Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Revelation to John, Chapter 2ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΙΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ Β′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ἐκκλησίας γράψον· Τάδε λέγει ὁ κρατῶν τοὺς ἑπτὰ ἀστέρας ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ, ὁ περιπατῶν ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἑπτὰ λυχνιῶν τῶν χρυσῶν·

To the angel of the church in Ephesus write: These things says the one who holds the seven stars in his right hand, who walks among the seven golden lampstands:

Oracle opening (Ephesus)asyndetonThe first of four letters: the fixed address-and-self-predication frame, the self-description drawn from the inaugural vision of 1:13, 16, 20.
Τῷto theDativearticle
ἀγγέλῳangel/messengerDativeindirect object (addressee of γράψον)ἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; the 'angel' of each church — a guardian angel, the bishop/leader, or a personification of the congregation (much debated).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ἘφέσῳEphesusDativedat. of placeἜφεσος: Ephesus, chief city of the province of Asia, first of the seven cities on the circular route.
ἐκκλησίαςchurchGenitivegenitive of relationship (the angel's church)ἐκκλησία: 'assembly, congregation'; the gathered Christian community of the city.
γράψονwriteAor Act Impv 2 Sg · γράφωmain verb (command to John)→ ingressive aorist imperativeγράφω: 'write'; the dictating command repeated at the head of each oracle (cf. 1:11, 19).
Τάδεthese thingsAccusativedirect object of λέγειὅδε: 'this'; τάδε λέγει renders the prophetic 'thus says (the Lord)' formula (LXX) — a divine messenger-oracle now on Christ's lips.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (introduces the oracle)→ gnomic/declarative presentλέγω: 'say'; with τάδε, the heralding formula of an authoritative pronouncement.
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κρατῶνwho holdsPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κρατέωsubstantival participle (subject of λέγει)→ present (durative/possessive)κρατέω: 'hold fast, grasp firmly'; Christ securely holds the stars — sovereign over the churches (cf. 1:16).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativeattributive numeral (indeclinable adj.)ἑπτά: 'seven'; the number of completeness — the seven stars are the seven angels/churches (1:20).
ἀστέραςstarsAccusativedirect object of κρατῶνἀστήρ: 'star'; the seven stars = the angels of the seven churches (1:20).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
δεξιᾷright handDativedat. of place (in his right hand)δεξιός: 'right (hand)'; the position of power and protection.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
περιπατῶνwho walksPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · περιπατέωsubstantival participle (apposition to ὁ κρατῶν)→ present (durative)περιπατέω: 'walk about'; Christ moves among the lampstands — present, inspecting, and active in the churches.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
μέσῳmidstDativedat. of place (ἐν μέσῳ = 'among')μέσος: 'middle'; ἐν μέσῳ + gen. = 'in the midst of, among.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἑπτὰsevenGenitiveattributive numeral (indeclinable)
λυχνιῶνlampstandsGenitivegenitive (object of ἐν μέσῳ)λυχνία: 'lampstand'; the seven lampstands = the seven churches (1:20), evoking the temple menorah (Zech 4).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
χρυσῶνgoldenGenitiveattributive adjectiveχρυσοῦς: 'golden'; gold marks the holy, sanctuary-grade preciousness of the churches.
2

Οἶδα τὰ ἔργα σου καὶ τὸν κόπον καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου, καὶ ὅτι οὐ δύνῃ βαστάσαι κακούς, καὶ ἐπείρασας τοὺς λέγοντας ἑαυτοὺς ἀποστόλους καὶ οὐκ εἰσίν, καὶ εὗρες αὐτοὺς ψευδεῖς·

I know your works and your toil and your endurance, and that you cannot bear evil men, and you tested those who call themselves apostles and are not, and you found them false;

Commendation (the διάγνωσις)asyndetonThe diagnostic οἶδα opens the body: Christ commends Ephesus' strenuous orthodoxy — labor, endurance, and the exposure of false apostles.
ΟἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (diagnostic formula)→ perfect-with-present-force (stative)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect with present sense); the omniscient inspection opening each oracle's body.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of οἶδαἔργον: 'work, deed'; the church's concrete conduct, the basis of Christ's assessment (cf. 2:23).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κόπονtoilAccusativedirect object (epexegetic of ἔργα)κόπος: 'labor to weariness, toil'; strenuous effort — perhaps appositional to ἔργα.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὑπομονήνenduranceAccusativedirect objectὑπομονή: 'steadfast endurance' (ὑπό + μένω); patient remaining-under, a key Apocalypse virtue (1:9; 13:10).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause, object of οἶδα)
οὐnotnegative particle
δύνῃyou are ablePres Mid Indic 2 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able'; here of moral incapacity — they cannot stomach the wicked.
βαστάσαιto bearAor Act Inf · βαστάζωcomplementary infinitive (of δύνῃ)→ constative aoristβαστάζω: 'carry, bear, endure'; to tolerate or put up with.
κακούςevil menAccusativedirect object of βαστάσαικακός: 'evil, bad'; substantival — wicked persons.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπείρασαςyou testedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · πειράζωmain verb→ constative aoristπειράζω: 'test, put to the proof'; the church examined the credentials of would-be apostles (cf. 1 John 4:1).
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
λέγονταςwho callPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · λέγωsubstantival participle (object of ἐπείρασας)→ present (durative)λέγω: here 'claim, profess'; those professing themselves apostles.
ἑαυτοὺςthemselvesAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of λέγοντας)
ἀποστόλουςapostlesAccusativedouble accusative (object complement)ἀπόστολος: 'apostle, sent one'; itinerant claimants to apostolic authority (cf. 2 Cor 11:13).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (adversative force)
οὐκnotnegative particle
εἰσίνthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὗρεςyou foundAor Act Indic 2 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find, discover'; the verdict reached after testing.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of εὗρες
ψευδεῖςfalse/liarsAccusativeobject complement (predicate acc.)ψευδής: 'false, lying'; proven counterfeit — the antonym of Christ 'the faithful witness' (1:5).
3

καὶ ὑπομονὴν ἔχεις, καὶ ἐβάστασας διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου, καὶ οὐ κεκοπίακες.

and you have endurance, and you have borne up for the sake of my name, and you have not grown weary.

Commendation (continued)καὶA second commendation, framed by βαστάζω/κοπιάω wordplay (cf. v.2 κόπον): they bear burdens for the Name yet are not worn out.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑπομονὴνenduranceAccusativedirect object of ἔχειςὑπομονή: 'steadfast endurance'; the resumed key term (cf. v.2).
ἔχειςyou havePres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; here of a possessed quality.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐβάστασαςyou have borne upAor Act Indic 2 Sg · βαστάζωmain verb→ constative aoristβαστάζω: 'bear, endure'; here positively — they bore the burden of fidelity (contrast v.2, of evil men they will not bear).
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄνομάnameAccusativeobject of διά (cause)ὄνομα: 'name'; 'for my name's sake' — endurance motivated by allegiance to Christ.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐnotnegative particle
κεκοπίακεςyou have grown wearyPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · κοπιάωmain verb→ resultative perfect (abiding state)κοπιάω: 'grow weary, toil to exhaustion'; cognate with κόπος (v.2) — they have laboured without flagging.
4

ἀλλὰ ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ ὅτι τὴν ἀγάπην σου τὴν πρώτην ἀφῆκες.

But I have against you that you have abandoned your first love.

RebukeἀλλὰThe adversative ἀλλά pivots from commendation to censure: orthodoxy without love is the fatal lack.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
ἔχωI havePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω κατά τινος: idiom, 'I have [a charge] against someone.'
κατὰagainstpreposition + genitive (opposition)
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of κατά
ὅτιthatconjunction (epexegetic content clause)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀγάπηνloveAccusativedirect object of ἀφῆκεςἀγάπη: 'love'; the first/original love — for God and one another (debated which), now cooled.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (second attributive)
πρώτηνfirstAccusativeattributive adjectiveπρῶτος: 'first'; the original fervor of conversion (cf. Jer 2:2).
ἀφῆκεςyou have abandonedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'leave, let go, forsake'; the love was let drop — a decisive lapse.
5

μνημόνευε οὖν πόθεν πέπτωκας, καὶ μετανόησον καὶ τὰ πρῶτα ἔργα ποίησον· εἰ δὲ μή, ἔρχομαί σοι καὶ κινήσω τὴν λυχνίαν σου ἐκ τοῦ τόπου αὐτῆς, ἐὰν μὴ μετανοήσῃς.

Remember therefore from where you have fallen, and repent and do the first works; but if not, I am coming to you and will remove your lampstand from its place, unless you repent.

Exhortation & threatοὖνAn inferential triad of imperatives (remember, repent, do) backed by a conditional threat — the removal of the lampstand = the end of the church.
μνημόνευεrememberPres Act Impv 2 Sg · μνημονεύωmain verb (command)→ durative present imperativeμνημονεύω: 'remember, keep in mind'; the present urges ongoing recollection.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
πόθενfrom whereinterrogative adverb (indir. question)πόθεν: 'whence, from where'; the height from which they have fallen.
πέπτωκαςyou have fallenPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (indir. question)→ resultative perfect (abiding state of fallenness)πίπτω: 'fall'; the perfect marks a present fallen condition.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μετανόησονrepentAor Act Impv 2 Sg · μετανοέωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeμετανοέω: 'change the mind, repent'; the decisive turn demanded (the keyword of the oracles).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle
πρῶταfirstAccusativeattributive adjectiveπρῶτος: 'first'; the deeds of the first love (cf. v.4).
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of ποίησονἔργον: 'work, deed'; repentance must be enacted, not merely felt.
ποίησονdoAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (command)→ constative aorist imperativeποιέω: 'do, make'; resume the abandoned works.
εἰifconjunction (εἰ δὲ μή = 'otherwise')
δὲbutadversative particle
μήnotnegative (εἰ δὲ μή idiom)εἰ δὲ μή: elliptical idiom, 'otherwise, if not.'
ἔρχομαίI am comingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ futuristic present (imminence)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; a present of certain, imminent coming — judgment, not (here) the parousia.
σοιto youDativedat. of (dis)advantage / direction
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κινήσωI will removeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · κινέωmain verb→ predictive futureκινέω: 'move, dislodge'; to shift the lampstand away — extinguishing the church's witness.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
λυχνίανlampstandAccusativedirect object of κινήσωλυχνία: 'lampstand'; here the church itself (1:20) — its removal = its demise.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
τόπουplaceGenitiveobject of ἐκ (separation)τόπος: 'place, position'; its appointed standing among the churches.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐὰνunlessconjunction (ἐὰν μή, 3rd-class condition)
μὴnotnegative particle
μετανοήσῃςyou repentAor Act Subj 2 Sg · μετανοέωsubjunctive (ἐὰν μή clause)→ ingressive aoristμετανοέω: 'repent'; the condition that alone averts the threatened removal.
6

ἀλλὰ τοῦτο ἔχεις, ὅτι μισεῖς τὰ ἔργα τῶν Νικολαϊτῶν, ἃ κἀγὼ μισῶ.

But this you have, that you hate the works of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate.

Renewed commendationἀλλὰA closing concession returning to praise: shared hatred of the Nicolaitans' works aligns the church with Christ's own assessment.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object of ἔχεις (cataphoric)
ἔχειςyou havePres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have'; you have this (point in your favor).
ὅτιthatconjunction (epexegetic of τοῦτο)
μισεῖςyou hatePres Act Indic 2 Sg · μισέωmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ durative presentμισέω: 'hate, detest'; a settled abhorrence of the heretics' deeds.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of μισεῖςἔργον: 'work, deed'; the practices, not the persons, are the object of hatred.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ΝικολαϊτῶνNicolaitansGenitivegenitive of source/possessionΝικολαΐτης: 'Nicolaitan'; a libertine sect (cf. v.15; Pergamum), traditionally traced to Nicolaus (Acts 6:5), tolerating idol-food and immorality.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of μισῶ)
κἀγὼI alsoNominativesubject (crasis καί + ἐγώ, emphatic)κἀγώ: crasis of καὶ ἐγώ, 'I also'; Christ's own verdict matches the church's.
μισῶhatePres Act Indic 1 Sg · μισέωmain verb (rel. clause)→ durative presentμισέω: 'hate'; Christ shares the abhorrence — the church's discernment is approved.
7

Ὁ ἔχων οὖς ἀκουσάτω τί τὸ πνεῦμα λέγει ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις. τῷ νικῶντι δώσω αὐτῷ φαγεῖν ἐκ τοῦ ξύλου τῆς ζωῆς, ὅ ἐστιν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ τοῦ θεοῦ.

The one who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who conquers I will grant to eat from the tree of life, which is in the paradise of God.

Call to hear & conqueror's promiseasyndetonThe double-formula closing the oracle: the prophetic call to hear (cf. the Gospels) and the τῷ νικῶντι promise — here Eden's tree of life regained.
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἔχωνwho hasPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (subject of ἀκουσάτω)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have'; 'the one having an ear' — anyone able and willing to hear.
οὖςan earAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνοὖς: 'ear'; the organ of receptive obedience — the prophetic hearing-formula (cf. Mark 4:9).
ἀκουσάτωlet him hearAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (3rd-person command)→ constative aorist imperativeἀκούω: 'hear, heed'; not mere audition but obedient attention.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of λέγει)
τὸtheNominativearticle
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubject of λέγειπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Spirit speaks Christ's oracle — the words of the Son are the words of the Spirit.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (indir. question)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say'; the present underscores the living address to all the churches.
ταῖςto theDativearticle
ἐκκλησίαιςchurchesDativeindirect object (plural — all seven)ἐκκλησία: 'church'; though addressed to one, each oracle is heard by all seven.
τῷto the oneDativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
νικῶντιwho conquersPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · νικάωsubstantival participle (dat. of advantage)→ present (durative/iterative)νικάω: 'conquer, overcome'; the τῷ νικῶντι formula closes each oracle — the victor over compromise and persecution.
δώσωI will grantFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give, grant'; the resumptive αὐτῷ ('to him') is a Semitic-style redundant pronoun.
αὐτῷto himDativeresumptive pronoun (pleonastic, Semitism)
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωcomplementary infinitive (of δώσω)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat'; the gift is access to the life-giving tree.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (partitive source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ξύλουtreeGenitiveobject of ἐκ (partitive)ξύλον: 'wood, tree'; τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς = the tree of life of Eden (Gen 2:9), restored in the New Jerusalem (Rev 22:2).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ζωῆςlifeGenitiveattributive/epexegetic genitiveζωή: 'life'; the tree that confers eternal life — paradise regained.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula, rel. clause)→ stative present
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
παραδείσῳparadiseDativedat. of placeπαράδεισος: 'paradise, garden' (a Persian loanword); the LXX word for Eden — God's restored garden-sanctuary.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: God; the paradise belongs to and is opened by God himself.
8

Καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Σμύρνῃ ἐκκλησίας γράψον· Τάδε λέγει ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, ὃς ἐγένετο νεκρὸς καὶ ἔζησεν·

And to the angel of the church in Smyrna write: These things says the First and the Last, who became dead and lived again:

Oracle opening (Smyrna)ΚαὶThe second oracle; the self-predication draws on 1:17–18 — the resurrected First-and-Last, fitted to a suffering, dying church.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (links oracles)
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀγγέλῳangelDativeindirect objectἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; see v.1.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ΣμύρνῃSmyrnaDativedat. of placeΣμύρνα: Smyrna (modern İzmir); the name evokes myrrh — fittingly, the church of suffering and death.
ἐκκλησίαςchurchGenitivegenitive of relationshipἐκκλησία: 'church.'
γράψονwriteAor Act Impv 2 Sg · γράφωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeγράφω: 'write'; the recurring dictation command.
Τάδεthese thingsAccusativedirect object of λέγειὅδε: τάδε λέγει, the prophetic oracle-formula (see v.1).
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ declarative presentλέγω: 'say.'
theNominativearticle (substantival adj.)
πρῶτοςFirstNominativepredicate/substantival adj. (subject of λέγει)πρῶτος: 'first'; ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος, a divine title (Isa 44:6; 48:12) applied to Christ (1:17).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἔσχατοςLastNominativesubstantival adj. (coordinate subject)ἔσχατος: 'last'; the eternal one who encompasses all history.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐγένετο)
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (rel. clause)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'become'; 'became dead' = died — the incarnate one entered death.
νεκρὸςdeadNominativepredicate nominativeνεκρός: 'dead'; Christ truly died — the ground of comfort for martyrs.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔζησενlived againAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ζάωmain verb (rel. clause)→ ingressive aorist (came to life)ζάω: 'live'; ingressive — 'came to life,' i.e. rose; the death-and-resurrection that disarms the second death (v.11).
9

Οἶδά σου τὴν θλῖψιν καὶ τὴν πτωχείαν, ἀλλὰ πλούσιος εἶ, καὶ τὴν βλασφημίαν ἐκ τῶν λεγόντων Ἰουδαίους εἶναι ἑαυτούς, καὶ οὐκ εἰσὶν ἀλλὰ συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ.

I know your affliction and your poverty — but you are rich — and the slander from those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan.

Commendation (no rebuke)asyndetonSmyrna receives no censure: Christ knows their tribulation and material poverty (yet true wealth) and the slander of the 'synagogue of Satan.'
ΟἶδάI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (diagnostic formula)→ perfect-with-present-forceοἶδα: 'know'; the inspecting omniscience of Christ.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θλῖψινafflictionAccusativedirect object of οἶδαθλῖψις: 'pressure, tribulation'; the persecution the church endures.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πτωχείανpovertyAccusativedirect objectπτωχεία: 'destitution, beggary'; the deepest poverty — perhaps from confiscation or boycott.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction (parenthetic)
πλούσιοςrichNominativepredicate nominativeπλούσιος: 'rich'; the paradox — materially destitute, spiritually wealthy (contrast Laodicea, 3:17).
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
βλασφημίανslanderAccusativedirect object of οἶδαβλασφημία: 'slander, defamation'; the verbal abuse/denunciation directed at the church.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῶνthoseGenitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
λεγόντωνwho sayPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · λέγωsubstantival participle (object of ἐκ)→ present (durative)λέγω: 'say, claim'; those professing a Jewish identity Christ denies them.
ἸουδαίουςJewsAccusativepredicate acc. (subject of εἶναι)Ἰουδαῖος: 'Jew'; true covenant-membership, which their hostility to Christ forfeits.
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive (indir. discourse after λεγόντων)→ stative present
ἑαυτούςthemselvesAccusativeaccusative subject of εἶναι (reflexive)
καὶand yetcoordinating conjunction (adversative)
οὐκnotnegative particle
εἰσὶνthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
συναγωγὴa synagogueNominativepredicate nominativeσυναγωγή: 'assembly, synagogue'; here ironically — an assembly belonging not to God but to Satan.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΣατανᾶSatanGenitivepossessive/descriptive genitiveΣατανᾶς: 'Satan, the adversary' (Hebrew loanword); the accuser behind the slander.
10

μηδὲν φοβοῦ ἃ μέλλεις πάσχειν. ἰδοὺ μέλλει βάλλειν ὁ διάβολος ἐξ ὑμῶν εἰς φυλακὴν ἵνα πειρασθῆτε, καὶ ἕξετε θλῖψιν ἡμερῶν δέκα. γίνου πιστὸς ἄχρι θανάτου, καὶ δώσω σοι τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς.

Do not fear what you are about to suffer. Behold, the devil is about to cast some of you into prison, that you may be tested, and you will have tribulation for ten days. Be faithful unto death, and I will give you the crown of life.

Exhortation & promiseasyndetonA summons to fearless fidelity through an imminent, bounded ordeal ('ten days'), crowned by the promise of the στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς.
μηδὲνnothingAccusativeaccusative of respect / direct objectμηδείς: 'no one, nothing'; 'fear nothing of what...'.
φοβοῦfearPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (prohibition)→ durative present imperative (cease/refrain)φοβέομαι: 'be afraid'; present prohibition — 'stop fearing / do not go on fearing.'
what thingsAccusativerelative pronoun (object of πάσχειν)
μέλλειςyou are aboutPres Act Indic 2 Sg · μέλλωmain verb (rel. clause)→ present (imminence)μέλλω: 'be about to'; impending, certain futurity.
πάσχεινto sufferPres Act Inf · πάσχωcomplementary infinitive (of μέλλεις)→ durative presentπάσχω: 'suffer, undergo'; the coming persecution.
ἰδοὺbeholdinterjection / attention-markerἰδού: 'look! behold!'; a frozen aorist imperative drawing the eye to what follows.
μέλλειis aboutPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλλωmain verb→ present (imminence)μέλλω: 'be about to'; the devil's imminent action.
βάλλεινto castPres Act Inf · βάλλωcomplementary infinitive (of μέλλει)→ durative presentβάλλω: 'throw, cast'; βάλλειν εἰς φυλακήν = to imprison.
theNominativearticle
διάβολοςdevilNominativesubject of μέλλειδιάβολος: 'slanderer, accuser'; the Greek title equivalent to Satan (v.9) — working through human agents.
ἐξsome ofpreposition + genitive (partitive)ἐκ: here partitive, 'some of you.'
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive (object cast)
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
φυλακὴνprisonAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)φυλακή: 'prison, custody'; detention preceding trial — the prelude to martyrdom.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose clause)
πειρασθῆτεyou may be testedAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · πειράζωsubjunctive (ἵνα purpose)→ constative aoristπειράζω: 'test, try'; the devil intends temptation, but God's purpose is proving faith (double agency).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἕξετεyou will haveFut Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ predictive futureἔχω: 'have'; here 'experience, undergo.'
θλῖψινtribulationAccusativedirect object of ἕξετεθλῖψις: 'tribulation, distress'; the persecution-ordeal (cf. v.9).
ἡμερῶνof daysGenitivegenitive of time (duration)ἡμέρα: 'day'; 'ten days' = a limited, divinely-bounded span (cf. Dan 1:12) — short, not interminable.
δέκαtenGenitiveattributive numeral (indeclinable)δέκα: 'ten'; a round, restricted number — the suffering is measured and brief.
γίνουbe/becomePres Mid Impv 2 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (command)→ durative present imperativeγίνομαι: 'become, be'; 'keep on proving faithful' (more dynamic than 'be').
πιστὸςfaithfulNominativepredicate nominativeπιστός: 'faithful, trustworthy'; echoes Christ ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστός (1:5).
ἄχριuntopreposition + genitive (extent)ἄχρι: 'until, as far as'; 'even to the point of death' (degree, not merely duration).
θανάτουdeathGenitiveobject of ἄχρι (extent)θάνατος: 'death'; faithfulness that does not flinch at martyrdom.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give'; the reward of fidelity.
σοιto youDativeindirect object
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
στέφανονcrownAccusativedirect object of δώσωστέφανος: 'wreath, victor's crown'; the athlete's/victor's garland — apt for Smyrna's famed games; the genitive defines its content: life.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ζωῆςlifeGenitivegenitive of apposition (the crown = life)ζωή: 'life'; eternal life as the prize (cf. Jas 1:12).
11

Ὁ ἔχων οὖς ἀκουσάτω τί τὸ πνεῦμα λέγει ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις. ὁ νικῶν οὐ μὴ ἀδικηθῇ ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου τοῦ δευτέρου.

The one who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. The one who conquers will never be harmed by the second death.

Call to hear & conqueror's promiseasyndetonThe closing double-formula; the promise — immunity from the 'second death' (20:6, 14) — answers the threat of bodily death in v.10.
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἔχωνwho hasPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have'; the hearing-formula (see v.7).
οὖςan earAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνοὖς: 'ear'; organ of obedient hearing.
ἀκουσάτωlet him hearAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (3rd-person command)→ constative aorist imperativeἀκούω: 'hear, heed.'
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of λέγει)
τὸtheNominativearticle
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubject of λέγειπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; see v.7.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (indir. question)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ταῖςto theDativearticle
ἐκκλησίαιςchurchesDativeindirect objectἐκκλησία: 'church.'
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
νικῶνwho conquersPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · νικάωsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (durative)νικάω: 'conquer, overcome'; here nominative (the formula varies by case across the oracles).
οὐnotnegative (with μή, emphatic)
μὴnevernegative particle (οὐ μή = emphatic denial)οὐ μή: the strongest negation — 'by no means, never.'
ἀδικηθῇbe harmedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἀδικέωsubjunctive of emphatic negation (οὐ μή)→ constative aoristἀδικέω: 'wrong, injure, harm'; the conqueror suffers no injury from the eschatological death.
ἐκbypreposition + genitive (agency/source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θανάτουdeathGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source of harm)θάνατος: 'death'; here the 'second death' = final condemnation in the lake of fire (20:14; 21:8).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
δευτέρουsecondGenitiveattributive adjectiveδεύτερος: 'second'; ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος — the irreversible, eschatological death beyond the first, bodily one.
12

Καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Περγάμῳ ἐκκλησίας γράψον· Τάδε λέγει ὁ ἔχων τὴν ῥομφαίαν τὴν δίστομον τὴν ὀξεῖαν·

And to the angel of the church in Pergamum write: These things says the one who has the sharp two-edged sword:

Oracle opening (Pergamum)ΚαὶThe third oracle; the self-predication from 1:16 — the sword-of-the-mouth — is pointed against a city of Roman judicial power and false teaching.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀγγέλῳangelDativeindirect objectἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; see v.1.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ΠεργάμῳPergamumDativedat. of placeΠέργαμον: Pergamum, the provincial capital, seat of the imperial cult and of pagan altars (cf. 'Satan's throne,' v.13).
ἐκκλησίαςchurchGenitivegenitive of relationshipἐκκλησία: 'church.'
γράψονwriteAor Act Impv 2 Sg · γράφωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeγράφω: 'write.'
Τάδεthese thingsAccusativedirect object of λέγειὅδε: the oracle-formula (see v.1).
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ declarative presentλέγω: 'say.'
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἔχωνwho hasPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (subject of λέγει)→ present (durative/possessive)ἔχω: 'have, hold'; the self-description from the inaugural vision (1:16).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ῥομφαίανswordAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνῥομφαία: a large broadsword (LXX); the sword of Christ's mouth — his judging word (Isa 11:4; 49:2).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
δίστομονtwo-edgedAccusativeattributive adjectiveδίστομος: lit. 'two-mouthed,' double-edged; cutting decisively both ways (Heb 4:12).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
ὀξεῖανsharpAccusativeattributive adjectiveὀξύς: 'sharp, keen'; the word fit to execute judgment (v.16).
13

Οἶδα ποῦ κατοικεῖς, ὅπου ὁ θρόνος τοῦ Σατανᾶ, καὶ κρατεῖς τὸ ὄνομά μου, καὶ οὐκ ἠρνήσω τὴν πίστιν μου καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις Ἀντιπᾶς ὁ μάρτυς μου ὁ πιστός μου, ὃς ἀπεκτάνθη παρ' ὑμῖν, ὅπου ὁ Σατανᾶς κατοικεῖ.

I know where you dwell, where Satan's throne is; and you hold fast my name and did not deny my faith even in the days of Antipas my faithful witness, who was killed among you, where Satan dwells.

CommendationasyndetonChrist knows their hostile setting ('Satan's throne') and commends their tenacity — fidelity unbroken even at the martyrdom of Antipas.
ΟἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (diagnostic formula)→ perfect-with-present-forceοἶδα: 'know'; the inspecting formula.
ποῦwhereinterrogative adverb (indir. question)ποῦ: 'where'; the locale of the church's life.
κατοικεῖςyou dwellPres Act Indic 2 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (indir. question)→ durative presentκατοικέω: 'dwell, settle'; permanent residence — they live amid hostile power.
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (locative)ὅπου: 'where, in which place.'
theNominativearticle
θρόνοςthroneNominativesubject (verbless clause, ἐστίν implied)θρόνος: 'throne'; 'Satan's throne' — likely the great altar of Zeus, the Asklepion, or the imperial-cult center at Pergamum.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΣατανᾶSatanGenitivepossessive genitiveΣατανᾶς: 'Satan'; the city as the adversary's seat of power.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κρατεῖςyou hold fastPres Act Indic 2 Sg · κρατέωmain verb→ durative presentκρατέω: 'hold fast, cling to'; they maintain allegiance to Christ's name (contrast the heretics who 'hold' false teaching, v.14).
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄνομάnameAccusativedirect object of κρατεῖςὄνομα: 'name'; confessing Christ openly in a hostile city.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἠρνήσωyou deniedAor Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀρνέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀρνέομαι: 'deny, disown'; they did not renounce faith even under pressure.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πίστινfaithAccusativedirect object of ἠρνήσωπίστις: 'faith/faithfulness'; 'my faith' = faith in/loyalty to Christ (perhaps the confessed faith).
μουmyGenitivegenitive (objective/possession)
καὶevenadverbial/ascensive conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (time)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedat. of time (when)ἡμέρα: 'day'; the period of the named martyrdom.
ἈντιπᾶςAntipasGenitivegenitive (indeclinable, defines ἡμέραις)Ἀντιπᾶς: Antipas, an otherwise unknown martyr of Pergamum; the unusual nominative-form for a genitive is left undeclined.
theNominativearticle (apposition)
μάρτυςwitnessNominativeapposition to Ἀντιπᾶς (nominative pendens)μάρτυς: 'witness, martyr'; the title Christ bears (1:5) now shared by the faithful unto death — the word edging toward 'martyr.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
theNominativearticle (attributive)
πιστόςfaithfulNominativeattributive adjective (to μάρτυς)πιστός: 'faithful'; ὁ μάρτυς μου ὁ πιστός echoes Christ's own description (1:5; 3:14).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἀπεκτάνθη)
ἀπεκτάνθηwas killedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill, put to death'; Antipas was executed for his witness.
παρ'amongpreposition + dative (place)παρά: + dat., 'beside, among, in the presence of.'
ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of παρά
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (locative, resumptive)ὅπου: 'where'; the closing repetition seals the point — they live in Satan's own dwelling-place.
theNominativearticle
ΣατανᾶςSatanNominativesubject of κατοικεῖΣατανᾶς: 'Satan'; the inclusio with v.13a underscores the demonic atmosphere.
κατοικεῖdwellsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατοικέωmain verb (rel. clause)→ durative presentκατοικέω: 'dwell'; Satan, too, is 'at home' in Pergamum.
14

ἀλλὰ ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ ὀλίγα, ὅτι ἔχεις ἐκεῖ κρατοῦντας τὴν διδαχὴν Βαλαάμ, ὃς ἐδίδασκεν τῷ Βαλὰκ βαλεῖν σκάνδαλον ἐνώπιον τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ, φαγεῖν εἰδωλόθυτα καὶ πορνεῦσαι.

But I have a few things against you, that you have there some who hold the teaching of Balaam, who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the sons of Israel, to eat food sacrificed to idols and to commit immorality.

RebukeἀλλὰThe adversative pivot to censure: tolerance of the 'Balaam' party — those enticing the church to idol-food and immorality, after Numbers 25, 31.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
ἔχωI havePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω κατά τινος: 'have [a charge] against' (cf. v.4).
κατὰagainstpreposition + genitive (opposition)
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of κατά
ὀλίγαa few thingsAccusativedirect object of ἔχωὀλίγος: 'few, small'; the rebuke is measured — 'a few things,' not wholesale.
ὅτιthatconjunction (epexegetic content clause)
ἔχειςyou havePres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ stative presentἔχω: 'have'; you harbor among you...
ἐκεῖthereadverb (place)ἐκεῖ: 'there'; in that very Satan-throne city.
κρατοῦνταςholdingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · κρατέωsubstantival participle (object of ἔχεις)→ present (durative)κρατέω: 'hold to, cling to'; ironic echo of v.13 — they hold Christ's name, but some hold Balaam's doctrine.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
διδαχὴνteachingAccusativedirect object of κρατοῦνταςδιδαχή: 'teaching, doctrine'; the seductive instruction typified by Balaam.
Βαλαάμof BalaamGenitivegenitive of source (indeclinable)Βαλαάμ: Balaam, the prophet-for-hire (Num 22–24) who counseled Balak to seduce Israel into idolatry and fornication (Num 25; 31:16) — the type of the compromise-teacher.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐδίδασκεν)
ἐδίδασκενtaughtImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διδάσκωmain verb (rel. clause)→ iterative/customary imperfectδιδάσκω: 'teach, instruct'; the imperfect of the repeated counsel Balaam gave Balak.
τῷtheDativearticle
ΒαλὰκBalakDativeindirect object (indeclinable)Βαλάκ: Balak, king of Moab who hired Balaam (Num 22).
βαλεῖνto putAor Act Inf · βάλλωinfinitive (content of ἐδίδασκεν)→ constative aoristβάλλω: 'throw, place'; a wordplay with Βαλαάμ/Βαλάκ — to 'cast' a snare.
σκάνδαλονa stumbling blockAccusativedirect object of βαλεῖνσκάνδαλον: 'trap-stick, snare, occasion of sin'; that which trips one into apostasy.
ἐνώπιονbeforepreposition + genitive (place)ἐνώπιον: 'before, in the sight of.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
υἱῶνsonsGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ, the covenant people — Semitic idiom for 'the Israelites.'
Ἰσραήλof IsraelGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Ἰσραήλ: Israel; the people led astray at Baal-Peor.
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωepexegetical infinitive (defines σκάνδαλον)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat'; the first concrete snare — eating idol-meat.
εἰδωλόθυταidol-foodAccusativedirect object of φαγεῖνεἰδωλόθυτον: 'meat sacrificed to an idol'; participation in pagan cultic meals (cf. 1 Cor 8–10).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πορνεῦσαιto commit immoralityAor Act Inf · πορνεύωepexegetical infinitive (defines σκάνδαλον)→ constative aoristπορνεύω: 'fornicate, be sexually immoral'; literal or figurative (idolatry as 'harlotry') — both senses are alive in Revelation.
15

οὕτως ἔχεις καὶ σὺ κρατοῦντας τὴν διδαχὴν τῶν Νικολαϊτῶν ὁμοίως.

So you also have some who hold the teaching of the Nicolaitans likewise.

Rebuke (continued)οὕτωςThe Nicolaitans are equated with the Balaam party: the same compromise with pagan idolatry and immorality.
οὕτωςsoadverb (manner, comparative)οὕτως: 'thus, in this way'; draws the Balaam–Nicolaitan parallel.
ἔχειςyou havePres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, harbor.'
καὶalsoadverbial conjunction (ascensive)
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
κρατοῦνταςholdingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · κρατέωsubstantival participle (object of ἔχεις)→ present (durative)κρατέω: 'hold to'; the same verb as vv.13–14, ironic again.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
διδαχὴνteachingAccusativedirect object of κρατοῦνταςδιδαχή: 'teaching'; the Nicolaitan doctrine, paralleled to Balaam's.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ΝικολαϊτῶνNicolaitansGenitivegenitive of sourceΝικολαΐτης: 'Nicolaitan' (cf. v.6); here their teaching is identified with Balaam's compromise — perhaps even by Greek wordplay (νικάω + λαός / Balaam's name etymologized 'devourer of the people').
ὁμοίωςlikewiseadverb (comparison)ὁμοίως: 'in like manner'; reinforces the equation with the Balaam type.
16

μετανόησον οὖν· εἰ δὲ μή, ἔρχομαί σοι ταχὺ καὶ πολεμήσω μετ' αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ ῥομφαίᾳ τοῦ στόματός μου.

Repent therefore; but if not, I am coming to you quickly and will make war against them with the sword of my mouth.

Exhortation & threatοὖνThe inferential demand to repent, with a conditional threat: Christ will war against the heretics with the sword of v.12 — his judging word.
μετανόησονrepentAor Act Impv 2 Sg · μετανοέωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeμετανοέω: 'repent'; the church must dissociate from the compromisers.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
εἰifconjunction (εἰ δὲ μή idiom)
δὲbutadversative particle
μήnotnegative (εἰ δὲ μή = 'otherwise')εἰ δὲ μή: 'otherwise, if not' (cf. v.5).
ἔρχομαίI am comingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ futuristic present (imminence)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; an imminent visitation of judgment.
σοιto youDativedat. of direction/disadvantage
ταχὺquicklyadverb (time)ταχύ: 'quickly, soon'; the swiftness of the threatened coming (cf. 22:7, 12, 20).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πολεμήσωI will make warFut Act Indic 1 Sg · πολεμέωmain verb→ predictive futureπολεμέω: 'wage war, fight'; Christ himself battles the heretics.
μετ'againstpreposition + genitive (hostile sense)μετά: + gen., here 'with' in the sense of 'against' (Hebraistic, of combat).
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά (the Nicolaitans)
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)
τῇtheDativearticle
ῥομφαίᾳswordDativedat. of instrumentῥομφαία: 'sword'; the same sword as v.12 — the judging word of Christ's mouth.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
στόματόςmouthGenitivegenitive of source/possessionστόμα: 'mouth'; the sword issues from his mouth — judgment by his spoken word (Isa 11:4).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
17

Ὁ ἔχων οὖς ἀκουσάτω τί τὸ πνεῦμα λέγει ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις. τῷ νικῶντι δώσω αὐτῷ τοῦ μάννα τοῦ κεκρυμμένου, καὶ δώσω αὐτῷ ψῆφον λευκήν, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ψῆφον ὄνομα καινὸν γεγραμμένον ὃ οὐδεὶς οἶδεν εἰ μὴ ὁ λαμβάνων.

The one who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who conquers I will give some of the hidden manna, and I will give him a white stone, and on the stone a new name written which no one knows except the one who receives it.

Call to hear & conqueror's promiseasyndetonThe closing double-formula; the promises — hidden manna and an inscribed white stone — set the messianic banquet and a secret new identity against the idol-feasts of v.14.
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἔχωνwho hasPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have'; the hearing-formula (see v.7).
οὖςan earAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνοὖς: 'ear.'
ἀκουσάτωlet him hearAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (3rd-person command)→ constative aorist imperativeἀκούω: 'hear, heed.'
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of λέγει)
τὸtheNominativearticle
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubject of λέγειπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; see v.7.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (indir. question)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ταῖςto theDativearticle
ἐκκλησίαιςchurchesDativeindirect objectἐκκλησία: 'church.'
τῷto the oneDativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
νικῶντιwho conquersPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · νικάωsubstantival participle (dat. of advantage)→ present (durative)νικάω: 'conquer'; the conqueror-formula.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give'; with resumptive αὐτῷ (Semitism).
αὐτῷto himDativeresumptive pronoun (pleonastic)
τοῦof theGenitivearticle (partitive)
μάνναmannaGenitivepartitive genitive (object of δώσω)μάννα: 'manna' (indeclinable, Hebrew); the 'hidden manna' — the jar laid up in the ark (Exod 16:33–34), a Jewish tradition of manna restored in the messianic age; the true bread vs. idol-food.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (attributive)
κεκρυμμένουhiddenPerf Pass Ptc · Gen Sg Neut · κρύπτωattributive participle (to μάννα)→ resultative perfect (in a hidden state)κρύπτω: 'hide, conceal'; the manna kept hidden, reserved for the eschaton.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
ψῆφονa stoneAccusativedirect object of δώσωψῆφος: 'pebble, voting-stone'; a white ψῆφος signified acquittal/admission (jury, banquet token, victor's amulet) — the much-debated 'white stone.'
λευκήνwhiteAccusativeattributive adjectiveλευκός: 'white, bright'; the color of victory, purity, and acquittal in Revelation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (upon)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ψῆφονstoneAccusativeobject of ἐπίψῆφος: 'stone' (resumed).
ὄνομαa nameNominativesubject (verbless clause, 'there is')ὄνομα: 'name'; a new name = a new, God-given identity and destiny (cf. 3:12; Isa 62:2).
καινὸνnewNominativeattributive adjectiveκαινός: 'new (in kind), fresh'; eschatological newness (cf. 21:5).
γεγραμμένονwrittenPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · γράφωattributive participle (to ὄνομα)→ resultative perfect (standing written)γράφω: 'write'; the name stands inscribed on the stone.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of οἶδεν)
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubject of οἶδενοὐδείς: 'no one'; the name's secrecy marks its intimacy — known only to the recipient.
οἶδενknowsPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (rel. clause)→ perfect-with-present-forceοἶδα: 'know.'
εἰexceptconjunction (εἰ μή = 'except')
μὴnotnegative (εἰ μή idiom)εἰ μή: 'except, unless.'
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
λαμβάνωνwho receivesPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωsubstantival participle (subject of implied οἶδεν)→ present (durative)λαμβάνω: 'receive, take'; only the recipient knows the new name — a personal, hidden gift.
18

Καὶ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ τῆς ἐν Θυατείροις ἐκκλησίας γράψον· Τάδε λέγει ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, ὁ ἔχων τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτοῦ ὡς φλόγα πυρός, καὶ οἱ πόδες αὐτοῦ ὅμοιοι χαλκολιβάνῳ·

And to the angel of the church in Thyatira write: These things says the Son of God, who has his eyes like a flame of fire, and his feet like burnished bronze:

Oracle opening (Thyatira)ΚαὶThe fourth and longest oracle; the self-predication from 1:14–15 — and the unique title 'the Son of God' — fits the judgment of v.23 (Ps 2).
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀγγέλῳangelDativeindirect objectἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; see v.1.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ΘυατείροιςThyatiraDativedat. of placeΘυάτειρα: Thyatira, a guild-town of trades (cf. Lydia, Acts 16:14) — the trade-guild feasts sharpen the idol-food issue of v.20.
ἐκκλησίαςchurchGenitivegenitive of relationshipἐκκλησία: 'church.'
γράψονwriteAor Act Impv 2 Sg · γράφωmain verb (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeγράφω: 'write.'
Τάδεthese thingsAccusativedirect object of λέγειὅδε: the oracle-formula (see v.1).
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ declarative presentλέγω: 'say.'
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubject of λέγειυἱός: 'Son'; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ — the only oracle to use this title, anticipating the Ps 2 promise of v.27.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationshipθεός: God; the divine Sonship grounds Christ's authority to judge.
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἔχωνwho hasPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (apposition)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have'; the self-description from 1:14.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὀφθαλμοὺςeyesAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; eyes like fire = penetrating, searching judgment (cf. v.23; Dan 10:6).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ὡςlikecomparative particleὡς: 'as, like'; the visionary simile.
φλόγαa flameAccusativeobject of ὡς (comparison)φλόξ: 'flame'; the blazing gaze.
πυρόςof fireGenitiveattributive genitive (quality)πῦρ: 'fire'; fire of judgment and purity.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
πόδεςfeetNominativesubject (verbless clause, εἰσίν implied)πούς: 'foot'; feet like bronze = stability and trampling, judging strength.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ὅμοιοιlikeNominativepredicate adjectiveὅμοιος: 'like, similar'; + dative.
χαλκολιβάνῳburnished bronzeDativedat. of comparison (after ὅμοιοι)χαλκολίβανον: a rare word (perhaps 'fine/burnished bronze' or a bronze-amber alloy); glowing refined metal (cf. 1:15; Dan 10:6).
19

Οἶδά σου τὰ ἔργα καὶ τὴν ἀγάπην καὶ τὴν πίστιν καὶ τὴν διακονίαν καὶ τὴν ὑπομονήν σου, καὶ τὰ ἔργα σου τὰ ἔσχατα πλείονα τῶν πρώτων.

I know your works and your love and faith and service and endurance, and that your last works are more than the first.

CommendationasyndetonThe diagnostic οἶδα commends a growing church — a fourfold virtue-list whose recent works exceed the earliest (the inverse of Ephesus, v.5).
ΟἶδάI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb (diagnostic formula)→ perfect-with-present-forceοἶδα: 'know.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of οἶδαἔργον: 'work, deed'; the general heading, then specified.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀγάπηνloveAccusativedirect object (apposition to ἔργα)ἀγάπη: 'love'; first of the virtues — what Ephesus lacked (v.4), Thyatira has.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πίστινfaithAccusativedirect objectπίστις: 'faith, faithfulness.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
διακονίανserviceAccusativedirect objectδιακονία: 'service, ministry'; practical love in action.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὑπομονήνenduranceAccusativedirect objectὑπομονή: 'steadfast endurance' (cf. v.2).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object (resumed)ἔργον: 'work.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
τὰtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
ἔσχαταlastAccusativeattributive adjectiveἔσχατος: 'last, latter'; the most recent works.
πλείοναmoreAccusativepredicate adjective (comparative)πλείων: 'more, greater'; growth — the opposite of Ephesus' decline.
τῶνthan theGenitivearticle (genitive of comparison)
πρώτωνfirstGenitivegenitive of comparison (after πλείονα)πρῶτος: 'first, earlier'; their initial works, now surpassed.
20

ἀλλὰ ἔχω κατὰ σοῦ ὅτι ἀφεῖς τὴν γυναῖκα Ἰεζάβελ, ἡ λέγουσα ἑαυτὴν προφῆτιν, καὶ διδάσκει καὶ πλανᾷ τοὺς ἐμοὺς δούλους πορνεῦσαι καὶ φαγεῖν εἰδωλόθυτα.

But I have against you that you tolerate the woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess and teaches and deceives my servants to commit immorality and to eat food sacrificed to idols.

RebukeἀλλὰThe adversative pivot to censure: tolerance of 'Jezebel,' a self-styled prophetess who, like Balaam, lures Christ's servants into idolatry and immorality.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
ἔχωI havePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω κατά τινος: 'have [a charge] against' (cf. vv.4, 14).
κατὰagainstpreposition + genitive (opposition)
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of κατά
ὅτιthatconjunction (epexegetic content clause)
ἀφεῖςyou toleratePres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ durative presentἀφίημι: 'let alone, permit, tolerate'; the church passively allows her — culpable indulgence.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativedirect object of ἀφεῖςγυνή: 'woman, wife'; the false teacher, branded with a symbolic name.
ἸεζάβελJezebelAccusativeapposition to γυναῖκα (indeclinable)Ἰεζάβελ: Jezebel (indeclinable, Hebrew); the symbolic name of the Sidonian queen who promoted Baal-worship and persecuted prophets (1 Kgs 16–21) — the type of the seductress within God's people.
the (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.; nom. for expected acc., constructio ad sensum)
λέγουσαwho callsPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · λέγωsubstantival participle (nominativus pendens for γυναῖκα)→ present (durative)λέγω: 'say, claim'; she self-styles a prophetess — the nominative case is a solecism for the accusative (Apocalyptic grammar).
ἑαυτὴνherselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of λέγουσα)
προφῆτινa prophetessAccusativedouble accusative (object complement)προφῆτις: 'prophetess'; she claims inspired authority to license compromise.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διδάσκειteachesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · διδάσκωmain verb→ durative presentδιδάσκω: 'teach'; active instruction — paralleling Balaam (v.14).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πλανᾷdeceivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · πλανάωmain verb→ durative presentπλανάω: 'lead astray, deceive'; the keyword of seduction in Revelation (12:9; 13:14).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἐμοὺςmyAccusativepossessive adjective (attributive)ἐμός: 'my'; the possessive heightens the offense — she seduces Christ's own servants.
δούλουςservantsAccusativedirect object of διδάσκει/πλανᾷδοῦλος: 'slave, servant'; the believers belong to Christ, not to her.
πορνεῦσαιto commit immoralityAor Act Inf · πορνεύωinfinitive (result/content of the deception)→ constative aoristπορνεύω: 'be sexually immoral'; cf. v.14 — literal and/or spiritual harlotry.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωinfinitive (result/content)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat'; the trade-guild feasts of idol-meat (cf. v.14).
εἰδωλόθυταidol-foodAccusativedirect object of φαγεῖνεἰδωλόθυτον: 'food sacrificed to idols' (cf. v.14).
21

καὶ ἔδωκα αὐτῇ χρόνον ἵνα μετανοήσῃ, καὶ οὐ θέλει μετανοῆσαι ἐκ τῆς πορνείας αὐτῆς.

And I gave her time to repent, and she is unwilling to repent of her immorality.

Ground of judgmentκαὶChrist's patience has been spurned: time for repentance was granted, but she persists — justifying the judgment that follows.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔδωκαI gaveAor Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; Christ's forbearance — a space granted for repentance.
αὐτῇherDativeindirect object
χρόνονtimeAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκαχρόνος: 'time, span'; the opportunity to turn.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose clause)
μετανοήσῃshe might repentAor Act Subj 3 Sg · μετανοέωsubjunctive (ἵνα purpose)→ ingressive aoristμετανοέω: 'repent'; the intended outcome of the granted time.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (adversative)
οὐnotnegative particle
θέλειshe is willingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ durative present (settled refusal)θέλω: 'will, wish'; her hardened unwillingness — repentance refused.
μετανοῆσαιto repentAor Act Inf · μετανοέωcomplementary infinitive (of θέλει)→ constative aoristμετανοέω: 'repent.'
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (separation)ἐκ: 'out of'; μετανοέω ἐκ = 'repent of, turn from' (Semitic-flavored).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
πορνείαςimmoralityGenitiveobject of ἐκ (separation)πορνεία: 'sexual immorality, fornication'; here also figurative idolatry (the noun behind πορνεῦσαι, v.20).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession
22

ἰδοὺ βάλλω αὐτὴν εἰς κλίνην, καὶ τοὺς μοιχεύοντας μετ' αὐτῆς εἰς θλῖψιν μεγάλην, ἐὰν μὴ μετανοήσωσιν ἐκ τῶν ἔργων αὐτῆς·

Behold, I am casting her onto a bed, and those who commit adultery with her into great tribulation, unless they repent of her works;

Judgment announcedasyndetonThe sentence: a 'bed' (of sickness, ironizing the bed of sin) for Jezebel and tribulation for her partners — conditioned on their refusal to repent.
ἰδοὺbeholdinterjection / attention-markerἰδού: 'look! behold!'; introducing the dramatic judgment.
βάλλωI am castingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · βάλλωmain verb→ futuristic present (imminence)βάλλω: 'throw, cast'; a present of certain, impending action — perhaps a grim play on the 'bed' of her sin.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of βάλλω
εἰςontopreposition + accusative (goal)
κλίνηνa bedAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)κλίνη: 'bed, couch'; a sickbed (cf. the sense 'be bedridden') — the bed of her adultery becomes a bed of affliction.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
μοιχεύονταςwho commit adulteryPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · μοιχεύωsubstantival participle (object of implied βάλλω)→ present (durative)μοιχεύω: 'commit adultery'; her followers, figured as adulterers — partners in her spiritual harlotry.
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (association)μετά: + gen., 'with.'
αὐτῆςherGenitiveobject of μετά
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
θλῖψινtribulationAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)θλῖψις: 'tribulation, distress'; here punitive, not the suffering-for-Christ of v.9.
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; the severity of the judgment.
ἐὰνunlessconjunction (ἐὰν μή, 3rd-class condition)
μὴnotnegative particle
μετανοήσωσινthey repentAor Act Subj 3 Pl · μετανοέωsubjunctive (ἐὰν μή clause)→ ingressive aoristμετανοέω: 'repent'; the door is still open to her partners (note: it is no longer offered to her, v.21).
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (separation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἔργωνworksGenitiveobject of ἐκ (separation)ἔργον: 'work, deed'; 'her works' — the practices she taught (some witnesses read αὐτῶν, 'their works').
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession
23

καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῆς ἀποκτενῶ ἐν θανάτῳ· καὶ γνώσονται πᾶσαι αἱ ἐκκλησίαι ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἐραυνῶν νεφροὺς καὶ καρδίας, καὶ δώσω ὑμῖν ἑκάστῳ κατὰ τὰ ἔργα ὑμῶν.

and her children I will kill with death; and all the churches will know that I am the one who searches kidneys and hearts, and I will give to each of you according to your works.

Judgment & purposeκαὶThe judgment's climax and its pedagogical aim: the death of her 'children' teaches all the churches that the flaming-eyed Son searches the heart and repays each one's works (Jer 17:10; Ps 7:9).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle
τέκναchildrenAccusativedirect object of ἀποκτενῶ (fronted)τέκνον: 'child'; her 'children' = her spiritual offspring/disciples, distinguished from the merely seduced partners (v.22).
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἀποκτενῶI will killFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποκτείνωmain verb→ predictive futureἀποκτείνω: 'kill'; ἀποκτενῶ ἐν θανάτῳ = a Hebraism, 'slay with death/pestilence' (cf. Ezek 33:27).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (means, Semitic)
θανάτῳdeathDativedat. of means (Hebraistic)θάνατος: 'death'; here perhaps 'pestilence' (LXX sense of the Hebrew דֶּבֶר).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γνώσονταιwill knowFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb→ predictive futureγινώσκω: 'know, come to recognize'; the recognition-formula of OT judgment ('they will know that I am...').
πᾶσαιallNominativeattributive adjective
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἐκκλησίαιchurchesNominativesubject of γνώσονταιἐκκλησία: 'church'; the judgment is a sign to all seven.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)ἐγώ εἰμι: the solemn self-identification echoing the divine 'I am.'
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐραυνῶνwho searchesPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐραυνάωpredicate substantival participle→ present (durative)ἐραυνάω: 'search, examine'; a divine prerogative (Jer 17:10) — the flaming eyes of v.18 see within.
νεφροὺςkidneysAccusativedirect object of ἐραυνῶννεφρός: 'kidney'; in Hebrew idiom the seat of the deepest emotions/will — 'kidneys and heart' = the whole inner person.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καρδίαςheartsAccusativedirect object of ἐραυνῶνκαρδία: 'heart'; the center of thought and will.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give, repay'; render to each (Ps 62:12; Rom 2:6).
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ἑκάστῳeachDativeapposition to ὑμῖν (distributive)ἕκαστος: 'each one'; the judgment is individual, by works.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔργαworksAccusativeobject of κατά (standard of recompense)ἔργον: 'work, deed'; the basis of recompense.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
24

ὑμῖν δὲ λέγω τοῖς λοιποῖς τοῖς ἐν Θυατείροις, ὅσοι οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην, οἵτινες οὐκ ἔγνωσαν τὰ βαθέα τοῦ Σατανᾶ, ὡς λέγουσιν· οὐ βάλλω ἐφ' ὑμᾶς ἄλλο βάρος·

But to you I say, to the rest who are in Thyatira, as many as do not hold this teaching, who have not known the deep things of Satan, as they call them: I lay on you no other burden;

Word to the faithful remnantδὲA turn to the uncompromised 'rest': those who reject the so-called 'deep things' are laid under no further burden beyond fidelity.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object of λέγω (fronted, emphatic)
δὲbutadversative/transitional particle
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ declarative presentλέγω: 'say.'
τοῖςtheDativearticle
λοιποῖςrestDativeapposition to ὑμῖνλοιπός: 'rest, remaining'; the faithful remnant untouched by Jezebel's teaching.
τοῖςthoseDativearticle (attributive)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ΘυατείροιςThyatiraDativedat. of placeΘυάτειρα: Thyatira (see v.18).
ὅσοιas many asNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἔχουσιν)ὅσος: 'as many as, whoever'; defines the remnant by their non-adherence.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔχουσινholdPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb (rel. clause)→ durative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; do not adhere to the doctrine.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
διδαχὴνteachingAccusativedirect object of ἔχουσινδιδαχή: 'teaching'; Jezebel's doctrine (cf. vv.14–15).
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective
οἵτινεςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative, subject of ἔγνωσαν)ὅστις: 'whoever, such as'; the qualitative relative — 'the sort who...'.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔγνωσανhave knownAor Act Indic 3 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristγινώσκω: 'know (by experience)'; they have not 'fathomed' Satan's depths — a sarcastic inversion of the heretics' boast.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
βαθέαdeep thingsAccusativedirect object of ἔγνωσανβαθύς: 'deep'; τὰ βαθέα — the 'deep things' the heretics claimed to know (perhaps proto-gnostic), here biting: 'the deep things of Satan,' not of God (cf. 1 Cor 2:10).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΣατανᾶSatanGenitivepossessive genitiveΣατανᾶς: 'Satan'; whether the sect said 'deep things of God' (Christ relabels them) or themselves vaunted plumbing 'Satan's depths,' the verdict is the same.
ὡςascomparative conjunctionὡς λέγουσιν: 'as they call them / say' — flagging the phrase as the opponents' own slogan.
λέγουσινthey call themPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (parenthetic clause)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say, call'; the heretics' own terminology.
οὐnotnegative particle
βάλλωI layPres Act Indic 1 Sg · βάλλωmain verb→ gnomic/declarative presentβάλλω: 'throw, lay, put'; here 'impose' — no further demand is loaded on them (cf. Acts 15:28).
ἐφ'onpreposition + accusative (upon)ἐπί: + acc., 'upon, on.'
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of ἐπί
ἄλλοotherAccusativeattributive adjectiveἄλλος: 'other, another'; no burden besides what they already keep.
βάροςburdenAccusativedirect object of βάλλωβάρος: 'weight, burden'; the only 'burden' is fidelity (v.25), echoing the apostolic decree's language (Acts 15:28–29).
25

πλὴν ὃ ἔχετε κρατήσατε ἄχρι οὗ ἂν ἥξω.

only hold fast what you have until I come.

Exhortation to the remnantπλὴνThe single demand on the faithful: hold fast their fidelity until Christ comes — endurance, not new attainment.
πλὴνonly/neverthelessconjunction (restrictive)πλήν: 'except, only, nevertheless'; limits the demand to one thing.
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of κρατήσατε)
ἔχετεyou havePres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔχωmain verb (rel. clause)→ durative presentἔχω: 'have, possess'; their present faith and works.
κρατήσατεhold fastAor Act Impv 2 Pl · κρατέωmain verb (command)→ constative aorist imperativeκρατέω: 'hold fast, grip'; the positive counterpart to the heretics' 'holding' (vv.14–15) — cling to what is true.
ἄχριuntilconjunction (temporal, ἄχρι οὗ ἄν)ἄχρι: 'until'; ἄχρι οὗ ἄν + subj. = 'until the time when.'
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (temporal idiom)
ἂνevermodal particle (contingency)ἄν: contingency marker with the subjunctive.
ἥξωI comeAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἥκωsubjunctive (indefinite temporal clause)→ constative aoristἥκω: 'have come, arrive'; the parousia — the horizon of endurance shifts here to Christ's coming (unlike the threatened comings of vv.5, 16).
26

καὶ ὁ νικῶν καὶ ὁ τηρῶν ἄχρι τέλους τὰ ἔργα μου, δώσω αὐτῷ ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τῶν ἐθνῶν,

And the one who conquers and the one who keeps my works until the end, to him I will give authority over the nations,

Conqueror's promise (begins)καὶThe conqueror-promise, here uniquely preceding the call to hear; the victor who perseveres in Christ's works is granted messianic rule over the nations (Ps 2:8).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.; nominativus pendens)
νικῶνwho conquersPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · νικάωsubstantival participle (nom. pendens, resumed by αὐτῷ)→ present (durative)νικάω: 'conquer'; the conqueror-formula, here as a hanging nominative resumed by the dative αὐτῷ.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (epexegetic)
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
τηρῶνwho keepsPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · τηρέωsubstantival participle (defines ὁ νικῶν)→ present (durative)τηρέω: 'keep, guard, observe'; conquering = persevering in Christ's works (the inverse of Jezebel's 'works,' v.22).
ἄχριuntilpreposition + genitive (extent of time)ἄχρι: 'until.'
τέλουςthe endGenitiveobject of ἄχρι (temporal extent)τέλος: 'end, consummation'; perseverance to the finish (cf. v.25).
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of τηρῶνἔργον: 'work, deed'; 'my works' — the deeds Christ approves, kept to the end.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give'; the apodosis, resuming ὁ νικῶν by αὐτῷ.
αὐτῷto himDativeresumptive indirect object
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativedirect object of δώσωἐξουσία: 'authority, right'; the messianic rule of Ps 2:8–9 shared with the victor (cf. 3:21; 20:4).
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (rule over)ἐπί: + gen., 'over' (of dominion).
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἐθνῶνnationsGenitiveobject of ἐπί (the ruled)ἔθνος: 'nation, Gentile'; the nations subjected to the Messiah and his conquering people (Ps 2).
27

καὶ ποιμανεῖ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ ὡς τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικὰ συντρίβεται,

and he will shepherd them with an iron rod, as the clay vessels are shattered —

Conqueror's promise (Ps 2 citation)καὶThe promise unfolds Psalm 2:9 (LXX): the victor will rule the nations with an iron rod, shattering opposition like pottery — Christ's own authority shared (cf. 12:5; 19:15).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ποιμανεῖhe will shepherdFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιμαίνωmain verb→ predictive futureποιμαίνω: 'shepherd, rule'; the LXX of Ps 2:9 (reading רעה 'shepherd/rule' for רעע 'break') — here a rule of stern, rod-wielding governance.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the nations of v.26)
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)
ῥάβδῳa rodDativedat. of instrumentῥάβδος: 'rod, staff, scepter'; the shepherd's staff doubling as the king's iron scepter — rule and judgment.
σιδηρᾷironDativeattributive adjectiveσιδηροῦς: 'of iron'; unbreakable, irresistible authority.
ὡςascomparative conjunctionὡς: 'as, like'; the simile of shattered pottery.
τὰtheNominativearticle
σκεύηvesselsNominativesubject of συντρίβεταισκεῦος: 'vessel, object'; the clay pots of Ps 2:9 — fragile before the iron rod.
τὰtheNominativearticle (attributive)
κεραμικὰof clayNominativeattributive adjectiveκεραμικός: 'of pottery, earthen'; brittle ceramic — easily smashed.
συντρίβεταιare shatteredPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · συντρίβωmain verb (rel./comparative clause)→ gnomic presentσυντρίβω: 'crush, break in pieces'; the gnomic present states the general fate of clay before iron.
28

ὡς κἀγὼ εἴληφα παρὰ τοῦ πατρός μου, καὶ δώσω αὐτῷ τὸν ἀστέρα τὸν πρωϊνόν.

as I also have received from my Father; and I will give him the morning star.

Conqueror's promise (concluded)ὡςThe authority is derivative — as Christ received it from the Father, he shares it; and the second gift, 'the morning star,' is added (cf. 22:16, Christ himself).
ὡςascomparative conjunctionὡς: 'as, just as'; the victor's rule mirrors Christ's own received authority.
κἀγὼI alsoNominativesubject (crasis καί + ἐγώ, emphatic)κἀγώ: 'I also'; Christ's authority is itself a gift from the Father (cf. Ps 2:7–8).
εἴληφαhave receivedPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ resultative perfect (abiding possession)λαμβάνω: 'receive, take'; the perfect marks Christ's enduring possession of the authority he confers.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)παρά: + gen., 'from (the side of).'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πατρόςFatherGenitiveobject of παρά (source)πατήρ: 'Father'; the Son receives his royal authority from the Father (the only 'Father' reference in the seven oracles).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give'; a second promise added to the rule over the nations.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀστέραstarAccusativedirect object of δώσωἀστήρ: 'star'; the morning star (Venus) — a symbol of dominion and dawn; Christ identifies himself as it in 22:16, so the gift may be Christ himself, or messianic rule (Num 24:17).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
πρωϊνόνmorningAccusativeattributive adjectiveπρωϊνός: 'of the morning, early'; ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός heralds the dawn — the eschatological day breaking for the victor.
29

ὁ ἔχων οὖς ἀκουσάτω τί τὸ πνεῦμα λέγει ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις.

The one who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.

Call to hearasyndetonThe closing call to hear; from Pergamum on, the formula follows (rather than precedes) the conqueror-promise — the standing seal of every oracle.
the oneNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἔχωνwho hasPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have'; the hearing-formula (see v.7).
οὖςan earAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνοὖς: 'ear'; the organ of obedient hearing.
ἀκουσάτωlet him hearAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (3rd-person command)→ constative aorist imperativeἀκούω: 'hear, heed.'
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of λέγει)
τὸtheNominativearticle
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubject of λέγειπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; see v.7.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (indir. question)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ταῖςto theDativearticle
ἐκκλησίαιςchurchesDativeindirect objectἐκκλησία: 'church'; the oracle, though to Thyatira, is for all seven.