independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecomparativecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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The river and the tree of life 22:1–5
vv. 1–2 — the river of life and the tree of life: Eden reopened through Ezekiel's temple-stream
1
Καὶ ἔδειξέν μοι ποταμὸν ὕδατος ζωῆςindependent — the last showing — ἔδειξεν takes up 1:1 δεῖξαι; the river of Gen 2:10 by way of Ezek 47:1; Zech 14:8
λαμπρὸν ὡς κρύσταλλον,phrase modifier — λαμπρόν — the adjective of the city's radiance (21:11) given to the water
ἐκπορευόμενον ἐκ τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἀρνίου.participial — ἐκπορευόμενον — one throne, two occupants: the Lamb inside the source of life
2
ἐν μέσῳ τῆς πλατείας αὐτῆς καὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἐκεῖθεν ξύλον ζωῆςindependent — verbless — Gen 2:9's ξύλον ζωῆς restored; ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἐκεῖθεν as Ezek 47:12: trees lining both banks, read as one collective tree
ποιοῦν καρποὺς δώδεκα,participial — twelve crops — the city's number (gates, foundations) now in its orchard
κατὰ μῆνα ἕκαστον ἀποδιδοῦν τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ,participial — Ezek 47:12 — κατὰ μῆνα: harvest without season, months without a moon (21:23)
καὶ τὰ φύλλα τοῦ ξύλου εἰς θεραπείαν τῶν ἐθνῶν.independent — verbless — Ezek 47:12's healing leaves; the ἔθνη of 21:24 healed inside the city
vv. 3–5 — no more curse: the servants serve, see, and reign
3
καὶ πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι.independent — Zech 14:11 — πᾶν κατάθεμα οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι: Gen 3:17's curse revoked where the tree stands open
καὶ ὁ θρόνος τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἀρνίου ἐν αὐτῇ ἔσται,independent — the throne singular — God and the Lamb share one seat (cf. 3:21)
καὶ οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ λατρεύσουσιν αὐτῷ,independent — λατρεύσουσιν — cultic service; the singular αὐτοῦ/αὐτῷ holds God-and-Lamb as one referent
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καὶ ὄψονται τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ,independent — the face-vision — what Exod 33:20 denied Moses is the servants' portion (Ps 17:15; Matt 5:8)
καὶ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῶν μετώπων αὐτῶν.independent — verbless — the forehead-name of 3:12; 14:1: the seal of 7:3, antitype of the beast's mark (13:16)
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καὶ νὺξ οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι,independent — the third οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι — no sea (21:1), no death (21:4), no curse (v. 3), now no night (21:25)
καὶ οὐκ ἔχουσιν χρείαν φωτὸς λύχνου καὶ φωτὸς ἡλίου,independent — present ἔχουσιν amid futures — the need already gone; lamp and sun dismissed together (21:23)
ὅτι κύριος ὁ θεὸς φωτίσει ἐπ' αὐτούς,cause — Isa 60:19–20 — κύριος ὁ θεὸς φωτίσει: the Aaronic blessing (Num 6:25) made permanent
καὶ βασιλεύσουσιν εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων.independent — Dan 7:18, 27 — the vision's last verb: the servants of v. 3 crowned; reigning with no subjects named, only light
These words are faithful and true 22:6–11
vv. 6–7 — the angel's certification, and the Lord's own voice breaking in
6
Καὶ εἶπέν μοι·independent — the guide-angel speaks — the epilogue's chain of certifications begins
Οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί,content — verbless — the formula of 21:5; πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί, the Witness's own titles (3:14; 19:11) put on his book
καὶ ὁ κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν προφητῶν ἀπέστειλεν τὸν ἄγγελον αὐτοῦcontent — the sent angel — 1:1 ἀποστείλας διὰ τοῦ ἀγγέλου returning verbatim: the frame closes; the God who inspires the prophets' spirits stands behind this prophet
δεῖξαι τοῖς δούλοις αὐτοῦpurpose — purpose infinitive — δεῖξαι, the very word of 1:1
ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι ἐν τάχει.relative — headless relative — Dan 2:28–29 ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι, ἐν τάχει: the book ends in its own first sentence
7
καὶ ἰδοὺ ἔρχομαι ταχύ.independent — Christ's voice breaks in unannounced — first person ἔρχομαι inside the angel's speech; the layout gives it the margin, not the angel
μακάριος ὁ τηρῶν τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου.independent — the sixth beatitude — 1:3's keeper-blessing repeated at the far door: hearing was the entry, keeping is the exit
vv. 8–9 — the seer falls at the wrong feet — again
8
Κἀγὼ Ἰωάννης ὁ ἀκούων καὶ βλέπων ταῦτα.independent — verbless — Κἀγὼ Ἰωάννης, the signature of 1:9: the seer countersigns what the angel certified
καὶ ὅτε ἤκουσα καὶ ἔβλεψα,conditional — temporal (ὅτε) — leans on ἔπεσα below; the two participles of the signature become finite
ἔπεσαindependent — the seer felled a second time (19:10) — even at the end, revelation overwhelms its receiver
προσκυνῆσαι ἔμπροσθεν τῶν ποδῶν τοῦ ἀγγέλουpurpose — purpose infinitive — the misdirected worship: the messenger mistaken for the source
τοῦ δεικνύοντός μοι ταῦτα.participial — attributive — τοῦ δεικνύοντος: the shower is only the shower (v. 1 ἔδειξεν)
9
καὶ λέγει μοι·independent — historic present — the rebuke comes faster than the narrative tense
Ὅρα μή·content — Ὅρα μή — aposiopesis: the forbidden act too urgent to finish naming
σύνδουλός σού εἰμι καὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν σου τῶν προφητῶν καὶ τῶν τηρούντων τοὺς λόγους τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου·content — σύνδουλος — angel, prophets, and book-keepers levelled into one service; the keepers of v. 7 promoted to the prophets' company
τῷ θεῷ προσκύνησον.content — the fronted dative τῷ θεῷ — God, and no one else; the book's whole polemic in three words
vv. 10–11 — do not seal the book: the quatrain of fixed characters
10
Καὶ λέγει μοι·independent — the angel's final command introduced
Μὴ σφραγίσῃς τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου,content — contrast Dan 12:4 — Daniel sealed his book until the end; John's stays open because the end is not distant
ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν.cause — the nearness-ground — ὁ καιρὸς ἐγγύς, verbatim from 1:3: the inclusio's second clasp
11
ὁ ἀδικῶν ἀδικησάτω ἔτι,content — the quatrain opens — the let-be logic of Dan 12:10: with the book unsealed and the time short, each character is left to harden into itself
καὶ ὁ ῥυπαρὸς ῥυπανθήτω ἔτι,content — second jussive — ῥυπαρὸς ῥυπανθήτω: the cognate passive, filth confirmed in filth
καὶ ὁ δίκαιος δικαιοσύνην ποιησάτω ἔτι,content — third jussive — the column pivots from the fixed wicked to the persevering just
καὶ ὁ ἅγιος ἁγιασθήτω ἔτι.content — fourth jussive — ἁγιασθήτω, the divine passive: not permission now but promise; ἔτι beats four times down the column
Behold, I am coming soon — the last attestations 22:12–17
vv. 12–13 — the reward with him, and the triple title
12
Ἰδοὺ ἔρχομαι ταχύ,independent — Christ's voice again at the margin — the second Ἰδοὺ ἔρχομαι ταχύ of the chapter
καὶ ὁ μισθός μου μετ' ἐμοῦ,independent — verbless — Isa 40:10; 62:11: he arrives carrying his wages
ἀποδοῦναι ἑκάστῳpurpose — purpose infinitive — the reward exists in order to be paid out
ὡς τὸ ἔργον ἐστὶν αὐτοῦ.comparative — Ps 62:12; Prov 24:12 — ὡς τὸ ἔργον ἐστίν: measured to the work as it stands
13
ἐγὼ τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ,independent — verbless — God's own title of 1:8 and 21:6 now on Jesus' lips without apology
ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος,phrase modifier — Isa 44:6; 48:12 — the title of 1:17, second of the triple
ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ τέλος.phrase modifier — the triple-title complete — letters, sequence, and telos: nothing before him, nothing after
vv. 14–15 — inside and outside the gates
14
Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν,independent — the seventh and last beatitude — οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολάς (7:14, washed in the Lamb's blood); critical text against the Byzantine 'do his commandments'
ἵνα ἔσται ἡ ἐξουσία αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆςpurpose — ἵνα + FUTURE indicative ἔσται — the blessing's first purpose: authority over the tree of vv. 2, 19
καὶ τοῖς πυλῶσιν εἰσέλθωσιν εἰς τὴν πόλιν.purpose — coordinate purpose — the subjunctive resumes; τοῖς πυλῶσιν, the dative of route: in by the gates, like citizens
15
ἔξω οἱ κύνεςindependent — verbless exclusion — ἔξω first: the gates stand open (21:25) yet something stays outside them
καὶ οἱ φάρμακοι καὶ οἱ πόρνοι καὶ οἱ φονεῖς καὶ οἱ εἰδωλολάτραιphrase modifier — the vice-list — the roll of 21:8 repeated at the gate, coordinate with οἱ κύνες
καὶ πᾶς φιλῶν καὶ ποιῶν ψεῦδος.phrase modifier — the list's climax — anarthrous πᾶς φιλῶν: not the lapse but the love of the lie (21:27)
vv. 16–17 — Jesus' self-attestation, and the Ἔρχου dialogue
16
Ἐγὼ Ἰησοῦς ἔπεμψα τὸν ἄγγελόν μουindependent — Ἐγὼ Ἰησοῦς — the bare human name, only here in the book: the sender of 1:1's angel steps forward in person
μαρτυρῆσαι ὑμῖν ταῦτα ἐπὶ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις.purpose — purpose infinitive — ὑμῖν plural: past the seer to the listening congregations of chs. 2–3
ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ῥίζα καὶ τὸ γένος Δαυίδ,independent — Isa 11:1, 10 — ῥίζα and γένος both: David's ancestor and David's heir at once (5:5)
ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρὸς ὁ πρωϊνός.phrase modifier — Num 24:17 — the star of Jacob; λαμπρός, the adjective of the river (v. 1); the star promised to the overcomer (2:28) is himself
17
καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ νύμφη λέγουσιν·independent — the answering voices — the Spirit and the bride-city of 21:2, 9 pray in unison
Ἔρχου.content — Ἔρχου addressed upward — the church's answer to ἔρχομαι: the dialogue of advent
καὶ ὁ ἀκούων εἰπάτω·independent — the hearer of 1:3 enlisted — whoever hears the book read joins the prayer
Ἔρχου.content — the echo — the same single word, now from the pew
καὶ ὁ διψῶν ἐρχέσθω,independent — the invitation turns earthward — the same verb, now the thirsty coming to him (Isa 55:1; 21:6)
ὁ θέλων λαβέτω ὕδωρ ζωῆς δωρεάν.independent — asyndeton — ὁ θέλων λαβέτω: desire is the only qualification; δωρεάν, the free gift, the last offer of the Bible
The integrity of the book 22:18–19
18
Μαρτυρῶ ἐγὼ παντὶ τῷ ἀκούοντι τοὺς λόγους τῆς προφητείας τοῦ βιβλίου τούτου·independent — the oath-frame — Μαρτυρῶ ἐγώ: the canon-formula of Deut 4:2; 12:32 set over the finished prophecy
ἐάν τις ἐπιθῇ ἐπ' αὐτά,conditional — first protasis — leans on ἐπιθήσει below
ἐπιθήσει ὁ θεὸς ἐπ' αὐτὸν τὰς πληγὰςindependent — the ἐπιθῇ/ἐπιθήσει wordplay — the adder gets an addition: the sanction repeats the sin's own verb
τὰς γεγραμμένας ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ·participial — attributive — the book's own plagues (chs. 8–9; 15–16) turned on its corruptor
19
καὶ ἐάν τις ἀφέλῃ ἀπὸ τῶν λόγων τοῦ βιβλίου τῆς προφητείας ταύτης,conditional — second protasis — leans on ἀφελεῖ below: the twin of v. 18
ἀφελεῖ ὁ θεὸς τὸ μέρος αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου τῆς ζωῆςindependent — the ἀφέλῃ/ἀφελεῖ wordplay — the subtractor is subtracted; ξύλου (critical text) against the TR's 'book of life'
καὶ ἐκ τῆς πόλεως τῆς ἁγίας,phrase modifier — the second forfeit — coordinate with ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου: tree and city, the two gifts of v. 14 revoked together
τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ.participial — the plural τῶν γεγραμμένων sweeps up both tree and city — to cut the book is to cut oneself out of what it describes
Amen — come, Lord Jesus 22:20–21
20
Λέγει ὁ μαρτυρῶν ταῦτα·independent — the final quotative frame — ὁ μαρτυρῶν, the faithful witness of 1:5 signing his own book
Ναί, ἔρχομαι ταχύ.content — Ναί — the third ἔρχομαι ταχύ of the chapter, now with the particle of confirmation (1:7 ναί, ἀμήν)
Ἀμήν, ἔρχου, κύριε Ἰησοῦ.independent — the church's antiphon on its own line — Ἀμήν answering Ναί; the Greek of the Aramaic marana tha (1 Cor 16:22)
21
Ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ μετὰ πάντων.independent — verbless benediction — the only apocalypse that ends as a letter: what began as epistle (1:4 χάρις ὑμῖν) closes as one, and the canon closes on grace
Analysis. The book closes its own frame, and the shape shows both halves of the chapter doing it. The paradise vision (vv. 1–5) is Revelation's grammar at its most Semitic — a flush-left καί-column of futures (no curse, the throne, they will serve, they will see, no night, they will reign) broken only twice: the tree's two participles hang beneath ξύλον, and the one ὅτι in five verses grounds the extinguished lamp and sun in κύριος ὁ θεὸς φωτίσει. From v. 6 the epilogue braids three voices, and the layout takes sides on whose is whose: vv. 7, 12–16 are read as Christ's own voice breaking into the angel's speech (first-person ἔρχομαι cannot be the angel's), so each Ἰδοὺ ἔρχομαι ταχύ stands at the margin rather than hanging as quoted content; the angel keeps vv. 6, 9–11, including the μὴ σφραγίσῃς that pointedly reverses Dan 12:4 and the four-jussive quatrain of v. 11, set as a column of cnt-lines whose let-be logic (Dan 12:10) the tags spell out; v. 20 belongs to ὁ μαρτυρῶν, with the church's Ἀμήν, ἔρχου, κύριε Ἰησοῦ as its own independent line — antiphon, not quotation. The integrity warning (vv. 18–19) is drawn as twin forward-leaning protases over matched apodoses so the ἐπιθῇ/ἐπιθήσει and ἀφέλῃ/ἀφελεῖ wordplays sit in visible parallel; in v. 14 the ἵνα ἔσται future is flagged rather than smoothed. Above all the inclusio with 1:1–3 is left audible: the sent angel and ἃ δεῖ γενέσθαι ἐν τάχει (v. 6 = 1:1), the keeper-beatitude (v. 7 = 1:3), and ὁ καιρὸς ἐγγύς (v. 10 = 1:3) return verbatim — the Apocalypse ends inside its first sentence, and the NT's last word, like its epistles' first, is χάρις.