Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Matthew, Chapter 26ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΘΘΑΙΟΝ ΚϚ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε ἐτέλεσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς πάντας τοὺς λόγους τούτους, εἶπεν τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ·

And it came to pass, when Jesus had finished all these words, he said to his disciples:

Transitional formulaΚαίThe recurring Matthean discourse-closing formula (cf. 7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1) signals the end of the Olivet discourse and the turn to the passion narrative.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Septuagintal narrative formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε renders the Hebrew wayehî narrative idiom.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction
ἐτέλεσενhe had finishedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τελέωverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristτελέω: 'finish, complete'; marks the close of a teaching block.
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
λόγουςwordsAccusativedirect objectλόγος: 'word, saying'; the assembled teaching of chs. 24–25.
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (apodosis)→ constative aorist
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativeindirect objectμαθητής: 'learner, disciple.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
2

Οἴδατε ὅτι μετὰ δύο ἡμέρας τὸ πάσχα γίνεται, καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται εἰς τὸ σταυρωθῆναι.

You know that after two days the Passover takes place, and the Son of Man is handed over to be crucified.

Passion predictionasyndetonThe fourth and final passion prediction in Matthew, now dated: the Passover and the cross coincide. παραδίδοται is a present of certain futurity.
Οἴδατεyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect with present senseοἶδα: 'know'; perfect-as-present of settled knowledge.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (object clause)
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (indeclinable, attributive)
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἡμέρα: 'day.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
πάσχαPassoverNominativesubject (indeclinable, with article)πάσχα: the Passover (Aramaic; indeclinable); both the feast and its lamb.
γίνεταιtakes placePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ futuristic presentγίνομαι: here 'comes, occurs.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου: 'the Son of Man,' Jesus' self-designation (Dan 7:13).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive (the title 'Son of Man')
παραδίδοταιis handed overPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ futuristic presentπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over, betray'; the leitwort of the passion (vv.2, 15, 16, 21, 23–25, 45–46, 48).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σταυρωθῆναιbe crucifiedAor Pass Inf · σταυρόωarticular infinitive of purpose→ constative aoristσταυρόω: 'crucify'; the first explicit naming of the mode of death in Matthew.
3

Τότε συνήχθησαν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι τοῦ λαοῦ εἰς τὴν αὐλὴν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως τοῦ λεγομένου Καϊάφα,

Then the chief priests and the elders of the people gathered in the courtyard of the high priest called Caiaphas,

The plotΤότεThe Matthean 'Τότε' pivots to the council. The critical text lacks 'and the scribes.' Caiaphas is named, high priest c. AD 18–36.
Τότεthentemporal adverb (Matthean narrative pivot)
συνήχθησανgatheredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · συνάγωmain verb→ constative aoristσυνάγω: 'gather together'; the passive used reflexively of assembling.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubjectἀρχιερεύς: 'high/chief priest'; plural of the priestly aristocracy.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
πρεσβύτεροιeldersNominativesubject (coordinate)πρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; lay members of the Sanhedrin.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
λαοῦof the peopleGenitivepartitive/possessive genitiveλαός: 'people' (of Israel).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
αὐλὴνcourtyardAccusativeobject of εἰςαὐλή: 'court, palace courtyard.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀρχιερέωςof the high priestGenitivepossessive genitive
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
λεγομένουcalledPres Pass Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · λέγωattributive participle→ present (designation)λέγω (pass.): 'be called, named.'
ΚαϊάφαCaiaphasGenitivegenitive in apposition (proper name)Καϊάφας: Joseph Caiaphas, high priest under Pilate.
4

καὶ συνεβουλεύσαντο ἵνα τὸν Ἰησοῦν δόλῳ κρατήσωσιν καὶ ἀποκτείνωσιν·

and they took counsel together that they might seize Jesus by stealth and kill him;

The plot's resolveκαὶThe deliberation's content: arrest by deceit and execution.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνεβουλεύσαντοthey took counselAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · συμβουλεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristσυμβουλεύομαι: 'consult together, plot.'
ἵναthatconjunction (content/purpose of counsel)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect object
δόλῳby stealthDativedative of manner/meansδόλος: 'deceit, cunning, treachery.'
κρατήσωσινthey might seizeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · κρατέωverb of ἵνα clause→ ingressive aoristκρατέω: 'seize, arrest, take hold of.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποκτείνωσινthey might killAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωverb of ἵνα clause→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill, put to death.'
5

ἔλεγον δέ· Μὴ ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ, ἵνα μὴ θόρυβος γένηται ἐν τῷ λαῷ.

but they said, 'Not during the feast, lest there be an uproar among the people.'

The plotters' cautionδέTheir tactical caveat — fear of a festival riot — is overruled by the timetable of vv.1–2; God's design, not theirs, sets the hour.
ἔλεγονthey saidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ iterative/inceptive imperfect
δέbutadversative conjunction
Μὴnotnegative particle (prohibitive ellipsis)
ἐνduringpreposition + dative (time)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἑορτῇfeastDativedative of timeἑορτή: 'feast, festival'; the Passover crowds.
ἵναlestconjunction (negative purpose)
μὴnotnegative particle
θόρυβοςuproarNominativesubjectθόρυβος: 'tumult, riot.'
γένηταιthere beAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of ἵνα μή clause→ ingressive aorist
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῷtheDativearticle
λαῷthe peopleDativedative of sphere
6

Τοῦ δὲ Ἰησοῦ γενομένου ἐν Βηθανίᾳ ἐν οἰκίᾳ Σίμωνος τοῦ λεπροῦ,

Now when Jesus was at Bethany in the house of Simon the leper,

The anointing — settingδὲA genitive absolute sets the scene; the plot is interrupted by an act of devotion.
ΤοῦtheGenitivearticle
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ἸησοῦJesusGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)
γενομένουbeing/when he wasAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · γίνομαιgenitive absolute→ constative aoristγίνομαι: here 'be present, come to be' somewhere.
ἐνin/atpreposition + dative (place)
ΒηθανίᾳBethanyDativedative of place (proper name)Βηθανία: village near Jerusalem, on the Mount of Olives.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedative of placeοἰκία: 'house, household.'
Σίμωνοςof SimonGenitivepossessive genitive (proper name)Σίμων: a common name; here 'the leper,' presumably cleansed.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
λεπροῦthe leperGenitiveattributive (substantival adj.)λεπρός: 'leprous'; a fixed epithet distinguishing this Simon.
7

προσῆλθεν αὐτῷ γυνὴ ἔχουσα ἀλάβαστρον μύρου βαρυτίμου καὶ κατέχεεν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ ἀνακειμένου.

a woman came to him with an alabaster flask of very costly ointment, and she poured it on his head as he reclined at table.

The act of anointingasyndetonThe woman's lavish gesture; the costliness (βαρύτιμος) sets up the disciples' objection.
προσῆλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come/approach to.'
αὐτῷto himDativedative complement of προσῆλθεν
γυνὴwomanNominativesubjectγυνή: 'woman'; unnamed in Matthew.
ἔχουσαhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἔχωattendant-circumstance participle→ present (concurrent)ἔχω: 'have, hold.'
ἀλάβαστρονalabaster flaskAccusativedirect objectἀλάβαστρον: a sealed alabaster vial of perfume.
μύρουof ointmentGenitivegenitive of contentμύρον: 'perfumed oil, myrrh-ointment.'
βαρυτίμουvery costlyGenitiveattributive adjectiveβαρύτιμος: 'of great price' (βαρύς + τιμή).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατέχεενshe pouredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταχέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταχέω: 'pour down/over.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
κεφαλῆςheadGenitiveobject of ἐπίκεφαλή: 'head'; anointing the head suggests a royal/messianic act.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἀνακειμένουas he reclinedPres Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἀνάκειμαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ present (concurrent)ἀνάκειμαι: 'recline (at table).'
8

ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ μαθηταὶ ἠγανάκτησαν λέγοντες· Εἰς τί ἡ ἀπώλεια αὕτη;

But when the disciples saw it, they were indignant, saying, 'Why this waste?'

The disciples' objectionδὲThe disciples' indignation frames the ointment as ἀπώλεια ('waste/loss'), ironically the very word for Judas, 'son of perdition.'
ἰδόντεςseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωtemporal participle→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see, perceive.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject
ἠγανάκτησανthey were indignantAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀγανακτέωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἀγανακτέω: 'be indignant, vexed.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ present (concurrent)
Εἰςto/forpreposition + accusative (purpose: 'to what end')
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (εἰς τί = 'why')
theNominativearticle
ἀπώλειαwasteNominativesubject (predicate nom. in verbless question)ἀπώλεια: 'destruction, loss, waste.'
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative adjective
9

ἐδύνατο γὰρ τοῦτο πραθῆναι πολλοῦ καὶ δοθῆναι πτωχοῖς.

For this could have been sold for much and given to the poor.

Ground of the objectionγὰρTheir reasoning: the ointment's market value should have served the poor — sound in itself, but blind to the unique hour.
ἐδύνατοcouldImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ potential imperfectδύναμαι: 'be able'; with passive infinitives, 'could have been.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
τοῦτοthisNominativesubject (demonstrative)
πραθῆναιbe soldAor Pass Inf · πιπράσκωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristπιπράσκω: 'sell.'
πολλοῦfor muchGenitivegenitive of priceπολύς: here neuter as 'a great sum.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δοθῆναιbe givenAor Pass Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
πτωχοῖςto the poorDativedative of indirect objectπτωχός: 'poor, beggarly.'
10

γνοὺς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Τί κόπους παρέχετε τῇ γυναικί; ἔργον γὰρ καλὸν ἠργάσατο εἰς ἐμέ·

But Jesus, aware of it, said to them, 'Why do you trouble the woman? For she has done a beautiful thing to me.'

Jesus' defenseδὲJesus reframes the deed as a καλὸν ἔργον ('good/beautiful work') directed εἰς ἐμέ — to himself.
γνοὺςaware/knowingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · γινώσκωtemporal participle→ constative aoristγινώσκω: 'know, perceive.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ΤίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (adverbial accusative)
κόπουςtroubleAccusativedirect objectκόπος: 'trouble, hardship'; κόπους παρέχειν = 'to bother.'
παρέχετεdo you causePres Act Indic 2 Pl · παρέχωmain verb→ progressive presentπαρέχω: 'offer, cause, provide.'
τῇtheDativearticle
γυναικίthe womanDativedative of disadvantage
ἔργονthing/workAccusativedirect objectἔργον: 'work, deed.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
καλὸνbeautiful/goodAccusativeattributive adjectiveκαλός: 'good, fine, beautiful' — fitting, noble.
ἠργάσατοshe has doneAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐργάζομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐργάζομαι: 'work, do, perform.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (reference/advantage)
ἐμέmeAccusativeobject of εἰς (emphatic pronoun)
11

πάντοτε γὰρ τοὺς πτωχοὺς ἔχετε μεθ’ ἑαυτῶν, ἐμὲ δὲ οὐ πάντοτε ἔχετε·

For you always have the poor with you, but you will not always have me.

The unique hourγὰρAn echo of Deut 15:11: the poor remain an abiding duty, but Jesus' bodily presence is now passing — the moment is unrepeatable.
πάντοτεalwaysadverb of time
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πτωχοὺςpoorAccusativedirect object
ἔχετεyou havePres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ customary present
μεθ’withpreposition + genitive (association)
ἑαυτῶνyourselvesGenitivereflexive pronoun (object of μετά)
ἐμὲmeAccusativedirect object (emphatic, fronted)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
οὐnotnegative particle
πάντοτεalwaysadverb of time
ἔχετεyou havePres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ futuristic present
12

βαλοῦσα γὰρ αὕτη τὸ μύρον τοῦτο ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματός μου πρὸς τὸ ἐνταφιάσαι με ἐποίησεν.

For in pouring this ointment on my body, she has done it to prepare me for burial.

Anointing for burialγὰρJesus interprets the anointing prophetically: it prepares his body for burial — linking the deed to the passion just predicted.
βαλοῦσαpouring/castingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · βάλλωcircumstantial participle (means)→ constative aoristβάλλω: 'throw, put, pour.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
αὕτηsheNominativesubject (demonstrative)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
μύρονointmentAccusativedirect object of βαλοῦσα
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
σώματόςbodyGenitiveobject of ἐπίσῶμα: 'body.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
πρὸςto/forpreposition + accusative (purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἐνταφιάσαιprepare for burialAor Act Inf · ἐνταφιάζωarticular infinitive of purpose→ constative aoristἐνταφιάζω: 'prepare for burial, embalm.'
μεmeAccusativeobject of the infinitive
ἐποίησενshe has doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ consummative aoristποιέω: 'do, make.'
13

ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅπου ἐὰν κηρυχθῇ τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦτο ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κόσμῳ, λαληθήσεται καὶ ὃ ἐποίησεν αὕτη εἰς μνημόσυνον αὐτῆς.

Truly I say to you, wherever this gospel is proclaimed in the whole world, what she has done will also be told in memory of her.

Promise of memorialasyndetonAn ἀμήν-saying: the deed is bound forever to the worldwide gospel proclamation, a perpetual memorial.
ἀμὴνtrulyparticle of solemn affirmation (transliterated Hebrew)ἀμήν: 'truly, amen'; Jesus' characteristic asseveration.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (formula)→ performative present
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅπουwhereverrelative adverb of place
ἐὰνeverparticle (with subjunctive, generalizing)
κηρυχθῇis proclaimedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · κηρύσσωverb of indefinite temporal clause→ constative aoristκηρύσσω: 'proclaim, herald.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelNominativesubjectεὐαγγέλιον: 'good news.'
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative adjective
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ὅλῳwholeDativeattributive adjective
τῷtheDativearticle
κόσμῳworldDativedative of sphereκόσμος: 'world.'
λαληθήσεταιwill be toldFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive futureλαλέω: 'speak, tell.'
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive conjunction
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (subject of λαληθήσεται, neuter)
ἐποίησενshe has doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ consummative aorist
αὕτηsheNominativesubject (demonstrative)
εἰςin/forpreposition + accusative (purpose)
μνημόσυνονmemorialAccusativeobject of εἰςμνημόσυνον: 'memorial, remembrance.'
αὐτῆςof herGenitiveobjective genitive
14

Τότε πορευθεὶς εἷς τῶν δώδεκα, ὁ λεγόμενος Ἰούδας Ἰσκαριώτης, πρὸς τοὺς ἀρχιερεῖς

Then one of the twelve, called Judas Iscariot, went to the chief priests

Judas's bargainΤότεThe 'Τότε' juxtaposes the woman's devotion with Judas's treachery; 'one of the twelve' sharpens the betrayal.
Τότεthentemporal adverb (narrative pivot)
πορευθεὶςgoingAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πορεύομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go, proceed.'
εἷςoneNominativesubject (numeral)εἷς: 'one'; 'one of the twelve' — the inner circle.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
δώδεκαof the twelveGenitivepartitive genitive (indeclinable)δώδεκα: 'twelve'; the apostolic band.
theNominativearticle
λεγόμενοςcalledPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωattributive participle→ present (designation)
ἸούδαςJudasNominativeapposition to εἷς (proper name)Ἰούδας: 'Judah'; a common name, here the betrayer.
ἸσκαριώτηςIscariotNominativeapposition (proper name/epithet)Ἰσκαριώτης: prob. 'man of Kerioth' (ish-qeriyyot).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsAccusativeobject of πρός
15

εἶπεν· Τί θέλετέ μοι δοῦναι, κἀγὼ ὑμῖν παραδώσω αὐτόν; οἱ δὲ ἔστησαν αὐτῷ τριάκοντα ἀργύρια.

and said, 'What are you willing to give me, and I will hand him over to you?' And they weighed out for him thirty pieces of silver.

The priceasyndetonThe 'thirty pieces of silver' echo Zech 11:12 (the shepherd's wage) and Exod 21:32 (a slave's price); ἔστησαν may mean 'set/paid' or 'weighed out.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of δοῦναι)
θέλετέare you willingPres Act Indic 2 Pl · θέλωmain verb→ progressive presentθέλω: 'wish, be willing.'
μοιto meDativeindirect object
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
κἀγὼand Icrasis (καὶ ἐγώ); coordinating conjunction + emphatic pronoun
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
παραδώσωI will hand overFut Act Indic 1 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureπαραδίδωμι: 'betray, hand over.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲand/butnarrative conjunction (with article = 'they')
ἔστησανweighed out/paidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb→ constative aoristἵστημι: lit. 'set, place'; here 'weigh out, pay' (Zech 11:12 LXX idiom).
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage
τριάκονταthirtyAccusativenumeral (indeclinable, attributive)
ἀργύριαpieces of silverAccusativedirect objectἀργύριον: 'silver, silver coin'; the slave-price of Exod 21:32.
16

καὶ ἀπὸ τότε ἐζήτει εὐκαιρίαν ἵνα αὐτὸν παραδῷ.

And from then on he sought an opportunity to betray him.

Seeking opportunityκαὶThe imperfect ἐζήτει marks an ongoing watch for the right moment — the bargain now drives the plot.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal)
τότεthenadverb (ἀπὸ τότε = 'from that time')
ἐζήτειhe soughtImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb→ iterative imperfectζητέω: 'seek, look for.'
εὐκαιρίανopportunityAccusativedirect objectεὐκαιρία: 'good occasion, opportune moment.'
ἵναto/thatconjunction (purpose)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (fronted)
παραδῷhe might betrayAor Act Subj 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιverb of ἵνα clause→ constative aorist
17

Τῇ δὲ πρώτῃ τῶν ἀζύμων προσῆλθον οἱ μαθηταὶ τῷ Ἰησοῦ λέγοντες· Ποῦ θέλεις ἑτοιμάσωμέν σοι φαγεῖν τὸ πάσχα;

Now on the first day of Unleavened Bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying, 'Where do you want us to prepare for you to eat the Passover?'

Preparing the PassoverδὲThe Feast of Unleavened Bread; the disciples' question opens the Last Supper scene.
ΤῇtheDativearticle
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
πρώτῃfirst (day)Dativedative of time (ordinal)πρῶτος: 'first'; 'the first of Unleavened.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἀζύμωνof Unleavened BreadGenitivepartitive/descriptive genitiveἄζυμα: 'unleavened (bread)'; the festival.
προσῆλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject
τῷtheDativearticle
Ἰησοῦto JesusDativedative complement of προσῆλθον
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ present (concurrent)
Ποῦwhereinterrogative adverb of place
θέλειςdo you wantPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ progressive present
ἑτοιμάσωμένwe should prepareAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἑτοιμάζωdeliberative subjunctive (object clause)→ ingressive aoristἑτοιμάζω: 'make ready, prepare.'
σοιfor youDativedative of advantage
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωepexegetical/purpose infinitive→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πάσχαPassoverAccusativedirect object (indeclinable)
18

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· Ὑπάγετε εἰς τὴν πόλιν πρὸς τὸν δεῖνα καὶ εἴπατε αὐτῷ· Ὁ διδάσκαλος λέγει· Ὁ καιρός μου ἐγγύς ἐστιν· πρὸς σὲ ποιῶ τὸ πάσχα μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν μου.

He said, 'Go into the city to a certain man, and say to him, "The Teacher says: My time is near; I will keep the Passover at your house with my disciples."'

Jesus' instructionδὲJesus' sovereign arrangement; 'my time is near' marks the appointed hour of the passion (ὁ καιρός μου).
theNominativearticle
δὲandnarrative conjunction (with article = 'he')
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ὙπάγετεgoPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ὑπάγωimperative→ imperative of commandὑπάγω: 'go, depart.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city'; Jerusalem.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δεῖναa certain manAccusativeobject of πρόςὁ δεῖνα: 'such a one, so-and-so'; a deliberately unnamed person.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἴπατεsayAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λέγωimperative→ imperative of command
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
διδάσκαλοςTeacherNominativesubjectδιδάσκαλος: 'teacher'; Jesus' title (rabbi).
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ progressive present
theNominativearticle
καιρόςtimeNominativesubjectκαιρός: 'appointed time, season'; the decisive hour.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐγγύςnearadverb (predicate)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
πρὸςat/withpreposition + accusative (place: 'at your place')
σὲyouAccusativeobject of πρός (emphatic)
ποιῶI will keep/celebratePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ futuristic presentποιέω: here idiomatic, 'keep/observe' the Passover.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πάσχαPassoverAccusativedirect object (indeclinable)
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
μαθητῶνdisciplesGenitiveobject of μετά
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
19

καὶ ἐποίησαν οἱ μαθηταὶ ὡς συνέταξεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς, καὶ ἡτοίμασαν τὸ πάσχα.

And the disciples did as Jesus had directed them, and they prepared the Passover.

Obedient preparationκαὶTheir prompt obedience (ὡς συνέταξεν) underscores Jesus' authority over events.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐποίησανdidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aorist
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject
ὡςascomparative conjunction
συνέταξενhad directedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συντάσσωverb of comparative clause→ constative aoristσυντάσσω: 'order, direct, arrange.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡτοίμασανthey preparedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἑτοιμάζωmain verb→ constative aorist
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πάσχαPassoverAccusativedirect object (indeclinable)
20

Ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης ἀνέκειτο μετὰ τῶν δώδεκα.

When evening came, he was reclining at table with the twelve.

The Supper beginsδὲA genitive absolute marks nightfall — the Passover meal began after sunset.
ὈψίαςeveningGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)ὀψία: 'evening'; ὀψίας γενομένης = 'when evening had come.'
δὲnow/whentransitional conjunction
γενομένηςcameAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ constative aorist
ἀνέκειτοhe was recliningImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀνάκειμαιmain verb→ progressive imperfectἀνάκειμαι: 'recline at table.'
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
δώδεκαthe twelveGenitiveobject of μετά (indeclinable)
21

καὶ ἐσθιόντων αὐτῶν εἶπεν· Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν παραδώσει με.

And as they were eating, he said, 'Truly I say to you, one of you will betray me.'

The betrayer foretoldκαὶAn ἀμήν-saying introduces the prophecy of betrayal in the midst of fellowship at table.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐσθιόντωνeatingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἐσθίωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ present (concurrent)
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Ἀμὴνtrulyparticle of solemn affirmation
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (formula)→ performative present
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatcomplementizer
εἷςoneNominativesubject (numeral)
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive
παραδώσειwill betrayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ predictive future
μεmeAccusativedirect object
22

καὶ λυπούμενοι σφόδρα ἤρξαντο λέγειν αὐτῷ εἷς ἕκαστος· Μήτι ἐγώ εἰμι, κύριε;

And being greatly distressed, they began to say to him one after another, 'Surely not I, Lord?'

The disciples' dismayκαὶEach disciple's question Μήτι ἐγώ; expects the answer 'no' — yet probes his own heart; they call him κύριε.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λυπούμενοιbeing distressedPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λυπέωcausal/circumstantial participle→ present (concurrent)λυπέω: 'grieve, distress.'
σφόδραgreatlyadverb of degree
ἤρξαντοthey beganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin.'
λέγεινto sayPres Act Inf · λέγωcomplementary infinitive→ progressive present
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
εἷςoneNominativesubject (in apposition, εἷς ἕκαστος = 'each one')
ἕκαστοςeachNominativesubject (distributive)
Μήτιsurely notinterrogative particle (expecting negative answer)
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord, sir'; respectful address.
23

ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· Ὁ ἐμβάψας μετ’ ἐμοῦ τὴν χεῖρα ἐν τῷ τρυβλίῳ οὗτός με παραδώσει.

He answered, 'The one who has dipped his hand in the dish with me, he will betray me.'

The sign of the betrayerδὲSharing the dish marks intimate fellowship; the betrayal from a table-companion fulfills Ps 41:9.
theNominativearticle
δὲandnarrative conjunction (with article = 'he')
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic participle of speech→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
theNominativearticle
ἐμβάψαςhaving dippedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐμβάπτωsubstantival participle (subject)→ constative aoristἐμβάπτω: 'dip in.'
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (association)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐμβάψαςχείρ: 'hand.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
τρυβλίῳdishDativedative of placeτρύβλιον: 'bowl, dish.'
οὗτόςthis oneNominativesubject (resumptive demonstrative)
μεmeAccusativedirect object
παραδώσειwill betrayFut Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ predictive future
24

ὁ μὲν υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὑπάγει καθὼς γέγραπται περὶ αὐτοῦ, οὐαὶ δὲ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐκείνῳ δι’ οὗ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται· καλὸν ἦν αὐτῷ εἰ οὐκ ἐγεννήθη ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος.

The Son of Man goes as it is written of him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed! It would have been better for that man if he had not been born.

Woe to the betrayerasyndetonDivine necessity (καθὼς γέγραπται) and human culpability stand together; the μέν…δέ balances ordained suffering against the betrayer's guilt.
theNominativearticle
μὲνindeedparticle (μέν … δέ correlative)
υἱὸςSonNominativesubject
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive (the title)
ὑπάγειgoesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπάγωmain verb→ futuristic presentὑπάγω: 'go away, depart'; a euphemism for going to death.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωverb of comparative clause→ intensive perfect (abiding Scripture)γράφω: 'write'; γέγραπται = the standard citation formula.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of περί
οὐαὶwoeinterjection of lament/judgmentοὐαί: 'woe!'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
τῷtheDativearticle
ἀνθρώπῳto the manDativedative of disadvantage
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative adjective
δι’bypreposition + genitive (agency)
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun (object of διά)
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubject
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive (the title)
παραδίδοταιis betrayedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb (rel. clause)→ futuristic present
καλὸνbetter/goodNominativepredicate nominativeκαλός: 'good'; here 'better' in the contrary-to-fact wish.
ἦνit would have beenImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (contrary-to-fact apodosis)→ stative imperfect
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage
εἰifconjunction (contrary-to-fact protasis)
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐγεννήθηhe had been bornAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · γεννάωverb of protasis→ constative aoristγεννάω: 'beget'; passive 'be born.'
theNominativearticle
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject
ἐκεῖνοςthatNominativedemonstrative adjective
25

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ Ἰούδας ὁ παραδιδοὺς αὐτὸν εἶπεν· Μήτι ἐγώ εἰμι, ῥαββί; λέγει αὐτῷ· Σὺ εἶπας.

Judas, who would betray him, answered, 'Surely not I, Rabbi?' He said to him, 'You have said so.'

Judas exposedδὲJudas alone says ῥαββί, not κύριε; Jesus' Σὺ εἶπας ('you have said it') is an affirming idiom — a guarded 'yes.'
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic participle of speech→ constative aorist
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἸούδαςJudasNominativesubject (proper name)
theNominativearticle
παραδιδοὺςwho would betrayPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παραδίδωμιattributive participle→ present (futuristic)παραδίδωμι: the participle marks Judas's settled role as betrayer.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of participle
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Μήτιsurely notinterrogative particle (expecting 'no')
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic)
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
ῥαββίRabbiVocativevocative of address (transliterated Hebrew)ῥαββί: 'my master, rabbi'; Judas's distancing title.
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΣὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
εἶπαςhave said soAor Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristσὺ εἶπας: an affirmative idiom, 'you said it' = a veiled 'yes.'
26

Ἐσθιόντων δὲ αὐτῶν λαβὼν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἄρτον καὶ εὐλογήσας ἔκλασεν καὶ δοὺς τοῖς μαθηταῖς εἶπεν· Λάβετε φάγετε, τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου.

Now as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and after blessing it broke it and gave it to the disciples, and said, 'Take, eat; this is my body.'

The breadδὲThe institution of the Supper: the four verbs (took, blessed, broke, gave) become the eucharistic pattern; τοῦτό ἐστιν identifies the bread with his body.
ἘσθιόντωνeatingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἐσθίωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ present (concurrent)
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)
λαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take.'
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of λαβώνἄρτος: 'bread, loaf'; the unleavened Passover bread.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐλογήσαςblessingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εὐλογέωattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aoristεὐλογέω: 'bless, give thanks'; the Passover berakah.
ἔκλασενbrokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλάωmain verb→ constative aoristκλάω: 'break (bread).'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δοὺςgivingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · δίδωμιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μαθηταῖςto the disciplesDativeindirect object
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ΛάβετεtakeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λαμβάνωimperative→ imperative of command
φάγετεeatAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐσθίωimperative→ imperative of command
τοῦτόthisNominativesubject (demonstrative)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
τὸtheNominativearticle
σῶμάbodyNominativepredicate nominativeσῶμα: 'body'; the identifying word of the bread-saying.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
27

καὶ λαβὼν ποτήριον καὶ εὐχαριστήσας ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς λέγων· Πίετε ἐξ αὐτοῦ πάντες,

And he took a cup, and after giving thanks he gave it to them, saying, 'Drink of it, all of you,'

The cupκαὶThe cup parallels the bread; πάντες ('all of you') universalizes the command — over against the one who would betray.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
ποτήριονa cupAccusativedirect objectποτήριον: 'cup'; anarthrous in the critical text.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐχαριστήσαςgiving thanksAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εὐχαριστέωattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aoristεὐχαριστέω: 'give thanks'; whence 'Eucharist.'
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ present (concurrent)
ΠίετεdrinkAor Act Impv 2 Pl · πίνωimperative→ imperative of commandπίνω: 'drink.'
ἐξof/frompreposition + genitive (partitive)
αὐτοῦitGenitivepartitive genitive (object of ἐξ)
πάντεςallNominativesubject (nominative in apposition to subject of imperative)
28

τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης τὸ περὶ πολλῶν ἐκχυννόμενον εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν.

for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.

The blood of the covenantγάρThe covenant-saying: the critical text reads 'my blood of the covenant' without 'new' (καινῆς); echoes Exod 24:8 (the covenant blood) and Isa 53:12 ('for many'). εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν is unique to Matthew.
τοῦτοthisNominativesubject (demonstrative)
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
τὸtheNominativearticle
αἷμάbloodNominativepredicate nominativeαἷμα: 'blood'; sacrificial covenant-blood (Exod 24:8).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
διαθήκηςof the covenantGenitivegenitive of relationship/qualityδιαθήκη: 'covenant, testament'; the critical text omits καινῆς ('new') here.
τὸtheNominativearticle
περὶfor/on behalf ofpreposition + genitive (representation)
πολλῶνmanyGenitiveobject of περίπολλοί: 'the many'; an Isaianic echo (Isa 53:11–12), inclusive not exclusive.
ἐκχυννόμενονpoured outPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · ἐκχύννωattributive participle (with article)→ present (futuristic/imminent)ἐκχύννω: 'pour out, shed'; of sacrificial blood.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
ἄφεσινforgivenessAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)ἄφεσις: 'release, forgiveness.'
ἁμαρτιῶνof sinsGenitiveobjective genitiveἁμαρτία: 'sin.'
29

λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν, οὐ μὴ πίω ἀπ’ ἄρτι ἐκ τούτου τοῦ γενήματος τῆς ἀμπέλου ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ἐκείνης ὅταν αὐτὸ πίνω μεθ’ ὑμῶν καινὸν ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ πατρός μου.

I tell you, I will not drink again of this fruit of the vine from now on until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom.

The eschatological vowδὲAn emphatic vow (οὐ μὴ + subjunctive): Jesus' last cup until the consummated kingdom — the Supper points forward to the messianic banquet.
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (formula)→ performative present
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
οὐnotemphatic negation (οὐ μή + subj.)
μὴnotemphatic negation
πίωI will drinkAor Act Subj 1 Sg · πίνωsubjunctive of emphatic negation→ constative aorist
ἀπ’frompreposition + genitive (temporal)
ἄρτιnowadverb (ἀπ’ ἄρτι = 'from now on')
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
γενήματοςfruit/produceGenitivepartitive genitiveγένημα: 'produce, yield'; 'fruit of the vine' = wine (Passover blessing language).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἀμπέλουof the vineGenitivegenitive of sourceἄμπελος: 'vine.'
ἕωςuntilpreposition/conjunction (temporal)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἡμέραςdayGenitiveobject of ἕωςἡμέρα: 'day'; 'that day' = the eschaton.
ἐκείνηςthatGenitivedemonstrative adjective
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (with subjunctive)
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (the fruit of the vine)
πίνωI drinkPres Act Subj 1 Sg · πίνωverb of ὅταν clause→ futuristic present-subjunctive
μεθ’withpreposition + genitive (association)
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of μετά
καινὸνnewAccusativepredicate adjective (manner)καινός: 'new'; qualitatively new — the kingdom's wine.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῇtheDativearticle
βασιλείᾳkingdomDativedative of sphereβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πατρόςFatherGenitivepossessive genitiveπατήρ: 'Father.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
30

Καὶ ὑμνήσαντες ἐξῆλθον εἰς τὸ ὄρος τῶν Ἐλαιῶν.

And when they had sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives.

From table to the MountΚαὶThe Hallel (Pss 113–118) closed the Passover; the move to the Mount of Olives sets the Gethsemane scene.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑμνήσαντεςhaving sung a hymnAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὑμνέωtemporal participle→ constative aoristὑμνέω: 'sing a hymn'; the Passover Hallel (Pss 113–118).
ἐξῆλθονthey went outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄροςMountAccusativeobject of εἰςὄρος: 'mountain, hill.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
Ἐλαιῶνof OlivesGenitivedescriptive genitiveἐλαία: 'olive (tree)'; the Mount of Olives east of Jerusalem.
31

Τότε λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Πάντες ὑμεῖς σκανδαλισθήσεσθε ἐν ἐμοὶ ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ ταύτῃ, γέγραπται γάρ· Πατάξω τὸν ποιμένα, καὶ διασκορπισθήσονται τὰ πρόβατα τῆς ποίμνης.

Then Jesus said to them, 'You will all fall away because of me this night, for it is written, "I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock will be scattered."'

The falling away foretoldΤότεJesus cites Zech 13:7 (the struck shepherd) to interpret the disciples' scattering; σκανδαλίζω = 'be made to stumble.'
Τότεthentemporal adverb
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
ΠάντεςallNominativeattributive (in apposition to subject)
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
σκανδαλισθήσεσθεwill fall awayFut Pass Indic 2 Pl · σκανδαλίζωmain verb→ predictive futureσκανδαλίζω: 'cause to stumble'; passive 'be made to stumble, fall away.'
ἐνbecause of/inpreposition + dative (cause)
ἐμοὶmeDativeobject of ἐν (cause)
ἐνin/duringpreposition + dative (time)
τῇtheDativearticle
νυκτὶnightDativedative of timeνύξ: 'night.'
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adjective
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωcitation formula→ intensive perfect
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
ΠατάξωI will strikeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb (citation, Zech 13:7)→ predictive futureπατάσσω: 'strike, smite.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ποιμέναshepherdAccusativedirect objectποιμήν: 'shepherd.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διασκορπισθήσονταιwill be scatteredFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · διασκορπίζωmain verb (citation)→ predictive futureδιασκορπίζω: 'scatter, disperse.'
τὰtheNominativearticle
πρόβαταsheepNominativesubjectπρόβατον: 'sheep.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ποίμνηςof the flockGenitivepartitive/possessive genitiveποίμνη: 'flock.'
32

μετὰ δὲ τὸ ἐγερθῆναί με προάξω ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν.

But after I am raised up, I will go before you into Galilee.

Promise of restorationδὲAgainst the scattering, a word of hope: the risen Shepherd will go ahead (προάξω) to gather his flock in Galilee (cf. 28:7, 16).
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἐγερθῆναίI am raisedAor Pass Inf · ἐγείρωarticular infinitive (temporal, after μετά)→ constative aoristἐγείρω: 'raise up'; passive of resurrection.
μεI/meAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
προάξωI will go beforeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · προάγωmain verb→ predictive futureπροάγω: 'go before, lead the way'; shepherd-imagery.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ΓαλιλαίανGalileeAccusativeobject of εἰς (proper name)Γαλιλαία: Galilee, the place of restored discipleship.
33

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ Πέτρος εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Εἰ πάντες σκανδαλισθήσονται ἐν σοί, ἐγὼ οὐδέποτε σκανδαλισθήσομαι.

Peter answered him, 'Though they all fall away because of you, I will never fall away.'

Peter's protestδὲPeter sets himself apart (ἐγώ … οὐδέποτε), an overconfidence the next verse will puncture.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic participle of speech→ constative aorist
δὲandtransitional conjunction
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject (proper name)Πέτρος: 'Rock'; Simon's apostolic name.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Εἰif/thoughconjunction (concessive condition)
πάντεςallNominativesubject
σκανδαλισθήσονταιfall awayFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · σκανδαλίζωverb of protasis→ predictive future
ἐνbecause ofpreposition + dative (cause)
σοίyouDativeobject of ἐν
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic, contrastive)
οὐδέποτεneveradverb of time (emphatic negative)
σκανδαλισθήσομαιwill fall awayFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · σκανδαλίζωmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive future
34

ἔφη αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Ἀμὴν λέγω σοι ὅτι ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ νυκτὶ πρὶν ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι τρὶς ἀπαρνήσῃ με.

Jesus said to him, 'Truly I say to you, this very night, before the cock crows, you will deny me three times.'

The denial foretoldasyndetonAn ἀμήν-saying fixes the time and number: three denials before cockcrow.
ἔφηsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb→ aoristic imperfectφημί: 'say, affirm.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
Ἀμὴνtrulyparticle of solemn affirmation
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (formula)→ performative present
σοιto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatcomplementizer
ἐνin/duringpreposition + dative (time)
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative adjective
τῇtheDativearticle
νυκτὶnightDativedative of time
πρὶνbeforetemporal conjunction (with infinitive)
ἀλέκτοραa cockAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitiveἀλέκτωρ: 'cock, rooster.'
φωνῆσαιcrowsAor Act Inf · φωνέωinfinitive after πρίν→ constative aoristφωνέω: 'call, crow.'
τρὶςthree timesadverb of number
ἀπαρνήσῃyou will denyFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀπαρνέομαιmain verb→ predictive futureἀπαρνέομαι: 'deny, disown utterly' (ἀπό-intensive of ἀρνέομαι).
μεmeAccusativedirect object
35

λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος· Κἂν δέῃ με σὺν σοὶ ἀποθανεῖν, οὐ μή σε ἀπαρνήσομαι. ὁμοίως καὶ πάντες οἱ μαθηταὶ εἶπαν.

Peter said to him, 'Even if I must die with you, I will not deny you!' And all the disciples said the same.

Peter's vowasyndetonPeter's emphatic vow (οὐ μή) and the others' echo intensify the irony of the coming failure.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject (proper name)
Κἂνeven ifcrasis (καὶ ἐάν); concessive conjunction
δέῃit be necessaryPres Act Subj 3 Sg · δεῖverb of protasis (impersonal)→ progressive presentδεῖ: 'it is necessary.'
μεme/IAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (association)
σοὶyouDativeobject of σύν
ἀποθανεῖνto dieAor Act Inf · ἀποθνῄσκωcomplementary infinitive (of δέῃ)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die.'
οὐnotemphatic negation (οὐ μή)
μήnotemphatic negation
σεyouAccusativedirect object
ἀπαρνήσομαιI will denyFut Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἀπαρνέομαιmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive future
ὁμοίωςlikewiseadverb of manner
καὶalsoadverbial conjunction
πάντεςallNominativeattributive (subject)
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
36

Τότε ἔρχεται μετ’ αὐτῶν ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἰς χωρίον λεγόμενον Γεθσημανί, καὶ λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς· Καθίσατε αὐτοῦ ἕως οὗ ἀπελθὼν ἐκεῖ προσεύξωμαι.

Then Jesus went with them to a place called Gethsemane, and he said to his disciples, 'Sit here, while I go over there and pray.'

Gethsemane — arrivalΤότεThe Gethsemane scene opens; Jesus separates himself to pray.
Τότεthentemporal adverb
ἔρχεταιcomes/wentPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (association)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
χωρίονa placeAccusativeobject of εἰςχωρίον: 'place, field, plot of ground.'
λεγόμενονcalledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · λέγωattributive participle→ present (designation)
ΓεθσημανίGethsemaneAccusativeapposition (proper name, indeclinable here)Γεθσημανί: 'oil press' (Aramaic gat-shemanim); an olive grove.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μαθηταῖςto the disciplesDativeindirect object
ΚαθίσατεsitAor Act Impv 2 Pl · καθίζωimperative→ imperative of commandκαθίζω: 'sit down, stay.'
αὐτοῦhereadverb of place
ἕωςwhile/untilconjunction (temporal, ἕως οὗ)
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (ἕως οὗ idiom = 'until')
ἀπελθὼνgoing awayAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
ἐκεῖthere/over thereadverb of place
προσεύξωμαιI prayAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · προσεύχομαιverb of temporal clause→ ingressive aoristπροσεύχομαι: 'pray.'
37

καὶ παραλαβὼν τὸν Πέτρον καὶ τοὺς δύο υἱοὺς Ζεβεδαίου ἤρξατο λυπεῖσθαι καὶ ἀδημονεῖν.

And taking with him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee, he began to be sorrowful and troubled.

The agony beginsκαὶThe inner three witness the agony; ἀδημονέω is a strong word for anguished distress.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παραλαβὼνtaking with himAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παραλαμβάνωattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aoristπαραλαμβάνω: 'take along, take with.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΠέτρονPeterAccusativedirect object (proper name)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (indeclinable, attributive)
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativedirect objectυἱός: 'son'; James and John.
Ζεβεδαίουof ZebedeeGenitivegenitive of relationship (proper name)Ζεβεδαῖος: Zebedee, father of James and John.
ἤρξατοhe beganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aorist
λυπεῖσθαιto be sorrowfulPres Mid Inf · λυπέωcomplementary infinitive→ progressive presentλυπέω: 'grieve'; passive 'be grieved, sorrowful.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀδημονεῖνto be troubledPres Act Inf · ἀδημονέωcomplementary infinitive→ progressive presentἀδημονέω: 'be distressed, in anguish' — a very strong term.
38

τότε λέγει αὐτοῖς· Περίλυπός ἐστιν ἡ ψυχή μου ἕως θανάτου· μείνατε ὧδε καὶ γρηγορεῖτε μετ’ ἐμοῦ.

Then he said to them, 'My soul is very sorrowful, even to death; remain here and watch with me.'

Sorrowful to deathasyndetonΠερίλυπος … ἕως θανάτου echoes Pss 42–43; Jesus enlists the three to watch (γρηγορεῖτε).
τότεthentemporal adverb
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Περίλυπόςvery sorrowfulNominativepredicate adjectiveπερίλυπος: 'deeply grieved' (περί-intensive).
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
theNominativearticle
ψυχήsoulNominativesubjectψυχή: 'soul, life'; the inner self (Ps 42:5 echo).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἕωςeven topreposition (degree/extent)
θανάτουdeathGenitiveobject of ἕως (extent)θάνατος: 'death.'
μείνατεremainAor Act Impv 2 Pl · μένωimperative→ imperative of commandμένω: 'remain, stay.'
ὧδεhereadverb of place
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γρηγορεῖτεwatch/stay awakePres Act Impv 2 Pl · γρηγορέωimperative→ imperative of ongoing commandγρηγορέω: 'keep watch, stay awake, be alert.'
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (association)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά
39

καὶ προελθὼν μικρὸν ἔπεσεν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ προσευχόμενος καὶ λέγων· Πάτερ μου, εἰ δυνατόν ἐστιν, παρελθάτω ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦτο· πλὴν οὐχ ὡς ἐγὼ θέλω ἀλλ’ ὡς σύ.

And going a little farther he fell on his face and prayed, saying, 'My Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass from me; nevertheless, not as I will, but as you will.'

Let this cup passκαὶThe first prayer: the cup (Old Testament image of God's wrath, Isa 51:17) is met with full submission — οὐχ ὡς ἐγὼ θέλω ἀλλ’ ὡς σύ.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προελθὼνgoing fartherAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προέρχομαιtemporal participle→ constative aoristπροέρχομαι: 'go forward, advance.'
μικρὸνa littleadverbial accusative (extent)
ἔπεσενhe fellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeobject of ἐπίπρόσωπον: 'face'; prostration in prayer.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
προσευχόμενοςprayingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσεύχομαιcircumstantial participle (manner)→ present (concurrent)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ present (concurrent)
ΠάτερFatherVocativevocative of addressπατήρ: 'Father'; the intimate filial address.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)
δυνατόνpossibleNominativepredicate adjectiveδυνατός: 'possible, able.'
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
παρελθάτωlet passAor Act Impv 3 Sg · παρέρχομαιimperative (request)→ ingressive aoristπαρέρχομαι: 'pass by, pass away.'
ἀπ’frompreposition + genitive (separation)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of ἀπό
τὸtheNominativearticle
ποτήριονcupNominativesubjectποτήριον: 'cup'; metaphor of suffering/wrath (Isa 51:17; Ps 75:8).
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative adjective
πλὴνneverthelessadversative conjunction/adverb
οὐχnotnegative particle
ὡςascomparative conjunction
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)
θέλωwill/wishPres Act Indic 1 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ progressive present
ἀλλ’butadversative conjunction
ὡςascomparative conjunction
σύyouNominativesubject (emphatic; verb elided)
40

καὶ ἔρχεται πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς καὶ εὑρίσκει αὐτοὺς καθεύδοντας, καὶ λέγει τῷ Πέτρῳ· Οὕτως οὐκ ἰσχύσατε μίαν ὥραν γρηγορῆσαι μετ’ ἐμοῦ;

And he came to the disciples and found them sleeping, and he said to Peter, 'So, could you not watch with me one hour?'

The sleeping disciplesκαὶJesus' reproach falls especially on Peter, who had vowed to die with him.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔρχεταιcomes/camePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativeobject of πρός
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὑρίσκειfinds/foundPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic presentεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
καθεύδονταςsleepingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · καθεύδωsupplementary participle (object complement)→ present (concurrent)καθεύδω: 'sleep.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
τῷtheDativearticle
Πέτρῳto PeterDativeindirect object (proper name)
Οὕτωςso/thusadverb (with interrogative force)
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἰσχύσατεwere you ableAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἰσχύωmain verb (question)→ constative aoristἰσχύω: 'be strong, be able.'
μίανoneAccusativeattributive numeral
ὥρανhourAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeὥρα: 'hour.'
γρηγορῆσαιto watchAor Act Inf · γρηγορέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (association)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά
41

γρηγορεῖτε καὶ προσεύχεσθε, ἵνα μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς πειρασμόν· τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής.

Watch and pray that you may not enter into temptation. The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.

Watch and prayasyndetonThe double imperative and the maxim on spirit/flesh tie Gethsemane to the Lord's Prayer ('lead us not into temptation').
γρηγορεῖτεwatchPres Act Impv 2 Pl · γρηγορέωimperative→ imperative of ongoing command
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσεύχεσθεprayPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · προσεύχομαιimperative→ imperative of ongoing command
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
μὴnotnegative particle
εἰσέλθητεyou may enterAor Act Subj 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιverb of ἵνα μή clause→ ingressive aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go into.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
πειρασμόνtemptation/testingAccusativeobject of εἰςπειρασμός: 'testing, temptation, trial.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
μὲνindeedparticle (μέν … δέ correlative)
πνεῦμαspiritNominativesubjectπνεῦμα: here the human spirit, the willing inner self.
πρόθυμονwillingNominativepredicate adjective (copula elided)πρόθυμος: 'eager, ready, willing.'
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
σὰρξfleshNominativesubjectσάρξ: 'flesh'; the frail human nature.
ἀσθενήςweakNominativepredicate adjective (copula elided)ἀσθενής: 'weak, feeble.'
42

πάλιν ἐκ δευτέρου ἀπελθὼν προσηύξατο λέγων· Πάτερ μου, εἰ οὐ δύναται τοῦτο παρελθεῖν ἐὰν μὴ αὐτὸ πίω, γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου.

Again, a second time, he went away and prayed, 'My Father, if this cannot pass unless I drink it, your will be done.'

The second prayerasyndetonThe second prayer deepens the submission: γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου verbatim from the Lord's Prayer (6:10).
πάλινagainadverb of repetition
ἐκforpreposition + genitive (ἐκ δευτέρου = 'a second time')
δευτέρουthe second timeGenitiveobject of ἐκ (ordinal)δεύτερος: 'second.'
ἀπελθὼνgoing awayAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
προσηύξατοhe prayedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσεύχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ present (concurrent)
ΠάτερFatherVocativevocative of address
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)
οὐnotnegative particle
δύναταιcan/is ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιverb of protasis→ stative present
τοῦτοthisNominativesubject (the cup)
παρελθεῖνpassAor Act Inf · παρέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
ἐὰνunlessconjunction (ἐὰν μή = 'unless')
μὴnotnegative particle
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object (the cup)
πίωI drinkAor Act Subj 1 Sg · πίνωverb of ἐὰν μή clause→ constative aorist
γενηθήτωbe doneAor Pass Impv 3 Sg · γίνομαιimperative (petition)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'be done, come to pass'; γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου = Matt 6:10.
τὸtheNominativearticle
θέλημάwillNominativesubjectθέλημα: 'will.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
43

καὶ ἐλθὼν πάλιν εὗρεν αὐτοὺς καθεύδοντας, ἦσαν γὰρ αὐτῶν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ βεβαρημένοι.

And again he came and found them sleeping, for their eyes were heavy.

Heavy eyesκαὶThe disciples' weakness is repeated; βεβαρημένοι (perfect) = their eyes had grown and stayed heavy.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐλθὼνcomingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιtemporal participle→ constative aorist
πάλινagainadverb of repetition
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
καθεύδονταςsleepingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · καθεύδωsupplementary participle→ present (concurrent)
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic with ptc.)→ stative imperfect
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
οἱtheNominativearticle
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesNominativesubjectὀφθαλμός: 'eye.'
βεβαρημένοιheavy/weighed downPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βαρέωperiphrastic participle (with ἦσαν)→ intensive perfectβαρέω: 'weigh down, burden.'
44

καὶ ἀφεὶς αὐτοὺς πάλιν ἀπελθὼν προσηύξατο ἐκ τρίτου τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον εἰπὼν πάλιν.

So, leaving them again, he went away and prayed for the third time, saying the same words again.

The third prayerκαὶA threefold prayer (matching the threefold sleep and Peter's threefold denial) seals his resolve.
καὶand/socoordinating conjunction
ἀφεὶςleavingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀφίημιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'leave, let go, forgive.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of participle
πάλινagainadverb of repetition
ἀπελθὼνgoing awayAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
προσηύξατοhe prayedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσεύχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
ἐκforpreposition + genitive (ἐκ τρίτου = 'a third time')
τρίτουthe third timeGenitiveobject of ἐκ (ordinal)τρίτος: 'third.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
αὐτὸνsameAccusativeintensive/identifying adjective
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of εἰπώνλόγος: 'word, saying.'
εἰπὼνsayingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (means)→ constative aorist
πάλινagainadverb of repetition
45

τότε ἔρχεται πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Καθεύδετε τὸ λοιπὸν καὶ ἀναπαύεσθε· ἰδοὺ ἤγγικεν ἡ ὥρα καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται εἰς χεῖρας ἁμαρτωλῶν.

Then he came to the disciples and said to them, 'Are you still sleeping and resting? Behold, the hour is at hand, and the Son of Man is betrayed into the hands of sinners.'

The hour is at handτότεThe agony resolved, Jesus announces the arrival of 'the hour'; Καθεύδετε may be read as question, irony, or resigned permission.
τότεthentemporal adverb
ἔρχεταιcomes/camePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativeobject of πρός
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Καθεύδετεare you sleepingPres Act Indic 2 Pl · καθεύδωmain verb (question/irony)→ progressive present
τὸtheAccusativearticle
λοιπὸνstill/nowAccusativeadverbial accusative (τὸ λοιπόν = 'henceforth, still')
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀναπαύεσθεare you restingPres Mid Indic 2 Pl · ἀναπαύωmain verb→ progressive presentἀναπαύω: 'rest, refresh'; middle 'take rest.'
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle (attention-marker)ἰδού: 'look! behold!'
ἤγγικενis at handPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωmain verb→ consummative perfectἐγγίζω: 'draw near'; perfect = 'has arrived.'
theNominativearticle
ὥραhourNominativesubjectὥρα: 'hour'; the decisive moment of the passion.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubject
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive (the title)
παραδίδοταιis betrayedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ futuristic/imminent present
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
χεῖραςhandsAccusativeobject of εἰςχείρ: 'hand'; 'into the hands of' = into the power of.
ἁμαρτωλῶνof sinnersGenitivegenitive of possessionἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner.'
46

ἐγείρεσθε, ἄγωμεν· ἰδοὺ ἤγγικεν ὁ παραδιδούς με.

Rise, let us be going; behold, the betrayer is at hand.

Rise, let us goasyndetonJesus goes to meet his betrayer; ὁ παραδιδούς με ('the one betraying me') names Judas without naming him.
ἐγείρεσθεrisePres Mid Impv 2 Pl · ἐγείρωimperative→ imperative of commandἐγείρω: 'raise'; middle/passive 'get up.'
ἄγωμενlet us goPres Act Subj 1 Pl · ἄγωhortatory subjunctive→ ingressive presentἄγω: 'lead, go'; ἄγωμεν = 'let us be going.'
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle
ἤγγικενis at handPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωmain verb→ consummative perfect
theNominativearticle
παραδιδούςbetrayer/the one betrayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παραδίδωμιsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (in progress)
μεmeAccusativedirect object of participle
47

Καὶ ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος ἰδοὺ Ἰούδας εἷς τῶν δώδεκα ἦλθεν καὶ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ὄχλος πολὺς μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρχιερέων καὶ πρεσβυτέρων τοῦ λαοῦ.

While he was still speaking, behold, Judas, one of the twelve, came, and with him a great crowd with swords and clubs, from the chief priests and the elders of the people.

Judas arrivesΚαὶThe arrest begins; 'one of the twelve' is repeated (cf. v.14) to underscore the betrayal from within.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔτιstilladverb of time
αὐτοῦheGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)
λαλοῦντοςspeakingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · λαλέωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ present (concurrent)
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle
ἸούδαςJudasNominativesubject (proper name)
εἷςoneNominativeapposition (numeral)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
δώδεκαof the twelveGenitivepartitive genitive (indeclinable)
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (association)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd, throng.'
πολὺςgreatNominativeattributive adjective
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
μαχαιρῶνswordsGenitiveobject of μετάμάχαιρα: 'sword, short sword.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ξύλωνclubsGenitiveobject of μετάξύλον: 'wood, club, staff.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἀρχιερέωνchief priestsGenitiveobject of ἀπό
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πρεσβυτέρωνeldersGenitiveobject of ἀπό (coordinate)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
λαοῦof the peopleGenitivepartitive/possessive genitive
48

ὁ δὲ παραδιδοὺς αὐτὸν ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς σημεῖον λέγων· Ὃν ἂν φιλήσω αὐτός ἐστιν· κρατήσατε αὐτόν.

Now the betrayer had given them a sign, saying, 'The one I kiss is the man; seize him.'

The prearranged signδὲThe kiss as sign of identification — an act of affection turned into treachery.
theNominativearticle
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
παραδιδοὺςbetrayerPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παραδίδωμιsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (in progress)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of participle
ἔδωκενhad givenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
σημεῖονa signAccusativedirect objectσημεῖον: 'sign, signal.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ present (concurrent)
ὋνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of φιλήσω)
ἂνeverparticle (with subjunctive, generalizing)
φιλήσωI kissAor Act Subj 1 Sg · φιλέωverb of relative-conditional clause→ constative aoristφιλέω: 'love, kiss'; here 'kiss' as greeting.
αὐτόςheNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
κρατήσατεseizeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · κρατέωimperative→ imperative of command
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
49

καὶ εὐθέως προσελθὼν τῷ Ἰησοῦ εἶπεν· Χαῖρε, ῥαββί· καὶ κατεφίλησεν αὐτόν.

And immediately he came up to Jesus and said, 'Greetings, Rabbi!' And he kissed him.

The betrayer's kissκαὶJudas again says ῥαββί (cf. v.25); κατεφίλησεν (intensive) = he kissed him fervently — the betrayal complete.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb of time
προσελθὼνcoming upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
τῷtheDativearticle
Ἰησοῦto JesusDativedative complement of προσελθών
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Χαῖρεgreetings/hailPres Act Impv 2 Sg · χαίρωimperative (greeting formula)→ imperative of greetingχαίρω: 'rejoice'; χαῖρε = 'hail, greetings.'
ῥαββίRabbiVocativevocative of address (transliterated Hebrew)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατεφίλησενkissedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταφιλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταφιλέω: 'kiss fervently' (κατά-intensive).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
50

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἑταῖρε, ἐφ’ ὃ πάρει. τότε προσελθόντες ἐπέβαλον τὰς χεῖρας ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ ἐκράτησαν αὐτόν.

Jesus said to him, 'Friend, do what you came to do.' Then they came up and laid hands on Jesus and seized him.

The seizureδὲἙταῖρε ('friend,' a distancing address in Matthew) and the cryptic ἐφ’ ὃ πάρει ('that for which you are here') yield to the arrest.
theNominativearticle
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἙταῖρεFriendVocativevocative of addressἑταῖρος: 'companion, fellow'; in Matthew an ironic/distancing address (20:13; 22:12).
ἐφ’forpreposition + accusative (ἐφ’ ὅ = 'that for which')
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπί)
πάρειyou are herePres Act Indic 2 Sg · πάρειμιmain verb (elliptical command/question)→ stative presentπάρειμι: 'be present, be here.'
τότεthentemporal adverb
προσελθόντεςcoming upAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · προσέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
ἐπέβαλονlaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιβάλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιβάλλω: 'lay/throw upon.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of ἐπί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκράτησανseizedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κρατέωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
51

καὶ ἰδοὺ εἷς τῶν μετὰ Ἰησοῦ ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα ἀπέσπασεν τὴν μάχαιραν αὐτοῦ καὶ πατάξας τὸν δοῦλον τοῦ ἀρχιερέως ἀφεῖλεν αὐτοῦ τὸ ὠτίον.

And behold, one of those with Jesus stretched out his hand and drew his sword, and struck the servant of the high priest and cut off his ear.

The sword drawnκαὶAn unnamed disciple's violent reaction sets up Jesus' rebuke of the sword.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle
εἷςoneNominativesubject (numeral)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (substantized phrase)
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveobject of μετά
ἐκτείναςstretching outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐκτείνωattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aoristἐκτείνω: 'stretch out, extend.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of participle
ἀπέσπασενdrewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποσπάωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποσπάω: 'draw out, pull away.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μάχαιρανswordAccusativedirect object
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πατάξαςstrikingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πατάσσωattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aoristπατάσσω: 'strike, smite.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δοῦλονservantAccusativedirect object of participleδοῦλος: 'slave, servant.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀρχιερέωςof the high priestGenitivepossessive genitive
ἀφεῖλενcut offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀφαιρέω: 'take away, remove, cut off.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὠτίονearAccusativedirect objectὠτίον: 'ear' (diminutive of οὖς).
52

τότε λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Ἀπόστρεψον τὴν μάχαιράν σου εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτῆς· πάντες γὰρ οἱ λαβόντες μάχαιραν ἐν μαχαίρῃ ἀπολοῦνται.

Then Jesus said to him, 'Put your sword back into its place; for all who take the sword will perish by the sword.'

The way of the swordτότεJesus' maxim renounces violent self-defense; the passion is no failed rebellion but a willed obedience.
τότεthentemporal adverb
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
Ἀπόστρεψονput backAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀποστρέφωimperative→ imperative of commandἀποστρέφω: 'turn back, return.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μάχαιράνswordAccusativedirect object
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of εἰςτόπος: 'place'; the scabbard.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession
πάντεςallNominativesubject
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
λαβόντεςwho takeAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λαμβάνωsubstantival participle (subject)→ gnomic aoristλαμβάνω: 'take, take up.'
μάχαιρανthe swordAccusativedirect object of participle
ἐνbypreposition + dative (instrument)
μαχαίρῃthe swordDativedative of instrument
ἀπολοῦνταιwill perishFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb→ gnomic/predictive futureἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy'; middle 'perish, be destroyed.'
53

ἢ δοκεῖς ὅτι οὐ δύναμαι παρακαλέσαι τὸν πατέρα μου, καὶ παραστήσει μοι ἄρτι πλείω δώδεκα λεγιῶνας ἀγγέλων;

Do you think that I cannot appeal to my Father, and he will at once send me more than twelve legions of angels?

Twelve legions of angelsJesus' restraint is voluntary: heaven's armies stand ready; a legion ≈ 6,000, so 'more than twelve legions' = overwhelming, uncalled force.
ordisjunctive conjunction (introducing a question)
δοκεῖςdo you thinkPres Act Indic 2 Sg · δοκέωmain verb (question)→ progressive presentδοκέω: 'think, suppose.'
ὅτιthatcomplementizer
οὐnotnegative particle
δύναμαιI am ablePres Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ stative present
παρακαλέσαιto appeal toAor Act Inf · παρακαλέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristπαρακαλέω: 'call to one's side, appeal, beseech.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραFatherAccusativedirect object of infinitive
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παραστήσειhe will send/provideFut Act Indic 3 Sg · παρίστημιmain verb→ predictive futureπαρίστημι: 'place beside, present, put at one's disposal.'
μοιmeDativeindirect object
ἄρτιat once/nowadverb of time
πλείωmore thanAccusativecomparative adjective (πλείω = πλείονα)πλείων: 'more, greater.'
δώδεκαtwelveAccusativenumeral (indeclinable, genitive of comparison sense)
λεγιῶναςlegionsAccusativedirect objectλεγιών: 'legion' (Latin loanword); a Roman legion ≈ 6,000 men.
ἀγγέλωνof angelsGenitivepartitive/descriptive genitiveἄγγελος: 'angel, messenger.'
54

πῶς οὖν πληρωθῶσιν αἱ γραφαὶ ὅτι οὕτως δεῖ γενέσθαι;

But how then should the Scriptures be fulfilled, that it must happen this way?

That Scripture be fulfilledοὖνThe decisive ground: Scripture's δεῖ ('must') governs the whole passion; deliverance would void the plan.
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb
οὖνtheninferential conjunction
πληρωθῶσινshould be fulfilledAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · πληρόωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aoristπληρόω: 'fill, fulfill, accomplish.'
αἱtheNominativearticle
γραφαὶScripturesNominativesubjectγραφή: 'writing, Scripture.'
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (epexegetical)
οὕτωςthus/this wayadverb of manner
δεῖit mustPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖmain verb (impersonal)→ stative presentδεῖ: 'it is necessary'; the divine 'must' of the passion.
γενέσθαιhappenAor Mid Inf · γίνομαιcomplementary infinitive (of δεῖ)→ constative aorist
55

Ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ εἶπεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς τοῖς ὄχλοις· Ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν ἐξήλθατε μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων συλλαβεῖν με; καθ’ ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ ἐκαθεζόμην διδάσκων καὶ οὐκ ἐκρατήσατέ με.

At that hour Jesus said to the crowds, 'Have you come out as against a robber, with swords and clubs to capture me? Day after day I sat in the temple teaching, and you did not seize me.'

Words to the crowdsasyndetonJesus exposes the cowardice of a nighttime arrest; he was openly teaching in the temple — the secrecy is theirs, not his.
Ἐνat/inpreposition + dative (time)
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective
τῇtheDativearticle
ὥρᾳhourDativedative of time
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ὄχλοιςto the crowdsDativeindirect object
Ὡςascomparative conjunction
ἐπὶagainstpreposition + accusative (hostile sense)
λῃστὴνa robberAccusativeobject of ἐπίλῃστής: 'robber, bandit, insurrectionist.'
ἐξήλθατεhave you come outAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (question)→ constative aorist
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
μαχαιρῶνswordsGenitiveobject of μετά
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ξύλωνclubsGenitiveobject of μετά
συλλαβεῖνto captureAor Act Inf · συλλαμβάνωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω: 'seize, arrest.'
μεmeAccusativedirect object of infinitive
καθ’everypreposition + accusative (καθ’ ἡμέραν = 'daily')
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeobject of κατά (distributive)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
ἱερῷtempleDativedative of placeἱερόν: 'temple (precinct).'
ἐκαθεζόμηνI satImpf Mid Indic 1 Sg · καθέζομαιmain verb→ customary imperfectκαθέζομαι: 'sit'; the posture of teaching.
διδάσκωνteachingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διδάσκωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ present (concurrent)διδάσκω: 'teach.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἐκρατήσατέyou did seizeAor Act Indic 2 Pl · κρατέωmain verb→ constative aorist
μεmeAccusativedirect object
56

τοῦτο δὲ ὅλον γέγονεν ἵνα πληρωθῶσιν αἱ γραφαὶ τῶν προφητῶν. τότε οἱ μαθηταὶ πάντες ἀφέντες αὐτὸν ἔφυγον.

But all this has taken place that the Scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled. Then all the disciples left him and fled.

Scripture fulfilled; the flightδὲThe narrator's fulfillment-formula, then the disciples' flight — fulfilling v.31 (the scattering).
τοῦτοthisNominativesubject (demonstrative)
δὲbuttransitional conjunction
ὅλονall/wholeNominativeattributive adjective
γέγονενhas taken placePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ consummative perfect
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
πληρωθῶσινmight be fulfilledAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · πληρόωverb of ἵνα clause→ constative aorist
αἱtheNominativearticle
γραφαὶScripturesNominativesubject
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
προφητῶνof the prophetsGenitivepossessive/descriptive genitiveπροφήτης: 'prophet.'
τότεthentemporal adverb
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject
πάντεςallNominativeattributive (subject)
ἀφέντεςleavingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀφίημιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of participle
ἔφυγονfledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee, escape.'
57

Οἱ δὲ κρατήσαντες τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπήγαγον πρὸς Καϊάφαν τὸν ἀρχιερέα, ὅπου οἱ γραμματεῖς καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι συνήχθησαν.

Then those who had seized Jesus led him away to Caiaphas the high priest, where the scribes and the elders had gathered.

Before CaiaphasδὲThe transition to the trial; the Sanhedrin assembles at the high priest's house.
ΟἱtheNominativearticle
δὲthentransitional conjunction
κρατήσαντεςwho had seizedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κρατέωsubstantival participle (subject)→ constative aorist
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect object of participle
ἀπήγαγονled awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπάγω: 'lead away.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ΚαϊάφανCaiaphasAccusativeobject of πρός (proper name)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀρχιερέαthe high priestAccusativeapposition to Καϊάφαν
ὅπουwhererelative adverb of place
οἱtheNominativearticle
γραμματεῖςscribesNominativesubjectγραμματεύς: 'scribe, expert in the Law.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
πρεσβύτεροιeldersNominativesubject (coordinate)
συνήχθησανhad gatheredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · συνάγωmain verb→ constative aorist
58

ὁ δὲ Πέτρος ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ ἀπὸ μακρόθεν ἕως τῆς αὐλῆς τοῦ ἀρχιερέως, καὶ εἰσελθὼν ἔσω ἐκάθητο μετὰ τῶν ὑπηρετῶν ἰδεῖν τὸ τέλος.

And Peter was following him at a distance, as far as the courtyard of the high priest, and going inside he sat with the guards to see the end.

Peter follows at a distanceδὲPeter's 'following at a distance' sets the stage for his denial; the imperfect ἠκολούθει traces the wavering pursuit.
theNominativearticle
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject (proper name)
ἠκολούθειwas followingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ progressive imperfectἀκολουθέω: 'follow.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative complement of ἠκολούθει
ἀπὸfrom/atpreposition + adverb (ἀπὸ μακρόθεν = 'at a distance')
μακρόθενa distanceadverb of place
ἕωςas far aspreposition (extent)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
αὐλῆςcourtyardGenitiveobject of ἕωςαὐλή: 'courtyard, palace court.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀρχιερέωςof the high priestGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσελθὼνgoing insideAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
ἔσωinsideadverb of place
ἐκάθητοsatImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb→ progressive imperfectκάθημαι: 'sit.'
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ὑπηρετῶνguards/officersGenitiveobject of μετάὑπηρέτης: 'attendant, officer, servant.'
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aorist
τὸtheAccusativearticle
τέλοςend/outcomeAccusativedirect object of infinitiveτέλος: 'end, outcome.'
59

Οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ τὸ συνέδριον ὅλον ἐζήτουν ψευδομαρτυρίαν κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ὅπως αὐτὸν θανατώσωσιν,

Now the chief priests and the whole council were seeking false testimony against Jesus that they might put him to death,

Seeking false witnessδὲThe trial's corruption is exposed at once: they seek ψευδομαρτυρία (false testimony) to a predetermined verdict.
ΟἱtheNominativearticle
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubject
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle
συνέδριονcouncilNominativesubjectσυνέδριον: 'Sanhedrin, council.'
ὅλονwholeNominativeattributive adjective
ἐζήτουνwere seekingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ iterative imperfect
ψευδομαρτυρίανfalse testimonyAccusativedirect objectψευδομαρτυρία: 'false witness/testimony.'
κατὰagainstpreposition + genitive (hostile)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveobject of κατά
ὅπωςthatconjunction (purpose)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (fronted)
θανατώσωσινthey might put to deathAor Act Subj 3 Pl · θανατόωverb of ὅπως clause→ constative aoristθανατόω: 'put to death, kill.'
60

καὶ οὐχ εὗρον πολλῶν προσελθόντων ψευδομαρτύρων. ὕστερον δὲ προσελθόντες δύο

but they found none, though many false witnesses came forward. At last two came forward

Witnesses fail, then twoκαὶDespite many false witnesses, the testimony does not cohere (cf. the Law's two-witness rule, Deut 19:15); at last two agree.
καὶbut/andcoordinating conjunction
οὐχnotnegative particle
εὗρονthey foundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aorist
πολλῶνmanyGenitivegenitive absolute (subject, attributive)
προσελθόντωνcoming forwardAor Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · προσέρχομαιgenitive absolute (concessive)→ constative aorist
ψευδομαρτύρωνfalse witnessesGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)ψευδομάρτυς: 'false witness.'
ὕστερονat last/lateradverb of time
δὲbutadversative conjunction
προσελθόντεςcoming forwardAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · προσέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
δύοtwoNominativesubject (numeral, indeclinable)δύο: 'two'; the minimum for valid testimony (Deut 19:15).
61

εἶπαν· Οὗτος ἔφη· Δύναμαι καταλῦσαι τὸν ναὸν τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ διὰ τριῶν ἡμερῶν οἰκοδομῆσαι.

and said, 'This man said, "I am able to destroy the temple of God, and to rebuild it in three days."'

The temple chargeasyndetonThe temple-saying is twisted into a threat (cf. John 2:19); the 'three days' ironically foretells the resurrection.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Οὗτοςthis manNominativesubject (demonstrative, contemptuous)
ἔφηsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb→ aoristic imperfect
ΔύναμαιI am ablePres Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (reported speech)→ stative present
καταλῦσαιto destroyAor Act Inf · καταλύωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristκαταλύω: 'tear down, destroy, demolish.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ναὸνtempleAccusativedirect objectναός: 'temple, sanctuary' (the inner shrine).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦof GodGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰinpreposition + genitive (διὰ τριῶν ἡμερῶν = 'within three days')
τριῶνthreeGenitiveattributive numeral
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitiveobject of διά (time within which)
οἰκοδομῆσαιto rebuildAor Act Inf · οἰκοδομέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build, build up.'
62

καὶ ἀναστὰς ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Οὐδὲν ἀποκρίνῃ; τί οὗτοί σου καταμαρτυροῦσιν;

And the high priest stood up and said to him, 'Have you no answer to make? What is it that these men testify against you?'

The high priest's challengeκαὶCaiaphas rises (a sign of agitation); Jesus' silence fulfills Isa 53:7 (the silent lamb).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀναστὰςstanding upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aoristἀνίστημι: 'stand up, rise.'
theNominativearticle
ἀρχιερεὺςhigh priestNominativesubject
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΟὐδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object (adverbial accusative)
ἀποκρίνῃdo you answerPres Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb (question)→ progressive present
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun
οὗτοίthese menNominativesubject (demonstrative)
σουagainst youGenitivegenitive of reference (with κατα- compound)
καταμαρτυροῦσινtestify againstPres Act Indic 3 Pl · καταμαρτυρέωmain verb→ progressive presentκαταμαρτυρέω: 'witness against' (κατά + μαρτυρέω).
63

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἐσιώπα. καὶ ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἐξορκίζω σε κατὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος ἵνα ἡμῖν εἴπῃς εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ.

But Jesus remained silent. And the high priest said to him, 'I adjure you by the living God, tell us if you are the Christ, the Son of God.'

The adjurationδὲUnder solemn oath the high priest poses the messianic question; the two titles — Christ and Son of God — are the heart of the charge.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
ἐσιώπαremained silentImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · σιωπάωmain verb→ progressive imperfectσιωπάω: 'be silent'; the silent suffering servant (Isa 53:7).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἀρχιερεὺςhigh priestNominativesubject
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἘξορκίζωI adjurePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐξορκίζωmain verb→ performative presentἐξορκίζω: 'put under oath, adjure, charge solemnly.'
σεyouAccusativedirect object
κατὰbypreposition + genitive (oath formula)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of κατά (the one sworn by)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ζῶντοςlivingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ζάωattributive participle→ present (characteristic)ζάω: 'live'; 'the living God.'
ἵναthatconjunction (content of the charge)
ἡμῖνusDativeindirect object
εἴπῃςyou tellAor Act Subj 2 Sg · λέγωverb of ἵνα clause→ ingressive aorist
εἰif/whetherconjunction (indirect question)
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
theNominativearticle
χριστὸςChristNominativepredicate nominativeχριστός: 'Anointed One, Messiah.'
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativepredicate nominative (apposition)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationship
64

λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Σὺ εἶπας· πλὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ἀπ’ ἄρτι ὄψεσθε τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καθήμενον ἐκ δεξιῶν τῆς δυνάμεως καὶ ἐρχόμενον ἐπὶ τῶν νεφελῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.

Jesus said to him, 'You have said so. But I tell you, from now on you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of Power and coming on the clouds of heaven.'

You have said soasyndetonΣὺ εἶπας is a qualified affirmative; Jesus then fuses Ps 110:1 (the right hand) and Dan 7:13 (the coming Son of Man) — a claim heard as blasphemy.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
ΣὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
εἶπαςhave said soAor Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristσὺ εἶπας: a guarded affirmation, 'it is as you say' — yes, but on Jesus' own terms.
πλὴνbut/neverthelessadversative conjunction
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ performative present
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
ἀπ’frompreposition + genitive (ἀπ’ ἄρτι = 'from now on')
ἄρτιnowadverb of time
ὄψεσθεyou will seeFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ predictive future
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱὸνSonAccusativedirect objectυἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου: the Danielic Son of Man (Dan 7:13).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive (the title)
καθήμενονseatedPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · κάθημαιsupplementary participle (object complement)→ present (state)κάθημαι: 'sit'; enthronement at God's right hand (Ps 110:1).
ἐκatpreposition + genitive (ἐκ δεξιῶν = 'at the right hand')
δεξιῶνthe right handGenitiveobject of ἐκδεξιός: 'right (hand/side)'; the place of honor and power.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
δυνάμεωςof PowerGenitivegenitive (reverential circumlocution for God)δύναμις: 'power'; 'the Power' = a reverent surrogate for the divine name.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐρχόμενονcomingPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιsupplementary participle (object complement)→ present (futuristic)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the Danielic coming with the clouds (Dan 7:13).
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
νεφελῶνcloudsGenitiveobject of ἐπίνεφέλη: 'cloud'; the theophanic clouds of judgment/glory.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
οὐρανοῦof heavenGenitivegenitive of place/sourceοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
65

τότε ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς διέρρηξεν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ λέγων· Ἐβλασφήμησεν· τί ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων; ἴδε νῦν ἠκούσατε τὴν βλασφημίαν·

Then the high priest tore his robes and said, 'He has blasphemed! What further need do we have of witnesses? Behold, now you have heard the blasphemy.'

The charge of blasphemyτότεTearing the robes was the prescribed reaction to blasphemy; the trial is declared concluded — no more witnesses needed.
τότεthentemporal adverb
theNominativearticle
ἀρχιερεὺςhigh priestNominativesubject
διέρρηξενtoreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διαρρήγνυμιmain verb→ constative aoristδιαρρήγνυμι: 'tear apart, rend.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἱμάτιαrobes/garmentsAccusativedirect objectἱμάτιον: 'garment, cloak.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ present (concurrent)
Ἐβλασφήμησενhe has blasphemedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βλασφημέωmain verb→ constative aoristβλασφημέω: 'blaspheme, slander, revile.'
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative (adverbial)
ἔτιfurther/stilladverb of time
χρείανneedAccusativedirect objectχρεία: 'need, necessity.'
ἔχομενdo we havePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔχωmain verb (question)→ stative present
μαρτύρωνof witnessesGenitiveobjective genitive (with χρεία)μάρτυς: 'witness.'
ἴδεbeholddemonstrative particle (imperatival)ἴδε: 'look! see!'
νῦνnowadverb of time
ἠκούσατεyou have heardAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb→ constative aorist
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
βλασφημίανblasphemyAccusativedirect objectβλασφημία: 'blasphemy.'
66

τί ὑμῖν δοκεῖ; οἱ δὲ ἀποκριθέντες εἶπαν· Ἔνοχος θανάτου ἐστίν.

'What is your judgment?' They answered, 'He deserves death.'

The verdictasyndetonThe council pronounces the death-sentence; ἔνοχος θανάτου = 'liable to death.'
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)
ὑμῖνto youDativedative of reference (δοκεῖ τινι = 'seems to one')
δοκεῖdoes it seemPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δοκέωmain verb (question)→ progressive presentδοκέω: 'seem, think'; τί ὑμῖν δοκεῖ = 'what is your opinion?'
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲandnarrative conjunction
ἀποκριθέντεςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic participle of speech→ constative aorist
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Ἔνοχοςdeserving/liableNominativepredicate adjectiveἔνοχος: 'liable, guilty, deserving'; + genitive of penalty.
θανάτουof deathGenitivegenitive of penaltyθάνατος: 'death.'
ἐστίνhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
67

τότε ἐνέπτυσαν εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκολάφισαν αὐτόν, οἱ δὲ ἐράπισαν

Then they spat in his face and struck him, and some slapped him,

Mockery and blowsτότεThe abuse fulfills Isa 50:6 (the servant who gave his back to those who struck and his face to spitting).
τότεthentemporal adverb
ἐνέπτυσανthey spatAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπτύωmain verb→ constative aoristἐμπτύω: 'spit on/at' (Isa 50:6).
εἰςin/intopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeobject of εἰς
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκολάφισανstruckAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κολαφίζωmain verb→ constative aoristκολαφίζω: 'strike with the fist, beat.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲand (some)narrative conjunction (οἱ δέ = 'others/some')
ἐράπισανslappedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ῥαπίζωmain verb→ constative aoristῥαπίζω: 'slap, strike with the open hand.'
68

λέγοντες· Προφήτευσον ἡμῖν, χριστέ, τίς ἐστιν ὁ παίσας σε;

saying, 'Prophesy to us, you Christ! Who is it that struck you?'

Prophesy to usasyndetonThe taunt mocks his prophetic and messianic claims, ironically while the very prophecy of Peter's denial is being fulfilled outside.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ present (concurrent)
ΠροφήτευσονprophesyAor Act Impv 2 Sg · προφητεύωimperative (taunt)→ ingressive aoristπροφητεύω: 'prophesy, speak by inspiration.'
ἡμῖνto usDativeindirect object
χριστέyou ChristVocativevocative of address (mocking)χριστός: 'Messiah'; here a jeer.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
theNominativearticle
παίσαςwho struckAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παίωsubstantival participle (predicate)→ constative aoristπαίω: 'strike, hit.'
σεyouAccusativedirect object of participle
69

Ὁ δὲ Πέτρος ἐκάθητο ἔξω ἐν τῇ αὐλῇ· καὶ προσῆλθεν αὐτῷ μία παιδίσκη λέγουσα· Καὶ σὺ ἦσθα μετὰ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Γαλιλαίου.

Now Peter was sitting outside in the courtyard. And a servant girl came up to him and said, 'You also were with Jesus the Galilean.'

The first denial — settingδὲThe scene shifts to the courtyard (ἔξω, outside the trial); the first challenge comes from a servant girl.
theNominativearticle
δὲnowtransitional conjunction (scene shift)
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject (proper name)
ἐκάθητοwas sittingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb→ progressive imperfect
ἔξωoutsideadverb of place
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
αὐλῇcourtyardDativedative of place
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσῆλθενcame upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativedative complement
μίαa/oneNominativesubject (numeral as indefinite)
παιδίσκηservant girlNominativesubject (apposition)παιδίσκη: 'female slave, maidservant.'
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · λέγωparticiple of speech→ present (concurrent)
Καὶalsoadjunctive/ascensive conjunction
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
ἦσθαwereImpf Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ stative imperfect
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveobject of μετά (proper name)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
Γαλιλαίουthe GalileanGenitiveattributive (substantival adj.)Γαλιλαῖος: 'Galilean'; a regional, mildly contemptuous tag.
70

ὁ δὲ ἠρνήσατο ἔμπροσθεν πάντων λέγων· Οὐκ οἶδα τί λέγεις.

But he denied it before them all, saying, 'I do not know what you mean.'

The first denialδὲPeter's first denial is an evasion (ἔμπροσθεν πάντων, publicly); ἠρνήσατο is the very verb Jesus foretold.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutnarrative conjunction
ἠρνήσατοdeniedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀρνέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀρνέομαι: 'deny, disown, refuse.'
ἔμπροσθενbeforepreposition + genitive (place)
πάντωνallGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθεν
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ present (concurrent)
Οὐκnotnegative particle
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect with present sense
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative (object of λέγεις)
λέγειςyou mean/sayPres Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωverb of indirect question→ progressive present
71

ἐξελθόντα δὲ εἰς τὸν πυλῶνα εἶδεν αὐτὸν ἄλλη καὶ λέγει τοῖς ἐκεῖ· Οὗτος ἦν μετὰ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Ναζωραίου.

And when he had gone out to the gateway, another servant girl saw him, and she said to the bystanders, 'This man was with Jesus of Nazareth.'

The second challengeδὲA second accuser at the gateway; the title shifts to 'Jesus the Nazarene.'
ἐξελθόνταhaving gone outAor Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (object of εἶδεν)→ constative aorist
δὲandtransitional conjunction
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πυλῶναgatewayAccusativeobject of εἰςπυλών: 'gateway, porch, vestibule.'
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἄλληanother (girl)Nominativesubjectἄλλος: 'another'; a second maidservant.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (substantized: 'those there')
Οὗτοςthis manNominativesubject (demonstrative)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ stative imperfect
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveobject of μετά (proper name)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
Ναζωραίουthe NazareneGenitiveattributive (proper-name epithet)Ναζωραῖος: 'Nazarene, of Nazareth.'
72

καὶ πάλιν ἠρνήσατο μετὰ ὅρκου ὅτι Οὐκ οἶδα τὸν ἄνθρωπον.

And again he denied it with an oath, 'I do not know the man.'

The second denialκαὶThe denial escalates: now sworn with an oath (μετὰ ὅρκου).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάλινagainadverb of repetition
ἠρνήσατοdeniedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀρνέομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
ὅρκουan oathGenitiveobject of μετάὅρκος: 'oath'; the denial now sworn.
ὅτιthatcomplementizer (recitative ὅτι, introducing direct speech)
Οὐκnotnegative particle
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect with present sense
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἄνθρωπονthe manAccusativedirect objectἄνθρωπος: 'man'; Peter avoids naming Jesus.
73

μετὰ μικρὸν δὲ προσελθόντες οἱ ἑστῶτες εἶπον τῷ Πέτρῳ· Ἀληθῶς καὶ σὺ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶ, καὶ γὰρ ἡ λαλιά σου δῆλόν σε ποιεῖ.

After a little while the bystanders came up and said to Peter, 'Certainly you too are one of them, for your accent gives you away.'

The third challengeδὲThe third accusation comes from a group; Peter's Galilean λαλιά (speech/accent) betrays him.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
μικρὸνa little (while)Accusativeobject of μετά (substantized adj.)
δὲandtransitional conjunction
προσελθόντεςcoming upAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · προσέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἑστῶτεςbystanders/those standingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἵστημιsubstantival participle (subject)→ intensive perfect (state of standing)ἵστημι: perfect 'stand'; οἱ ἑστῶτες = 'the bystanders.'
εἶπονsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
τῷtheDativearticle
Πέτρῳto PeterDativeindirect object (proper name)
Ἀληθῶςcertainly/trulyadverb (assertion)
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
καὶfor indeedconjunction (καὶ γάρ = 'for also/indeed')
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
theNominativearticle
λαλιάaccent/speechNominativesubjectλαλιά: 'speech, manner of speaking, accent'; the Galilean dialect.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
δῆλόνevidentAccusativepredicate adjective (object complement)δῆλος: 'clear, evident'; δῆλόν σε ποιεῖ = 'makes you evident, gives you away.'
σεyouAccusativedirect object
ποιεῖmakesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ progressive present
74

τότε ἤρξατο καταθεματίζειν καὶ ὀμνύειν ὅτι Οὐκ οἶδα τὸν ἄνθρωπον. καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν.

Then he began to invoke a curse on himself and to swear, 'I do not know the man.' And immediately the cock crowed.

The third denial and the cockτότεThe denial climaxes in self-cursing and oaths; at once the cock crows, fulfilling v.34.
τότεthentemporal adverb
ἤρξατοhe beganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aorist
καταθεματίζεινto invoke a cursePres Act Inf · καταθεματίζωcomplementary infinitive→ progressive presentκαταθεματίζω: 'curse, call down a curse (on oneself).'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὀμνύεινto swearPres Act Inf · ὀμνύωcomplementary infinitive→ progressive presentὀμνύω: 'swear, take an oath.'
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτι (introducing direct speech)
Οὐκnotnegative particle
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect with present sense
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἄνθρωπονthe manAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb of time
ἀλέκτωρa cockNominativesubjectἀλέκτωρ: 'cock, rooster.'
ἐφώνησενcrowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φωνέωmain verb→ constative aoristφωνέω: 'call out, crow.'
75

καὶ ἐμνήσθη ὁ Πέτρος τοῦ ῥήματος Ἰησοῦ εἰρηκότος ὅτι Πρὶν ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι τρὶς ἀπαρνήσῃ με· καὶ ἐξελθὼν ἔξω ἔκλαυσεν πικρῶς.

And Peter remembered the saying of Jesus, who had said, 'Before the cock crows, you will deny me three times.' And he went out and wept bitterly.

Bitter weepingκαὶThe cock-crow triggers memory and grief; Peter's bitter tears close the chapter and mark the turn toward repentance.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐμνήσθηrememberedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb→ constative aoristμιμνῄσκομαι: 'remember, recall.'
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubject (proper name)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ῥήματοςsaying/wordGenitivegenitive object of ἐμνήσθη (remembering takes genitive)ῥῆμα: 'word, saying, utterance.'
Ἰησοῦof JesusGenitivepossessive genitive (proper name)
εἰρηκότοςwho had saidPerf Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · λέγωattributive participle (agreeing with Ἰησοῦ)→ intensive perfect (abiding word)λέγω (perf. εἴρηκα): 'have said.'
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτι (introducing direct speech)
Πρὶνbeforetemporal conjunction (with infinitive)
ἀλέκτοραa cockAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
φωνῆσαιcrowsAor Act Inf · φωνέωinfinitive after πρίν→ constative aorist
τρὶςthree timesadverb of number
ἀπαρνήσῃyou will denyFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀπαρνέομαιmain verb (reported)→ predictive future
μεmeAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθὼνgoing outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ constative aorist
ἔξωoutsideadverb of place
ἔκλαυσενweptAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλαίωmain verb→ constative aoristκλαίω: 'weep, cry.'
πικρῶςbitterlyadverb of mannerπικρῶς: 'bitterly'; from πικρός, 'bitter.'