod 20 / Deut 5), the neighbor-directed commands, capped in v.19 by the love-command.
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historical present)→ dramatic presentλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Ποίαςwhich onesAccusativeinterrogative (object, sc. ἐντολάς)ποῖος: 'of what kind, which?'
Nominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
δὲanddevelopmental connectiveδέ: 'and.'
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of εἶπενἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ΤὸAccusativearticle nominalizing the quoted commandτό: neuter article quoting the commandment as a unit.
Οὐnotnegative (with future of prohibition)οὐ: negative; οὐ + future = LXX prohibition.
φονεύσειςyou shall murderFut Act Indic 2 Sg · φονεύωfuture of prohibition (Decalogue)→ categorical future (prohibition)φονεύω: 'murder, kill' (Exod 20:13).
Οὐnotnegativeοὐ: negative.
μοιχεύσειςyou shall commit adulteryFut Act Indic 2 Sg · μοιχεύωfuture of prohibition→ categorical future (prohibition)μοιχεύω: 'commit adultery' (Exod 20:14).
Οὐnotnegativeοὐ: negative.
κλέψειςyou shall stealFut Act Indic 2 Sg · κλέπτωfuture of prohibition→ categorical future (prohibition)κλέπτω: 'steal' (Exod 20:15).
Οὐnotnegativeοὐ: negative.
ψευδομαρτυρήσειςyou shall bear false witnessFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ψευδομαρτυρέωfuture of prohibition→ categorical future (prohibition)ψευδομαρτυρέω: 'bear false witness' (Exod 20:16).
19

Τίμα τὸν πατέρα καὶ τὴν μητέρα, καὶ Ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν.

Honor your father and mother, and, You shall love your neighbor as yourself."

Continuation (commandment list)asyndetonThe list closes with the fifth commandment (honor parents) and the love-command of Lev 19:18 — the summary of the second table (cf. 22:39), already hinting at what the man lacks.
ΤίμαHonorPres Act Impv 2 Sg · τιμάωimperative (Decalogue)→ imperfective (general command)τιμάω: 'honor, value' (Exod 20:12).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with πατέρα
πατέραfatherAccusativeobject of Τίμαπατήρ: 'father.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with μητέρα
μητέραmotherAccusativeobject of Τίμαμήτηρ: 'mother.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
Ἀγαπήσειςyou shall loveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀγαπάωfuture for imperative (LXX citation)→ categorical future (command)ἀγαπάω: 'love' (Lev 19:18).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with πλησίον
πλησίονneighborAccusativeobject of Ἀγαπήσεις (indecl. adverb substantivized)πλησίον: 'near'; ὁ πλησίον = 'the neighbor.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ὡςascomparative particleὡς: 'as, like.'
σεαυτόνyourselfAccusativereflexive (object of comparison)σεαυτοῦ: reflexive 'yourself.'
20

λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ νεανίσκος· Πάντα ταῦτα ἐφύλαξα· τί ἔτι ὑστερῶ;

The young man says to him, "All these I have kept; what do I still lack?"

Self-assessment and probeasyndetonOnly here is the man called νεανίσκος ('young man'). His confident claim ('all these I kept') yet restless question ('what do I still lack?') exposes a felt deficiency the commandments have not filled.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historical present)→ dramatic presentλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle with νεανίσκος
νεανίσκοςyoung manNominativesubject of λέγεινεανίσκος: 'young man, youth.'
ΠάνταallAccusativeadjective with ταῦταπᾶς: 'all.'
ταῦταtheseAccusativeobject of ἐφύλαξα (demonstrative)οὗτος: 'this'; 'all these (commandments).'
ἐφύλαξαI have keptAor Act Indic 1 Sg · φυλάσσωmain verb→ constative aoristφυλάσσω: 'guard, keep, observe.'
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative (object of ὑστερῶ)τίς: 'what?'
ἔτιstilltemporal adverbἔτι: 'still, yet.'
ὑστερῶdo I lackPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ὑστερέωmain verb of the question→ stative presentὑστερέω: 'lack, fall short, come behind.'
21

ἔφη αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Εἰ θέλεις τέλειος εἶναι, ὕπαγε πώλησόν σου τὰ ὑπάρχοντα καὶ δὸς τοῖς πτωχοῖς, καὶ ἕξεις θησαυρὸν ἐν οὐρανοῖς, καὶ δεῦρο ἀκολούθει μοι.

Jesus said to him, "If you wish to be perfect, go, sell what you possess and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me."

Demand (the one thing)asyndetonJesus' answer to 'what do I lack?': τέλειος ('complete, mature') is reached not by adding a deed but by renouncing wealth and following him. The chain of imperatives (go, sell, give … come, follow) exposes the idol the commandments left untouched.
ἔφηsaidImpf/Aor Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb of speech→ constativeφημί: 'say, affirm.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Nominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of ἔφηἸησοῦς: Jesus.
Εἰifconditional conjunctionεἰ: 'if.'
θέλειςyou wishPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωverb of protasis→ imperfectiveθέλω: 'wish, will.'
τέλειοςperfectNominativepredicate adjective (of infinitive subject)τέλειος: 'complete, mature, perfect'; whole-hearted (cf. 5:48).
εἶναιto bePres Act Infin · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive of θέλεις→ imperfectiveεἰμί: 'be.'
ὕπαγεgoPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ὑπάγωimperative (apodosis)→ imperfective (command)ὑπάγω: 'go away, depart.'
πώλησόνsellAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πωλέωimperative→ constative aorist (command)πωλέω: 'sell.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
τὰtheAccusativearticle substantizing ὑπάρχοντα
ὑπάρχονταpossessionsPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · ὑπάρχωsubstantival participle (object of πώλησον)→ imperfectiveὑπάρχω: 'be, exist'; τὰ ὑπάρχοντα = 'one's belongings, property.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δὸςgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιimperative→ constative aorist (command)δίδωμι: 'give.'
τοῖςto theDativearticle with πτωχοῖς
πτωχοῖςpoorDativeindirect object of δός (substantival adj.)πτωχός: 'poor, destitute beggar.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἕξειςyou will haveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (promise)→ predictive futureἔχω: 'have, hold.'
θησαυρὸνtreasureAccusativeobject of ἕξειςθησαυρός: 'treasure, store' (cf. 6:19–21).
ἐνinpreposition (place) + dat.ἐν: 'in.'
οὐρανοῖςheavenDativeobject of ἐνοὐρανός: 'heaven.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δεῦροcomeadverbial imperative ('come here!')δεῦρο: 'come here!'; hortatory adverb used as a summons.
ἀκολούθειfollowPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀκολουθέωimperative (discipleship summons)→ imperfective (durative command)ἀκολουθέω: 'follow' (+ dat.); ongoing discipleship.
μοιmeDativedative complement of ἀκολούθει
22

ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ νεανίσκος τὸν λόγον ἀπῆλθεν λυπούμενος, ἦν γὰρ ἔχων κτήματα πολλά.

But when the young man heard this word, he went away grieved, for he had many possessions.

OutcomeδέThe tragic close: hearing the demand, he departs grieved. The causal γάρ-clause (with periphrastic ἦν … ἔχων) diagnoses the cause — great wealth held him faster than he held the commandments.
ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear, listen.'
δὲbutdevelopmental/contrastive connectiveδέ: 'but.'
theNominativearticle with νεανίσκος
νεανίσκοςyoung manNominativesubject of ἀπῆλθεννεανίσκος: 'young man.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with λόγον
λόγονwordAccusativeobject of ἀκούσαςλόγος: 'word, statement'; Jesus' demand.
ἀπῆλθενwent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
λυπούμενοςgrievedPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λυπέωcircumstantial participle of manner/state→ imperfectiveλυπέω: 'grieve, distress'; pass. 'be grieved, sorrowful.'
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic imperfect→ stative/durativeεἰμί: 'be'; ἦν … ἔχων = periphrastic 'he was possessing.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for'; gives the cause.
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωparticiple of periphrastic construction→ imperfective (durative)ἔχω: 'have, hold, possess.'
κτήματαpossessionsAccusativeobject of ἔχωνκτῆμα: 'possession, property, estate.'
πολλάmanyAccusativeattributive adjective with κτήματαπολύς: 'many, much.'
23

Ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ· Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι πλούσιος δυσκόλως εἰσελεύσεται εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν.

And Jesus said to his disciples, "Truly I say to you, it will be hard for a rich person to enter the kingdom of heaven.

Teaching from the incidentδέThe solemn ἀμήν-formula turns the episode into a general lesson: wealth makes entrance δυσκόλως ('with difficulty') — not impossible (cf. v.26), but a grave hindrance.
Nominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
δὲanddevelopmental connectiveδέ: 'and.'
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of εἶπενἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
τοῖςto theDativearticle with μαθηταῖς
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativeindirect objectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἈμὴνTrulyasseverative particle (Hebrew transliteration)ἀμήν: 'truly, amen'; Jesus' authoritative formula.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (solemn formula)→ performative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing object clauseὅτι: 'that.'
πλούσιοςa rich personNominativesubject of εἰσελεύσεται (substantival adj.)πλούσιος: 'rich, wealthy.'
δυσκόλωςwith difficultyadverb of mannerδυσκόλως: 'hardly, with difficulty.'
εἰσελεύσεταιwill enterFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb of the ὅτι-clause→ gnomic futureεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in.'
εἰςintopreposition (goal) + acc.εἰς: 'into.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with βασιλείαν
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativeobject of εἰςβασιλεία: 'kingdom.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with οὐρανῶν
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitivegenitive ('kingdom of heaven')οὐρανός: 'heaven.'
24

πάλιν δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν, εὐκοπώτερόν ἐστιν κάμηλον διὰ τρυπήματος ῥαφίδος διελθεῖν ἢ πλούσιον εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ.

Again I say to you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the kingdom of God."

Intensification (proverb)δέπάλιν reinforces v.23 with a hyperbolic adynaton: the largest Palestinian beast through the smallest aperture. 'Kingdom of God' here varies Matthew's usual 'of heaven.' The image asserts not mere difficulty but human impossibility — answered in v.26.
πάλινagainadverb (repetition)πάλιν: 'again, once more.'
δὲanddevelopmental connectiveδέ: 'and.'
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (formula)→ performative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
εὐκοπώτερόνeasierNominativepredicate adjective (comparative) of ἐστινεὔκοπος: 'easy'; comparative εὐκοπώτερον 'easier.'
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (impersonal)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
κάμηλονa camelAccusativeaccusative subject of διελθεῖνκάμηλος: 'camel'; the original reading (not the conjectural κάμιλος, 'rope').
διὰthroughpreposition (through) + gen.διά: with gen., 'through.'
τρυπήματοςeyeGenitiveobject of διάτρύπημα: 'hole, perforation'; the needle's 'eye.'
ῥαφίδοςof a needleGenitivegenitive of definitionῥαφίς: 'needle.'
διελθεῖνto go throughAor Act Infin · διέρχομαιsubject infinitive (with acc. κάμηλον)→ constative aoristδιέρχομαι: 'go/pass through.'
thancomparative particleἤ: 'than, or' (after a comparative).
πλούσιονa rich personAccusativeaccusative subject of εἰσελθεῖνπλούσιος: 'rich.'
εἰσελθεῖνto enterAor Act Infin · εἰσέρχομαιinfinitive (second member of comparison)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
εἰςintopreposition (goal) + acc.εἰς: 'into.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with βασιλείαν
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativeobject of εἰςβασιλεία: 'kingdom.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of possession ('kingdom of God')θεός: 'God'; the variant phrase for the kingdom.
25

ἀκούσαντες δὲ οἱ μαθηταὶ ἐξεπλήσσοντο σφόδρα λέγοντες· Τίς ἄρα δύναται σωθῆναι;

When the disciples heard this, they were greatly astonished, saying, "Who then can be saved?"

Astonished reactionδέThe disciples, assuming wealth signals divine favor, are stunned (ἐξεπλήσσοντο σφόδρα). Their 'who then can be saved?' presses the adynaton to its universal point — setting up the answer in v.26.
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
δὲanddevelopmental connectiveδέ: 'and.'
οἱtheNominativearticle with μαθηταί
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject of ἐξεπλήσσοντομαθητής: 'disciple.'
ἐξεπλήσσοντοwere astonishedImpf Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐκπλήσσωmain verb→ ingressive/durative imperfectἐκπλήσσω: 'strike out, amaze'; pass. 'be astounded.'
σφόδραgreatlyadverb of degreeσφόδρα: 'exceedingly, greatly.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (attendant)→ imperfectiveλέγω: 'say.'
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative subject of δύναταιτίς: 'who?'
ἄραtheninferential particleἄρα: 'then, so'; drawing a startled inference.
δύναταιcanPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb of the question→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able, can.'
σωθῆναιbe savedAor Pass Infin · σῴζωcomplementary infinitive of δύναται→ constative aoristσῴζω: 'save, rescue, deliver.'
26

ἐμβλέψας δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις τοῦτο ἀδύνατόν ἐστιν, παρὰ δὲ θεῷ πάντα δυνατά.

But Jesus looked at them and said to them, "With men this is impossible, but with God all things are possible."

ResolutionδέThe hinge of the pericope: salvation is humanly impossible (ἀδύνατον) but divinely possible (παρὰ θεῷ πάντα δυνατά, echoing Gen 18:14 LXX). Grace, not wealth or merit, opens the kingdom.
ἐμβλέψαςhaving lookedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐμβλέπωcircumstantial participle (attendant)→ constative aoristἐμβλέπω: 'look at, gaze upon' (+ dat.).
δὲbutdevelopmental connectiveδέ: 'but.'
Nominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of εἶπενἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Παρὰwithpreposition (in the sphere of) + dat.παρά: with dat., 'beside, with, in the judgment of.'
ἀνθρώποιςmenDativeobject of παράἄνθρωπος: 'human being.'
τοῦτοthisNominativesubject of ἐστινοὗτος: 'this.'
ἀδύνατόνimpossibleNominativepredicate adjectiveἀδύνατος: 'impossible, powerless.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίequative verb→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
παρὰwithpreposition (in the sphere of) + dat.παρά: 'with, in the judgment of.'
δὲbutadversative connectiveδέ: 'but.'
θεῷGodDativeobject of παράθεός: 'God.'
πάνταall thingsNominativesubject (sc. ἐστιν)πᾶς: 'all, everything.'
δυνατάpossibleNominativepredicate adjective (verb 'are' elided)δυνατός: 'possible, able, powerful.'
27

Τότε ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Πέτρος εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἰδοὺ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν πάντα καὶ ἠκολουθήσαμέν σοι· τί ἄρα ἔσται ἡμῖν;

Then Peter answered and said to him, "Behold, we have left everything and followed you. What then will there be for us?"

Disciples' question (claim and inquiry)τότεPeter contrasts the disciples with the man who would not leave his goods: 'we left all' (ἀφήκαμεν πάντα). His 'what then will be ours?' sets up Jesus' twofold reward-promise.
ΤότεThentemporal adverb (transition)τότε: 'then.'
ἀποκριθεὶςansweredAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial (pleonastic) participle→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply.'
Nominativearticle with Πέτρος
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject of εἶπενΠέτρος: 'Peter' (Rock); spokesman of the Twelve.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἸδοὺBeholdpresentative interjectionἰδού: 'behold, see.'
ἡμεῖςweNominativeemphatic subject pronounἐγώ: 'I'; plural ἡμεῖς emphatic 'we (in contrast).'
ἀφήκαμενhave leftAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἀφίημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'leave, forsake, let go.'
πάνταeverythingAccusativeobject of ἀφήκαμενπᾶς: 'all, everything.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠκολουθήσαμένhave followedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow' (+ dat.).
σοιyouDativedative complement of ἠκολουθήσαμεν
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative subject of ἔσταιτίς: 'what?'
ἄραtheninferential particleἄρα: 'then, so.'
ἔσταιwill there beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb of the question→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be.'
ἡμῖνfor usDativedative of advantage/possession
28

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι ὑμεῖς οἱ ἀκολουθήσαντές μοι, ἐν τῇ παλιγγενεσίᾳ, ὅταν καθίσῃ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐπὶ θρόνου δόξης αὐτοῦ, καθήσεσθε καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐπὶ δώδεκα θρόνους κρίνοντες τὰς δώδεκα φυλὰς τοῦ Ἰσραήλ.

And Jesus said to them, "Truly I say to you, in the regeneration, when the Son of Man sits on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will yourselves also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.

Promise to the TwelveδέThe eschatological reward: ἐν τῇ παλιγγενεσίᾳ ('in the regeneration,' the renewed cosmos) the Twelve share the Son of Man's enthronement, ruling/judging the twelve tribes — a restoration of Israel under the apostolic college.
Nominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
δὲanddevelopmental connectiveδέ: 'and.'
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of εἶπενἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ἈμὴνTrulyasseverative particleἀμήν: 'truly, amen.'
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (solemn formula)→ performative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing object clauseὅτι: 'that.'
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun (resumed below)σύ: 'you' (pl.), emphatic.
οἱwhoNominativearticle substantizing ἀκολουθήσαντες
ἀκολουθήσαντέςhave followedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκολουθέωsubstantival participle in apposition to ὑμεῖς→ constative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow' (+ dat.).
μοιmeDativedative complement of ἀκολουθήσαντες
ἐνinpreposition (temporal) + dat.ἐν: 'in.'
τῇtheDativearticle with παλιγγενεσίᾳ
παλιγγενεσίᾳregenerationDativeobject of ἐν (temporal)παλιγγενεσία: 'rebirth, renewal'; the cosmic restoration of the age to come.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)ὅταν: 'whenever, when.'
καθίσῃsitsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · καθίζωsubjunctive of the temporal clause→ ingressive aoristκαθίζω: 'sit, take one's seat, be enthroned.'
theNominativearticle with υἱός
υἱὸςSonNominativesubject of καθίσῃυἱός: 'son'; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, Jesus' Danielic self-title.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with ἀνθρώπου
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive (title 'Son of Man')ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; Son of Man (Dan 7:13–14).
ἐπὶonpreposition (place) + gen.ἐπί: with gen., 'on, upon.'
θρόνουthroneGenitiveobject of ἐπίθρόνος: 'throne.'
δόξηςof gloryGenitiveattributive genitive (his glorious throne)δόξα: 'glory, splendor.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καθήσεσθεwill sitFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · κάθημαιmain verb of the ὅτι-clause→ predictive futureκάθημαι: 'sit, be seated, be enthroned.'
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive 'also')καί: 'also, even.'
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeresumptive emphatic subjectσύ: 'you' (pl.).
ἐπὶonpreposition (place) + acc.ἐπί: with acc., 'upon, on.'
δώδεκαtwelveAccusativenumeral with θρόνουςδώδεκα: 'twelve' (indecl., here qualifying acc. θρόνους).
θρόνουςthronesAccusativeobject of ἐπίθρόνος: 'throne.'
κρίνοντεςjudgingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κρίνωcircumstantial participle of result/manner→ imperfectiveκρίνω: 'judge, govern, rule.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with φυλάς
δώδεκαtwelveAccusativenumeral with φυλάςδώδεκα: 'twelve.'
φυλὰςtribesAccusativeobject of κρίνοντεςφυλή: 'tribe.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle with Ἰσραήλ
ἸσραήλIsraelGenitivegenitive of relationship (proper name, indeclinable form)Ἰσραήλ: 'Israel'; indeclinable proper name, here functioning as genitive.
29

καὶ πᾶς ὅστις ἀφῆκεν οἰκίας ἢ ἀδελφοὺς ἢ ἀδελφὰς ἢ πατέρα ἢ μητέρα ἢ τέκνα ἢ ἀγροὺς ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀνόματός μου, ἑκατονταπλασίονα λήμψεται καὶ ζωὴν αἰώνιον κληρονομήσει.

And everyone who has left houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or children or fields for my name's sake will receive a hundredfold and will inherit eternal life.

Promise to all disciplesκαίBeyond the Twelve, a universal promise: any who renounce home and kin ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀνόματός μου ('for my name's sake') gain a hundredfold and inherit the very ζωὴ αἰώνιος the rich man sought (v.16). Sacrifice is repaid superabundantly.
καὶAndcoordinating conjunction
πᾶςeveryoneNominativesubject (with ὅστις-clause)πᾶς: 'all, every(one).'
ὅστιςwhoNominativeindefinite relative pronounὅστις: 'whoever.'
ἀφῆκενhas leftAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'leave, forsake.'
οἰκίαςhousesAccusativeobject of ἀφῆκενοἰκία: 'house, household.'
ordisjunctive particleἤ: 'or.'
ἀδελφοὺςbrothersAccusativeobject of ἀφῆκενἀδελφός: 'brother.'
ordisjunctive particleἤ: 'or.'
ἀδελφὰςsistersAccusativeobject of ἀφῆκενἀδελφή: 'sister.'
ordisjunctive particleἤ: 'or.'
πατέραfatherAccusativeobject of ἀφῆκενπατήρ: 'father.'
ordisjunctive particleἤ: 'or.'
μητέραmotherAccusativeobject of ἀφῆκενμήτηρ: 'mother.'
ordisjunctive particleἤ: 'or.'
τέκναchildrenAccusativeobject of ἀφῆκεντέκνον: 'child.'
ordisjunctive particleἤ: 'or.'
ἀγροὺςfieldsAccusativeobject of ἀφῆκενἀγρός: 'field, land, farm.'
ἕνεκενfor the sake ofimproper preposition (cause) + gen.ἕνεκεν: 'for the sake of, on account of.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ὀνόματος
ὀνόματόςnameGenitiveobject of ἕνεκενὄνομα: 'name'; 'for my name's sake' = for allegiance to Jesus.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἑκατονταπλασίοναa hundredfoldAccusativeobject of λήμψεταιἑκατονταπλασίων: 'a hundredfold' (the printed reading; variant πολλαπλασίονα).
λήμψεταιwill receiveFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive futureλαμβάνω: 'take, receive.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ζωὴνlifeAccusativeobject of κληρονομήσειζωή: 'life.'
αἰώνιονeternalAccusativeattributive adjective with ζωήναἰώνιος: 'eternal.'
κληρονομήσειwill inheritFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κληρονομέωmain verb (coordinate)→ predictive futureκληρονομέω: 'inherit, obtain as an inheritance.'
30

πολλοὶ δὲ ἔσονται πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι καὶ ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι.

But many who are first will be last, and the last first.

Reversal proverb (transition)δέA chiastic eschatological-reversal maxim, qualifying the reward promise lest it breed presumption (cf. Peter's question): rank in the kingdom subverts present standing. It frames the vineyard parable of 20:1–16, which closes by repeating it (20:16).
πολλοὶmanyNominativesubject of ἔσονταιπολύς: 'many.'
δὲbutdevelopmental/contrastive connectiveδέ: 'but.'
ἔσονταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be.'
πρῶτοιfirstNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πρῶτος: 'first, foremost.'
ἔσχατοιlastNominativepredicate nominativeἔσχατος: 'last, lowest.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔσχατοιlastNominativesubject (substantival adj., sc. ἔσονται)ἔσχατος: 'last.'
πρῶτοιfirstNominativepredicate nominativeπρῶτος: 'first.'