Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Matthew, Chapter 27ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΘΘΑΙΟΝ ΚΖ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Πρωΐας δὲ γενομένης συμβούλιον ἔλαβον πάντες οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τοῦ λαοῦ κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ὥστε θανατῶσαι αὐτόν·

Now when morning had come, all the chief priests and the elders of the people took counsel against Jesus to put him to death;

Scene-settingδέDaybreak after the night trial: the Sanhedrin's leadership formalizes the death-resolve against Jesus.
Πρωΐαςof morningGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)πρωΐα: 'early morning'; the formal dawn session of the council.
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
γενομένηςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ constative aorist
συμβούλιονcounselAccusativedirect objectσυμβούλιον: 'consultation, plot'; συμβούλιον λαμβάνω = 'take counsel.'
ἔλαβονtookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aorist
πάντεςallNominativeattributive adjective
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubjectἀρχιερεύς: 'chief priest'; the priestly aristocracy.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
πρεσβύτεροιeldersNominativesubject (coordinate)πρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; lay leadership of the Sanhedrin.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
λαοῦof the peopleGenitivegenitive of relationshipλαός: 'people'; covenant-people of Israel.
κατὰagainstpreposition + genitive (opposition)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveobject of κατάἸησοῦς: the accused.
ὥστεso as toconjunction + infinitive (result/purpose)
θανατῶσαιto put to deathAor Act Inf · θανατόωinfinitive of result→ constative aoristθανατόω: 'put to death'; their settled aim.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of infinitive
2

καὶ δήσαντες αὐτὸν ἀπήγαγον καὶ παρέδωκαν Πιλάτῳ τῷ ἡγεμόνι.

and having bound him, they led him away and handed him over to Pilate the governor.

Narrative continuationκαὶJesus is bound and delivered to the Roman authority — the transfer to Gentile jurisdiction.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δήσαντεςhaving boundAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · δέωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristδέω: 'bind, tie'; the prisoner is fettered.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of δήσαντες
ἀπήγαγονthey led awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπάγω: 'lead away' (to trial/execution).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρέδωκανhanded overAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over, deliver up'; the keyword of the passion.
Πιλάτῳto PilateDativeindirect objectΠιλᾶτος: Pontius Pilate, prefect of Judea (AD 26–36).
τῷtheDativearticle
ἡγεμόνιthe governorDativeapposition to Πιλάτῳἡγεμών: 'governor, prefect'; the Roman provincial authority.
3

Τότε ἰδὼν Ἰούδας ὁ παραδιδοὺς αὐτὸν ὅτι κατεκρίθη μεταμεληθεὶς ἔστρεψεν τὰ τριάκοντα ἀργύρια τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσιν καὶ πρεσβυτέροις

Then Judas, the one who betrayed him, seeing that he was condemned, was seized with remorse and returned the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders,

Judas episodeΤότεThe remorse of Judas: seeing the verdict, he repents (μεταμέλομαι, not μετανοέω) and tries to return the blood-money.
Τότεthentemporal adverb
ἰδὼνseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial ptc. (causal)→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see, perceive.'
ἸούδαςJudasNominativesubjectἸούδας: Judas Iscariot, the betrayer.
theNominativearticle
παραδιδοὺςthe one betrayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παραδίδωμιsubstantival ptc. (apposition)→ characterizing presentπαραδίδωμι: here the settled epithet 'the betrayer.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ptc.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of ἰδών)
κατεκρίθηhe was condemnedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατακρίνωverb (ὅτι clause)→ constative aoristκατακρίνω: 'condemn, pass sentence against.'
μεταμεληθεὶςhaving been seized with remorseAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · μεταμέλομαιcircumstantial ptc. (causal)→ antecedent aoristμεταμέλομαι: 'regret, feel remorse' — regret of feeling, distinct from salvific μετάνοια.
ἔστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · στρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristστρέφω: 'turn back, return.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
τριάκονταthirtyAccusativenumeral (indeclinable, attributive)
ἀργύριαpieces of silverAccusativedirect objectἀργύριον: 'silver coin'; the betrayal price (Zech 11:12; cf. Exod 21:32).
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἀρχιερεῦσινto the chief priestsDativeindirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πρεσβυτέροιςeldersDativeindirect object (coordinate)
4

λέγων· Ἥμαρτον παραδοὺς αἷμα ἀθῷον. οἱ δὲ εἶπαν· Τί πρὸς ἡμᾶς; σὺ ὄψῃ.

saying, "I have sinned in betraying innocent blood." But they said, "What is that to us? You see to it."

DialogueasyndetonJudas confesses innocent blood; the priests coldly disclaim responsibility, throwing it back on him.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of speech→ concurrent present
ἭμαρτονI have sinnedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωmain verb (direct speech)→ constative aoristἁμαρτάνω: 'sin, miss the mark.'
παραδοὺςhaving betrayedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παραδίδωμιcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ antecedent aorist
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect objectαἷμα: 'blood'; 'innocent blood' = the guilt of an unjust killing (Deut 27:25).
ἀθῷονinnocentAccusativeattributive adjectiveἀθῷος: 'guiltless, innocent.'
οἱtheyNominativearticle
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ΤίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (reference)
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of πρός
σὺyouNominativeemphatic subject
ὄψῃyou will see to itFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (idiomatic)→ imperatival futureὁράω: 'see to it'; idiom shifting responsibility — 'that's your concern.'
5

καὶ ῥίψας τὰ ἀργύρια εἰς τὸν ναὸν ἀνεχώρησεν, καὶ ἀπελθὼν ἀπήγξατο.

And throwing down the pieces of silver into the temple, he departed; and he went away and hanged himself.

Death of JudasκαὶJudas flings the money into the sanctuary and hangs himself — the despairing end of the betrayer.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ῥίψαςthrowingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ῥίπτωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristῥίπτω: 'hurl, throw down' violently.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἀργύριαpieces of silverAccusativeobject of ῥίψας
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ναὸνtempleAccusativeobject of εἰςναός: the temple-sanctuary proper (not the τὸ ἱερόν precincts), where only priests entered.
ἀνεχώρησενhe departedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναχωρέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναχωρέω: 'withdraw, depart.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπελθὼνhaving gone awayAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aorist
ἀπήγξατοhe hanged himselfAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπάγχωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπάγχομαι: 'hang oneself'; NT hapax (cf. Ahithophel, 2 Sam 17:23).
6

οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς λαβόντες τὰ ἀργύρια εἶπαν· Οὐκ ἔξεστιν βαλεῖν αὐτὰ εἰς τὸν κορβανᾶν, ἐπεὶ τιμὴ αἵματός ἐστιν.

But the chief priests, taking the pieces of silver, said, "It is not lawful to put them into the treasury, since it is the price of blood."

Priests' scrupleδέAn ironic legalism: the priests scruple over the defiled money even as they have shed the innocent blood.
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbuttransitional conjunction
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubject
λαβόντεςtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aorist
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἀργύριαpieces of silverAccusativeobject of ptc.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔξεστινit is lawfulPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔξεστι(ν)impersonal main verb→ stative presentἔξεστιν: 'it is permitted/lawful.'
βαλεῖνto putAor Act Inf · βάλλωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristβάλλω: 'cast, put.'
αὐτὰthemAccusativeobject of βαλεῖν
εἰςintopreposition + accusative
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κορβανᾶνthe treasuryAccusativeobject of εἰςκορβανᾶς: the temple treasury (from Heb. qorbān, 'offering').
ἐπεὶsincecausal conjunction
τιμὴpriceNominativepredicate nominativeτιμή: 'price, value'; 'blood-money.'
αἵματόςof bloodGenitivegenitive of price/source
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
7

συμβούλιον δὲ λαβόντες ἠγόρασαν ἐξ αὐτῶν τὸν ἀγρὸν τοῦ κεραμέως εἰς ταφὴν τοῖς ξένοις.

And taking counsel, they bought with them the potter's field, as a burial place for strangers.

Purchase of the fieldδέThe blood-money buys the potter's field — a graveyard for foreigners, fulfilling prophecy.
συμβούλιονcounselAccusativedirect object (idiom)
δὲandtransitional conjunction
λαβόντεςtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aorist
ἠγόρασανthey boughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀγοράζωmain verb→ constative aoristἀγοράζω: 'buy' (from ἀγορά, marketplace).
ἐξwith/out ofpreposition + genitive (means/source)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ἐξ
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀγρὸνfieldAccusativedirect objectἀγρός: 'field, plot of land.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κεραμέωςof the potterGenitivegenitive of relationshipκεραμεύς: 'potter' (cf. Jer 18–19; Zech 11:13).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
ταφὴνburialAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)ταφή: 'burial, burial-place.'
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ξένοιςfor strangersDativedative of advantageξένος: 'stranger, foreigner.'
8

διὸ ἐκλήθη ὁ ἀγρὸς ἐκεῖνος Ἀγρὸς Αἵματος ἕως τῆς σήμερον.

Therefore that field has been called the Field of Blood to this day.

EtiologyδιὸAn etiological note: the field's name 'Field of Blood' (Akeldama) memorializes its bloody origin.
διὸthereforeinferential conjunction
ἐκλήθηwas calledAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, name.'
theNominativearticle
ἀγρὸςfieldNominativesubject
ἐκεῖνοςthatNominativedemonstrative (attributive)
ἈγρὸςFieldNominativepredicate nominativethe proper name 'Field of Blood' (Aramaic Hakeldama, Acts 1:19).
Αἵματοςof BloodGenitivegenitive of quality (in the name)
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (time)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
σήμερονtodayGenitiveadverbial 'today' substantivizedσήμερον: 'today'; 'to this day' — a standing memorial.
9

τότε ἐπληρώθη τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Ἰερεμίου τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος· Καὶ ἔλαβον τὰ τριάκοντα ἀργύρια, τὴν τιμὴν τοῦ τετιμημένου ὃν ἐτιμήσαντο ἀπὸ υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ,

Then was fulfilled what was spoken through Jeremiah the prophet, saying, "And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him who was priced, on whom a price was set by the sons of Israel,

Fulfillment formulaτότεMatthew's fulfillment citation — attributed to Jeremiah though its wording chiefly reflects Zech 11:12–13 (with Jer 19/32 motifs).
τότεthentemporal adverb
ἐπληρώθηwas fulfilledAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πληρόωmain verb→ constative aoristπληρόω: 'fulfill'; Matthew's signature fulfillment verb.
τὸtheNominativearticle
ῥηθὲνwhat was spokenAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · λέγω(ἐρῶ)substantival ptc. (subject)→ constative aorist
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (agency)
ἸερεμίουJeremiahGenitiveintermediate agentἸερεμίας: the prophet named; the quotation is mainly Zech 11, a famous attribution crux.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
προφήτουthe prophetGenitiveapposition
λέγοντοςsayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of speech (agreeing w/ προφήτου)→ concurrent present
Καὶandconjunction (citation)
ἔλαβονthey tookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (citation)→ constative aorist
τὰtheAccusativearticle
τριάκονταthirtyAccusativenumeral (indeclinable)
ἀργύριαpieces of silverAccusativedirect object
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
τιμὴνthe priceAccusativeapposition to ἀργύρια
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
τετιμημένουof him who was pricedPerf Pass Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · τιμάωsubstantival ptc. (genitive of price)→ resultative perfectτιμάω: 'set a price on, value.'
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object)
ἐτιμήσαντοthey set a price onAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · τιμάωverb (rel. clause)→ constative aorist
ἀπὸby/frompreposition + genitive (source/agency)
υἱῶνthe sonsGenitiveobject of ἀπόυἱός: 'son'; 'sons of Israel' = the Israelites.
Ἰσραήλof IsraelGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable)
10

καὶ ἔδωκαν αὐτὰ εἰς τὸν ἀγρὸν τοῦ κεραμέως, καθὰ συνέταξέν μοι κύριος.

and they gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord directed me."

Fulfillment formula (cont.)καὶThe citation concludes: the silver paid out for the potter's field, 'as the Lord directed me.'
καὶandconjunction (citation)
ἔδωκανthey gaveAor Act Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (citation)→ constative aorist
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀγρὸνfieldAccusativeobject of εἰς
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κεραμέωςof the potterGenitivegenitive of relationship
καθὰascomparative conjunctionκαθά: 'just as, according as.'
συνέταξένdirectedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb (comparative clause)→ constative aoristσυντάσσω: 'arrange, command, direct.'
μοιmeDativeindirect object
κύριοςthe LordNominativesubjectκύριος: the LORD, YHWH (the prophet as speaker).
11

Ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἐστάθη ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ ἡγεμόνος· καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτὸν ὁ ἡγεμὼν λέγων· Σὺ εἶ ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων; ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἔφη· Σὺ λέγεις.

Now Jesus stood before the governor; and the governor questioned him, saying, "Are you the King of the Jews?" And Jesus said, "You say so."

Before PilateδέThe Roman trial opens on the political charge: kingship. Jesus' answer 'Σὺ λέγεις' is an affirmative yet reserved.
theNominativearticle
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
ἐστάθηstoodAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (intransitive)→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'stand'; passive-intransitive 'was made to stand, stood.'
ἔμπροσθενbeforepreposition + genitive (place)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἡγεμόνοςthe governorGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθεν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπηρώτησενquestionedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπερωτάω: 'question, interrogate.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
theNominativearticle
ἡγεμὼνthe governorNominativesubject
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of speech→ concurrent present
ΣὺyouNominativeemphatic subject
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula (question)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
βασιλεὺςkingNominativepredicate nominativeβασιλεύς: 'king'; the politically charged title.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
Ἰουδαίωνof the JewsGenitivegenitive of subordination
theNominativearticle
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
ἔφηsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb→ aoristic imperfectφημί: 'say, affirm.'
ΣὺyouNominativeemphatic subject
λέγειςsay soPres Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ stative presentλέγω: σὺ λέγεις = a guarded affirmative, 'you say [it yourself].'
12

καὶ ἐν τῷ κατηγορεῖσθαι αὐτὸν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχιερέων καὶ πρεσβυτέρων οὐδὲν ἀπεκρίνατο.

And while he was being accused by the chief priests and elders, he answered nothing.

Silence before accusersκαὶJesus' Isaianic silence under accusation (Isa 53:7) — answering nothing to the priests.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνwhile/inpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)
τῷtheDativearticle
κατηγορεῖσθαιbeing accusedPres Pass Inf · κατηγορέωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ progressive presentκατηγορέω: 'accuse, bring charges.'
αὐτὸνhe/himAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἀρχιερέωνthe chief priestsGenitiveagent
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitiveagent (coordinate)
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativeaccusative of respect / objectοὐδείς: 'no one, nothing.'
ἀπεκρίνατοhe answeredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply.'
13

τότε λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πιλᾶτος· Οὐκ ἀκούεις πόσα σου καταμαρτυροῦσιν;

Then Pilate said to him, "Do you not hear how many things they testify against you?"

Pilate's astonishmentτότεPilate marvels at the silence, pressing Jesus on the weight of the testimony.
τότεthentemporal adverb
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ historical presentλέγω: historic present for vividness.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubject
Οὐκnotnegative (expecting yes)
ἀκούειςdo you hearPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (question)→ progressive presentἀκούω: 'hear, listen.'
πόσαhow many thingsAccusativeinterrogative adjective (object)πόσος: 'how much/many.'
σουagainst youGenitivegenitive object of κατα-verb
καταμαρτυροῦσινthey testify againstPres Act Indic 3 Pl · καταμαρτυρέωverb (indir. question)→ progressive presentκαταμαρτυρέω: 'bear witness against' (+ gen.).
14

καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ πρὸς οὐδὲ ἓν ῥῆμα, ὥστε θαυμάζειν τὸν ἡγεμόνα λίαν.

But he did not answer him, not even to a single word, so that the governor was greatly amazed.

Pilate's amazementκαὶJesus' total silence — not one word — leaves Pilate astonished (a hint of his recognized innocence).
καὶbutcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative
ἀπεκρίθηhe answeredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (reference)
οὐδὲnot evenemphatic negative
ἓνoneAccusativenumeral (attributive)
ῥῆμαwordAccusativeobject of πρόςῥῆμα: 'word, saying'; 'not even one word.'
ὥστεso thatconjunction + infinitive (result)
θαυμάζεινto be amazedPres Act Inf · θαυμάζωinfinitive of result→ progressive presentθαυμάζω: 'marvel, be astonished.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἡγεμόναthe governorAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
λίανgreatlyadverb (degree)λίαν: 'exceedingly, greatly.'
15

Κατὰ δὲ ἑορτὴν εἰώθει ὁ ἡγεμὼν ἀπολύειν ἕνα τῷ ὄχλῳ δέσμιον ὃν ἤθελον.

Now at the feast the governor was accustomed to release for the crowd one prisoner whom they wanted.

Passover amnesty customδέThe custom of a festival amnesty sets up the Barabbas choice.
Κατὰatpreposition + accusative (distributive/temporal)
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ἑορτὴνfeastAccusativeobject of κατάἑορτή: 'festival'; the Passover.
εἰώθειwas accustomedPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἴωθαmain verb→ customary pluperfectεἴωθα: 'be accustomed' (perfect with present sense; plpf. = past habit).
theNominativearticle
ἡγεμὼνgovernorNominativesubject
ἀπολύεινto releasePres Act Inf · ἀπολύωcomplementary infinitive→ customary presentἀπολύω: 'release, set free.'
ἕναoneAccusativenumeral (object)
τῷtheDativearticle
ὄχλῳfor the crowdDativedative of advantageὄχλος: 'crowd, multitude.'
δέσμιονprisonerAccusativedirect objectδέσμιος: 'prisoner, bound one.'
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object)
ἤθελονthey wantedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θέλωverb (rel. clause)→ customary imperfectθέλω: 'wish, want.'
16

εἶχον δὲ τότε δέσμιον ἐπίσημον λεγόμενον Βαραββᾶν.

And at that time they had a notorious prisoner called Barabbas.

Barabbas introducedδέThe notorious prisoner Barabbas is named. A noted variant (Caesarea, Origen, fam.1) reads 'Jesus Barabbas' here and in v.17.
εἶχονthey hadImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ progressive imperfectἔχω: 'have, hold.'
δὲandtransitional conjunction
τότεat that timetemporal adverb
δέσμιονprisonerAccusativedirect object
ἐπίσημονnotoriousAccusativeattributive adjectiveἐπίσημος: 'marked, notable, notorious.'
λεγόμενονcalledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · λέγωattributive ptc.→ characterizing present
ΒαραββᾶνBarabbasAccusativeobject of λεγόμενον (apposition)Βαραββᾶς: 'son of the father' (bar-abba); some MSS prefix Ἰησοῦν — 'Jesus Barabbas.'
17

συνηγμένων οὖν αὐτῶν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Πιλᾶτος· Τίνα θέλετε ἀπολύσω ὑμῖν, Βαραββᾶν ἢ Ἰησοῦν τὸν λεγόμενον χριστόν;

So when they were gathered, Pilate said to them, "Whom do you want me to release for you, Barabbas, or Jesus who is called Christ?"

The choice offeredοὖνPilate poses the alternative — Barabbas or 'Jesus called Christ'; many witnesses again read 'Jesus Barabbas' as the first option.
συνηγμένωνhaving gatheredPerf Pass Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · συνάγωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ resultative perfectσυνάγω: 'gather together.'
οὖνsoinferential conjunction
αὐτῶνthey/themGenitivegenitive absolute subject
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubject
ΤίναwhomAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object)
θέλετεdo you wantPres Act Indic 2 Pl · θέλωmain verb→ progressive present
ἀπολύσωI releaseAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἀπολύωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aorist
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage
ΒαραββᾶνBarabbasAccusativeapposition (option A)Βαραββᾶς: some MSS 'Jesus Barabbas.'
ordisjunctive conjunction
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeapposition (option B)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λεγόμενονwho is calledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · λέγωattributive ptc.→ characterizing present
χριστόνChristAccusativeobject/complement of λεγόμενονχριστός: 'Anointed, Messiah.'
18

ᾔδει γὰρ ὅτι διὰ φθόνον παρέδωκαν αὐτόν.

For he knew that they had handed him over out of envy.

Narrator's asideγάρAn authorial aside: Pilate perceives the trial's true motive — envy.
ᾔδειhe knewPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ stative (plpf. = past state)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect form, present sense; plpf. = 'knew').
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
διὰout of/because ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
φθόνονenvyAccusativeobject of διά (cause)φθόνος: 'envy, malice'; the underlying motive.
παρέδωκανthey handed overAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παραδίδωμιverb (ὅτι clause)→ constative aorist
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
19

Καθημένου δὲ αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ λέγουσα· Μηδὲν σοὶ καὶ τῷ δικαίῳ ἐκείνῳ· πολλὰ γὰρ ἔπαθον σήμερον κατ' ὄναρ δι' αὐτόν.

While he was sitting on the judgment seat, his wife sent to him, saying, "Have nothing to do with that righteous man, for I have suffered much today in a dream because of him."

Pilate's wife's dreamδέPilate's wife warns him off 'that righteous man,' her dream a Gentile witness to Jesus' innocence.
Καθημένουwhile sittingPres Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · κάθημαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ progressive presentκάθημαι: 'sit'; of taking the judicial seat.
δὲwhiletransitional conjunction
αὐτοῦhe/himGenitivegenitive absolute subject
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
βήματοςjudgment seatGenitiveobject of ἐπίβῆμα: 'tribunal, judgment seat.'
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send (with a message).'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
theNominativearticle
γυνὴwifeNominativesubjectγυνή: 'woman, wife.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · λέγωptc. of speech→ concurrent present
ΜηδὲνnothingNominativenominative in idiom (μηδὲν σοί)idiom 'nothing to you and that man' = 'have nothing to do with.'
σοὶto youDativedative of (dis)advantage
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷtheDativearticle
δικαίῳrighteous manDativesubstantival adjectiveδίκαιος: 'righteous, just'; affirming Jesus' innocence.
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative (attributive)
πολλὰmuch / many thingsAccusativeaccusative of respect / objectπολύς: 'much, many.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἔπαθονI sufferedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · πάσχωmain verb→ constative aoristπάσχω: 'suffer, experience.'
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb
κατ'inpreposition + accusative (manner)
ὄναρa dreamAccusativeobject of κατά (indeclinable)ὄναρ: 'dream'; κατ' ὄναρ = 'in a dream.'
δι'because ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of διά
20

Οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ἔπεισαν τοὺς ὄχλους ἵνα αἰτήσωνται τὸν Βαραββᾶν, τὸν δὲ Ἰησοῦν ἀπολέσωσιν.

But the chief priests and the elders persuaded the crowds to ask for Barabbas and to destroy Jesus.

Crowds incitedδέThe leaders sway the crowds — for Barabbas, against Jesus.
ΟἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubject
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
πρεσβύτεροιeldersNominativesubject (coordinate)
ἔπεισανpersuadedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πείθωmain verb→ constative aoristπείθω: 'persuade, win over.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλουςcrowdsAccusativedirect object
ἵναto/thatconjunction + subjunctive (purpose/content)
αἰτήσωνταιthey should ask forAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · αἰτέωverb (ἵνα clause)→ constative aoristαἰτέω: 'ask, request' (mid. for oneself).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΒαραββᾶνBarabbasAccusativedirect object
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect object
ἀπολέσωσινthey should destroyAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιverb (ἵνα clause)→ constative aoristἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy, ruin, put to death.'
21

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ ἡγεμὼν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Τίνα θέλετε ἀπὸ τῶν δύο ἀπολύσω ὑμῖν; οἱ δὲ εἶπαν· Τὸν Βαραββᾶν.

The governor answered them, "Which of the two do you want me to release for you?" They said, "Barabbas."

The verdict of the crowdδέPilate forces the choice; the crowd names Barabbas.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic ptc. of speech→ antecedent aorist
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἡγεμὼνgovernorNominativesubject
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ΤίναwhichAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object)
θέλετεdo you wantPres Act Indic 2 Pl · θέλωmain verb→ progressive present
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
δύοtwoGenitivenumeral (indeclinable, partitive)
ἀπολύσωI releaseAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἀπολύωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aorist
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage
οἱtheyNominativearticle
δὲandtransitional conjunction
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ΤὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΒαραββᾶνBarabbasAccusativedirect object (elliptical)
22

λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Πιλᾶτος· Τί οὖν ποιήσω Ἰησοῦν τὸν λεγόμενον χριστόν; λέγουσιν πάντες· Σταυρωθήτω.

Pilate said to them, "Then what shall I do with Jesus who is called Christ?" They all said, "Let him be crucified!"

The cry for crucifixionasyndetonThe crowd's verdict: 'Let him be crucified' — the third-person imperative demanding the cross.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ historical present
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubject
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object)
οὖνtheninferential conjunction
ποιήσωshall I doAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ποιέωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make'; here 'do with' (+ acc.).
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λεγόμενονwho is calledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · λέγωattributive ptc.→ characterizing present
χριστόνChristAccusativecomplement of λεγόμενον
λέγουσινthey sayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ historical present
πάντεςallNominativesubject (substantival adj.)
Σταυρωθήτωlet him be crucifiedAor Pass Impv 3 Sg · σταυρόωimperative (direct speech)→ constative aoristσταυρόω: 'crucify'; 3rd-person imperative demand.
23

ὁ δὲ ἔφη· Τί γὰρ κακὸν ἐποίησεν; οἱ δὲ περισσῶς ἔκραζον λέγοντες· Σταυρωθήτω.

And he said, "Why, what evil has he done?" But they kept shouting all the more, "Let him be crucified!"

Mounting clamorδέPilate's protest of innocence is drowned by the crowd's intensifying shout.
heNominativearticle
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἔφηsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb→ aoristic imperfect
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object)
γὰρwhy/forconjunction (expostulation)
κακὸνevilAccusativesubstantival adjective (object)κακός: 'bad, evil.'
ἐποίησενhas he doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aorist
οἱtheyNominativearticle
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
περισσῶςall the moreadverb (degree)περισσῶς: 'exceedingly, the more.'
ἔκραζονkept shoutingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · κράζωmain verb→ iterative imperfectκράζω: 'cry out, shout.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of speech→ concurrent present
Σταυρωθήτωlet him be crucifiedAor Pass Impv 3 Sg · σταυρόωimperative (direct speech)→ constative aorist
24

Ἰδὼν δὲ ὁ Πιλᾶτος ὅτι οὐδὲν ὠφελεῖ ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον θόρυβος γίνεται, λαβὼν ὕδωρ ἀπενίψατο τὰς χεῖρας ἀπέναντι τοῦ ὄχλου λέγων· Ἀθῷός εἰμι ἀπὸ τοῦ αἵματος τούτου· ὑμεῖς ὄψεσθε.

So Pilate, seeing that he was accomplishing nothing but rather that a riot was starting, took water and washed his hands before the crowd, saying, "I am innocent of this blood; you see to it."

Pilate washes his handsδέPilate's hand-washing — a symbolic, futile disavowal of bloodguilt (Deut 21:6–7; Ps 26:6).
ἸδὼνseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial ptc. (causal)→ antecedent aorist
δὲsotransitional conjunction
theNominativearticle
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubject
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativeobject / adverbial accusative
ὠφελεῖhe was accomplishingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὠφελέωverb (ὅτι clause)→ progressive presentὠφελέω: 'profit, gain, accomplish.'
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
μᾶλλονratheradverb (comparison)
θόρυβοςa riotNominativesubjectθόρυβος: 'uproar, riot, disturbance.'
γίνεταιwas startingPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb (ὅτι clause)→ progressive present
λαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aorist
ὕδωρwaterAccusativeobject of λαβώνὕδωρ: 'water.'
ἀπενίψατοwashedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπονίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπονίπτομαι: 'wash off (oneself)'; ritual gesture of cleansing from guilt.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect objectχείρ: 'hand.'
ἀπέναντιbeforepreposition + genitive (place)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ὄχλουcrowdGenitiveobject of ἀπέναντι
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of speech→ concurrent present
ἈθῷόςinnocentNominativepredicate nominativeἀθῷος: 'guiltless, innocent.'
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
ἀπὸof/frompreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
αἵματοςbloodGenitiveobject of ἀπόαἷμα: 'blood'; bloodguilt.
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative (attributive)
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject
ὄψεσθεyou will see to itFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωimperatival future→ predictive future
25

καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς πᾶς ὁ λαὸς εἶπεν· Τὸ αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐφ' ἡμᾶς καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ τέκνα ἡμῶν.

And all the people answered, "His blood be on us and on our children!"

The people's self-imprecationκαὶThe whole people accept the bloodguilt — Matthew's solemn, much-debated line.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic ptc. of speech→ antecedent aorist
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjective
theNominativearticle
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubjectλαός: 'people'; the covenant-people term, weighted here.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ΤὸtheNominativearticle
αἷμαbloodNominativesubject (verbless wish)αἷμα: 'blood'; responsibility for the death.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἐφ'onpreposition + accusative (over against)
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of ἐπί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative
τὰtheAccusativearticle
τέκναchildrenAccusativeobject of ἐπίτέκνον: 'child.'
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of relationship
26

τότε ἀπέλυσεν αὐτοῖς τὸν Βαραββᾶν, τὸν δὲ Ἰησοῦν φραγελλώσας παρέδωκεν ἵνα σταυρωθῇ.

Then he released Barabbas for them; but he had Jesus scourged and handed him over to be crucified.

Sentence executedτότεBarabbas freed; Jesus scourged and delivered for crucifixion — the formal sentence.
τότεthentemporal adverb
ἀπέλυσενreleasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπολύωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedative of advantage
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΒαραββᾶνBarabbasAccusativedirect object
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of παρέδωκεν
φραγελλώσαςhaving scourgedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · φραγελλόωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristφραγελλόω: 'flog, scourge' (Lat. flagellum); the brutal pre-crucifixion lashing.
παρέδωκενhanded overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ constative aorist
ἵναto/thatconjunction + subjunctive (purpose)
σταυρωθῇhe might be crucifiedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · σταυρόωverb (ἵνα clause)→ constative aorist
27

Τότε οἱ στρατιῶται τοῦ ἡγεμόνος παραλαβόντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον συνήγαγον ἐπ' αὐτὸν ὅλην τὴν σπεῖραν.

Then the governor's soldiers took Jesus into the praetorium and gathered the whole cohort around him.

Soldiers' mockeryΤότεThe mockery scene opens: the whole cohort assembled in the praetorium around the prisoner.
Τότεthentemporal adverb
οἱtheNominativearticle
στρατιῶταιsoldiersNominativesubjectστρατιώτης: 'soldier.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἡγεμόνοςof the governorGenitivegenitive of subordination
παραλαβόντεςtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παραλαμβάνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristπαραλαμβάνω: 'take (into custody), take along.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of ptc.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πραιτώριονpraetoriumAccusativeobject of εἰςπραιτώριον: the governor's residence/headquarters (Lat. praetorium).
συνήγαγονgatheredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συνάγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ἐπ'around/againstpreposition + accusative
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπί
ὅληνwholeAccusativeattributive adjective
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
σπεῖρανcohortAccusativedirect objectσπεῖρα: 'cohort'; a Roman military unit (~600 men).
28

καὶ ἐκδύσαντες αὐτὸν χλαμύδα κοκκίνην περιέθηκαν αὐτῷ,

And they stripped him and put a scarlet robe on him,

Mock royal robeκαὶStripped and clothed in a scarlet soldier's cloak — a mock-imperial purple.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκδύσαντεςstrippingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐκδύωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἐκδύω: 'strip off, undress.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ptc.
χλαμύδαrobeAccusativedirect objectχλαμύς: 'military cloak'; here mocking the royal/imperial mantle.
κοκκίνηνscarletAccusativeattributive adjectiveκόκκινος: 'scarlet, crimson'; a soldier's red cloak mimicking purple.
περιέθηκανput on/aroundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · περιτίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristπεριτίθημι: 'place around, put on.'
αὐτῷon himDativeindirect object
29

καὶ πλέξαντες στέφανον ἐξ ἀκανθῶν ἐπέθηκαν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ κάλαμον ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ, καὶ γονυπετήσαντες ἔμπροσθεν αὐτοῦ ἐνέπαιξαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες· Χαῖρε, βασιλεῦ τῶν Ἰουδαίων,

and twisting together a crown of thorns, they put it on his head and a reed in his right hand; and kneeling before him, they mocked him, saying, "Hail, King of the Jews!"

Crown of thornsκαὶCrown, scepter, and homage — the soldiers parody a coronation, hailing the 'King of the Jews.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πλέξαντεςweavingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πλέκωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristπλέκω: 'weave, twist together.'
στέφανονcrownAccusativeobject of ptc.στέφανος: 'crown, wreath'; the victor's/royal garland, here of thorns.
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (material)
ἀκανθῶνthornsGenitivegenitive of materialἄκανθα: 'thorn, thornplant.'
ἐπέθηκανput onAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
κεφαλῆςheadGenitiveobject of ἐπίκεφαλή: 'head.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κάλαμονreedAccusativeobject (zeugma w/ ἐπέθηκαν)κάλαμος: 'reed, staff'; the mock scepter.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
δεξιᾷright handDativeobject of ἐνδεξιά: 'right (hand).'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γονυπετήσαντεςkneelingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · γονυπετέωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristγονυπετέω: 'kneel, fall on the knees' (mock homage).
ἔμπροσθενbeforepreposition + genitive (place)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθεν
ἐνέπαιξανmockedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπαίζωmain verb→ constative aoristἐμπαίζω: 'mock, ridicule.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect/dative object
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of speech→ concurrent present
ΧαῖρεhailPres Act Impv 2 Sg · χαίρωimperative (mock greeting)→ stative presentχαίρω: 'rejoice'; the imperatival greeting 'Hail!' (parody of Ave Caesar).
βασιλεῦkingVocativevocative of addressβασιλεύς: 'king'; voc. in the mocking acclamation.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
Ἰουδαίωνof the JewsGenitivegenitive of subordination
30

καὶ ἐμπτύσαντες εἰς αὐτὸν ἔλαβον τὸν κάλαμον καὶ ἔτυπτον εἰς τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ.

And spitting on him, they took the reed and struck him on the head.

Spitting and strikingκαὶSpitting and beating with the reed-scepter — the climax of the mockery.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐμπτύσαντεςspittingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐμπτύωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἐμπτύω: 'spit on/at'; supreme insult (cf. Isa 50:6).
εἰςonpreposition + accusative
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of εἰς
ἔλαβονtookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κάλαμονreedAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔτυπτονstruckImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · τύπτωmain verb→ iterative imperfectτύπτω: 'strike, beat' (repeatedly).
εἰςonpreposition + accusative
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativeobject of εἰς
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
31

καὶ ὅτε ἐνέπαιξαν αὐτῷ, ἐξέδυσαν αὐτὸν τὴν χλαμύδα καὶ ἐνέδυσαν αὐτὸν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀπήγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ σταυρῶσαι.

And when they had mocked him, they took the robe off him and put his own clothes on him, and led him away to crucify him.

Led out to crucifyκαὶMockery over, Jesus is re-dressed and led out to crucifixion.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction
ἐνέπαιξανthey had mockedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπαίζωverb (temporal clause)→ constative aorist
αὐτῷhimDativedative object
ἐξέδυσανthey took offAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκδύωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject (double accusative)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χλαμύδαrobeAccusativeobject (double accusative)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνέδυσανput onAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐνδύωmain verb→ constative aoristἐνδύω: 'clothe, put on.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject (double accusative)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἱμάτιαclothesAccusativeobject (double accusative)ἱμάτιον: 'garment, cloak.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπήγαγονled awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπάγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
εἰςtopreposition + articular infinitive (purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σταυρῶσαιcrucifyAor Act Inf · σταυρόωarticular infinitive (purpose)→ constative aorist
32

Ἐξερχόμενοι δὲ εὗρον ἄνθρωπον Κυρηναῖον ὀνόματι Σίμωνα· τοῦτον ἠγγάρευσαν ἵνα ἄρῃ τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ.

As they went out, they found a man of Cyrene named Simon; this man they pressed into service to carry his cross.

Simon of CyreneδέOn the way out, Simon of Cyrene is conscripted to carry the cross.
Ἐξερχόμενοιgoing outPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ progressive presentἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, come out.'
δὲas/nowtransitional conjunction
εὗρονthey foundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
ἄνθρωπονa manAccusativedirect objectἄνθρωπος: 'man, person.'
Κυρηναῖονof CyreneAccusativeattributive adjectiveΚυρηναῖος: 'Cyrenian'; from Cyrene in N. Africa.
ὀνόματιby nameDativedative of referenceὄνομα: 'name'; ὀνόματι = 'named.'
ΣίμωναSimonAccusativeapposition to ἄνθρωπονΣίμων: Simon, the conscripted cross-bearer (cf. Mark 15:21).
τοῦτονthis manAccusativedemonstrative (object, fronted)
ἠγγάρευσανthey pressed into serviceAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀγγαρεύωmain verb→ constative aoristἀγγαρεύω: 'requisition, compel' (a Persian loanword for forced service).
ἵναto/thatconjunction + subjunctive (purpose)
ἄρῃhe might carryAor Act Subj 3 Sg · αἴρωverb (ἵνα clause)→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'lift, take up, carry.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
σταυρὸνcrossAccusativedirect objectσταυρός: 'cross.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
33

Καὶ ἐλθόντες εἰς τόπον λεγόμενον Γολγοθᾶ, ὅ ἐστιν Κρανίου Τόπος λεγόμενος,

And when they came to a place called Golgotha, which means Place of a Skull,

Arrival at GolgothaΚαὶArrival at Golgotha — 'Place of a Skull.'
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐλθόντεςhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aorist
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of εἰςτόπος: 'place, location.'
λεγόμενονcalledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · λέγωattributive ptc.→ characterizing present
ΓολγοθᾶGolgothaAccusativeapposition (object/name)Γολγοθᾶ: from Aramaic gulgoltā, 'skull'; the execution site.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
ἐστινis/meansPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
Κρανίουof a SkullGenitiveattributive genitiveκρανίον: 'skull, cranium.'
ΤόποςPlaceNominativepredicate nominative
λεγόμενοςcalledPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωattributive ptc.→ characterizing present
34

ἔδωκαν αὐτῷ πιεῖν οἶνον μετὰ χολῆς μεμιγμένον· καὶ γευσάμενος οὐκ ἠθέλησεν πιεῖν.

they gave him wine to drink, mingled with gall; and when he had tasted it, he would not drink.

The drugged wine refusedasyndetonThe wine mixed with gall (Ps 69:21) offered and refused — Jesus meets death undulled.
ἔδωκανthey gaveAor Act Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωepexegetical infinitive (purpose)→ constative aoristπίνω: 'drink.'
οἶνονwineAccusativedirect objectοἶνος: 'wine.'
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
χολῆςgallGenitiveobject of μετάχολή: 'gall, bile, bitter substance' (Ps 69:21 LXX).
μεμιγμένονmingledPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · μίγνυμιattributive ptc.→ resultative perfectμίγνυμι: 'mix, mingle.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γευσάμενοςhaving tastedAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · γεύομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristγεύομαι: 'taste' (+ gen./acc.).
οὐκnotnegative
ἠθέλησενhe would notAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ constative aoristθέλω: 'will, wish'; he refused.
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
35

σταυρώσαντες δὲ αὐτὸν διεμερίσαντο τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ βάλλοντες κλῆρον,

And when they had crucified him, they divided his garments among themselves by casting lots,

The crucifixion; lots castδέThe crucifixion itself, narrated with restraint; the soldiers cast lots for his garments (Ps 22:18).
σταυρώσαντεςhaving crucifiedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · σταυρόωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristσταυρόω: 'crucify'; the central act, told in a participle.
δὲandtransitional conjunction
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ptc.
διεμερίσαντοthey dividedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · διαμερίζωmain verb→ constative aoristδιαμερίζω: 'divide, distribute.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
βάλλοντεςcastingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βάλλωcircumstantial ptc. (means)→ concurrent present
κλῆρονlotsAccusativedirect objectκλῆρος: 'lot'; βάλλω κλῆρον = 'cast lots' (Ps 22:18).
36

καὶ καθήμενοι ἐτήρουν αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ.

and sitting down, they kept watch over him there.

The guard sitsκαὶThe soldiers settle to their grim watch beneath the cross.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καθήμενοιsitting downPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κάθημαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ concurrent present
ἐτήρουνkept watch overImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · τηρέωmain verb→ progressive imperfectτηρέω: 'keep, guard, watch over.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
37

καὶ ἐπέθηκαν ἐπάνω τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ τὴν αἰτίαν αὐτοῦ γεγραμμένην· Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰησοῦς ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων.

And over his head they put the charge against him, written: "This is Jesus, the King of the Jews."

The titulusκαὶThe titulus — the written charge — proclaims, ironically and truly, 'King of the Jews.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπέθηκανthey putAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb→ constative aorist
ἐπάνωoverpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
κεφαλῆςheadGenitiveobject of ἐπάνω
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
αἰτίανchargeAccusativedirect objectαἰτία: 'cause, accusation, charge'; the titulus.
αὐτοῦagainst himGenitiveobjective genitive
γεγραμμένηνwrittenPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · γράφωattributive ptc.→ resultative perfectγράφω: 'write.'
ΟὗτόςthisNominativedemonstrative subject
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativepredicate nominative
theNominativearticle
βασιλεὺςkingNominativeappositionβασιλεύς: 'king'; the charge, ironically true.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
Ἰουδαίωνof the JewsGenitivegenitive of subordination
38

Τότε σταυροῦνται σὺν αὐτῷ δύο λῃσταί, εἷς ἐκ δεξιῶν καὶ εἷς ἐξ εὐωνύμων.

Then two robbers were crucified with him, one on the right and one on the left.

Two robbersΤότεTwo brigands crucified flanking him (cf. Isa 53:12, 'numbered with transgressors').
Τότεthentemporal adverb
σταυροῦνταιare crucifiedPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · σταυρόωmain verb→ historical present
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
δύοtwoNominativenumeral (indeclinable, attributive)
λῃσταίrobbersNominativesubjectλῃστής: 'robber, bandit, insurrectionist.'
εἷςoneNominativenumeral (substantival)
ἐκonpreposition + genitive (position)
δεξιῶνthe rightGenitiveobject of ἐκδεξιός: 'right (side).'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἷςoneNominativenumeral (substantival)
ἐξonpreposition + genitive (position)
εὐωνύμωνthe leftGenitiveobject of ἐξεὐώνυμος: 'left (side)' (euphem. 'well-named').
39

Οἱ δὲ παραπορευόμενοι ἐβλασφήμουν αὐτὸν κινοῦντες τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτῶν

And those passing by were reviling him, wagging their heads

Mockery of passersbyδέPassersby revile him, wagging their heads (Ps 22:7; Lam 2:15).
ΟἱtheNominativearticle
δὲandtransitional conjunction
παραπορευόμενοιpassing byPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παραπορεύομαιsubstantival ptc. (subject)→ progressive presentπαραπορεύομαι: 'pass by, go along.'
ἐβλασφήμουνwere revilingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · βλασφημέωmain verb→ progressive imperfectβλασφημέω: 'revile, blaspheme, slander.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
κινοῦντεςwaggingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κινέωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ concurrent presentκινέω: 'move, shake'; head-wagging of derision (Ps 22:7).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὰςheadsAccusativedirect object of ptc.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
40

καὶ λέγοντες· Ὁ καταλύων τὸν ναὸν καὶ ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις οἰκοδομῶν, σῶσον σεαυτόν· εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, κατάβηθι ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ.

and saying, "You who would destroy the temple and build it in three days, save yourself! If you are the Son of God, come down from the cross."

The temple tauntκαὶThe temple-saying is thrown back as a taunt, with the diabolic 'if you are the Son of God' (cf. 4:3, 6).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of speech→ concurrent present
theNominativearticle
καταλύωνyou who destroyPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καταλύωsubstantival ptc. (vocatival)→ characterizing presentκαταλύω: 'tear down, destroy.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ναὸνtempleAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (time)
τρισὶνthreeDativenumeral (attributive)
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedative of timeἡμέρα: 'day.'
οἰκοδομῶνbuild itPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · οἰκοδομέωsubstantival ptc. (coordinate)→ characterizing presentοἰκοδομέω: 'build, erect.'
σῶσονsaveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · σῴζωimperative→ constative aoristσῴζω: 'save, rescue.'
σεαυτόνyourselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object)
εἰifconditional conjunction
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'son'; the messianic/divine sonship taunt.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula (1st-class condition)→ stative present
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationship
κατάβηθιcome downAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καταβαίνωimperative→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'go/come down, descend.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
σταυροῦcrossGenitiveobject of ἀπό
41

ὁμοίως καὶ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς ἐμπαίζοντες μετὰ τῶν γραμματέων καὶ πρεσβυτέρων ἔλεγον·

In the same way the chief priests also, mocking him with the scribes and elders, said,

The leaders mockasyndetonThe Sanhedrin leaders join the mockery.
ὁμοίωςin the same wayadverb (manner)ὁμοίως: 'likewise, similarly.'
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubject
ἐμπαίζοντεςmockingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐμπαίζωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ concurrent present
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
γραμματέωνscribesGenitiveobject of μετάγραμματεύς: 'scribe, expert in the law.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitiveobject of μετά (coordinate)
ἔλεγονsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ progressive imperfect
42

Ἄλλους ἔσωσεν, ἑαυτὸν οὐ δύναται σῶσαι· βασιλεὺς Ἰσραήλ ἐστιν, καταβάτω νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ σταυροῦ καὶ πιστεύσομεν ἐπ' αὐτόν.

"He saved others; he cannot save himself. He is the King of Israel; let him come down now from the cross, and we will believe in him.

Ironic tauntasyndetonThe taunt is unwittingly true: 'he saved others, he cannot save himself' — the logic of substitutionary death.
ἌλλουςothersAccusativedirect object (fronted)ἄλλος: 'other.'
ἔσωσενhe savedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb→ constative aorist
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive object (fronted)
οὐnotnegative
δύναταιhe is ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able, can.'
σῶσαιto saveAor Act Inf · σῴζωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
βασιλεὺςkingNominativepredicate nominativeβασιλεύς: 'king'; ironic acclamation.
Ἰσραήλof IsraelGenitivegenitive of subordination (indeclinable)
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
καταβάτωlet him come downAor Act Impv 3 Sg · καταβαίνωimperative (3rd person)→ constative aorist
νῦνnowtemporal adverb
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
σταυροῦcrossGenitiveobject of ἀπό
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
πιστεύσομενwe will believeFut Act Indic 1 Pl · πιστεύωmain verb→ predictive futureπιστεύω: 'believe, trust.'
ἐπ'inpreposition + accusative (object of faith)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπί
43

πέποιθεν ἐπὶ τὸν θεόν, ῥυσάσθω νῦν εἰ θέλει αὐτόν· εἶπεν γὰρ ὅτι Θεοῦ εἰμι υἱός.

He trusts in God; let God deliver him now, if he wants him; for he said, 'I am the Son of God.'"

Psalm 22 tauntasyndetonThe mockers echo Ps 22:8 ('let God deliver him'), unwittingly scripting the Scripture they fulfill.
πέποιθενhe trustsPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · πείθωmain verb→ intensive perfectπείθω (2nd pf.): 'have confidence, trust' (Ps 22:8 LXX).
ἐπὶinpreposition + accusative (object of trust)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativeobject of ἐπί
ῥυσάσθωlet him deliverAor Mid Impv 3 Sg · ῥύομαιimperative (3rd person)→ constative aoristῥύομαι: 'rescue, deliver.'
νῦνnowtemporal adverb
εἰifconditional conjunction
θέλειhe wantsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωverb (condition)→ stative present
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of θέλει / ῥυσάσθω
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative)
Θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationship (fronted)
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
υἱόςsonNominativepredicate nominative
44

τὸ δ' αὐτὸ καὶ οἱ λῃσταὶ οἱ συσταυρωθέντες σὺν αὐτῷ ὠνείδιζον αὐτόν.

And the robbers who were crucified with him also reviled him in the same way.

The robbers also revileδέEven the co-crucified robbers join the reproach (Matthew does not record the penitent thief).
τὸtheAccusativearticle
δ'andtransitional conjunction
αὐτὸthe same thingAccusativeadverbial accusativeὁ αὐτός: 'the same'; 'in the same way.'
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive
οἱtheNominativearticle
λῃσταὶrobbersNominativesubject
οἱtheNominativearticle
συσταυρωθέντεςwho were crucified withAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · συσταυρόωattributive ptc.→ constative aoristσυσταυρόω: 'crucify together with.'
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
ὠνείδιζονreviledImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ὀνειδίζωmain verb→ progressive imperfectὀνειδίζω: 'reproach, revile, insult.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
45

Ἀπὸ δὲ ἕκτης ὥρας σκότος ἐγένετο ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν ἕως ὥρας ἐνάτης.

Now from the sixth hour darkness came over all the land until the ninth hour.

The darknessδέThree hours of darkness (noon to 3 p.m.) — a cosmic sign of judgment (cf. Amos 8:9; Exod 10:22).
Ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (time)
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ἕκτηςsixthGenitiveordinal adjective (attributive)
ὥραςhourGenitivegenitive of timeὥρα: 'hour'; the sixth hour = noon.
σκότοςdarknessNominativesubjectσκότος: 'darkness'; the eschatological/judgment darkness.
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (extent)
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνthe landAccusativeobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'earth, land'; 'all the land.'
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (time)
ὥραςhourGenitiveobject of ἕως
ἐνάτηςninthGenitiveordinal adjective (attributive)ἔνατος: 'ninth'; the ninth hour = 3 p.m.
46

περὶ δὲ τὴν ἐνάτην ὥραν ἀνεβόησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς φωνῇ μεγάλῃ λέγων· Ηλι ηλι λεμα σαβαχθανι; τοῦτ' ἔστιν· Θεέ μου θεέ μου, ἱνατί με ἐγκατέλιπες;

And about the ninth hour Jesus cried out with a loud voice, saying, "Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?" that is, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"

The cry of derelictionδέThe cry of dereliction — Ps 22:1 in Aramaic/Hebrew (Ηλι... σαβαχθανι), with Matthew's Greek rendering.
περὶaboutpreposition + accusative (time)
δὲandtransitional conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἐνάτηνninthAccusativeordinal adjective (attributive)
ὥρανhourAccusativeobject of περί
ἀνεβόησενcried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβοάωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβοάω: 'cry out, shout aloud.'
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
φωνῇwith a voiceDativedative of mannerφωνή: 'voice, sound.'
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adjective
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of speech→ concurrent present
ΗλιElitransliteration (Aramaic/Heb. address)Ηλι: 'my God' (Heb. ʾēlî / Aram.); the dereliction cry, Ps 22:1.
ηλιElitransliteration (repeated)
λεμαwhytransliteration (Aram. lĕmâ)
σαβαχθανιhave you forsaken metransliteration (Aram. šĕḇaqtanî)σαβαχθανι: Aramaic 'you have forsaken me' (Ps 22:1).
τοῦτ'thisNominativedemonstrative (subject of translation gloss)
ἔστινis/meansPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
ΘεέGodVocativevocative of addressθεός: 'God'; voc. θεέ μου, 'my God.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
θεέGodVocativevocative of address (repeated)
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἱνατίwhyinterrogative adverbἱνατί: 'why? for what reason?' (= ἵνα τί).
μεmeAccusativedirect object
ἐγκατέλιπεςhave you forsakenAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐγκαταλείπωmain verb→ constative aoristἐγκαταλείπω: 'abandon, forsake, leave behind.'
47

τινὲς δὲ τῶν ἐκεῖ ἑστηκότων ἀκούσαντες ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἠλίαν φωνεῖ οὗτος.

And some of the bystanders, hearing it, said, "This man is calling Elijah."

Misheard as ElijahδέThe cry 'Eli' is misheard as a call to Elijah.
τινὲςsomeNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)
δὲandtransitional conjunction
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
ἑστηκότωνstandingPerf Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἵστημιsubstantival ptc. (partitive gen.)→ intensive perfect (= 'standing')ἵστημι: pf. 'stand'; the bystanders.
ἀκούσαντεςhearingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aorist
ἔλεγονsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ progressive imperfect
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative)
ἨλίανElijahAccusativedirect objectἨλίας: Elijah; expected as eschatological forerunner (Mal 4:5).
φωνεῖis callingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · φωνέωverb (ὅτι clause)→ progressive presentφωνέω: 'call, summon.'
οὗτοςthis manNominativesubject (demonstrative)
48

καὶ εὐθέως δραμὼν εἷς ἐξ αὐτῶν καὶ λαβὼν σπόγγον πλήσας τε ὄξους καὶ περιθεὶς καλάμῳ ἐπότιζεν αὐτόν.

And immediately one of them ran and took a sponge, filled it with sour wine, put it on a reed, and gave him to drink.

The sponge of sour wineκαὶOne runs with the sour-wine sponge on a reed (Ps 69:21).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb of timeεὐθέως: 'at once, immediately.'
δραμὼνrunningAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · τρέχωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristτρέχω: 'run.'
εἷςoneNominativesubject (numeral)
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ἐξ
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aorist
σπόγγονa spongeAccusativeobject of λαβώνσπόγγος: 'sponge.'
πλήσαςhaving filledAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πίμπλημιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristπίμπλημι: 'fill.'
τεandconnective particle
ὄξουςwith sour wineGenitivegenitive of contentὄξος: 'sour wine, vinegar'; the soldiers' posca (Ps 69:21).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιθεὶςhaving put aroundAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · περιτίθημιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aorist
καλάμῳon a reedDativedative of means/placeκάλαμος: 'reed, stick.'
ἐπότιζενgave to drinkImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποτίζωmain verb→ conative/progressive imperfectποτίζω: 'give to drink, water.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
49

οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ἔλεγον· Ἄφες ἴδωμεν εἰ ἔρχεται Ἠλίας σώσων αὐτόν.

But the rest said, "Wait, let us see whether Elijah comes to save him."

Wait for ElijahδέThe rest taunt, 'let us see if Elijah comes.' Here several major witnesses (א B C) add the spear-clause (ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἔνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν...), bracketed by editors as an intrusion from John 19:34.
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
λοιποὶrestNominativesubject (substantival adj.)λοιπός: 'remaining, rest.'
ἔλεγονsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ progressive imperfect
Ἄφεςleave/waitAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀφίημιimperative (hortatory idiom)→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'leave, let'; ἄφες ἴδωμεν = 'let [me/us] see.'
ἴδωμενlet us seeAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ὁράωhortatory subjunctive→ constative aorist
εἰwhetherconjunction (indirect question)
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb (indir. question)→ futuristic present
ἨλίαςElijahNominativesubject
σώσωνto saveFut Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · σῴζωptc. of purpose→ future (purpose)σῴζω: future ptc. of purpose, 'in order to save.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of ptc.
50

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς πάλιν κράξας φωνῇ μεγάλῃ ἀφῆκεν τὸ πνεῦμα.

And Jesus, crying out again with a loud voice, yielded up his spirit.

The death of JesusδέJesus' death: a loud cry and the deliberate yielding-up of his spirit.
theNominativearticle
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
πάλινagainadverb of time
κράξαςcrying outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κράζωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristκράζω: 'cry out, shout.'
φωνῇwith a voiceDativedative of manner
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adjective
ἀφῆκενyielded upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'release, give up'; of dismissing the spirit — a voluntary death.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πνεῦμαspiritAccusativedirect objectπνεῦμα: 'spirit, breath'; the life-breath.
51

Καὶ ἰδοὺ τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη ἀπ' ἄνωθεν ἕως κάτω εἰς δύο, καὶ ἡ γῆ ἐσείσθη, καὶ αἱ πέτραι ἐσχίσθησαν,

And behold, the curtain of the temple was torn in two, from top to bottom; and the earth shook, and the rocks were split,

Veil torn; earthquakeΚαὶApocalyptic signs at the death: the temple veil torn top-to-bottom, an earthquake, splitting rocks.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdattention-marker particleἰδού: 'behold, look'; heightens the wonder.
τὸtheNominativearticle
καταπέτασμαcurtainNominativesubjectκαταπέτασμα: 'veil, curtain'; the inner veil before the Holy of Holies (Exod 26:31–33).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ναοῦof the templeGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἐσχίσθηwas tornAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σχίζωmain verb→ constative aoristσχίζω: 'tear, rend, split'; divine passive.
ἀπ'frompreposition + genitive (extent)
ἄνωθενtopadverb (place)ἄνωθεν: 'from above, from the top.'
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (extent)
κάτωbottomadverb (place)κάτω: 'below, down.'
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (result)
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (indeclinable)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
γῆearthNominativesubjectγῆ: 'earth, ground.'
ἐσείσθηshookAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σείωmain verb→ constative aoristσείω: 'shake, quake.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αἱtheNominativearticle
πέτραιrocksNominativesubjectπέτρα: 'rock, crag.'
ἐσχίσθησανwere splitAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · σχίζωmain verb→ constative aorist
52

καὶ τὰ μνημεῖα ἀνεῴχθησαν καὶ πολλὰ σώματα τῶν κεκοιμημένων ἁγίων ἠγέρθησαν,

and the tombs were opened, and many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised,

Tombs openedκαὶThe graves open and many holy dead are raised — a foretaste of resurrection unique to Matthew.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheNominativearticle
μνημεῖαtombsNominativesubjectμνημεῖον: 'tomb, grave, memorial.'
ἀνεῴχθησανwere openedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀνοίγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνοίγω: 'open.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πολλὰmanyNominativeattributive adjective
σώματαbodiesNominativesubjectσῶμα: 'body.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
κεκοιμημένωνwho had fallen asleepPerf Mid Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · κοιμάομαιattributive ptc.→ resultative perfectκοιμάομαι: 'sleep'; euphemism for death.
ἁγίωνof the saintsGenitivesubstantival adjective (partitive)ἅγιος: 'holy one, saint'; the OT faithful.
ἠγέρθησανwere raisedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐγείρωmain verb→ constative aoristἐγείρω: 'raise (up), awaken.'
53

καὶ ἐξελθόντες ἐκ τῶν μνημείων μετὰ τὴν ἔγερσιν αὐτοῦ εἰσῆλθον εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν καὶ ἐνεφανίσθησαν πολλοῖς.

and coming out of the tombs after his resurrection, they went into the holy city and appeared to many.

The raised saints appearκαὶAfter Jesus' own resurrection, the raised saints enter Jerusalem and appear to many.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθόντεςcoming outAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aorist
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
μνημείωνtombsGenitiveobject of ἐκ
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἔγερσινresurrectionAccusativeobject of μετάἔγερσις: 'resurrection, raising'; NT hapax.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
εἰσῆλθονthey went intoAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἁγίανholyAccusativeattributive adjective
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city'; Jerusalem, 'the holy city' (cf. 4:5).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνεφανίσθησανappearedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐμφανίζωmain verb→ constative aoristἐμφανίζω: 'make visible, appear, show oneself.'
πολλοῖςto manyDativeindirect object
54

Ὁ δὲ ἑκατόνταρχος καὶ οἱ μετ' αὐτοῦ τηροῦντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἰδόντες τὸν σεισμὸν καὶ τὰ γενόμενα ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα, λέγοντες· Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ υἱὸς ἦν οὗτος.

When the centurion and those with him keeping watch over Jesus saw the earthquake and the things that took place, they were greatly afraid and said, "Truly this was the Son of God!"

Centurion's confessionδέThe centurion's confession — Gentile witness: 'Truly this was the Son of God.'
theNominativearticle
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ἑκατόνταρχοςcenturionNominativesubjectἑκατόνταρχος: 'centurion'; Roman officer over a hundred.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (association)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
τηροῦντεςkeeping watch overPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · τηρέωsubstantival/attributive ptc.→ progressive present
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of ptc.
ἰδόντεςseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/causal)→ antecedent aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
σεισμὸνearthquakeAccusativeobject of ptc.σεισμός: 'earthquake, shaking.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle
γενόμεναthe things that took placeAor Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · γίνομαιsubstantival ptc. (object)→ constative aorist
ἐφοβήθησανwere afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid, reverence.'
σφόδραgreatlyadverb (degree)σφόδρα: 'exceedingly, greatly.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of speech→ concurrent present
Ἀληθῶςtrulyadverb (manner)ἀληθῶς: 'truly, really.'
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationship (anarthrous, fronted)
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'son'; the climactic confession (cf. v.40, 43).
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative imperfect
οὗτοςthis manNominativesubject (demonstrative)
55

Ἦσαν δὲ ἐκεῖ γυναῖκες πολλαὶ ἀπὸ μακρόθεν θεωροῦσαι, αἵτινες ἠκολούθησαν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας διακονοῦσαι αὐτῷ·

There were also many women there, watching from a distance, who had followed Jesus from Galilee, ministering to him;

The watching womenδέMany faithful women watch from afar, having followed and served Jesus from Galilee.
Ἦσανthere wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative imperfect
δὲalso/nowtransitional conjunction
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
γυναῖκεςwomenNominativesubjectγυνή: 'woman.'
πολλαὶmanyNominativeattributive adjective
ἀπὸfrompreposition + adverb (distance)
μακρόθενafaradverb of placeμακρόθεν: 'from a distance, afar off.'
θεωροῦσαιwatchingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · θεωρέωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ progressive presentθεωρέω: 'look at, observe, behold.'
αἵτινεςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅστις: 'who, such as.'
ἠκολούθησανhad followedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωverb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow' (+ dat.); discipleship term.
τῷtheDativearticle
ἸησοῦJesusDativedative object of ἀκολουθέω
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ΓαλιλαίαςGalileeGenitiveobject of ἀπόΓαλιλαία: Galilee, the region of Jesus' ministry.
διακονοῦσαιministeringPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · διακονέωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ progressive presentδιακονέω: 'serve, minister to' (+ dat.).
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of διακονέω
56

ἐν αἷς ἦν Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Ἰακώβου καὶ Ἰωσὴφ μήτηρ καὶ ἡ μήτηρ τῶν υἱῶν Ζεβεδαίου.

among whom were Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joseph, and the mother of the sons of Zebedee.

The women namedasyndetonThe women named: Mary Magdalene, the other Mary, and the mother of the Zebedee brothers.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
αἷςwhomDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν)
ἦνwereImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative imperfect
ΜαρίαMaryNominativesubjectΜαρία: Mary Magdalene, the first resurrection witness (28:1).
theNominativearticle
ΜαγδαληνὴMagdaleneNominativeappositionΜαγδαληνή: 'of Magdala' (on the Sea of Galilee).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΜαρίαMaryNominativesubject (coordinate)
theNominativearticle
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
Ἰακώβουof JamesGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸάκωβος: James (the younger).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸωσὴφJosephGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Ἰωσήφ: Joseph; brother of James (cf. Mark 15:40).
μήτηρmotherNominativeapposition (predicate)μήτηρ: 'mother.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativesubject (coordinate)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
υἱῶνof the sonsGenitivegenitive of relationship
Ζεβεδαίουof ZebedeeGenitivegenitive of relationshipΖεβεδαῖος: Zebedee, father of James and John.
57

Ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης ἦλθεν ἄνθρωπος πλούσιος ἀπὸ Ἁριμαθαίας, τοὔνομα Ἰωσήφ, ὃς καὶ αὐτὸς ἐμαθητεύθη τῷ Ἰησοῦ·

When evening had come, there came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who also himself had become a disciple of Jesus.

Joseph of ArimatheaδέEvening brings Joseph of Arimathea, a wealthy disciple, to claim the body.
ὈψίαςeveningGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)ὀψία: 'evening.'
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
γενομένηςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ constative aorist
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject
πλούσιοςrichNominativeattributive adjectiveπλούσιος: 'rich, wealthy' (cf. Isa 53:9, the rich in his death).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ἉριμαθαίαςArimatheaGenitiveobject of ἀπόἉριμαθαία: Arimathea, a Judean town.
τοὔνομαnamedAccusativeaccusative of respect (crasis τὸ ὄνομα)τοὔνομα: 'by name' (crasis of τὸ ὄνομα).
ἸωσήφJosephNominativeapposition (name, indeclinable)Ἰωσήφ: Joseph of Arimathea.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive
αὐτὸςhimselfNominativeintensive pronoun
ἐμαθητεύθηhad become a discipleAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · μαθητεύωverb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristμαθητεύω: 'be/become a disciple' (pass.); + dat. of Jesus.
τῷtheDativearticle
Ἰησοῦof JesusDativedative complement of μαθητεύω
58

οὗτος προσελθὼν τῷ Πιλάτῳ ᾐτήσατο τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. τότε ὁ Πιλᾶτος ἐκέλευσεν ἀποδοθῆναι.

He went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Then Pilate ordered it to be given to him.

Request for the bodyasyndetonJoseph petitions Pilate for the body; Pilate grants it.
οὗτοςheNominativesubject (demonstrative)
προσελθὼνgoing toAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come/go to, approach.'
τῷtheDativearticle
ΠιλάτῳPilateDativedative object of προσέρχομαι
ᾐτήσατοasked forAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · αἰτέωmain verb→ constative aoristαἰτέω: 'ask, request' (mid., for himself).
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σῶμαbodyAccusativedirect object
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
Ἰησοῦof JesusGenitivegenitive of relationship
τότεthentemporal adverb
theNominativearticle
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubject
ἐκέλευσενorderedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κελεύωmain verb→ constative aoristκελεύω: 'command, order.'
ἀποδοθῆναιto be givenAor Pass Inf · ἀποδίδωμιinfinitive (indirect command)→ constative aoristἀποδίδωμι: 'give back, hand over.'
59

καὶ λαβὼν τὸ σῶμα ὁ Ἰωσὴφ ἐνετύλιξεν αὐτὸ ἐν σινδόνι καθαρᾷ,

And Joseph took the body and wrapped it in a clean linen cloth,

Wrapping the bodyκαὶJoseph wraps the body in clean linen.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aorist
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σῶμαbodyAccusativeobject of λαβών
theNominativearticle
ἸωσὴφJosephNominativesubject (indeclinable name w/ article)
ἐνετύλιξενwrappedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐντυλίσσωmain verb→ constative aoristἐντυλίσσω: 'wrap up, roll in.'
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means)
σινδόνιlinen clothDativeobject of ἐνσινδών: 'fine linen cloth, shroud.'
καθαρᾷcleanDativeattributive adjectiveκαθαρός: 'clean, pure.'
60

καὶ ἔθηκεν αὐτὸ ἐν τῷ καινῷ αὐτοῦ μνημείῳ ὃ ἐλατόμησεν ἐν τῇ πέτρᾳ, καὶ προσκυλίσας λίθον μέγαν τῇ θύρᾳ τοῦ μνημείου ἀπῆλθεν.

and laid it in his own new tomb, which he had cut in the rock; and he rolled a great stone to the door of the tomb and went away.

The burial in the new tombκαὶBurial in Joseph's own new rock-hewn tomb, sealed with a great stone (cf. Isa 53:9).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔθηκενlaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'put, place, lay.'
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
καινῷnewDativeattributive adjectiveκαινός: 'new (in kind), fresh.'
αὐτοῦhis ownGenitivegenitive of possession
μνημείῳtombDativeobject of ἐν
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object)
ἐλατόμησενhe had cutAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λατομέωverb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristλατομέω: 'hew/cut from rock.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
πέτρᾳrockDativeobject of ἐν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσκυλίσαςhaving rolled toAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσκυλίωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristπροσκυλίω: 'roll up to/against.'
λίθονstoneAccusativeobject of ptc.λίθος: 'stone.'
μέγανgreatAccusativeattributive adjective
τῇto theDativearticle
θύρᾳdoorDativedative of place/directionθύρα: 'door, entrance.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
μνημείουof the tombGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἀπῆλθενwent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
61

ἦν δὲ ἐκεῖ Μαριὰμ ἡ Μαγδαληνὴ καὶ ἡ ἄλλη Μαρία καθήμεναι ἀπέναντι τοῦ τάφου.

And Mary Magdalene was there, and the other Mary, sitting opposite the tomb.

The women at the tombδέThe two Marys keep vigil opposite the tomb — witnesses to its location.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative imperfect
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
ΜαριὰμMaryNominativesubjectΜαριάμ: Mary Magdalene (Semitic form).
theNominativearticle
ΜαγδαληνὴMagdaleneNominativeapposition
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἄλληotherNominativeattributive adjective
ΜαρίαMaryNominativesubject (coordinate)
καθήμεναιsittingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · κάθημαιcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ progressive present
ἀπέναντιoppositepreposition + genitive (place)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
τάφουtombGenitiveobject of ἀπέναντιτάφος: 'grave, tomb.'
62

Τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον, ἥτις ἐστὶν μετὰ τὴν παρασκευήν, συνήχθησαν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι πρὸς Πιλᾶτον

The next day, that is, after the day of Preparation, the chief priests and the Pharisees gathered before Pilate,

The guard requestedδέOn the Sabbath, the leaders approach Pilate to secure the tomb.
ΤῇtheDativearticle
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ἐπαύριονnext dayadverb (substantivized)ἐπαύριον: 'on the next day' (τῇ ἐπαύριον).
ἥτιςwhichNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
παρασκευήνPreparationAccusativeobject of μετάπαρασκευή: 'preparation (day),' Friday before the Sabbath.
συνήχθησανgatheredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · συνάγωmain verb→ constative aorist
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubject
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubject (coordinate)Φαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
πρὸςbefore/topreposition + accusative (direction)
ΠιλᾶτονPilateAccusativeobject of πρός
63

λέγοντες· Κύριε, ἐμνήσθημεν ὅτι ἐκεῖνος ὁ πλάνος εἶπεν ἔτι ζῶν· Μετὰ τρεῖς ἡμέρας ἐγείρομαι.

saying, "Sir, we remember that while he was still alive that deceiver said, 'After three days I will rise.'

The deceiver's predictionasyndetonThey recall Jesus' resurrection prediction, calling him 'that deceiver.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of speech→ concurrent present
ΚύριεsirVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'lord, sir'; respectful address to Pilate.
ἐμνήσθημενwe rememberAor Pass Indic 1 Pl · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb→ constative aoristμιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember, recall.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
ἐκεῖνοςthatNominativedemonstrative (subject)
theNominativearticle
πλάνοςdeceiverNominativeappositionπλάνος: 'deceiver, impostor, one who leads astray.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb (ὅτι clause)→ constative aorist
ἔτιstilladverb of time
ζῶνlivingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ζάωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ progressive presentζάω: 'live, be alive.'
Μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral (attributive)
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeobject of μετά (extent of time)
ἐγείρομαιI will risePres Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb→ futuristic presentἐγείρω: 'rise, be raised'; the resurrection prediction.
64

κέλευσον οὖν ἀσφαλισθῆναι τὸν τάφον ἕως τῆς τρίτης ἡμέρας, μήποτε ἐλθόντες οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ κλέψωσιν αὐτὸν καὶ εἴπωσιν τῷ λαῷ· Ἠγέρθη ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν, καὶ ἔσται ἡ ἐσχάτη πλάνη χείρων τῆς πρώτης.

Therefore command that the tomb be made secure until the third day, lest his disciples come and steal him away and tell the people, 'He has risen from the dead,' and the last deception be worse than the first."

The plea to secure the tombοὖνThey press for a guard against theft of the body — fearing a 'last deception' worse than the first.
κέλευσονcommandAor Act Impv 2 Sg · κελεύωimperative→ constative aorist
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
ἀσφαλισθῆναιto be made secureAor Pass Inf · ἀσφαλίζωinfinitive (indirect command)→ constative aoristἀσφαλίζω: 'make secure, guard, fasten.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
τάφονtombAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (time)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
τρίτηςthirdGenitiveordinal adjective (attributive)
ἡμέραςdayGenitiveobject of ἕως
μήποτεlestconjunction + subjunctive (negative purpose)
ἐλθόντεςcomingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aorist
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple, learner.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
κλέψωσινshould stealAor Act Subj 3 Pl · κλέπτωverb (μήποτε clause)→ constative aoristκλέπτω: 'steal.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἴπωσινshould tellAor Act Subj 3 Pl · λέγωverb (μήποτε clause)→ constative aorist
τῷtheDativearticle
λαῷthe peopleDativeindirect object
Ἠγέρθηhe has risenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb (direct speech)→ constative aorist
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
νεκρῶνthe deadGenitiveobject of ἀπόνεκρός: 'dead (one).'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ predictive future
theNominativearticle
ἐσχάτηlastNominativeattributive adjectiveἔσχατος: 'last, final.'
πλάνηdeceptionNominativesubjectπλάνη: 'error, deceit, deception.'
χείρωνworseNominativepredicate adjective (comparative)χείρων: 'worse'; comparative of κακός.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
πρώτηςthe firstGenitivegenitive of comparison
65

ἔφη αὐτοῖς ὁ Πιλᾶτος· Ἔχετε κουστωδίαν· ὑπάγετε ἀσφαλίσασθε ὡς οἴδατε.

Pilate said to them, "You have a guard; go, make it as secure as you know how."

Pilate grants a guardasyndetonPilate hands the matter to them: take a guard and secure it yourselves.
ἔφηsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb→ aoristic imperfect
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ΠιλᾶτοςPilateNominativesubject
Ἔχετεyou havePres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔχωmain verb (or imperative)→ stative presentἔχω: 'have'; indicative ('you have a guard') or imperative ('take a guard').
κουστωδίανa guardAccusativedirect objectκουστωδία: 'guard, watch' (Lat. custodia); a detachment of soldiers.
ὑπάγετεgoPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ὑπάγωimperative→ progressive presentὑπάγω: 'go, depart.'
ἀσφαλίσασθεmake secureAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · ἀσφαλίζωimperative→ constative aorist
ὡςascomparative conjunction
οἴδατεyou know howPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαverb (comparative clause)→ stative (pf. = present)οἶδα: 'know'; 'as you know [how].'
66

οἱ δὲ πορευθέντες ἠσφαλίσαντο τὸν τάφον σφραγίσαντες τὸν λίθον μετὰ τῆς κουστωδίας.

So they went and made the tomb secure, sealing the stone and setting a guard.

The tomb sealed and guardedδέThe chapter ends with the tomb sealed and guarded — human security against the resurrection.
οἱtheyNominativearticle
δὲsotransitional conjunction
πορευθέντεςgoingAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristπορεύομαι: 'go, proceed.'
ἠσφαλίσαντοmade secureAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀσφαλίζωmain verb→ constative aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
τάφονtombAccusativedirect object
σφραγίσαντεςsealingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · σφραγίζωcircumstantial ptc. (means)→ antecedent aoristσφραγίζω: 'seal, set a seal on.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λίθονstoneAccusativeobject of ptc.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
κουστωδίαςthe guardGenitiveobject of μετά