1
Τότε ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀνήχθη εἰς τὴν ἔρημον ὑπὸ τοῦ πνεύματος, πειρασθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου.
Then Jesus was led up into the wilderness by the Spirit, to be tempted by the devil.
Narrative onset (temporal)ΤότεMatthew's signature Τότε opens the scene: immediately after the baptism, the Spirit who descended now leads Jesus into the wilderness for testing — divine initiative, not satanic ambush.
Τότεthentemporal adverb (narrative connective)τότε: 'then, at that time'; Matthew's favorite narrative link (~90×), advancing the story from the baptism.
ὁtheNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus; the protagonist, just declared God's beloved Son (3:17), now led to be tested as Son.
ἀνήχθηwas led upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀνάγωmain verb→ constative aorist (divine passive)ἀνάγω: 'lead/bring up'; the passive points to the Spirit as agent — 'up' to the desert highlands.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeobject of εἰς (place to which)ἔρημος: 'desert, wilderness'; the place of Israel's testing, evoking the forty years (Deut 8).
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πνεύματοςSpiritGenitivegenitive of agency (with ὑπό)πνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the same Spirit of 3:16, now the leading agent of the testing.
πειρασθῆναιto be tempted/testedAor Pass Inf · πειράζωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aorist (purpose)πειράζω: 'test, tempt, try'; here both 'tempt to sin' (the devil's aim) and 'prove' (God's aim) — the purpose of the leading-up.
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
διαβόλουdevilGenitivegenitive of agency (with ὑπό)διάβολος: 'slanderer, accuser'; the LXX rendering of śāṭān — the adversary who conducts the test.
2
καὶ νηστεύσας ἡμέρας τεσσεράκοντα καὶ νύκτας τεσσεράκοντα ὕστερον ἐπείνασεν.
And after fasting forty days and forty nights, he was afterward hungry.
Narrative continuationκαὶThe forty days and nights recall Moses on Sinai and Israel's forty years; the closing 'he was hungry' sets up the first temptation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νηστεύσαςhaving fastedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · νηστεύωtemporal/antecedent participle→ antecedent aoristνηστεύω: 'fast, abstain from food'; the aorist marks the completed forty-day fast preceding the hunger.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἡμέρα: 'day'; with τεσσεράκοντα marks the duration of the fast.
τεσσεράκονταfortyindeclinable numeral (modifies ἡμέρας)τεσσεράκοντα: 'forty'; the typological number of Moses (Exod 34:28), Elijah (1 Kgs 19:8), and Israel.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νύκταςnightsAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeνύξ: 'night'; the doubled 'days and nights' echoes Exod 34:28 (Moses).
τεσσεράκονταfortyindeclinable numeral (modifies νύκτας)
ὕστερονafterwardtemporal adverbὕστερον: 'later, finally'; marks the hunger as the eventual outcome of the long fast.
ἐπείνασενhe was hungryAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πεινάωmain verb→ ingressive aoristπεινάω: 'be hungry, hunger'; the ingressive aorist — 'he grew hungry' — Jesus' true humanity, the hinge to the first test.
3
Καὶ προσελθὼν ὁ πειράζων εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, εἰπὲ ἵνα οἱ λίθοι οὗτοι ἄρτοι γένωνται.
And the tempter came and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, tell these stones to become loaves of bread."
Direct speech (first temptation)ΚαὶThe first temptation: 'If you are the Son of God' presses the voice from heaven (3:17), urging Jesus to use sonship to relieve his own hunger by command.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσελθὼνhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσέρχομαιcircumstantial/antecedent participle→ antecedent aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come/draw near'; a favorite Matthean verb of approach, here the tempter's advance.
ὁtheNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
πειράζωνtempterPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πειράζωsubstantival participle (subject)→ characterizing presentπειράζω: 'tempt, test'; the articular participle ὁ πειράζων = 'the tempter,' a title for the devil (cf. 1 Thess 3:5).
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say, speak'; introduces direct discourse.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)εἰ: 'if'; a first-class condition assuming the premise true for argument — 'since you are the Son of God,' twisting the test.
υἱὸςSonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'Son'; anarthrous and fronted — 'a son of God' / 'God's Son,' picking up the baptismal declaration.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (protasis, copula)→ stative present
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationshipθεός: 'God'; the relationship the devil would have Jesus exploit.
εἰπὲtell/speakAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive/effective aorist imperativeλέγω: 'say, command'; 'speak the word' — tempting Jesus to a self-serving miracle by mere fiat.
ἵναthatconjunction (content/result clause)ἵνα: here introducing the content of the command (object clause), not strict purpose.
οἱtheNominativearticle
λίθοιstonesNominativesubject of γένωνταιλίθος: 'stone'; the desert stones, ironically resembling loaves.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative (attributive)
ἄρτοιloavesNominativepredicate nominative (of γένωνται)ἄρτος: 'bread, loaf'; the staple that hunger craves — the bait of the first test.
γένωνταιmay becomeAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · γίνομαιverb of the ἵνα clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveγίνομαι: 'become, come to be'; the subjunctive after ἵνα — the requested transformation.
4
ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· Γέγραπται· Οὐκ ἐπ’ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ παντὶ ῥήματι ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος θεοῦ.
But he answered and said, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.'"
OT citation (Deut 8:3)δὲJesus' first rebuttal cites Deut 8:3 — the lesson Israel was to learn in the wilderness fast: dependence on God's word over physical bread. 'It is written' becomes the threefold refrain.
ὁheNominativesubject (article as pronoun, ὁ δέ)ὁ δέ: 'but he'; the article used pronominally to mark the change of speaker — a classic narrative idiom.
δὲbutadversative/continuative conjunction
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic participle of speaking→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply'; the Semitic 'answered and said' idiom (deponent passive form).
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
Γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωcitation formula→ intensive perfect (abiding authority)γράφω: 'write'; the perfect 'it stands written' invokes the abiding, settled authority of Scripture — Jesus' weapon in all three tests.
Οὐκnotnegative particle (with ζήσεται)οὐ: 'not'; objective negation of the indicative.
ἐπ’on/bypreposition + dative (basis/means)ἐπί: + dative here marks the basis on which life rests.
ἄρτῳbreadDativeobject of ἐπί (basis of life)ἄρτος: 'bread'; physical sustenance, contrasted with God's word.
μόνῳaloneDativeattributive adjectiveμόνος: 'only, alone'; the decisive qualifier — not by bread by itself.
ζήσεταιshall liveFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (citation)→ gnomic/predictive futureζάω: 'live'; the future as a general maxim drawn from Deut 8:3 (LXX).
ὁtheNominativearticle (generic)
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject (generic)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being, man'; generic — humankind as such lives by more than bread.
ἀλλ’butstrong adversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but rather'; sets the true ground of life against the false.
ἐπὶbypreposition + dative (basis/means)
παντὶeveryDativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every, all'; embraces the whole of God's spoken word.
ῥήματιwordDativeobject of ἐπί (true basis of life)ῥῆμα: 'word, utterance'; the spoken word/saying of God — what truly sustains life.
ἐκπορευομένῳproceedingPres Mid Ptc · Dat Sg Neut · ἐκπορεύομαιattributive participle (modifies ῥήματι)→ characterizing presentἐκπορεύομαι: 'go/come out, proceed'; the word as continually issuing from God's mouth.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of διά (instrument/source)στόμα: 'mouth'; anthropomorphic — the word as God's own utterance.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source/possessionθεός: 'God'; the source of the life-giving word.
5
Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν, καὶ ἔστησεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸ πτερύγιον τοῦ ἱεροῦ,
Then the devil took him along into the holy city and set him on the pinnacle of the temple,
Narrative onset (second temptation)ΤότεThe second temptation shifts scene to Jerusalem; the vivid historical present παραλαμβάνει heightens the narrative as the devil stages the test at the temple's height.
Τότεthentemporal adverb (narrative connective)τότε: 'then'; advances to the second temptation.
παραλαμβάνειtakes alongPres Act Indic 3 Sg · παραλαμβάνωmain verb (historical present)→ historical present (vivid)παραλαμβάνω: 'take along, take with'; the present tense renders the action vivid and immediate.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ὁtheNominativearticle
διάβολοςdevilNominativesubjectδιάβολος: 'devil, slanderer'; the tempter named again as the agent.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἁγίανholyAccusativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy'; 'the holy city' = Jerusalem (cf. 27:53), site of the temple.
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city'; here Jerusalem, designated by the epithet 'holy.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔστησενset/stoodAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (transitive aorist)→ constative aoristἵστημι: transitive in the 1st aorist — 'set, place, station'; the devil positions Jesus at the height.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πτερύγιονpinnacleAccusativeobject of ἐπί (place)πτερύγιον: dimin. of πτέρυξ ('wing') — 'little wing,' i.e. a pinnacle, parapet, or highest point of the temple.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἱεροῦtempleGenitivegenitive (of the whole/possession)ἱερόν: 'temple (precinct)'; the whole sanctuary complex, of which the pinnacle is a part.
6
καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ· Εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ, βάλε σεαυτὸν κάτω· γέγραπται γὰρ ὅτι Τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ ἐντελεῖται περὶ σοῦ καὶ ἐπὶ χειρῶν ἀροῦσίν σε, μήποτε προσκόψῃς πρὸς λίθον τὸν πόδα σου.
and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down; for it is written, 'He will command his angels concerning you,' and 'On their hands they will bear you up, lest you strike your foot against a stone.'"
Direct speech / OT citation (Ps 91:11–12)καὶThe devil now wields Scripture himself, quoting Ps 91:11–12 (omitting 'in all your ways'), tempting Jesus to test God's protection by a spectacular leap.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historical present)→ historical present (vivid)λέγω: 'say'; the present keeps the scene vivid.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Εἰifconjunction (first-class condition)εἰ: 'if'; again first-class — pressing the assumed sonship.
υἱὸςSonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'Son'; the repeated challenge to Jesus' divine sonship.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (protasis, copula)→ stative present
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationship
βάλεthrowAor Act Impv 2 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (imperative)→ effective aorist imperativeβάλλω: 'throw, cast'; the devil's demand for a self-endangering display.
σεαυτὸνyourselfAccusativereflexive direct objectσεαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun, 2nd sg. — 'yourself.'
κάτωdownadverb of directionκάτω: 'down, below'; the leap from the pinnacle.
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωcitation formula→ intensive perfect (abiding authority)γράφω: 'write'; the devil parrots Jesus' own formula, citing Scripture to mislead.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative ὅτι, introduces quotation)ὅτι: recitative, functioning as quotation marks before the citation.
ΤοῖςtheDativearticle
ἀγγέλοιςangelsDativedative object of ἐντελεῖταιἄγγελος: 'angel, messenger'; the protective angels of Ps 91:11.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐντελεῖταιhe will commandFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐντέλλομαιmain verb (citation)→ predictive futureἐντέλλομαι: 'command, charge, give orders'; God's charge to the angels for protection.
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of περί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
χειρῶνhandsGenitiveobject of ἐπί (place)χείρ: 'hand'; the angels' upholding hands.
ἀροῦσίνthey will bear upFut Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb (citation)→ predictive futureαἴρω: 'lift, take up, bear'; the angels will carry him so he is not hurt.
σεyouAccusativedirect object
μήποτεlestconjunction (negative purpose)μήποτε: 'lest, that ... not'; introduces the feared outcome to be averted.
προσκόψῃςyou strikeAor Act Subj 2 Sg · προσκόπτωverb of negative-purpose clause→ constative aorist subjunctiveπροσκόπτω: 'strike against, stumble'; the danger the angels prevent.
πρὸςagainstpreposition + accusative (against)
λίθονa stoneAccusativeobject of πρόςλίθος: 'stone'; the obstacle against which the foot might strike.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πόδαfootAccusativedirect object of προσκόψῃςπούς: 'foot'; the member protected from injury.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
7
ἔφη αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Πάλιν γέγραπται· Οὐκ ἐκπειράσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου.
Jesus said to him, "Again it is written, 'You shall not put the Lord your God to the test.'"
OT citation (Deut 6:16)asyndetonJesus answers Scripture-misused with Scripture rightly read: Deut 6:16 (Massah) forbids putting God to the test — to leap for protection would be to tempt God, not trust him.
ἔφηsaidImpf/Aor Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb (verb of speaking)→ constative (φημί of saying)φημί: 'say, affirm'; the imperfect form ἔφη functions here as a simple narrative 'said.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ὁtheNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus; named as the one who answers.
Πάλινagainadverb (addition)πάλιν: 'again, in turn'; signals a complementary Scripture set over against the devil's misuse.
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωcitation formula→ intensive perfect (abiding authority)γράφω: 'write'; the recurring 'it stands written.'
Οὐκnotnegative particle (with ἐκπειράσεις)οὐ: 'not'; with the future indicative forms a categorical prohibition (LXX idiom).
ἐκπειράσειςyou shall put to the testFut Act Indic 2 Sg · ἐκπειράζωmain verb (citation; future of prohibition)→ imperatival futureἐκπειράζω: 'test thoroughly, put to the proof' (ἐκ-intensive of πειράζω); to demand proof of God is to fail to trust him (Deut 6:16).
κύριονLordAccusativedirect objectκύριος: 'Lord'; the LXX rendering of YHWH — the one not to be tested.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κύριονθεός: 'God'; in apposition — 'the Lord your God.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
8
Πάλιν παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς ὄρος ὑψηλὸν λίαν, καὶ δείκνυσιν αὐτῷ πάσας τὰς βασιλείας τοῦ κόσμου καὶ τὴν δόξαν αὐτῶν,
Again the devil took him along to a very high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their glory,
Narrative onset (third temptation)ΠάλινThe third and climactic temptation: from a vantage of cosmic display the devil offers the world's kingdoms — the prize Jesus will indeed inherit, but by the cross, not by compromise.
Πάλινagainadverb (narrative connective)πάλιν: 'again'; marks the renewed, third assault.
παραλαμβάνειtakes alongPres Act Indic 3 Sg · παραλαμβάνωmain verb (historical present)→ historical present (vivid)παραλαμβάνω: 'take along'; again the vivid present.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ὁtheNominativearticle
διάβολοςdevilNominativesubjectδιάβολος: 'devil.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὄροςmountainAccusativeobject of εἰςὄρος: 'mountain'; a mountain motif Matthew loves (5:1; 28:16) — here the stage of the offer.
ὑψηλὸνhighAccusativeattributive adjectiveὑψηλός: 'high, lofty'; affords the panoramic view.
λίανexceedinglyadverb (degree, modifies ὑψηλόν)λίαν: 'very, exceedingly'; intensifies the height — 'a very high mountain.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δείκνυσινshowsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δείκνυμιmain verb (historical present)→ historical present (vivid)δείκνυμι: 'show, display'; the devil exhibits the kingdoms in a sweeping vision.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
πάσαςallAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the world's realms.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
βασιλείαςkingdomsAccusativedirect object of δείκνυσινβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; the political dominions — counterpoint to the 'kingdom of heaven' (v.17).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
κόσμουworldGenitivegenitive (partitive/of the whole)κόσμος: 'world'; the inhabited order over which the kingdoms range.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
δόξανgloryAccusativedirect object (coordinate)δόξα: 'glory, splendor'; the magnificence of these realms, the lure of the offer.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
9
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ταῦτά σοι πάντα δώσω, ἐὰν πεσὼν προσκυνήσῃς μοι.
and said to him, "All these I will give you, if you will fall down and worship me."
Direct speech (the offer)καὶThe naked demand: the kingdoms for an act of worship. The fronted Ταῦτά … πάντα stresses the all-encompassing bribe; the price is idolatry.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Ταῦτάthese thingsAccusativedirect object (demonstrative, fronted)οὗτος: 'this'; neuter plural 'these things' — the kingdoms and their glory, emphatically first.
σοιto youDativeindirect object
πάνταallAccusativeattributive/appositional adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; underscores the totality offered — 'all these.'
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive/promissory futureδίδωμι: 'give'; the devil presumes to dispose of what he does not rightfully own.
ἐὰνifconjunction (third-class condition)ἐάν: 'if'; with the subjunctive, a conditional offer hinging on the act of worship.
πεσὼνfalling downAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πίπτωcircumstantial participle (means/manner)→ antecedent/coincident aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; prostration, the bodily posture of homage that precedes προσκυνέω.
προσκυνήσῃςyou worshipAor Act Subj 2 Sg · προσκυνέωverb of the ἐάν clause (protasis)→ constative aorist subjunctiveπροσκυνέω: 'do obeisance, worship'; the very reverence owed God alone — the heart of the third temptation.
μοιmeDativedative object of προσκυνήσῃς
10
τότε λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Ὕπαγε, Σατανᾶ· γέγραπται γάρ· Κύριον τὸν θεόν σου προσκυνήσεις καὶ αὐτῷ μόνῳ λατρεύσεις.
Then Jesus said to him, "Be gone, Satan! For it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and him only shall you serve.'"
OT citation (Deut 6:13)τότεJesus dismisses the adversary by name and seals the victory with Deut 6:13: worship belongs to the Lord alone. The threefold 'it is written' has overcome the threefold test.
τότεthentemporal adverb (narrative connective)τότε: 'then'; the decisive turn.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historical present)→ historical present (vivid)λέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ὁtheNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
Ὕπαγεbe gonePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ὑπάγωmain verb (imperative)→ imperative of dismissalὑπάγω: 'go away, depart'; the curt command of dismissal — 'away with you!' (the Majority text adds ὀπίσω μου, 'behind me').
ΣατανᾶSatanVocativevocative of addressΣατανᾶς: 'Satan' (Heb. śāṭān, 'adversary'); the tempter named at the moment of his rout.
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωcitation formula→ intensive perfect (abiding authority)γράφω: 'write'; the third and final 'it stands written.'
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
ΚύριονLordAccusativedirect object (fronted)κύριος: 'Lord'; YHWH, the sole object of worship — emphatically first.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativeaccusative in apposition to Κύριονθεός: 'God'; 'the Lord your God.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
προσκυνήσειςyou shall worshipFut Act Indic 2 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival futureπροσκυνέω: 'worship'; the future as command — worship is God's exclusive due (Deut 6:13).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of λατρεύσεις (fronted)
μόνῳonlyDativeattributive adjectiveμόνος: 'alone, only'; the exclusivity of true worship — him alone.
λατρεύσειςyou shall serveFut Act Indic 2 Sg · λατρεύωmain verb (imperatival future)→ imperatival futureλατρεύω: 'serve, render cultic worship'; religious service due to God alone.
11
Τότε ἀφίησιν αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄγγελοι προσῆλθον καὶ διηκόνουν αὐτῷ.
Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and were ministering to him.
Narrative resolutionΤότεThe scene closes: the defeated devil departs and angels come to serve — the very protection the devil had urged Jesus to seize is now freely given by God (cf. v.6).
Τότεthentemporal adverb (narrative connective)τότε: 'then'; closes the temptation narrative.
ἀφίησινleavesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (historical present)→ historical present (vivid)ἀφίημι: 'let go, leave, abandon'; the devil withdraws — defeated 'until an opportune time' (cf. Luke 4:13).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ὁtheNominativearticle
διάβολοςdevilNominativesubjectδιάβολος: 'devil'; named for the last time in the scene as he departs.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (attention-marker)ἰδού: 'behold, look'; frozen aorist imperative of εἶδον, a Semitic-flavored attention-getter Matthew favors.
ἄγγελοιangelsNominativesubjectἄγγελος: 'angel'; God's servants, given (not seized) — answering the misused Ps 91.
προσῆλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come/draw near'; the angels' approach to minister.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διηκόνουνwere ministeringImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · διακονέωmain verb→ imperfect (durative/ongoing service)διακονέω: 'serve, wait on'; the imperfect pictures sustained care — perhaps providing food, after the fast.
αὐτῷto himDativedative object of διηκόνουν
12
Ἀκούσας δὲ ὅτι Ἰωάννης παρεδόθη ἀνεχώρησεν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν.
Now when he heard that John had been arrested, he withdrew into Galilee.
Narrative transition (temporal)δὲA new movement: John's arrest is the cue for Jesus' withdrawal to Galilee, where the public ministry begins — and where prophecy is fulfilled.
Ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωtemporal/causal participle→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; the report of John's arrest reaches Jesus and prompts his move.
δὲnowtransitional conjunctionδέ: 'now, but'; marks the shift to a new scene.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)ὅτι: 'that'; introduces the content heard.
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubject of παρεδόθηἸωάννης: John (the Baptist); his arrest signals the handover from forerunner to Messiah.
παρεδόθηwas handed over/arrestedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιverb of the ὅτι clause→ constative aorist (divine passive overtone)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over, deliver up'; the same verb later used of Jesus' own betrayal — John foreshadows the Messiah's fate.
ἀνεχώρησενwithdrewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναχωρέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναχωρέω: 'withdraw, depart'; a Matthean motif of strategic retreat (2:12–14, 22), not mere flight.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ΓαλιλαίανGalileeAccusativeobject of εἰς (place to which)Γαλιλαία: Galilee (declines as 1st-decl.); the northern region, the locus of Jesus' early ministry.
13
καὶ καταλιπὼν τὴν Ναζαρὰ ἐλθὼν κατῴκησεν εἰς Καφαρναοὺμ τὴν παραθαλασσίαν ἐν ὁρίοις Ζαβουλὼν καὶ Νεφθαλίμ·
And leaving Nazareth, he went and dwelt in Capernaum by the sea, in the territory of Zebulun and Naphtali,
Narrative continuationκαὶThe geographic detail is theologically loaded: settling in Capernaum 'in the territory of Zebulun and Naphtali' sets up the Isaiah citation that follows.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καταλιπὼνhaving leftAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καταλείπωantecedent/circumstantial participle→ antecedent aoristκαταλείπω: 'leave behind, forsake'; Jesus relocates his base from Nazareth.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ΝαζαρὰNazarethAccusativeobject of καταλιπών (indeclinable place-name bearing acc.)Ναζαρά: Nazareth (indeclinable); Jesus' hometown, now left for Capernaum.
ἐλθὼνhaving come/goneAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant)→ coincident aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; the movement to the new dwelling.
κατῴκησενdweltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb→ ingressive aorist (took up residence)κατοικέω: 'settle, take up residence'; more than a visit — Capernaum becomes 'his own city' (9:1).
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (pregnant 'into > in')εἰς: here with κατοικέω in a 'pregnant' sense — went into and settled in.
ΚαφαρναοὺμCapernaumAccusativeobject of εἰς (indeclinable place-name bearing acc.)Καφαρναούμ: Capernaum (indeclinable); the lakeside town that becomes the hub of Galilean ministry.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (with the following adj.)
παραθαλασσίανby the seaAccusativeattributive adjective (modifies Καφαρναούμ)παραθαλάσσιος: 'beside the sea, lakeside'; locates Capernaum on the Sea of Galilee.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ὁρίοιςterritoryDativeobject of ἐν (place)ὅριον: 'boundary, region, territory' (usually plural); the tribal lands referenced in Isaiah.
Ζαβουλὼνof ZebulunGenitivegenitive of definition (indeclinable tribal name)Ζαβουλών: Zebulun (indeclinable); one of the northern tribes named in Isa 9:1.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
Νεφθαλίμof NaphtaliGenitivegenitive of definition (indeclinable tribal name)Νεφθαλίμ: Naphtali (indeclinable); the second northern tribe of Isa 9:1.
14
ἵνα πληρωθῇ τὸ ῥηθὲν διὰ Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος·
so that what was spoken through Isaiah the prophet might be fulfilled, saying:
Fulfillment formulaἵναMatthew's characteristic fulfillment formula: the move to Galilee is no accident but the realization of Isaiah's word.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose/result of fulfillment)ἵνα: 'in order that'; in the fulfillment formula, marking the prophetic purpose realized.
πληρωθῇmight be fulfilledAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · πληρόωverb of the ἵνα clause→ constative aorist subjunctive (divine passive)πληρόω: 'fill, fulfill'; the keyword of Matthew's fulfillment quotations — Scripture brought to completion.
τὸthe (thing)Nominativearticle (substantizes the participle)
ῥηθὲνspokenAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · λέγω (εἶπον/ἐρρέθην)substantival participle (subject of πληρωθῇ)→ antecedent aorist (divine passive)λέγω/ῥέω: 'say, speak'; 'that which was spoken' — the prophetic utterance, here through Isaiah.
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (intermediate agency)διά: + genitive; God speaks 'through' the prophet as intermediary.
ἨσαΐουIsaiahGenitiveobject of διά (intermediate agent)Ἠσαΐας: Isaiah; the prophet whose words Matthew cites.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
προφήτουprophetGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ἠσαΐουπροφήτης: 'prophet'; identifies Isaiah's office.
λέγοντοςsayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple agreeing with Ἠσαΐου/προφήτου (introduces quotation)→ characterizing presentλέγω: 'say'; the genitive participle leads into the citation.
15
Γῆ Ζαβουλὼν καὶ γῆ Νεφθαλίμ, ὁδὸν θαλάσσης, πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου, Γαλιλαία τῶν ἐθνῶν,
"Land of Zebulun and land of Naphtali, the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations —
OT citation (Isa 8:23)asyndetonThe first half of the Isaiah citation names the region — once humbled, on the trade road, 'Galilee of the nations' — the very place now honored by the Messiah's presence.
ΓῆlandNominativenominative (address/topic in citation)γῆ: 'land, earth'; the territory addressed — nominative of naming.
Ζαβουλὼνof ZebulunGenitivegenitive of definition (indeclinable)Ζαβουλών: Zebulun (indeclinable); the tribal land.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γῆlandNominativenominative (address/topic)γῆ: 'land'; coordinate with the first.
Νεφθαλίμof NaphtaliGenitivegenitive of definition (indeclinable)Νεφθαλίμ: Naphtali (indeclinable).
ὁδὸνwayAccusativeadverbial accusative (direction/locale: 'toward the sea')ὁδός: 'way, road'; ὁδὸν θαλάσσης = the coastal/sea road (Via Maris), an accusative of place.
θαλάσσηςof the seaGenitivegenitive (defining ὁδόν)θάλασσα: 'sea'; here the Mediterranean route — 'the way of the sea.'
πέρανbeyondimproper preposition + genitive (place)πέραν: 'on the other side, beyond'; functions as a preposition governing τοῦ Ἰορδάνου.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸορδάνουJordanGenitiveobject of πέρανἸορδάνης: the Jordan; the river marking the region's eastern bound.
ΓαλιλαίαGalileeNominativenominative (in apposition / naming)Γαλιλαία: Galilee (declines); 'Galilee of the nations' — mixed-Gentile region, fittingly first to see the light.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἐθνῶνnations/GentilesGenitiveattributive genitive (defines Γαλιλαία)ἔθνος: 'nation'; the plural = the Gentiles — Galilee's mixed population anticipates the gospel's reach.
16
ὁ λαὸς ὁ καθήμενος ἐν σκότει φῶς εἶδεν μέγα, καὶ τοῖς καθημένοις ἐν χώρᾳ καὶ σκιᾷ θανάτου φῶς ἀνέτειλεν αὐτοῖς.
the people sitting in darkness have seen a great light, and on those sitting in the region and shadow of death, a light has dawned upon them."
OT citation (Isa 9:1)asyndetonThe citation's climax: light has dawned on those sitting in darkness and death's shadow — the Messiah's arrival in Galilee is the rising of that promised light.
ὁtheNominativearticle
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of εἶδενλαός: 'people'; the inhabitants of the darkened land.
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle (with attributive participle)
καθήμενοςsittingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κάθημαιattributive participle (modifies λαός)→ characterizing present (settled state)κάθημαι: 'sit, be seated, dwell'; the posture of those settled in darkness — fixed, hopeless.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
σκότειdarknessDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)σκότος: 'darkness'; spiritual gloom, the condition the light dispels.
φῶςlightAccusativedirect object of εἶδενφῶς: 'light'; the dawning salvation — fulfilled in Jesus' coming.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράω (εἶδον)main verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the people 'have seen' the great light.
μέγαgreatAccusativeattributive adjective (modifies φῶς)μέγας: 'great'; the magnitude of the dawning light.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςto thoseDativearticle (with substantival participle)
καθημένοιςsittingPres Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · κάθημαιsubstantival participle (dat. of advantage/locale)→ characterizing presentκάθημαι: 'sit, dwell'; those settled in the land of death's shadow.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
χώρᾳregionDativeobject of ἐν (place)χώρα: 'region, country'; the realm under death's shadow.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σκιᾷshadowDativeobject of ἐν (coordinate)σκιά: 'shadow, shade'; 'shadow of death' — the deepest gloom, dispelled by light.
θανάτουof deathGenitiveattributive genitive (defines χώρᾳ/σκιᾷ)θάνατος: 'death'; the genitive renders the Hebrew ṣalmāwet — 'deep darkness / death's shadow.'
φῶςlightNominativesubject of ἀνέτειλενφῶς: 'light'; the dawning light, now the grammatical subject.
ἀνέτειλενhas dawned/risenAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνατέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνατέλλω: 'rise, dawn' (of the sun/light); the messianic light has risen upon them.
αὐτοῖςupon themDativedative of advantage (resumptive, Semitic)αὐτός: resumptive 'them' — a Semitic pleonastic dative echoing τοῖς καθημένοις.
17
Ἀπὸ τότε ἤρξατο ὁ Ἰησοῦς κηρύσσειν καὶ λέγειν· Μετανοεῖτε, ἤγγικεν γὰρ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν.
From that time Jesus began to preach and to say, "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven has drawn near."
Narrative turning-point / proclamationἈπὸ τότεἈπὸ τότε marks a major Matthean hinge (cf. 16:21): Jesus' public proclamation begins, summed up in the very message of John (3:2) — repentance in light of the nearness of the kingdom.
Ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (temporal source)ἀπό: 'from'; ἀπὸ τότε = 'from that time on,' a structural marker in Matthew.
τότεthat timetemporal adverb (object of ἀπό)τότε: 'then, that time'; here governed by ἀπό as the starting point of the ministry.
ἤρξατοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb (with complementary infinitives)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin'; inaugurates the proclamation phase of Jesus' work.
ὁtheNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject
κηρύσσεινto preachPres Act Inf · κηρύσσωcomplementary infinitive (of ἤρξατο)→ present infinitive (ongoing)κηρύσσω: 'proclaim, herald'; to announce as a herald — public proclamation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγεινto sayPres Act Inf · λέγωcomplementary infinitive (of ἤρξατο)→ present infinitive (ongoing)λέγω: 'say'; introduces the content of the preaching.
ΜετανοεῖτεrepentPres Act Impv 2 Pl · μετανοέωmain verb of the proclamation (imperative)→ present imperative (ongoing demand)μετανοέω: 'change the mind, repent' (μετά + νοέω); a radical reorientation of life — the fitting response to the kingdom's nearness.
ἤγγικενhas drawn nearPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωmain verb (causal clause)→ consummative perfect (an arrived, present nearness)ἐγγίζω: 'come near, approach'; the perfect denotes a nearness now reached and remaining — the kingdom is at hand.
γὰρforcausal conjunctionγάρ: 'for'; grounds the call to repent in the kingdom's arrival.
ἡtheNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of ἤγγικενβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; God's saving rule — the central theme of Jesus' preaching.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitivegenitive of source/reverent periphrasisοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the plural 'of the heavens' is Matthew's reverential circumlocution for 'of God.'
18
Περιπατῶν δὲ παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν τῆς Γαλιλαίας εἶδεν δύο ἀδελφούς, Σίμωνα τὸν λεγόμενον Πέτρον καὶ Ἀνδρέαν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ, βάλλοντας ἀμφίβληστρον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν· ἦσαν γὰρ ἁλεεῖς.
As he was walking beside the Sea of Galilee, he saw two brothers, Simon who is called Peter and Andrew his brother, casting a net into the sea; for they were fishermen.
Narrative transition (call of disciples)δὲThe first call-narrative: the walking Jesus 'sees' and summons; the parenthetical 'for they were fishermen' grounds the metaphor he is about to use.
ΠεριπατῶνwalkingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · περιπατέωtemporal/circumstantial participle→ concurrent presentπεριπατέω: 'walk about'; sets the scene of the lakeside encounter.
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
παρὰbesidepreposition + accusative (alongside)παρά: + accusative, 'alongside, by'; the shoreline setting.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of παράθάλασσα: 'sea, lake'; the Sea of Galilee (Lake Gennesaret).
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ΓαλιλαίαςGalileeGenitivegenitive (defines θάλασσαν)Γαλιλαία: Galilee (declines); names the lake.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράω (εἶδον)main verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; Jesus' perceiving glance that initiates the call.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (modifies ἀδελφούς)δύο: 'two'; the first pair of brothers.
ἀδελφούςbrothersAccusativedirect object of εἶδενἀδελφός: 'brother'; Simon and Andrew, kin and partners.
ΣίμωναSimonAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀδελφούςΣίμων: Simon; the first-named disciple, soon Peter.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (with participle)
λεγόμενονcalledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · λέγωattributive participle (modifies Σίμωνα)→ characterizing presentλέγω (pass.): 'be called, named'; flags the surname Peter (cf. 16:18).
ΠέτρονPeterAccusativeaccusative (complement of λεγόμενον)Πέτρος: 'Rock, Peter'; the name Jesus gives Simon — proleptically used here.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἈνδρέανAndrewAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀδελφούςἈνδρέας: Andrew; Simon's brother.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativeaccusative in apposition (defines Andrew)ἀδελφός: 'brother'; specifies the relationship.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
βάλλονταςcastingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · βάλλωcircumstantial participle (modifies ἀδελφούς; their activity)→ concurrent presentβάλλω: 'throw, cast'; depicts the brothers at their trade.
ἀμφίβληστρονnetAccusativedirect object of βάλλονταςἀμφίβληστρον: 'casting-net'; a round net thrown from the shore or a boat.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of εἰςθάλασσα: 'sea, lake.'
ἦσανthey wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (parenthetical)→ imperfect (background description)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἁλεεῖςfishermenNominativepredicate nominativeἁλιεύς: 'fisherman'; their trade — soon transposed into 'fishers of men.'
19
καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Δεῦτε ὀπίσω μου, καὶ ποιήσω ὑμᾶς ἁλεεῖς ἀνθρώπων.
And he said to them, "Come, follow me, and I will make you fishers of men."
Direct speech (the summons)καὶThe summons is sheer authority: a call to follow and a promise to transform their vocation — fishers of fish become fishers of people.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historical present)→ historical present (vivid)λέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ΔεῦτεcomeAdv/Impv 2 Pl · δεῦτεhortative adverb (functioning as plural imperative 'come!')δεῦτε: 'come!'; an indeclinable hortatory adverb serving as the plural of δεῦρο — a summons to follow.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (behind)ὀπίσω: 'behind, after'; ὀπίσω μου = 'after me' — discipleship as walking behind the master.
μουmeGenitiveobject of ὀπίσω
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
ποιήσωI will makeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ promissory futureποιέω: 'make, do'; the promise to refashion their calling.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
ἁλεεῖςfishersAccusativeobject complement (predicate accusative)ἁλιεύς: 'fisher'; the new vocation — gathering people for the kingdom.
ἀνθρώπωνof menGenitiveobjective genitive (defines ἁλεεῖς)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; the object of the new 'fishing' — the mission to people.
20
οἱ δὲ εὐθέως ἀφέντες τὰ δίκτυα ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ.
And immediately they left their nets and followed him.
Narrative responseδὲThe instant, unconditional response — εὐθέως — models discipleship: nets (their livelihood) abandoned at once for Jesus.
οἱtheyNominativesubject (article as pronoun, οἱ δέ)οἱ δέ: 'and they'; the article pronominal, marking the brothers' response.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθέως: 'at once, immediately'; the promptness of their obedience.
ἀφέντεςhaving leftAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀφίημιantecedent/circumstantial participle→ antecedent aoristἀφίημι: 'leave, let go'; the surrender of their means of living.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δίκτυαnetsAccusativedirect object of ἀφέντεςδίκτυον: 'net'; the general word for fishing-nets — their trade left behind.
ἠκολούθησανfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ ingressive aorist (set out to follow)ἀκολουθέω: 'follow, accompany'; the technical verb for discipleship — to follow as a disciple.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἠκολούθησαν
21
Καὶ προβὰς ἐκεῖθεν εἶδεν ἄλλους δύο ἀδελφούς, Ἰάκωβον τὸν τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου καὶ Ἰωάννην τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ, ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ μετὰ Ζεβεδαίου τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῶν καταρτίζοντας τὰ δίκτυα αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐκάλεσεν αὐτούς.
And going on from there, he saw two other brothers, James the son of Zebedee and John his brother, in the boat with Zebedee their father, mending their nets, and he called them.
Narrative continuation (second call)ΚαὶThe pattern repeats with a second pair: James and John, found with their father in the boat — the setting that makes their leaving (v.22) all the more striking.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προβὰςgoing onAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προβαίνωcircumstantial participle (of movement)→ antecedent aoristπροβαίνω: 'go forward, advance'; Jesus moves further along the shore.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of place (whence)ἐκεῖθεν: 'from there, thence.'
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράω (εἶδον)main verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
ἄλλουςotherAccusativeattributive adjectiveἄλλος: 'other, another'; a second pair besides the first.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeralδύο: 'two.'
ἀδελφούςbrothersAccusativedirect object of εἶδενἀδελφός: 'brother.'
ἸάκωβονJamesAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀδελφούςἸάκωβος: James (Heb. Jacob); the elder of the Zebedee brothers.
τὸνthe (son)Accusativearticle (with following genitive, 'the [son] of')ὁ τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου: the article + genitive idiom = 'the [son] of Zebedee.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΖεβεδαίουZebedeeGenitivegenitive of relationship ('son of')Ζεβεδαῖος: Zebedee; the father of James and John.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeaccusative in apposition to ἀδελφούςἸωάννης: John; James's brother, later the beloved disciple.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativeaccusative in apposition (defines John)ἀδελφός: 'brother.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
πλοίῳboatDativeobject of ἐν (place)πλοῖον: 'boat, ship'; the fishing vessel — part of what they will leave.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
ΖεβεδαίουZebedeeGenitiveobject of μετά (accompaniment)Ζεβεδαῖος: Zebedee; present in the boat — the family bond left behind.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πατρὸςfatherGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ζεβεδαίουπατήρ: 'father'; specifies the relationship.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of relationship
καταρτίζονταςmendingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · καταρτίζωcircumstantial participle (their activity; modifies ἀδελφούς)→ concurrent presentκαταρτίζω: 'put in order, mend, restore'; repairing the nets for the next catch.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δίκτυαnetsAccusativedirect object of καταρτίζονταςδίκτυον: 'net.'
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκάλεσενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, summon'; the authoritative call to discipleship.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
22
οἱ δὲ εὐθέως ἀφέντες τὸ πλοῖον καὶ τὸν πατέρα αὐτῶν ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ.
And immediately they left the boat and their father and followed him.
Narrative responseδὲParallel to v.20, but the cost is heightened: not only the boat but 'their father' is left — discipleship outweighs even family ties.
οἱtheyNominativesubject (article as pronoun, οἱ δέ)οἱ δέ: 'and they'; pronominal article.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθέως: 'at once'; the same prompt obedience as the first pair.
ἀφέντεςhaving leftAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀφίημιantecedent/circumstantial participle→ antecedent aoristἀφίημι: 'leave, let go'; here boat and father alike.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πλοῖονboatAccusativedirect object of ἀφέντεςπλοῖον: 'boat'; their livelihood left behind.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραfatherAccusativedirect object (coordinate)πατήρ: 'father'; the family bond surrendered for the call.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἠκολούθησανfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ ingressive aorist (set out to follow)ἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; the discipleship verb again.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἠκολούθησαν
23
Καὶ περιῆγεν ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ, διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ πᾶσαν μαλακίαν ἐν τῷ λαῷ.
And he went about in all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues and preaching the gospel of the kingdom and healing every disease and every sickness among the people.
Summary of ministryΚαὶA programmatic summary (echoed at 9:35): three participles — teaching, preaching, healing — sketch the whole shape of Jesus' Galilean ministry, framing the Sermon (5–7) and the miracles (8–9).
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιῆγενwent aboutImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · περιάγωmain verb→ imperfect (customary/iterative)περιάγω: 'go around, travel about'; the imperfect pictures an itinerant ministry through the region.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ὅλῃallDativeattributive adjectiveὅλος: 'whole, all'; the entire region covered.
τῇtheDativearticle
ΓαλιλαίᾳGalileeDativeobject of ἐν (place)Γαλιλαία: Galilee (declines); the sphere of the ministry.
διδάσκωνteachingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διδάσκωcircumstantial participle of manner (modifies the subject)→ concurrent present (ongoing)διδάσκω: 'teach'; the first facet — instruction in the synagogues (cf. ch. 5–7).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
συναγωγαῖςsynagoguesDativeobject of ἐν (place)συναγωγή: 'synagogue, assembly'; the local gathering-places for teaching.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κηρύσσωνpreachingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κηρύσσωcircumstantial participle of manner→ concurrent present (ongoing)κηρύσσω: 'proclaim, herald'; the second facet — announcing the kingdom's good news.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
εὐαγγέλιονgospelAccusativedirect object of κηρύσσωνεὐαγγέλιον: 'good news, gospel'; 'the gospel of the kingdom' — its content is the inbreaking reign.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
βασιλείαςkingdomGenitiveobjective/descriptive genitive (defines εὐαγγέλιον)βασιλεία: 'kingdom'; the subject-matter of the good news.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θεραπεύωνhealingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · θεραπεύωcircumstantial participle of manner→ concurrent present (ongoing)θεραπεύω: 'heal, cure'; the third facet — the powerful deeds attesting the kingdom (chs. 8–9).
πᾶσανeveryAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every, all'; the comprehensiveness of the healing.
νόσονdiseaseAccusativedirect object of θεραπεύωννόσος: 'disease, illness'; serious bodily affliction.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πᾶσανeveryAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every.'
μαλακίανsicknessAccusativedirect object (coordinate)μαλακία: 'weakness, sickness, infirmity'; paired with νόσος for the full range of ailments.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῷtheDativearticle
λαῷpeopleDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)λαός: 'people'; the Israelite populace among whom Jesus ministered.
24
καὶ ἀπῆλθεν ἡ ἀκοὴ αὐτοῦ εἰς ὅλην τὴν Συρίαν· καὶ προσήνεγκαν αὐτῷ πάντας τοὺς κακῶς ἔχοντας ποικίλαις νόσοις καὶ βασάνοις συνεχομένους, δαιμονιζομένους καὶ σεληνιαζομένους καὶ παραλυτικούς, καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτούς.
And the report of him went out into all Syria, and they brought to him all who were ill, afflicted with various diseases and torments, demon-possessed, epileptics, and paralytics, and he healed them.
Narrative result (spreading fame)καὶThe fame spreads beyond Galilee into Syria; a catalogue of the afflicted brought to Jesus illustrates the scope of v.23's 'every disease' — and the universal reach of his healing power.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, go out'; the report's spreading abroad.
ἡtheNominativearticle
ἀκοὴreportNominativesubject of ἀπῆλθενἀκοή: 'hearing, report, news'; the spreading fame of Jesus.
αὐτοῦof himGenitiveobjective genitive ('news about him')
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (extent/direction)
ὅληνallAccusativeattributive adjectiveὅλος: 'whole, all'; the report reached the entire province.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ΣυρίανSyriaAccusativeobject of εἰςΣυρία: Syria (declines); the larger Roman province north of Galilee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσήνεγκανthey broughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb (impersonal 'they')→ constative aoristπροσφέρω: 'bring to, offer'; people brought the sick to Jesus.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
πάνταςallAccusativesubstantival adjective (direct object)πᾶς: 'all'; the totality of the afflicted brought to him.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (with participle)
κακῶςilladverb (with ἔχοντας: 'being ill')κακῶς: 'badly, ill'; κακῶς ἔχειν = idiom for 'to be sick.'
ἔχονταςhaving/beingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (with κακῶς, 'the sick')→ characterizing presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; with κακῶς, 'those who were ill.'
ποικίλαιςvariousDativeattributive adjectiveποικίλος: 'varied, of many kinds'; the diversity of the ailments.
νόσοιςdiseasesDativedative of means/cause (with συνεχομένους)νόσος: 'disease'; the various illnesses gripping them.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βασάνοιςtormentsDativedative of means/cause (coordinate)βάσανος: 'torture, torment'; acute pains/afflictions.
συνεχομένουςafflicted/grippedPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · συνέχωattributive participle (modifies τοὺς … ἔχοντας)→ characterizing present (passive)συνέχω: 'hold together, grip, distress'; the passive — 'seized/afflicted by.'
δαιμονιζομένουςdemon-possessedPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · δαιμονίζομαιsubstantival participle (a class of the afflicted)→ characterizing presentδαιμονίζομαι: 'be demon-possessed'; those under demonic affliction.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σεληνιαζομένουςepilepticsPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · σεληνιάζομαιsubstantival participle (a class of the afflicted)→ characterizing presentσεληνιάζομαι: lit. 'be moon-struck' (σελήνη, 'moon'); the term for epileptic seizures.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παραλυτικούςparalyticsAccusativesubstantival adjective (a class of the afflicted)παραλυτικός: 'paralyzed, paralytic'; those with paralysis.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐθεράπευσενhe healedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θεραπεύωmain verb→ constative aorist (summary)θεραπεύω: 'heal, cure'; the comprehensive healing of all brought.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
25
καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἱεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου.
And great crowds followed him from Galilee and the Decapolis and Jerusalem and Judea and beyond the Jordan.
Narrative result (gathering crowds)καὶThe chapter closes with great crowds drawn from a sweeping geography — the whole land and beyond — setting the audience for the Sermon on the Mount (5:1).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠκολούθησανfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; here of the crowds — following in a broader sense than the disciples' commitment.
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ἠκολούθησαν
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd, multitude'; the great throngs drawn to Jesus.
πολλοὶgreat/manyNominativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'much, many, great'; the size of the gathering.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ΓαλιλαίαςGalileeGenitiveobject of ἀπό (source)Γαλιλαία: Galilee (declines); the home region.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΔεκαπόλεωςDecapolisGenitiveobject of ἀπό (coordinate source)Δεκάπολις: the Decapolis (lit. 'Ten Cities'); the Hellenistic league east/southeast of Galilee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἹεροσολύμωνJerusalemGenitiveobject of ἀπό (coordinate source)Ἱεροσόλυμα: Jerusalem; the holy city (neut. pl. form), part of the gathering's reach.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸουδαίαςJudeaGenitiveobject of ἀπό (coordinate source)Ἰουδαία: Judea (declines); the southern region.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πέρανbeyondimproper preposition + genitive (place)πέραν: 'beyond, across'; governs τοῦ Ἰορδάνου — the Transjordan (Perea).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸορδάνουJordanGenitiveobject of πέρανἸορδάνης: the Jordan; the river bounding the eastern region from which crowds came.