independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecomparativecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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The scourging and the crown — 'Behold the man' 19:1–7
vv. 1–3 — the flogging and the mock coronation
1
Τότε οὖν ἔλαβεν ὁ Πιλᾶτος τὸν Ἰησοῦνindependent — Τότε οὖν picks up the Barabbas impasse (18:40) — the trial turns violent
καὶ ἐμαστίγωσεν.independent — a single aorist — the Roman verberatio in one word; tactic to satisfy the crowd, or first stage of sentence
2
Καὶ οἱ στρατιῶται πλέξαντες στέφανον ἐξ ἀκανθῶνparticipial — preposed circumstantial — leans on ἐπέθηκαν; the mock coronation begins
ἐπέθηκαν αὐτοῦ τῇ κεφαλῇ,independent — the crown set on — the only crown this Gospel gives him
καὶ ἱμάτιον πορφυροῦν περιέβαλον αὐτόν,independent — purple — the imperial color as costume
3
καὶ ἤρχοντο πρὸς αὐτὸνindependent — iterative imperfect — wave after wave of mock homage
καὶ ἔλεγον·independent — iterative imperfect
Χαῖρε, ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων·content — parody of Ave Caesar — nominative for vocative; the true title hurled as a jeer
καὶ ἐδίδουν αὐτῷ ῥαπίσματα.independent — iterative imperfect — the slaps punctuate the homage
vv. 4–7 — 'Behold the man' — and the law's real charge
4
Καὶ ἐξῆλθεν πάλιν ἔξω ὁ Πιλᾶτοςindependent — the shuttling Pilate — out to the crowd once more
καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς·independent — historic present
Ἴδε ἄγω ὑμῖν αὐτὸν ἔξω,content — the first ἴδε of the chapter — the display announced
ἵνα γνῶτεpurpose — the display's stated purpose
ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν οὐδεμίαν εὑρίσκω.content — second innocence verdict (18:38) — spoken over a man just flogged
5
Ἐξῆλθεν οὖν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔξω,independent — the prisoner produced
φορῶν τὸν ἀκάνθινον στέφανον καὶ τὸ πορφυροῦν ἱμάτιον.participial — the mock regalia worn out into daylight
καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς·independent — historic present
Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος.content — verbless presentation — Pilate's dismissive display becomes, in John's irony, the unwitting proclamation of the true Man
6
Ὅτε οὖν εἶδον αὐτὸν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ ὑπηρέται,conditional — temporal ὅτε — the sight itself triggers the cry; leans on ἐκραύγασαν
ἐκραύγασανindependent — κραυγάζω — the passion's scream-verb (18:40; 19:12, 15)
λέγοντες·participial — pleonastic speech-participle
Σταύρωσον σταύρωσον.content — asyndetic double imperative — the demand named at last
λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Πιλᾶτος·independent — historic present
Λάβετε αὐτὸν ὑμεῖς καὶ σταυρώσατε·content — emphatic ὑμεῖς — an exasperated taunt: they cannot legally crucify (18:31)
ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν.cause — γάρ — third innocence declaration; emphatic ἐγώ set against ὑμεῖς
7
Ἀπεκρίθησαν αὐτῷ οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι·independent — the charge changes register
Ἡμεῖς νόμον ἔχομεν,content — emphatic ἡμεῖς answers Pilate's ὑμεῖς — from politics to blasphemy
καὶ κατὰ τὸν νόμον ὀφείλει ἀποθανεῖν,content — Lev 24:16 — the blasphemy statute invoked
ὅτι υἱὸν θεοῦ ἑαυτὸν ἐποίησεν.cause — the real charge surfaces (5:18; 10:33) — the word that frightens Pilate
Pilate's fear — the authority from above 19:8–12
vv. 8–11 — 'Where are you from?' — the inner dialogue
8
Ὅτε οὖν ἤκουσεν ὁ Πιλᾶτος τοῦτον τὸν λόγον,conditional — temporal ὅτε — 'Son of God' does what 'king' could not; leans on ἐφοβήθη
μᾶλλον ἐφοβήθη,independent — μᾶλλον — the fear was already there: Roman superstition, and perhaps something truer
9
καὶ εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον πάλινindependent — back inside — the shuttling continues
καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ·independent — historic present
Πόθεν εἶ σύ;content — THE Johannine question (7:27–28; 8:14; 18:36–37) — origin is identity
ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἀπόκρισιν οὐκ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ.independent — the silence of Isa 53:7 — the answer was already given (18:36–37)
10
λέγει οὖν αὐτῷ ὁ Πιλᾶτος·independent — historic present
Ἐμοὶ οὐ λαλεῖς;content — fronted ἐμοί — to ME, the governor?
οὐκ οἶδαςcontent — οὐκ expecting yes
ὅτι ἐξουσίαν ἔχω ἀπολῦσαί σε καὶ ἐξουσίαν ἔχω σταυρῶσαί σε;content — the doubled ἐξουσίαν ἔχω — Rome's boast, about to be relativized
11
Ἀπεκρίθη Ἰησοῦς·independent — the silence broken — to correct a theology of power
Οὐκ εἶχες ἐξουσίαν κατ' ἐμοῦ οὐδεμίαν,content — the apodosis first — Pilate's ἐξουσία conceded, then re-grounded
εἰ μὴ ἦν δεδομένον σοι ἄνωθεν·conditional — backward protasis, anchored — periphrastic pluperfect; ἄνωθεν (3:3): all authority is delegated
διὰ τοῦτο ὁ παραδιδούς μέ σοι μείζονα ἁμαρτίαν ἔχει.content — ὁ παραδιδούς — Caiaphas rather than Judas (18:35); sin measured by light received
v. 12 — the Caesar-threat
12
Ἐκ τούτου ὁ Πιλᾶτος ἐζήτει ἀπολῦσαι αὐτόν·independent — conative imperfect — repeated attempts, each shouted down
οἱ δὲ Ἰουδαῖοι ἐκραύγαζονindependent — iterative imperfect of κραυγάζω — the din rises
λέγοντες·participial — pleonastic speech-participle
Ἐὰν τοῦτον ἀπολύσῃς,conditional — the political blackmail — leans on the apodosis below
οὐκ εἶ φίλος τοῦ Καίσαρος·content — amicus Caesaris — the standing Pilate cannot afford to lose under Tiberius
πᾶς ὁ βασιλέα ἑαυτὸν ποιῶν ἀντιλέγει τῷ Καίσαρι.content — the maxim that pins him — ἑαυτὸν ποιῶν echoes the v. 7 charge, now politicized
Gabbatha — 'Behold your king' 19:13–16
vv. 13–14 — the bema at noon on Passover Eve
13
Ὁ οὖν Πιλᾶτος ἀκούσας τοῦτον τὸν λόγονparticipial — preposed circumstantial — the Caesar-threat decides it; leans on ἤγαγεν
ἤγαγεν ἔξω τὸν Ἰησοῦν,independent — out for the verdict
καὶ ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ βήματος,independent — ἐκάθισεν read intransitively — Pilate takes the bema; the transitive reading (he seats JESUS there, the judged as judge) is an old and pointed alternative
εἰς τόπον λεγόμενον Λιθόστρωτον, Ἑβραϊστὶ δὲ Γαββαθά.phrase modifier — the double place-name — John's bilingual precision (cf. v. 17)
14
ἦν δὲ παρασκευὴ τοῦ πάσχα,independent — the paschal frame — sentence passed as the lambs are readied (cf. vv. 31, 42)
ὥρα δὲ ἦν ὡς ἕκτη.independent — about noon — against Mark 15:25's third hour; left unharmonized, the Johannine hour carrying its own freight (4:6)
καὶ λέγει τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις·independent — historic present
Ἴδε ὁ βασιλεὺς ὑμῶν.content — verbless presentation — the counterpart of v. 5: the flogged man presented as THEIR king
vv. 15–16 — 'no king but Caesar' — the handover
15
ἐκραύγασαν οὖν ἐκεῖνοι·independent — κραυγάζω again — the distancing ἐκεῖνοι
Ἆρον ἆρον, σταύρωσον αὐτόν.content — asyndetic triple imperative — the chant at full pitch
λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Πιλᾶτος·independent — historic present
Τὸν βασιλέα ὑμῶν σταυρώσω;content — deliberative subjunctive, object fronted — the title pressed one last time
ἀπεκρίθησαν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς·independent — the priests, not the crowd, speak the last word
Οὐκ ἔχομεν βασιλέα εἰ μὴ Καίσαρα.content — the ultimate irony — at Passover the priests renounce the kingship of God (Judg 8:23; 1 Sam 8:7)
16
Τότε οὖν παρέδωκεν αὐτὸν αὐτοῖςindependent — παρέδωκεν — the handing-over chain (Judas, the priests, Pilate) reaches its end
ἵνα σταυρωθῇ.purpose — the sentence in a purpose clause — Rome's verb, God's plan (3:14; 12:32–33)
Golgotha and the trilingual titulus 19:17–22
vv. 17–18 — the crucifixion, subordinated
17
Καὶ βαστάζων ἑαυτῷ τὸν σταυρὸνparticipial — βαστάζων ἑαυτῷ — no Simon of Cyrene in John: the Son goes unaided, Isaac with the wood (Gen 22:6); leans on ἐξῆλθεν
ἐξῆλθεν εἰς τὸν λεγόμενον Κρανίου Τόπον,independent — ἐξῆλθεν — outside the city (Heb 13:12)
ὃ λέγεται Ἑβραϊστὶ Γολγοθᾶ,relative — the bilingual gloss again (cf. v. 13)
18
ὅπου αὐτὸν ἐσταύρωσαν,relative — locative ὅπου — the crucifixion itself in three words, grammatically subordinate: John's restraint
καὶ μετ' αὐτοῦ ἄλλους δύο ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἐντεῦθεν,phrase modifier — elliptical — the verb carried over; John omits that they were criminals
μέσον δὲ τὸν Ἰησοῦν.phrase modifier — verbless — the King enthroned at center, flanked as at court
vv. 19–22 — the inscription and its defense
19
Ἔγραψεν δὲ καὶ τίτλον ὁ Πιλᾶτοςindependent — the titulus — the placard of the charge
καὶ ἔθηκεν ἐπὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ·independent — the charge nailed above the accused
ἦν δὲ γεγραμμένον·independent — periphrastic pluperfect — the standing text
ΙΗΣΟΥΣ Ο ΝΑΖΩΡΑΙΟΣ Ο ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΤΩΝ ΙΟΥΔΑΙΩΝ.content — the inscription verbatim — Pilate's revenge on the priests becomes the world's placard
20
τοῦτον οὖν τὸν τίτλον πολλοὶ ἀνέγνωσαν τῶν Ἰουδαίων,independent — the readership counted
ὅτι ἐγγὺς ἦν ὁ τόπος τῆς πόλεωςcause — the topography explains the audience
ὅπου ἐσταυρώθη ὁ Ἰησοῦς·relative — locative ὅπου on ὁ τόπος
καὶ ἦν γεγραμμένον Ἑβραϊστί, Ῥωμαϊστί, Ἑλληνιστί.independent — the three tongues of the known world — the unwitting universal proclamation
21
ἔλεγον οὖν τῷ Πιλάτῳ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς τῶν Ἰουδαίων·independent — imperfect — the protest pressed; 'chief priests of the Jews' only here, echoing the titulus
Μὴ γράφε, Ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων,content — μή + present imperative — do not let it stand
ἀλλ' ὅτι ἐκεῖνος εἶπεν·content — the demanded correction — from fact to mere claim
Βασιλεύς εἰμι τῶν Ἰουδαίων.content — the wording they wanted — the title as his boast, not their king
22
Ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Πιλᾶτος·independent — the refusal
Ὃ γέγραφα, γέγραφα.content — double perfect — the text stands; Roman obstinacy fixes the true title forever
The garments and the seamless tunic 19:23–24
23
Οἱ οὖν στρατιῶται,independent — suspended subject — resumed by ἔλαβον after the temporal clause
ὅτε ἐσταύρωσαν τὸν Ἰησοῦν,conditional — temporal ὅτε, embedded after the subject
ἔλαβον τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦindependent — the executioners' customary perquisite
καὶ ἐποίησαν τέσσαρα μέρη,independent — four soldiers — the execution squad counted
ἑκάστῳ στρατιώτῃ μέρος,phrase modifier — distributive apposition
καὶ τὸν χιτῶνα.phrase modifier — the accusative held back — still governed by ἔλαβον: the tunic set apart from the four shares
ἦν δὲ ὁ χιτὼν ἄραφος, ἐκ τῶν ἄνωθεν ὑφαντὸς δι' ὅλου.independent — χιτὼν ἄραφος — narrator's aside; the high priest's woven robe (Josephus, Ant. 3.161) may echo, ἄνωθεν the loaded word (v. 11; 3:3)
24
εἶπαν οὖν πρὸς ἀλλήλους·independent — the soldiers deliberate
Μὴ σχίσωμεν αὐτόν,content — hortatory subjunctive — σχίζω, the verb John reserves for division among others (σχίσμα, 7:43 etc.)
ἀλλὰ λάχωμεν περὶ αὐτοῦcontent — the dice at the foot of the cross
τίνος ἔσται·content — indirect question
ἵνα ἡ γραφὴ πληρωθῇ ἡ λέγουσα·purpose — the narrator's ἵνα-πληρωθῇ frame — the soldiers' dice serve the script
Διεμερίσαντο τὰ ἱμάτιά μου ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν ἱματισμόν μου ἔβαλον κλῆρον.content — Ps 22:18 LXX in full — the psalm's parallelism read as two acts: the shared garments and the tunic under the lot
Οἱ μὲν οὖν στρατιῶται ταῦτα ἐποίησαν.independent — closing μὲν οὖν — the executioners as unwitting exegetes; the answering δέ opens v. 25: but the women stood
The women at the cross — the mother and the disciple 19:25–27
25
Εἱστήκεισαν δὲ παρὰ τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ ἀδελφὴ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτοῦ, Μαρία ἡ τοῦ Κλωπᾶ, καὶ Μαρία ἡ Μαγδαληνή.independent — pluperfect εἱστήκεισαν, the δέ answering the soldiers' μέν — four men gambling, the women standing; three or four women, the grouping ambiguous
26
Ἰησοῦς οὖν ἰδὼν τὴν μητέρα καὶ τὸν μαθητὴν παρεστῶταparticipial — preposed circumstantial — leans on λέγει; παρεστῶτα, posted beside her
ὃν ἠγάπα,relative — the Beloved Disciple — the eyewitness of v. 35
λέγει τῇ μητρί·independent — historic present
Γύναι, ἴδε ὁ υἱός σου.content — Γύναι as at Cana (2:4) — the constitutive word: the new family formed at the cross
27
εἶτα λέγει τῷ μαθητῇ·independent — historic present — the reciprocal word
Ἰδοὺ ἡ μήτηρ σου.content — verbless presentation — the chapter's third ἴδε/ἰδού (vv. 5, 14): son given to mother, mother to son
καὶ ἀπ' ἐκείνης τῆς ὥρας ἔλαβεν ὁ μαθητὴς αὐτὴν εἰς τὰ ἴδια.independent — εἰς τὰ ἴδια — into his own (1:11; 16:32): the word obeyed at once; the hour is the cross's hour
Τετέλεσται — the completion 19:28–30
28
Μετὰ τοῦτο εἰδὼς ὁ Ἰησοῦςparticipial — preposed causal participle — leans on λέγει: he speaks from full knowledge (13:1, 3)
ὅτι ἤδη πάντα τετέλεσται,content — the perfect τετέλεσται anticipated — the work complete before the word is spoken
ἵνα τελειωθῇ ἡ γραφή,purpose — τελειωθῇ, not the usual πληρωθῇ — Scripture brought to its goal; readable with τετέλεσται or forward with λέγει (the layout hangs it on the completion)
λέγει·independent — historic present
Διψῶ.content — Ps 69:21 (cf. Ps 22:15) — the giver of living water (4:10; 7:37) thirsts; the cup drunk to its end (18:11)
29
σκεῦος ἔκειτο ὄξους μεστόν·independent — the soldiers' posca — the prop at hand
σπόγγον οὖν μεστὸν τοῦ ὄξους ὑσσώπῳ περιθέντεςparticipial — preposed circumstantial — leans on προσήνεγκαν; hyssop, the Passover blood-brush (Exod 12:22)
προσήνεγκαν αὐτοῦ τῷ στόματι.independent — the thirst answered — the last Scripture served
30
ὅτε οὖν ἔλαβεν τὸ ὄξος ὁ Ἰησοῦς,conditional — temporal ὅτε — ἔλαβεν: he takes it, actively; leans on εἶπεν
εἶπεν·independent — the last word
Τετέλεσται·content — a single perfect — not termination but completion: the work the Father gave (4:34; 17:4) accomplished; the sabbath-eve συνετελέσθησαν of Gen 2:1–2 LXX stands behind it
καὶ κλίνας τὴν κεφαλὴνparticipial — preposed — leans on παρέδωκεν; the head laid down at last (cf. Matt 8:20: nowhere to lay it)
παρέδωκεν τὸ πνεῦμα.independent — παρέδωκεν — the passion's keyword turned active: no one takes his life (10:18); he hands it over
The pierced side — blood and water 19:31–37
vv. 31–34 — the crurifragium and the spear
31
Οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι,independent — suspended subject — resumed by ἠρώτησαν after three intervening clauses
ἐπεὶ παρασκευὴ ἦν,cause — the paraskeue frame again (vv. 14, 42) — the chapter's clock
ἵνα μὴ μείνῃ ἐπὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ τὰ σώματα ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ,purpose — Deut 21:22–23 — the hanged must not remain overnight; the purpose leans forward on ἠρώτησαν
ἦν γὰρ μεγάλη ἡ ἡμέρα ἐκείνου τοῦ σαββάτου,cause — narrator's γάρ — Passover falling on the Sabbath: doubled solemnity
ἠρώτησαν τὸν Πιλᾶτονindependent — the main verb arrives at last
ἵνα κατεαγῶσιν αὐτῶν τὰ σκέληcontent — the crurifragium — the mallet to hasten death
καὶ ἀρθῶσιν.content — the crosses cleared before sundown
32
Ἦλθον οὖν οἱ στρατιῶται,independent — the same four of v. 23
καὶ τοῦ μὲν πρώτου κατέαξαν τὰ σκέλη καὶ τοῦ ἄλλου τοῦ συσταυρωθέντος αὐτῷ·independent — μέν … (answered by δέ, v. 33) — the two flanking men dispatched first
33
ἐπὶ δὲ τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐλθόντες,participial — preposed — leans on οὐ κατέαξαν
ὡς εἶδον αὐτὸν ἤδη τεθνηκότα,conditional — temporal ὡς — ἤδη τεθνηκότα: the death already complete, unforced (v. 30)
οὐ κατέαξαν αὐτοῦ τὰ σκέλη,independent — the omission that fulfills Scripture (v. 36)
34
ἀλλ' εἷς τῶν στρατιωτῶν λόγχῃ αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευρὰν ἔνυξεν,independent — the lance-thrust — a death-check that becomes the second fulfillment (v. 37)
καὶ ἐξῆλθεν εὐθὺς αἷμα καὶ ὕδωρ.independent — αἷμα καὶ ὕδωρ — life and cleansing from the crucified body (7:38–39; 1 John 5:6); the register is theological, whatever the physiology
vv. 35–37 — the eyewitness seal and the two Scriptures
35
καὶ ὁ ἑωρακὼς μεμαρτύρηκεν,independent — double perfect — the seeing abides in the testifying: the Beloved Disciple's eyewitness seal
καὶ ἀληθινὴ αὐτοῦ ἐστιν ἡ μαρτυρία,independent — ἀληθινή fronted — the Gospel's own criterion (21:24)
καὶ ἐκεῖνος οἶδενindependent — ἐκεῖνος — taken as the witness himself (some hear the exalted Christ)
ὅτι ἀληθῆ λέγει,content — the witness vouched for from within
ἵνα καὶ ὑμεῖς πιστεύσητε.purpose — the aim of the whole attestation (20:31) — καὶ ὑμεῖς: the readers drawn to the foot of the cross
36
ἐγένετο γὰρ ταῦταindependent — narrator's γάρ — the unbroken bones and the pierced side both scripted
ἵνα ἡ γραφὴ πληρωθῇ·purpose — the ἵνα-πληρωθῇ frame
Ὀστοῦν οὐ συντριβήσεται αὐτοῦ.content — Exod 12:46 / Num 9:12 (the Passover lamb), with Ps 34:20 — Jesus dies as the unblemished paschal victim
37
καὶ πάλιν ἑτέρα γραφὴ λέγει·independent — the second citation formula — the pair closes the death scene
Ὄψονται εἰς ὃν ἐξεκέντησαν.content — Zech 12:10 (after the Hebrew, against LXX's κατωρχήσαντο) — the eschatological gaze on the pierced one (Rev 1:7)
The burial — Joseph, Nicodemus, and the garden tomb 19:38–42
vv. 38–40 — the two secret disciples come into the open
38
Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἠρώτησεν τὸν Πιλᾶτον Ἰωσὴφ ὁ ἀπὸ Ἁριμαθαίας,independent — the request — a Sanhedrin man claims a crucified body
ὢν μαθητὴς τοῦ Ἰησοῦ κεκρυμμένος δὲ διὰ τὸν φόβον τῶν Ἰουδαίων,participial — κεκρυμμένος — the secret disciple (12:42) stepping into the open at the most dangerous hour
ἵνα ἄρῃ τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ·content — the same ἵνα-ἄρῃ the Jews used of the corpses (v. 31) — now for honor, not disposal
καὶ ἐπέτρεψεν ὁ Πιλᾶτος.independent — Pilate's last act — the body released to a disciple, not to a criminal's pit
ἦλθεν οὖν καὶ ἦρεν τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ.independent — request granted, done at once
39
ἦλθεν δὲ καὶ Νικόδημος,independent — the second hidden figure emerges
ὁ ἐλθὼν πρὸς αὐτὸν νυκτὸς τὸ πρῶτον,participial — the narrator's reminder of 3:1–2 — νυκτός then, in the open now
φέρων μίγμα σμύρνης καὶ ἀλόης ὡς λίτρας ἑκατόν.participial — a hundred litrai (~33 kg) — royal extravagance (cf. 2 Chr 16:14; the litra of 12:3)
40
ἔλαβον οὖν τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Ἰησοῦindependent — the two together — Sanhedrin men handling a corpse on Passover eve
καὶ ἔδησαν αὐτὸ ὀθονίοις μετὰ τῶν ἀρωμάτων,independent — the ὀθόνια that will lie emptied (20:5–7)
καθὼς ἔθος ἐστὶν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ἐνταφιάζειν.comparative — the rite done properly — no haste in the honors
vv. 41–42 — the new tomb in the garden
41
ἦν δὲ ἐν τῷ τόπῳ ὅπου ἐσταυρώθη κῆπος,independent — κῆπος — the garden; Eden and the new creation hover (cf. 20:15, the 'gardener')
καὶ ἐν τῷ κήπῳ μνημεῖον καινόν,independent — verbless — μνημεῖον καινόν: never used, fit for the new thing
ἐν ᾧ οὐδέπω οὐδεὶς ἦν τεθειμένος·relative — piled negatives + periphrastic pluperfect — the tomb's unused state underlined
42
ἐκεῖ οὖν διὰ τὴν παρασκευὴν τῶν Ἰουδαίων,independent — suspended opening of the main clause — resumed by ἔθηκαν; the paraskeue closes the chapter as it framed it (vv. 14, 31)
ὅτι ἐγγὺς ἦν τὸ μνημεῖον,cause — nearness decides — the Sabbath at sundown leaves no time for more
ἔθηκαν τὸν Ἰησοῦν.independent — the chapter's last word — the King at rest in a garden; the stage set for 20:1
Analysis. John's passion runs on presentations and inscriptions. Three times a figure is held up with a verbless ἴδε/ἰδού — the flogged man (v. 5), the same man as your king (v. 14), and at the cross the son and the mother given to each other (vv. 26–27) — and what Pilate cannot say aloud he writes in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, refusing revision (Ὃ γέγραφα, γέγραφα, v. 22). The flush-left column alternates the trial's historic-present λέγει with the crowd's κραυγάζω (vv. 6, 12, 15), climaxing in the priests' Οὐκ ἔχομεν βασιλέα εἰ μὴ Καίσαρα; the indents carry John's theology: each ἵνα-clause of fulfillment (vv. 24, 28, 36) hangs a psalm or Torah text beneath the narrative act, and the Passover clock — παρασκευὴ τοῦ πάσχα and the sixth hour at v. 14, παρασκευή again at vv. 31 and 42 — keeps time so that Jesus dies as the lambs are slain and is buried before the great Sabbath. Cruxes the layout takes a side on: ἐκάθισεν (v. 13) is read intransitively (Pilate sits on the bema), the transitive irony noted in the tag; the sixth hour stands unharmonized against Mark 15:25's third; ἵνα τελειωθῇ ἡ γραφή (v. 28) is hung on τετέλεσται rather than forward on λέγει, both readings flagged; ὁ παραδιδούς μέ σοι (v. 11) is taken as Caiaphas rather than Judas; ἐκεῖνος οἶδεν (v. 35) as the eyewitness himself; and the suspended subjects of vv. 23, 31, and 42 are kept visibly suspended, their main verbs arriving flush-left after the interruptions.