Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to John, Chapter 5ΚΑΤΑ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΝ Ε′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Μετὰ ταῦτα ἦν ἑορτὴ τῶν Ἰουδαίων, καὶ ἀνέβη Ἰησοῦς εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα.

After these things there was a feast of the Jews, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.

Narrative transitionΜετὰ ταῦταThe temporal formula bridges from the Galilean healings of ch.4. The unnamed feast has generated debate (Pentecost? Tabernacles? Purim?); John's purpose is to place Jesus in Jerusalem for the Sabbath controversy, not to identify the feast precisely.
Μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of μετά (temporal accusative)
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential main verb→ descriptive imperfect (scene-setting)εἰμί: 'be, exist'; the imperfect sets the background circumstances.
ἑορτὴa feastNominativesubject of ἦνἑορτή: 'festival, feast'; one of the pilgrimage feasts requiring attendance in Jerusalem.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivepossessive/descriptive genitiveἸουδαῖοι: in John typically 'the Judean authorities' or the Jewish people as a corporate identity; context determines nuance.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; technical for ascending to Jerusalem, the elevated holy city.
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἹεροσόλυμαJerusalemAccusativeaccusative of place (goal)Ἱεροσόλυμα: the Hellenized form of the city's name; John uses both this form and Ἱερουσαλήμ.
2

Ἔστιν δὲ ἐν τοῖς Ἱεροσολύμοις ἐπὶ τῇ προβατικῇ κολυμβήθρα, ἡ ἐπιλεγομένη Ἑβραϊστὶ Βηθεσδά, πέντε στοὰς ἔχουσα.

Now in Jerusalem there is by the Sheep Gate a pool, called in Aramaic Bethesda, which has five colonnades.

Scene descriptionδὲThe present tense ἔστιν is either a genuine historical present (the pool still standing at John's composition) or a vivid narrative present. The five colonnades have been archaeologically confirmed at the double pool north of the temple mount. Βηθεσδά is textually disputed: Sinaiticus reads Βηθζαθά; other witnesses Βηθσαΐδά.
Ἔστινthere isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential main verb (historic/descriptive present)→ descriptive presentεἰμί: the present may witness to the pool's existence at time of writing.
δὲnowmild adversative/continuative conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἹεροσολύμοιςJerusalemDativedative of placeἹεροσόλυμα: the city; dative plural form used with ἐν.
ἐπὶbypreposition + dative (location near)
τῇtheDativearticle
προβατικῇSheep GateDativedative of place (substantivized adjective)προβατική: 'of the sheep'; sc. πύλῃ (gate); the Sheep Gate in the northern wall of the city (Neh 3:1).
κολυμβήθραa poolNominativesubject of ἔστινκολυμβήθρα: 'swimming pool, reservoir'; from κολυμβάω ('swim'); the archaeological site at Bethesda has two large pools with a dividing embankment.
the oneNominativearticle (resumptive subject)
ἐπιλεγομένηcalledPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ἐπιλέγωattributive participleἐπιλέγω: 'call, name'; common in naming or titling contexts.
Ἑβραϊστὶin Aramaic/Hebrewadverb (manner)Ἑβραϊστί: 'in the Hebrew/Aramaic language'; John uses this term for Semitic words (cf. 19:13, 17, 20; 20:16).
ΒηθεσδάBethesdapredicate name (indeclinable)Βηθεσδά: probably Aramaic בֵּית חֶסְדָּא 'house of mercy/grace'; the form varies in manuscripts (Βηθζαθά in Sinaiticus; Βηθσαΐδά in P66 and others).
πέντεfiveattributive numeral
στοὰςcolonnadesAccusativeaccusative direct object of ἔχουσαστοά: 'portico, colonnade'; roofed walkways supported by columns; archaeologically confirmed in the north portico and the four surrounding the two pools.
ἔχουσαhavingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ἔχωattributive participle (further describing the pool)ἔχω: 'have, possess.'
3

ἐν ταύταις κατέκειτο πλῆθος τῶν ἀσθενούντων, τυφλῶν, χωλῶν, ξηρῶν.

In these lay a multitude of the sick — blind, lame, and paralyzed.

Scene description (continued)asyndetonAsyndeton, continuing the description. The critical text ends here; vv.3b–4 (the angel-troubling-the-water gloss) are absent from P66, P75, Sinaiticus, Vaticanus and are a later scribal addition explaining v.7. The three participles/adjectives form a catalogue of helplessness, recalling LXX vocabulary for those whom God (and now Jesus) heals.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ταύταιςtheseDativedative of place (the colonnades)
κατέκειτοwas lyingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κατάκειμαιmain verb→ descriptive imperfectκατάκειμαι: 'lie down, recline'; used of the sick lying in porticoes awaiting healing.
πλῆθοςa multitudeNominativesubject of κατέκειτοπλῆθος: 'great number, crowd'; the sight emphasizes the magnitude of human need that Jesus can address with a single word.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle (partitive genitive)
ἀσθενούντωνsick/infirmPres Act Ptc Gen Pl Masc · ἀσθενέωpartitive genitive (substantival participle)ἀσθενέω: 'be weak, be sick'; from ἀσθενής 'without strength.'
τυφλῶνblindGenitivegenitive (in apposition/enumeration with ἀσθενούντων)τυφλός: 'blind'; blindness as a type of infirmity that Jesus reverses, cf. ch.9.
χωλῶνlameGenitivegenitive (enumeration)χωλός: 'lame, crippled'; inability to walk — directly reversed in v.9.
ξηρῶνparalyzed/witheredGenitivegenitive (enumeration)ξηρός: 'dry, withered'; used of limbs atrophied or paralyzed; cf. the withered hand (Mark 3:1).
4

[[ἄγγελος γὰρ κυρίου κατὰ καιρὸν κατέβαινεν ἐν τῇ κολυμβήθρᾳ καὶ ἐτάρασσεν τὸ ὕδωρ· ὁ οὖν πρῶτος ἐμβὰς μετὰ τὴν ταραχὴν τοῦ ὕδατος ὑγιὴς ἐγίνετο, ᾧ δήποτε κατείχετο νοσήματι.]]

[[For an angel of the Lord went down at certain seasons into the pool and stirred up the water; whoever stepped in first after the stirring of the water was healed of whatever disease he had.]]

Explanatory gloss (later addition — not in critical text)γὰρThis verse is absent from P66, P75, Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, and many other early witnesses. It is a scribal gloss explaining the 'stirring of the water' mentioned in v.7 and is not original to John. Double brackets mark its secondary status. Its theology of a healing angel is entirely plausible in first-century Judaism but the verse interrupts the narrative flow and displays vocabulary uncommon in John.
ἄγγελοςan angelNominativesubject of κατέβαινεν (in the gloss)ἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; the word is rare in John (used here and in 12:29; 20:12).
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of relationshipκύριος: 'Lord'; the phrase ἄγγελος κυρίου is the LXX formula for the divine messenger.
κατὰatpreposition + accusative (time)
καιρὸνseason/timeAccusativeaccusative of timeκαιρός: 'appointed time, season'; the phrase κατὰ καιρόν means 'at (certain) times.'
κατέβαινενwent downImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (iterative)→ iterative imperfectκαταβαίνω: 'go down, descend'; recurring descent implied.
ἐνintopreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
κολυμβήθρᾳpoolDativedative of placeκολυμβήθρα: see v.2.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐτάρασσενstirred upImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ταράσσωmain verb (iterative)→ iterative imperfectταράσσω: 'stir, trouble, agitate'; the same verb used of Jesus' spirit in 11:33 and 13:21.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὕδωρwaterAccusativedirect object of ἐτάρασσενὕδωρ: 'water'; a key Johannine symbol (cf. chs.3–4, 7, 19).
the oneNominativearticle (substantival)
οὖνthereforeinferential particle
πρῶτοςfirstNominativepredicate adjective (used adverbially)πρῶτος: 'first'; the competition for first entry is the pathos that motivates v.7.
ἐμβὰςhaving stepped inAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐμβαίνωattributive/circumstantial participleἐμβαίνω: 'step into, enter'; entry into the pool as the condition for healing.
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ταραχὴνstirringAccusativeaccusative of time (after)ταραχή: 'disturbance, agitation'; cognate with ταράσσω.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ὕδατοςwaterGenitivegenitive of source/contentὕδωρ: 'water.'
ὑγιὴςwell/healedNominativepredicate adjectiveὑγιής: 'healthy, sound'; the key healing-vocabulary word in this passage (vv.6, 9, 11, 14, 15).
ἐγίνετοbecameImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (apodosis)→ iterative imperfectγίνομαι: 'become, come to be.'
whateverDativedative of reference (relative)
δήποτεeverindefinite particleδήποτε: 'at any time, ever'; with ᾧ = 'with whatever disease.'
κατείχετοwas heldImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατέχωmain verb (relative clause)→ descriptive imperfectκατέχω: 'hold down, restrain'; passive = 'be held by, be in the grip of.'
νοσήματιdiseaseDativedative of means/agent (with passive)νόσημα: 'sickness, disease'; from νόσος; used only here in John.
5

ἦν δέ τις ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖ τριάκοντα [καὶ] ὀκτὼ ἔτη ἔχων ἐν τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ αὐτοῦ.

Now there was a certain man there who had been ill for thirty-eight years.

Focus introductionδέThe narrative zooms from the crowd to a single unnamed man. The number thirty-eight may carry symbolic resonance (Israel's thirty-eight years of wilderness wandering under judgment, Deut 2:14) but functions primarily as emphasizing the duration and hopelessness of the condition.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential main verb→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί: 'be, exist'; introduces the main character.
δέnowcontinuative conjunction
τιςa certainNominativeindefinite pronoun (attributive)
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of ἦνἄνθρωπος: 'man, human being'; the man remains unnamed throughout.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (part of compound)
καὶandconnective (in numeral phrase)
ὀκτὼeightnumeralὀκτώ: 'eight'; the compound 'thirty-eight' echoes Israel's wilderness years (Deut 2:14).
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἔτος: 'year'; accusative for duration.
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωcircumstantial participle (manner/state)ἔχω: 'have'; with ἐν τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ = 'being in his illness.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (state)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀσθενείᾳillness/weaknessDativedative of stateἀσθένεια: 'weakness, sickness'; cognate with ἀσθενέω (v.3); his condition has defined him for nearly four decades.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
6

τοῦτον ἰδὼν ὁ Ἰησοῦς κατακείμενον, καὶ γνοὺς ὅτι πολὺν ἤδη χρόνον ἔχει, λέγει αὐτῷ· Θέλεις ὑγιὴς γενέσθαι;

When Jesus saw him lying there and knew that he had already been there a long time, he said to him, 'Do you want to be made well?'

Divine initiativeasyndetonAsyndeton marks the abrupt divine sovereign initiative: Jesus sees (ἰδών) and knows (γνούς) without being told — Johannine omniscience. The historic present λέγει is characteristic of John's narrative style. The question is not rhetorical; in context it presses the man's will and anticipates faith.
τοῦτονthis manAccusativedirect object of ἰδών (proleptic)
ἰδὼνhaving seenAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial participle (temporal/causal)ὁράω: 'see'; John emphasizes Jesus' knowing gaze (cf. 1:42, 47–48; 2:24–25).
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of λέγειἸησοῦς: Jesus.
κατακείμενονlyingPres Mid Ptc Acc Sg Masc · κατάκειμαιobject complement (predicate participle with ἰδών)κατάκειμαι: 'lie down'; the man's helpless posture.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γνοὺςhaving known/learnedAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · γινώσκωcircumstantial participle (temporal)γινώσκω: 'know, come to know'; the aorist points to Jesus' immediate, supernatural knowledge.
ὅτιthatconjunction (indirect statement)
πολὺνmuch/longAccusativeaccusative of extent of time (adjective)πολύς: 'much, many, long'; modifies χρόνον.
ἤδηalreadytemporal adverbἤδη: 'already, by now'; underlines the long-standing nature of the condition.
χρόνονtimeAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeχρόνος: 'time (duration)'; with ἔχει = 'has been there.'
ἔχειhe has beenPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of indirect statement→ durative present (extending into present)ἔχω: 'have'; with accusative of time = 'have been [in this condition] for.'
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ vivid historic presentλέγω: 'say, speak'; the historic present is pervasive in John's narrative.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object
Θέλειςdo you wantPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωmain verb (direct question)→ conative presentθέλω: 'will, want, desire'; in John frequently of divine or human will (cf. 5:21, 40; 6:21, 67; 7:17).
ὑγιὴςwell/wholeNominativepredicate adjectiveὑγιής: 'sound, healthy'; the word echoes through the passage (vv.9, 11, 14, 15).
γενέσθαιto becomeAor Mid Inf · γίνομαιcomplementary infinitive (with θέλεις)γίνομαι: 'become'; the aorist infinitive points to the moment of transition.
7

ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ ὁ ἀσθενῶν· Κύριε, ἄνθρωπον οὐκ ἔχω ἵνα ὅταν ταραχθῇ τὸ ὕδωρ βάλῃ με εἰς τὴν κολυμβήθραν· ἐν ᾧ δὲ ἔρχομαι ἐγώ, ἄλλος πρὸ ἐμοῦ καταβαίνει.

The sick man answered him, 'Sir, I have no one to put me into the pool when the water is stirred up, and while I am going, another steps down before me.'

Response (complaint of helplessness)asyndetonThe man does not answer the question directly; his response reveals complete dependence on others and hopelessness. His mention of 'when the water is stirred' is the peg on which the later gloss (vv.3b–4) was hung. The address Κύριε ('Sir/Lord') is respectful but probably not yet confessional.
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, respond'; the standard Johannine dialogue verb.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object
theNominativearticle
ἀσθενῶνsick manPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀσθενέωsubstantival participle (subject)ἀσθενέω: 'be sick'; the participle serves as his identifier throughout the scene.
ΚύριεSir/LordVocativevocative (address)κύριος: 'lord, sir'; in context of social address = 'sir'; takes on fuller Christological resonance as the story progresses.
ἄνθρωπονa man/personAccusativedirect object of ἔχωἄνθρωπος: 'person, man'; the indefinite sense = 'no one to help me.'
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔχωI havePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have'; the man's desolate social situation.
ἵναso thatfinal/content conjunctionἵνα: purpose or content clause here — 'no one to [do X].'
ὅτανwhenevertemporal conjunction (indefinite)ὅταν: 'whenever'; with subjunctive marks the recurring opportunity.
ταραχθῇis stirredAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ταράσσωverb of temporal clause (with ὅταν)→ constative aorist subjunctiveταράσσω: 'stir, trouble'; cf. v.4 (the gloss); this mention is what prompted the addition of the explanatory gloss.
τὸtheNominativearticle
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of ταραχθῇὕδωρ: 'water.'
βάλῃto put/throwAor Act Subj 3 Sg · βάλλωverb of ἵνα-clauseβάλλω: 'throw, put'; here 'put into' the pool — someone to carry and lower him.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of βάλῃ
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κολυμβήθρανpoolAccusativeaccusative of goalκολυμβήθρα: 'pool'; see v.2.
ἐνwhilepreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν ᾧ: 'while, in the time that' — temporal idiom.
whichDativerelative (temporal: 'while')
δὲbutmild adversative conjunction
ἔρχομαιI am goingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of temporal clause→ conative/progressive presentἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; the slowness of his movement means always arriving too late.
ἐγώINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
ἄλλοςanotherNominativesubject of καταβαίνειἄλλος: 'another (of the same kind)'; the pathos of always being beaten to it.
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (precedence)πρό: 'before' (temporal/spatial).
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of πρό
καταβαίνειgoes downPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (historic present)→ vivid historic presentκαταβαίνω: 'go down, descend'; into the pool; the iterative present paints the recurring defeat.
8

λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Ἔγειρε, ἆρον τὸν κράβαττόν σου καὶ περιπάτει.

Jesus said to him, 'Get up, take up your mat, and walk.'

Healing commandasyndetonThree bare imperatives — no prayer, no ritual, no appeal to the pool. The sovereign word of Jesus replaces every mechanism. The command to take up the mat is the specific act that will provoke the Sabbath controversy (v.10). The same three imperatives echo in the Synoptic parallels (Matt 9:6; Mark 2:11; Luke 5:24).
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ vivid historic presentλέγω: 'say'; the historic present is John's narrative default for introducing speech.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
Ἔγειρεrise/get upPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐγείρωimperative (command)→ immediate imperative (present aspect)ἐγείρω: 'raise, rouse, wake'; Jesus' resurrection-vocabulary (cf. vv.21, 28–29; 11:43–44) — the command anticipates the discourse on the resurrection.
ἆρονtake upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · αἴρωimperative (command)→ constative aorist imperativeαἴρω: 'lift, take up, carry'; the act of picking up the mat demonstrates the completed healing — and breaks the Sabbath carrying-prohibition.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κράβαττόνmat/palletAccusativedirect object of ἆρονκράβαττος: 'sleeping mat, pallet'; a loanword (Latin grabatus); the poor man's bed; its carrying on the Sabbath was a demonstrable, public action.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιπάτειwalkPres Act Impv 2 Sg · περιπατέωimperative (command)→ immediate/progressive imperativeπεριπατέω: 'walk, go about'; the most basic bodily freedom the man has lacked; now commanded as the first act of his new life.
9

καὶ εὐθέως ἐγένετο ὑγιὴς ὁ ἄνθρωπος, καὶ ἦρεν τὸν κράβαττον αὐτοῦ καὶ περιεπάτει. Ἦν δὲ σάββατον ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ.

And immediately the man was made well, and he took up his mat and began to walk. Now that day was a Sabbath.

Narrative result + scene-setting stingκαὶThe threefold command is matched by a threefold result: he became well, took up his mat, walked — perfect obedience to word. The narrator's aside 'it was a Sabbath' is the sting that redirects the story to controversy. εὐθέως ('immediately') echoes the Markan narrative pace but is here John's own term.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθέωςimmediatelytemporal adverbεὐθέως: 'immediately, at once'; the healing is instantaneous, underlining Jesus' sovereign power.
ἐγένετοbecame/was madeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aorist (single event)γίνομαι: 'become, come to be'; the decisive change of state.
ὑγιὴςwell/healedNominativepredicate adjectiveὑγιής: 'sound, healthy'; the word of the whole pericope (vv.6, 11, 14, 15).
theNominativearticle
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of ἐγένετοἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the anonymous beneficiary.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦρενtook upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'take up'; exact compliance with the command of v.8.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κράβαττονmatAccusativedirect object of ἦρενκράβαττος: see v.8.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιεπάτειwalkedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · περιπατέωmain verb→ inceptive imperfect (began to walk)περιπατέω: 'walk'; the imperfect may be inceptive ('began walking') — the first steps of a new life.
Ἦνit wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential main verb (narrator's aside)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the narrator's dramatic revelation.
δὲnowcontinuative/contrastive conjunction
σάββατονSabbathNominativepredicate nominativeσάββατον: 'Sabbath, the seventh day'; the narrative hinge-word that launches the controversy.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (time)
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjective
τῇtheDativearticle
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of timeἡμέρα: 'day'; ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ is the Johannine formula for 'on that day.'
10

ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τῷ τεθεραπευμένῳ· Σάββατόν ἐστιν, καὶ οὐκ ἔξεστίν σοι ἆραι τὸν κράβαττόν σου.

So the Jews were saying to the man who had been healed, 'It is the Sabbath, and it is not lawful for you to take up your mat.'

Conflict introduction (inferential)οὖνοὖν ('therefore/so') draws an immediate consequence from the Sabbath notation of v.9. The Judean authorities challenge the healed man, not Jesus — the mat-carrying violated m. Shabbat 7:2, which listed 'carrying' as one of the thirty-nine prohibited categories of work. The imperfect ἔλεγον suggests repeated or persistent challenge.
ἔλεγονwere sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ iterative/progressive imperfectλέγω: 'say'; the imperfect depicts the ongoing challenge to the man.
οὖνtherefore/soinferential particleοὖν: Johannine narrative connector drawing inference from the preceding; among the most frequent words in John.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἸουδαῖοιJews/JudeansNominativesubject of ἔλεγονἸουδαῖοι: in this context = the Jerusalem religious authorities who challenge Jesus; not 'Jews' in a generic ethnic sense but leaders hostile to Jesus in John's narrative.
τῷto theDativearticle
τεθεραπευμένῳhealed manPerf Pass Ptc Dat Sg Masc · θεραπεύωsubstantival participle (indirect object)θεραπεύω: 'heal, cure'; the perfect participle marks his new, abiding state of health.
ΣάββατόνSabbathNominativesubject of ἐστιν (predicate nominative sentence)σάββατον: the legal ground of the challenge; the bare assertion 'It is the Sabbath' invokes the whole Torah framework.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative main verbεἰμί: copula.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔξεστίνit is lawfulPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔξεστιimpersonal main verbἔξεστι: 'it is permitted, it is lawful'; the standard Sabbath-law term in the Gospels (cf. Mark 2:24; 3:4).
σοιfor youDativedative of interest (ethical dative)
ἆραιto take upAor Act Inf · αἴρωinfinitive subject of ἔξεστιναἴρω: 'take up, carry'; the action forbidden by m. Shabbat 7:2.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κράβαττόνmatAccusativedirect object of ἆραικράβαττος: 'sleeping mat'; see v.8.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
11

ὁ δὲ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς· Ὁ ποιήσας με ὑγιῆ ἐκεῖνός μοι εἶπεν· Ἆρον τὸν κράβαττόν σου καὶ περιπάτει.

But he answered them, 'The one who made me well — that one said to me, "Take up your mat and walk."'

Deflection / attributionδέThe healed man deflects the charge onto his healer. The demonstrative ἐκεῖνος ('that one') singles out the healer with some distance — the man does not yet know who he is (v.13). His defense is essentially: I was obeying a command greater than the Sabbath-restriction, though he does not yet frame it that way.
heNominativearticle (substantival, subject)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, respond.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object
the oneNominativearticle (substantival)
ποιήσαςwho madeAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ποιέωsubstantival participle (subject of the relative clause)ποιέω: 'do, make'; the healer is identified only by his deed.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ποιήσας
ὑγιῆwell/wholeAccusativepredicate adjective (object complement)ὑγιής: 'healthy'; see vv.6, 9.
ἐκεῖνόςthat oneNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject — anaphoric)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; often used of Jesus in John with emphasis (cf. 1:8; 3:30; 5:38; 9:37).
μοιto meDativedative indirect object
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
Ἆρονtake upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · αἴρωimperative (quoted command)→ constative aorist imperativeαἴρω: 'take up'; verbatim quotation of v.8.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κράβαττόνmatAccusativedirect objectκράβαττος: see v.8.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιπάτειwalkPres Act Impv 2 Sg · περιπατέωimperative (quoted command)→ immediate imperativeπεριπατέω: 'walk'; see v.8.
12

ἠρώτησαν αὐτόν· Τίς ἐστιν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ εἰπών σοι· Ἆρον καὶ περιπάτει;

They asked him, 'Who is the man who said to you, "Take up and walk"?'

InterrogationasyndetonAsyndeton, rapid dialogue. The authorities press for the identity of the one who commanded Sabbath-breaking — their concern is legal accountability. The condensed quotation 'Take up and walk' (dropping 'your mat') reduces the command to its essentials.
ἠρώτησανthey askedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐρωτάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐρωτάω: 'ask, request'; standard for questioning in John.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)τίς: interrogative; 'who?'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verbεἰμί: copula.
theNominativearticle
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativepredicate nominativeἄνθρωπος: 'man, person'; irony: they seek 'the man' while the one they seek has already withdrawn (v.13).
the oneNominativearticle (resumptive, substantival)
εἰπώνwho saidAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωattributive participleλέγω: 'say.'
σοιto youDativedative indirect object
Ἆρονtake upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · αἴρωimperative (quoted)→ constative aorist imperativeαἴρω: 'take up, carry.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιπάτειwalkPres Act Impv 2 Sg · περιπατέωimperative (quoted)→ immediate imperativeπεριπατέω: 'walk.'
13

ὁ δὲ ἰαθεὶς οὐκ ᾔδει τίς ἐστιν· ὁ γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐξένευσεν ὄχλου ὄντος ἐν τῷ τόπῳ.

Now the man who had been healed did not know who it was, for Jesus had withdrawn, as there was a crowd in that place.

Narrative explanationδέThe pluperfect sense of ᾔδει ('did not know') and the aorist ἐξένευσεν establish the man's ignorance and Jesus' sovereign withdrawal. ἐξένευσεν ('slipped away, withdrew') is a rare word; Jesus disappears into the crowd — a motif of his sovereign control over his own revelation (cf. 8:59; 10:39; 12:36).
theNominativearticle
δὲnowcontinuative conjunction
ἰαθεὶςhealed manAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἰάομαιsubstantival participle (subject)ἰάομαι: 'heal'; a second healing-word alongside θεραπεύω (v.10) and ὑγιής; common in Luke, used sparingly in John.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ᾔδειknewPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ pluperfect of state (prior ignorance)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect-system verb with present meaning); the pluperfect marks a state obtaining up to that moment.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (indirect question)τίς: 'who.'
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of indirect questionεἰμί: copula.
theNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: gives the reason for his ignorance.
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of ἐξένευσενἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἐξένευσενhad slipped awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκνεύωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκνεύω: 'turn aside, slip away'; a rare verb (only here in NT); from νεύω 'incline the head'; Jesus withdraws sovereignly before being identified.
ὄχλουof a crowdGenitivegenitive absolute (subject of ὄντος)ὄχλος: 'crowd, multitude'; the crowd provides cover for Jesus' withdrawal.
ὄντοςbeing/there beingPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · εἰμίgenitive absolute (circumstantial)εἰμί: 'be'; the genitive absolute provides the circumstantial reason for concealment.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
τόπῳplaceDativedative of placeτόπος: 'place, location'; the pool area at Bethesda.
14

Μετὰ ταῦτα εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἴδε ὑγιὴς γέγονας· μηκέτι ἁμάρτανε, ἵνα μὴ χεῖρόν σοί τι γένηται.

After these things Jesus found him in the temple and said to him, 'See, you have been made well. Sin no more, lest something worse happen to you.'

Second encounter (warning)Μετὰ ταῦταJesus takes the initiative again — he seeks out the man in the temple. The perfect γέγονας ('you have become') emphasizes the permanent state of health. The command 'sin no more' does not necessarily assert that his illness was caused by a specific sin (cf. 9:3) but calls him to complete moral transformation commensurate with his healing.
Μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeaccusative of time
εὑρίσκειfindsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (historic present)→ vivid historic presentεὑρίσκω: 'find'; Jesus' sovereign initiative — he finds the man who has not sought him.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
ἱερῷtempleDativedative of placeἱερόν: 'temple complex' (the whole precinct, not the inner sanctuary ναός); the healed man has gone to worship, perhaps to give thanks.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object
Ἴδεsee/lookAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὁράωimperative (attention-getting particle)→ immediate imperativeἴδε: 'see, behold'; often a deictic particle calling attention (cf. 1:29, 36, 47; 3:26).
ὑγιὴςwell/wholeNominativepredicate adjectiveὑγιής: 'healthy'; see vv.6, 9, 11.
γέγοναςyou have becomePerf Act Indic 2 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ intensive perfect (abiding state)γίνομαι: 'become'; the perfect tense underlines that the healing is complete and permanent.
μηκέτιno longernegative temporal adverbμηκέτι: 'no more, no longer'; with the imperative = prohibition.
ἁμάρτανεsinPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἁμαρτάνωimperative (prohibition with μή)→ prohibitive present (stop sinning)ἁμαρτάνω: 'sin, miss the mark'; the present imperative with μηκέτι = 'stop sinning' (not merely 'don't begin'); cf. 8:11 for the identical phrase.
ἵναlestnegative purpose conjunction (with μή)ἵνα μή: 'in order that not, lest.'
μὴnotnegative particle (with ἵνα)
χεῖρόνworseNominativepredicate adjective (comparative)χείρων: 'worse'; comparative of κακός; deliberately vague — 'something worse' may refer to spiritual judgment as well as physical affliction.
σοίto youDativedative of disadvantage
τιsomethingNominativeindefinite subject of γένηται
γένηταιshould happenAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of ἵνα-clause (subjunctive)γίνομαι: 'happen, come to be'; the subjunctive in the negative purpose clause.
15

ἀπῆλθεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ ἀνήγγειλεν τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ ποιήσας αὐτὸν ὑγιῆ.

The man went away and told the Jews that it was Jesus who had made him well.

Report / disclosureasyndetonThe man's report to the authorities is morally ambiguous — whether it is naive gratitude, misguided loyalty to the religious establishment, or betrayal is left open. His action shifts the danger from himself to Jesus and triggers the formal persecution (v.16). The ὅτι clause identifies Jesus by his deed (ποιήσας αὐτὸν ὑγιῆ), echoing the man's own earlier words (v.11).
ἀπῆλθενwent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
theNominativearticle
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος: the anonymous beneficiary, named only by his condition and his healing throughout.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνήγγειλενreported/announcedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναγγέλλω: 'report, announce, bring news back'; the ἀνα- prefix implies reporting back to those in authority.
τοῖςto theDativearticle
ἸουδαίοιςJews/JudeansDativedative indirect objectἸουδαῖοι: the same authorities who challenged him in v.10.
ὅτιthatconjunction (indirect statement)
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of ἐστιν (predicate)Ἰησοῦς: Jesus — named publicly to the authorities for the first time in the scene.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verbεἰμί: copula.
the oneNominativearticle (substantival)
ποιήσαςwho madeAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ποιέωsubstantival participle (predicate)ποιέω: 'do, make'; echoing the man's own words from v.11.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ποιήσας
ὑγιῆwellAccusativepredicate adjective (object complement)ὑγιής: 'healthy'; final occurrence in the healing sequence.
16

Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν, ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν σαββάτῳ.

And for this reason the Jews were persecuting Jesus, because he was doing these things on the Sabbath.

Consequence (persecution begins)Καὶ διὰ τοῦτοThe formal transition to the controversy discourse. The imperfect ἐδίωκον ('were persecuting') indicates an ongoing pattern of hostility. The phrase ταῦτα ἐποίει ('he was doing these things') with the iterative imperfect implies that the Bethesda healing was representative of repeated Sabbath activity, not an isolated incident.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τοῦτοthisAccusativeaccusative of causeδιὰ τοῦτο: 'for this reason, because of this'; Johannine connector pointing backward to the healing and forward to the ὅτι-clause.
ἐδίωκονwere persecutingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · διώκωmain verb→ iterative imperfect (ongoing pattern)διώκω: 'pursue, persecute'; the technical term for religious-legal persecution; the imperfect marks the beginning of a sustained hostility that runs through chapters 5–10.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἸουδαῖοιJews/JudeansNominativesubject of ἐδίωκονἸουδαῖοι: the Jerusalem authorities; see vv.10, 15.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect object of ἐδίωκονἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because'; gives the ground of the persecution.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of ἐποίει
ἐποίειhe was doingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of causal clause→ iterative imperfectποιέω: 'do, make'; the imperfect implies habitual pattern, not merely this one healing.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (time)
σαββάτῳthe SabbathDativedative of timeσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; without the article — 'on a Sabbath/on Sabbaths' (a generic use).
17

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἀπεκρίνατο αὐτοῖς· Ὁ πατήρ μου ἕως ἄρτι ἐργάζεται, κἀγὼ ἐργάζομαι.

But Jesus answered them, 'My Father is working until now, and I am working.'

Defense / claim of divine sonshipδέThe pivotal statement of the chapter: Jesus grounds his Sabbath activity in the Father's continuous work. Jewish theology acknowledged that God must maintain creation even on the Sabbath (the sun rises, the rain falls, life continues); Jesus claims to share that unceasing divine activity. 'My Father' (not 'our Father') is the Johannine marker of unique sonship. κἀγώ ('and I also') asserts equal participation.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of ἀπεκρίνατοἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἀπεκρίνατοansweredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; the middle form is standard in John.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object
theNominativearticle
πατήρFatherNominativesubject of ἐργάζεταιπατήρ: 'father'; Jesus says 'my Father' (μου), claiming a unique filial relationship — not the Jewish 'our Father'; this becomes the ground of the heightened charge in v.18.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
ἕωςuntilpreposition + genitive (temporal)ἕως: 'until, up to'; ἕως ἄρτι = 'until now, right up to the present.'
ἄρτιnowadverb (temporal)ἄρτι: 'just now, at this very time'; ἕως ἄρτι emphasizes that the Father has never stopped working.
ἐργάζεταιis workingPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐργάζομαιmain verb→ durative present (continuous action)ἐργάζομαι: 'work, labor'; the divine work of sustaining creation continues without interruption, including on the Sabbath.
κἀγὼand I alsocrasis (καὶ + ἐγώ); subject + coordinating elementκἀγώ: crasis of καὶ ἐγώ; 'and I too' — the 'also' asserts equality of activity.
ἐργάζομαιam workingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἐργάζομαιmain verb→ durative presentἐργάζομαι: 'work'; Jesus' present activity is coordinate with the Father's eternal activity — the claim that grounds equality (v.18).
18

διὰ τοῦτο οὖν μᾶλλον ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἀποκτεῖναι, ὅτι οὐ μόνον ἔλυεν τὸ σάββατον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πατέρα ἴδιον ἔλεγεν τὸν θεόν, ἴσον ἑαυτὸν ποιῶν τῷ θεῷ.

For this reason, then, the Jews were seeking all the more to kill him, because not only was he breaking the Sabbath, but he was also calling God his own Father, making himself equal with God.

Escalated consequenceδιὰ τοῦτο οὖνThe double connector (διὰ τοῦτο + οὖν) marks a narrative-theological hinge. The charge escalates from Sabbath-breaking to blasphemy: calling God 'his own Father' (πατέρα ἴδιον) in a way that implies unique equality (ἴσον ποιῶν). The narrator's own summary 'making himself equal with God' is important: the Fourth Gospel affirms this claim rather than refuting it, using it as the launching pad for the discourse on the Son's authority in vv.19–47.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τοῦτοthisAccusativeaccusative of causeδιὰ τοῦτο: 'for this reason.'
οὖνthereforeinferential particleοὖν: emphasizes the logical consequence.
μᾶλλονall the morecomparative adverbμᾶλλον: 'more, rather'; the claim of v.17 intensifies the existing persecution of v.16.
ἐζήτουνwere seekingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ progressive/conative imperfectζητέω: 'seek'; with the infinitive ἀποκτεῖναι = 'to kill'; the imperfect marks the ongoing lethal intent.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀποκτεῖναι
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἸουδαῖοιJews/JudeansNominativesubjectἸουδαῖοι: the authorities; see vv.10, 16.
ἀποκτεῖναιto killAor Act Inf · ἀποκτείνωcomplementary infinitive (with ἐζήτουν)ἀποκτείνω: 'kill'; the intent introduced here recurs in 7:1, 19, 20, 25; 8:37, 40; 11:53.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (double cause follows)
οὐnotnegative particle
μόνονonlyadverb (first member of οὐ μόνον…ἀλλά)μόνον: 'only'; the οὐ μόνον…ἀλλά καί structure adds a second, greater charge.
ἔλυενwas breakingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λύωmain verb (in causal clause)→ iterative imperfectλύω: 'loosen, break, destroy'; λύειν τὸ σάββατον = 'break the Sabbath' — the technical legal charge.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σάββατονSabbathAccusativedirect object of ἔλυενσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; the first charge.
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction (second member of οὐ μόνον…ἀλλά)
καὶalsoadjunctive particle
πατέραFatherAccusativedirect object of ἔλεγεν (predicate complement)πατήρ: 'father'; πατέρα ἴδιον ('his own Father') — the ἴδιος distinguishes this from the generic Jewish 'our Father'; it claims a unique, personal filial bond.
ἴδιονownAccusativeattributive adjectiveἴδιος: 'own, one's own'; the word that elevates the claim to blasphemy in Jewish ears — not 'father' in the covenantal sense but in a uniquely personal sense.
ἔλεγενwas callingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ iterative imperfectλέγω: 'say, call'; the imperfect implies this was a repeated or habitual claim.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativedirect object of ἔλεγεν (in double-accusative)θεός: 'God'; God named as Jesus' own Father.
ἴσονequalAccusativepredicate adjective (object complement)ἴσος: 'equal, equivalent'; the narrator's theological summary — ἴσον τῷ θεῷ, 'equal with God'; cf. Phil 2:6 (ἴσα θεῷ), where the same claim is made.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativedirect object of ποιῶν
ποιῶνmakingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ποιέωcircumstantial participle (manner — how he was calling God his Father)ποιέω: 'make'; ποιεῖν ἑαυτόν + predicate = 'make oneself [X]'; cf. 10:33; 19:7.
τῷwithDativearticle
θεῷGodDativedative of comparison (with ἴσον)θεός: 'God'; ἴσος + dative = 'equal to/with God.'
19

Ἀπεκρίνατο οὖν ὁ Ἰησοῦς καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, οὐ δύναται ὁ υἱὸς ποιεῖν ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ οὐδέν, ἐὰν μή τι βλέπῃ τὸν πατέρα ποιοῦντα· ἃ γὰρ ἂν ἐκεῖνος ποιῇ, ταῦτα καὶ ὁ υἱὸς ὁμοίως ποιεῖ.

So Jesus answered and was saying to them, 'Truly, truly, I say to you, the Son can do nothing of himself unless it is something he sees the Father doing; for whatever the Father does, the Son also does likewise.'

Discourse opener (solemn assertion)οὖνThe double 'Amen, amen' formula (unique to John's Gospel; the Synoptics use single amen) introduces a solemn pronouncement of the highest authority. The syntax of v.19 is the governing principle for all of vv.19–30: the Son's dependence on the Father is not weakness but the ontological structure of divine unity — perfect correspondence and coinherence.
ἈπεκρίνατοansweredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer.'
οὖνtherefore/soinferential particleοὖν: connects to the charges of v.18.
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλεγενwas sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ inceptive imperfect (began to say)λέγω: 'say'; the imperfect with ἀπεκρίνατο marks the beginning of the extended discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative indirect object
Ἀμὴνtrulydiscourse particle (solemn affirmation)ἀμήν: Hebraism, 'truly, certainly'; used by Jesus alone to introduce his own words — a unique authority marker; doubled in John.
ἀμὴνtrulydiscourse particle (doubled for emphasis)ἀμήν: the doubled form is distinctive to the Fourth Gospel (25 occurrences; cf. the Synoptic single amen).
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (performative)→ performative presentλέγω: 'say'; the first-person singular with ἀμὴν ἀμὴν is the highest authority formula in the Gospels.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object
οὐnotnegative particle
δύναταιis ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (of the ὁ υἱός clause)→ gnomic present (eternal truth)δύναμαι: 'be able, can'; the inability is not a moral weakness but an expression of ontological unity — what the Father does not do, the Son does not do independently.
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubject of δύναταιυἱός: 'son'; ὁ υἱός absolute = the Son, the eternal second person, not a generic son.
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (with δύναται)ποιέω: 'do, make.'
ἀφ᾽frompreposition + genitive (source/independence)ἀπό: ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ = 'from himself, on his own initiative'; the phrase denotes autonomous, self-originating action, which the Son disavows.
ἑαυτοῦhimselfGenitivegenitive of source (reflexive)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; ἀπ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ / ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ is a refrain in John (5:30; 7:17, 28; 8:28, 42; 10:18; 14:10; cf. 16:13).
οὐδένnothingAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖνοὐδέν: 'nothing'; absolute — no independent action whatsoever.
ἐὰνunlessconditional conjunction (with μή = 'unless')ἐὰν μή: 'unless, except'; introduces the one exception that is really no exception — what he sees.
μήnotnegative particle (with ἐάν)
τιsomethingAccusativedirect object of βλέπῃ (indefinite)
βλέπῃhe seesPres Act Subj 3 Sg · βλέπωverb of conditional clause→ gnomic/iterative (eternal pattern)βλέπω: 'see, observe'; the present subjunctive in an indefinite conditional clause; the Son sees the Father's works and replicates them.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραFatherAccusativedirect object of βλέπῃ (with ποιοῦντα as object complement)πατήρ: 'father'; God the Father.
ποιοῦνταdoingPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Masc · ποιέωobject complement (predicate participle of βλέπω)ποιέω: 'do, make'; the Son sees the Father in the act of working and mirrors it.
whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (accusative direct object, fronted)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: gives the theological basis for the preceding.
ἂνevermodal particle (with subjunctive, generalizing)ἄν: with the relative = 'whatever,' generalizing the scope.
ἐκεῖνοςthat one/heNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject — the Father)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; used here for the Father (reversal of v.11 where it referred to Jesus); emphatic identification.
ποιῇdoesPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause (with ἄν = indefinite)→ gnomic/iterativeποιέω: 'do.'
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖ (correlated with ἅ)
καὶalsoadjunctive particle
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubject of ποιεῖυἱός: 'Son.'
ὁμοίωςlikewiseadverb of mannerὁμοίως: 'in like manner, similarly'; the Son's deeds are not imitations but the same works done in perfect unison.
ποιεῖdoesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (apodosis)→ gnomic presentποιέω: 'do, make'; the gnomic present states an eternal principle.
20

ὁ γὰρ πατὴρ φιλεῖ τὸν υἱὸν καὶ πάντα δείκνυσιν αὐτῷ ἃ αὐτὸς ποιεῖ, καὶ μείζονα τούτων δείξει αὐτῷ ἔργα, ἵνα ὑμεῖς θαυμάζητε.

For the Father loves the Son and shows him everything that he himself is doing, and greater works than these will he show him, so that you may be amazed.

Theological ground (love as basis for revelation)γάρφιλέω ('love' with warmth) is used rather than ἀγαπάω, perhaps for stylistic variation; both are used of the Father's love for the Son in John (ἀγαπᾷ in 3:35; φιλεῖ here and in 5:20). The 'greater works' anticipate the raising of the dead (vv.21, 25–29) and ultimately the resurrection of Lazarus (ch.11). The purpose 'so that you may be amazed' addresses the audience directly.
theNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: gives the theological reason for v.19 — because the Father loves the Son.
πατὴρFatherNominativesubject of φιλεῖπατήρ: 'Father'; God the Father.
φιλεῖlovesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · φιλέωmain verb→ gnomic presentφιλέω: 'love, have affection for'; one of two love-words in John; here used of the Father's love for the Son (cf. ἀγαπάω in 3:35; both verbs appear interchangeably in John).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱὸνSonAccusativedirect object of φιλεῖυἱός: 'Son.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάνταall thingsAccusativedirect object of δείκνυσινπᾶς: 'all, every'; πάντα = 'everything'; the Father hides nothing from the Son.
δείκνυσινshowsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δείκνυμιmain verb→ gnomic presentδείκνυμι: 'show, reveal, point out'; divine revelation from Father to Son.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object
which/whatAccusativerelative pronoun (direct object of ποιεῖ)
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject = the Father)αὐτός: emphatic 'he himself' — the Father's own works.
ποιεῖdoesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ gnomic presentποιέω: 'do, make.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μείζοναgreaterAccusativeattributive adjective (comparative, modifying ἔργα)μείζων: 'greater' (comparative of μέγας); the 'greater works' are life-giving and judgment, explicated in vv.21–30.
τούτωνthan theseGenitivegenitive of comparison
δείξειhe will showFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δείκνυμιmain verb→ predictive futureδείκνυμι: 'show'; the future tense anticipates the eschatological works of resurrection and judgment.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object
ἔργαworksAccusativedirect object of δείξειἔργον: 'work, deed'; the Johannine ἔργα are Jesus' miracles/signs understood as God's own actions.
ἵναso thatfinal conjunction (purpose)ἵνα: purpose clause.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
θαυμάζητεmay be amazedPres Act Subj 2 Pl · θαυμάζωverb of purpose clause (subjunctive)θαυμάζω: 'marvel, be astonished'; wonder as the appropriate response to Jesus' works; whether this is a positive or ironic response is debated.
21

ὥσπερ γὰρ ὁ πατὴρ ἐγείρει τοὺς νεκροὺς καὶ ζωοποιεῖ, οὕτως καὶ ὁ υἱὸς οὓς θέλει ζωοποιεῖ.

For just as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, so also the Son gives life to whom he wills.

First 'greater work': life-givingγάρThe ὥσπερ…οὕτως ('just as…so also') comparison is the backbone of vv.21–23. The 'greater works' of v.20 are now specified: raising the dead. ζωοποιεῖν ('make alive') is a divine prerogative (Deut 32:39; 1 Sam 2:6; 2 Kgs 5:7); Jesus shares it fully. The addition 'whom he wills' asserts sovereign freedom, not arbitrary selection but purposeful will.
ὥσπερjust ascomparative conjunctionὥσπερ: 'just as, even as'; introduces the Father's side of the comparison.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: explains why the greater works will be shown (v.20).
theNominativearticle
πατὴρFatherNominativesubject of ἐγείρει and ζωοποιεῖπατήρ: 'Father.'
ἐγείρειraisesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb→ gnomic presentἐγείρω: 'raise, rouse'; the Father's life-giving power over death is OT confession (Deut 32:39).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
νεκροὺςdeadAccusativedirect object of ἐγείρεινεκρός: 'dead (person)'; will refer both to the spiritually dead (v.24–25) and the physically dead (v.28–29).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ζωοποιεῖgives lifePres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζωοποιέωmain verb→ gnomic presentζωοποιέω: 'make alive, give life'; a compound (ζωή + ποιέω) used in Paul (1 Cor 15:22, 36, 45; 2 Cor 3:6; Rom 8:11) and here; a divine prerogative.
οὕτωςso alsodemonstrative adverb (apodosis correlative)οὕτως: 'in this manner, so'; with ὥσπερ forms the standard comparison.
καὶalsoadjunctive particle
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubject of ζωοποιεῖυἱός: 'Son.'
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (fronted direct object of ζωοποιεῖ)
θέλειhe willsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb of relative clause→ gnomic presentθέλω: 'will, want'; the Son's sovereign will to give life — not arbitrary but purposeful and free.
ζωοποιεῖgives lifePres Act Indic 3 Sg · ζωοποιέωmain verb (apodosis)→ gnomic presentζωοποιέω: 'make alive'; as the Father, so the Son — full parity.
22

οὐδὲ γὰρ ὁ πατὴρ κρίνει οὐδένα, ἀλλὰ τὴν κρίσιν πᾶσαν δέδωκεν τῷ υἱῷ,

For the Father judges no one, but has given all judgment to the Son,

Second 'greater work': judgment delegated to SonγάρThe second divine prerogative — judgment — is fully delegated to the Son. The perfect δέδωκεν ('has given') points to a past, completed act whose effects are permanent. The absolute 'no one' (οὐδένα) and 'all judgment' (πᾶσαν κρίσιν) leave no room for any independent divine judgment bypassing the Son.
οὐδὲand not/nornegative coordinating conjunctionοὐδέ: 'nor, and not'; connects to the theme of v.21 (life-giving) and adds judgment.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: continuing explanation.
theNominativearticle
πατὴρFatherNominativesubject of κρίνειπατήρ: 'Father.'
κρίνειjudgesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κρίνωmain verb→ gnomic presentκρίνω: 'judge, evaluate, condemn'; the Father's role as ultimate judge has been fully transferred to the Son.
οὐδέναno oneAccusativedirect object of κρίνειοὐδείς: 'no one, nothing'; the absolute scope of the delegation.
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunctionἀλλά: the adversative sets up the positive statement of delegation.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κρίσινjudgmentAccusativedirect object of δέδωκενκρίσις: 'judgment, decision'; a key term of this section (vv.22, 24, 27, 29, 30); both the act and the outcome of divine evaluation.
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, every'; πᾶσαν κρίσιν = 'all judgment' — no partial transfer; the totality.
δέδωκενhe has givenPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ intensive perfect (completed act, abiding effect)δίδωμι: 'give'; the perfect marks a definitive past act (the eternal decree) whose effect stands; the Father's self-limitation is permanent.
τῷto theDativearticle
υἱῷSonDativedative indirect objectυἱός: 'Son'; the delegate of all divine judgment.
23

ἵνα πάντες τιμῶσι τὸν υἱὸν καθὼς τιμῶσι τὸν πατέρα. ὁ μὴ τιμῶν τὸν υἱὸν οὐ τιμᾷ τὸν πατέρα τὸν πέμψαντα αὐτόν.

so that all may honor the Son just as they honor the Father. The one who does not honor the Son does not honor the Father who sent him.

Purpose of delegation: equal honorἵναThe purpose clause states the telos of the delegation of judgment: equal honor to the Son as to the Father. The negative corollary is stark and unambiguous: dishonoring the Son is ipso facto dishonoring the Father. This directly refutes any notion that one can honor God while rejecting Jesus. The ὁ μὴ τιμῶν construction (articular participle + present tense) frames this as a universal, permanent principle.
ἵναso thatfinal conjunction (purpose)ἵνα: purpose clause explaining why judgment was given to the Son.
πάντεςallNominativesubject of τιμῶσιπᾶς: 'all'; universal scope — all people without exception.
τιμῶσιmay honorPres Act Subj 3 Pl · τιμάωverb of purpose clause (subjunctive)→ gnomic subjunctive (universal obligation)τιμάω: 'honor, esteem, revere'; the honor due to God is now due equally to the Son.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱὸνSonAccusativedirect object of τιμῶσιυἱός: 'Son.'
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: 'just as, even as'; the standard of the Son's honor is the Father's honor — complete equality.
τιμῶσιthey honorPres Act Indic 3 Pl · τιμάωverb of comparison→ gnomic presentτιμάω: 'honor.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραFatherAccusativedirect object of τιμῶσιπατήρ: 'Father.'
the oneNominativearticle (substantival, introducing negative corollary)
μὴnotnegative particle (with participle)
τιμῶνhonoringPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · τιμάωsubstantival participle (subject)τιμάω: 'honor'; the articular present participle makes this a general principle about anyone who fails to honor the Son.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱὸνSonAccusativedirect object of τιμῶνυἱός: 'Son.'
οὐnotnegative particle
τιμᾷhonorsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · τιμάωmain verb→ gnomic presentτιμάω: 'honor'; the negative logic: rejection of the Son = rejection of the Father.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραFatherAccusativedirect object of τιμᾷπατήρ: 'Father.'
τὸνthe oneAccusativearticle (substantival)
πέμψανταwho sentAor Act Ptc Acc Sg Masc · πέμπωattributive participleπέμπω: 'send'; the Johannine 'sending' formula; the Father as the one who commissioned and sent Jesus.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of πέμψαντα
24

Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι ὁ τὸν λόγον μου ἀκούων καὶ πιστεύων τῷ πέμψαντί με ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον, καὶ εἰς κρίσιν οὐκ ἔρχεται, ἀλλὰ μεταβέβηκεν ἐκ τοῦ θανάτου εἰς τὴν ζωήν.

Truly, truly, I say to you, whoever hears my word and believes him who sent me has eternal life and does not come into judgment, but has passed from death into life.

First 'Amen, amen' declaration on realized eschatologyἈμὴν ἀμὴνThe second 'Amen, amen' formula (vv.19 and 24) signals another solemn pronouncement. This is John's classic realized eschatology: eternal life is a present possession ('has eternal life,' ἔχει — present tense); the believer 'has passed' (μεταβέβηκεν, perfect) from death to life — it is already accomplished. The future judgment is bypassed entirely. The two conditions — hearing the word and believing the Father — are the path.
Ἀμὴνtrulydiscourse particleἀμήν: see v.19.
ἀμὴνtrulydiscourse particle (doubled)ἀμήν: doubled for the highest emphasis.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (performative)→ performative presentλέγω: 'say'; see v.19.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction (content: introduces the declaration)
the oneNominativearticle (substantival)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of ἀκούωνλόγος: 'word, message'; Jesus' word/teaching, which is the Father's word (cf. 7:16; 8:28; 12:49–50; 14:24).
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
ἀκούωνhearingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωsubstantival participle (subject — first condition)ἀκούω: 'hear, listen to'; hearing as reception and obedience, not mere audition.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πιστεύωνbelievingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · πιστεύωsubstantival participle (second condition, coordinated)πιστεύω: 'believe, trust'; used with dative (τῷ πέμψαντί) = trust in/accept; the two conditions form a hendiadys of response.
τῷthe oneDativearticle (substantival)
πέμψαντίwho sentAor Act Ptc Dat Sg Masc · πέμπωsubstantival participle (object of πιστεύων)πέμπω: 'send'; the Father is identified as 'the one who sent me' — the Johannine sending formula.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of πέμψαντί
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (present possession)→ stative present (realized eschatology)ἔχω: 'have'; the present tense is key — eternal life is a current possession, not merely a future hope.
ζωὴνlifeAccusativedirect object of ἔχειζωή: 'life'; with αἰώνιον = 'eternal life'; the characteristic Johannine gift of God in Christ.
αἰώνιονeternalAccusativeattributive adjectiveαἰώνιος: 'eternal, of the age (to come)'; in John also qualitative — the life of the divine age, shared with God.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
κρίσινjudgmentAccusativeaccusative of goalκρίσις: 'judgment'; the eschatological condemnation from which the believer is exempt.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ gnomic presentἔρχομαι: 'come'; the believer does not come into judgment — the verdict is already rendered.
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction
μεταβέβηκενhas passedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · μεταβαίνωmain verb→ intensive perfect (completed transition, abiding state)μεταβαίνω: 'pass over, cross from one side to another'; the perfect emphasizes that the transition from death to life is complete and permanent — the believer already stands on the life side.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θανάτουdeathGenitivegenitive of sourceθάνατος: 'death'; the realm of spiritual death and alienation from God.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ζωήνlifeAccusativeaccusative of goalζωή: 'life'; the realm of divine life — the believer has already crossed over.
25

ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι ἔρχεται ὥρα καὶ νῦν ἐστιν, ὅτε οἱ νεκροὶ ἀκούσουσιν τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ οἱ ἀκούσαντες ζήσουσιν.

Truly, truly, I say to you, an hour is coming — and is now here — when the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God, and those who hear will live.

Third solemn declaration: spiritual resurrection (present)ἀμὴν ἀμὴνThe phrase 'is coming and now is' (ἔρχεται καὶ νῦν ἐστιν) is the signature of Johannine realized-and-future eschatology (cf. 4:23). This verse speaks of spiritual resurrection — the dead who hear the Son's voice and live are the spiritually dead (cf. v.24, 'passed from death to life'); v.28 will shift to physical resurrection. The shift from ἀκούσουσιν ('will hear,' future) to οἱ ἀκούσαντες ('those who have heard,' aorist participle) is significant: future hearing that, when it occurs, results in life.
ἀμὴνtrulydiscourse particleἀμήν: see vv.19, 24.
ἀμὴνtrulydiscourse particle (doubled)ἀμήν: doubled for highest emphasis.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (performative)→ performative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ὑμῖνto youDativedative indirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
ἔρχεταιis comingPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ futuristic present (approaching hour)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the hour is already in motion — the futuristic present captures its imminence.
ὥραan hourNominativesubject of ἔρχεται and ἐστινὥρα: 'hour'; in John 'the hour' is a theological term for the appointed time of Jesus' death and glorification (2:4; 7:30; 8:20; 12:23, 27; 13:1; 16:32; 17:1); here it refers to the hour of eschatological life.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νῦνnowtemporal adverbνῦν: 'now'; the realized present aspect of the eschatological hour.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verbεἰμί: copula; 'the hour is coming and now is' — both future and present at once.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunctionὅτε: 'when'; introduces the content of the hour.
οἱtheNominativearticle
νεκροὶdeadNominativesubject of ἀκούσουσιννεκρός: 'dead'; here the spiritually dead — those in the realm of spiritual death (cf. v.24); v.28 will use the same word for the physically dead.
ἀκούσουσινwill hearFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (future)→ predictive futureἀκούω: 'hear'; with genitive object = hear and respond to the voice; the future tense spans both 'now' (already) and 'coming' (still).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (partitive genitive)
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούσουσινφωνή: 'voice'; the voice of the Son that calls the dead to life — cf. 10:3–4, 16, 27 (the shepherd's voice); 11:43 (the raising of Lazarus).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
υἱοῦSonGenitivegenitive (possessive/subjective)υἱός: 'Son'; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ = the divine Son in his life-giving capacity.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationshipθεός: 'God'; here 'the Son of God' (ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ) — the formal Christological title of divine sonship.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantival)
ἀκούσαντεςwho have heardAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωsubstantival participle (subject of ζήσουσιν)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the aorist participle marks the completed act of hearing that makes one a 'hearer' — receptive and responsive.
ζήσουσινwill liveFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ζάωmain verb (future)→ predictive futureζάω: 'live'; the result of hearing the Son's voice — life, not mere biological existence but the divine life of the age to come.
26

ὥσπερ γὰρ ὁ πατὴρ ἔχει ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτῷ, οὕτως καὶ τῷ υἱῷ ἔδωκεν ζωὴν ἔχειν ἐν ἑαυτῷ.

For just as the Father has life in himself, so also he has granted the Son to have life in himself.

Ground: aseity of life granted to the SonγάρThis verse is the theological foundation of vv.21–25: the Son can give life because the Father has granted him to possess life in himself (ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτῷ). This is 'life-in-himself' (aseity of life) — life that is self-existent, not derived from an external source moment by moment. The aorist ἔδωκεν points to the eternal decree by which the Father constituted the Son as the living one.
ὥσπερjust ascomparative conjunctionὥσπερ: 'just as'; cf. the ὥσπερ…οὕτως construction of v.21.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: gives the basis for the Son's life-giving power in v.25.
theNominativearticle
πατὴρFatherNominativesubject of ἔχειπατήρ: 'Father.'
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative present (permanent possession)ἔχω: 'have, possess'; the Father's life is underived — aseity.
ζωὴνlifeAccusativedirect object of ἔχειζωή: 'life'; divine life, self-existent.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location/essence)
ἑαυτῷhimselfDativedative of location (reflexive)ἑαυτοῦ: 'himself'; ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτῷ = 'life in himself' — the definition of divine aseity.
οὕτωςso alsodemonstrative adverb (apodosis)οὕτως: 'in this manner, so.'
καὶalsoadjunctive particle
τῷto theDativearticle
υἱῷSonDativedative indirect object of ἔδωκενυἱός: 'Son'; the recipient of the gift of life-in-himself.
ἔδωκενhe gave/grantedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (apodosis)→ constative aorist (eternal decree)δίδωμι: 'give, grant'; the aorist refers to the eternal act of the Father's constituting the Son as the living one — not a temporal event but an eternal relation expressed in narrative terms.
ζωὴνlifeAccusativedirect object of ἔχεινζωή: 'life.'
ἔχεινto havePres Act Inf · ἔχωinfinitive (object of ἔδωκεν: granted [him] to have)ἔχω: 'have'; the Father granted that the Son should have life in himself — not borrowed but constitutively his own.
ἐνinpreposition + dative
ἑαυτῷhimselfDativedative of location (reflexive)ἑαυτοῦ: the Son, like the Father, possesses life in himself — the basis of his power to give it to others.
27

καὶ ἐξουσίαν ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ κρίσιν ποιεῖν, ὅτι υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἐστίν.

And he has given him authority to execute judgment, because he is the Son of Man.

Judgment authority grounded in Danielic Son of Manκαὶυἱὸς ἀνθρώπου appears here without the definite article (ὁ) — anarthrously, and without the possessive 'the.' This is likely deliberate: the anarthrous form echoes the Aramaic of Dan 7:13 more closely (כְּבַר אֱנָשׁ, 'like a son of man'), grounding the judgment authority in the Danielic figure to whom 'dominion and glory and a kingdom' are given. The text does not say 'because he is the Son of Man' (i.e., the Johannine title) but 'because he is a son of man' — both the humanity and the Danielic authority are in view.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκενἐξουσία: 'authority, right, power'; one of John's key terms for the Son's commissioned authority (cf. 1:12; 10:18; 17:2; 19:10–11).
ἔδωκενhe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aorist (eternal grant)δίδωμι: 'give, grant'; cf. v.22, 26 — the repeated ἔδωκεν underlines the Father's sovereignty in commissioning the Son.
αὐτῷto himDativedative indirect object
κρίσινjudgmentAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖνκρίσις: 'judgment'; κρίσιν ποιεῖν = 'to execute/render judgment.'
ποιεῖνto executePres Act Inf · ποιέωinfinitive (object/content of ἐξουσίαν)ποιέω: 'do, make, execute.'
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because'; gives the ground for the grant of judgment authority — his nature as Son of Man.
υἱὸςsonNominativepredicate nominative (anarthrous)υἱός: 'son'; anarthrous (no article) — reflecting the Aramaic bar enash of Dan 7:13; the anarthrous form is unique in the NT; both humanity and Danielic dignity are implied.
ἀνθρώπουof manGenitivegenitive of relationshipἄνθρωπος: 'man, human being'; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου is the Synoptic formula; here ἀναρθrous — the Danielic echo is intentional.
ἐστίνhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verbεἰμί: copula.
28

μὴ θαυμάζετε τοῦτο, ὅτι ἔρχεται ὥρα ἐν ᾗ πάντες οἱ ἐν τοῖς μνημείοις ἀκούσουσιν τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ

Do not marvel at this, for an hour is coming in which all who are in the tombs will hear his voice

Physical resurrection announcedasyndetonAsyndeton as Jesus pivots from realized (spiritual) resurrection (v.25) to final (physical) resurrection. The command 'do not marvel' addresses the potential astonishment at the claim of spiritual resurrection; the greater wonder is the coming general resurrection. Significantly, this verse lacks 'and now is' (contrast v.25) — this is purely future. 'All who are in the tombs' is unambiguously physical.
μὴnotnegative particle (with imperative)
θαυμάζετεmarvelPres Act Impv 2 Pl · θαυμάζωimperative (prohibition)→ prohibitive present (stop marveling)θαυμάζω: 'marvel, be astonished'; cf. the purpose clause of v.20 — Jesus anticipated astonishment.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object of θαυμάζετετοῦτο: 'this' — the claim about spiritual resurrection just made; or possibly anticipating v.28b.
ὅτιfor/becausecausal/explanatory conjunctionὅτι: 'for'; gives the reason (the even greater wonder) for not marveling at spiritual resurrection.
ἔρχεταιis comingPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (futuristic present)→ futuristic presentἔρχομαι: 'come'; cf. v.25 — but here without 'and now is'; purely future.
ὥραan hourNominativesubject of ἔρχεταιὥρα: 'hour'; the eschatological hour of the general resurrection.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (time, with relative)
whichDativerelative pronoun (temporal)ὅς: 'which'; ἐν ᾗ = 'in which hour, when.'
πάντεςallNominativesubject of ἀκούσουσινπᾶς: 'all'; πάντες οἱ ἐν τοῖς μνημείοις — the universal scope of the resurrection.
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantival)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μνημείοιςtombsDativedative of placeμνημεῖον: 'tomb, grave'; unambiguously physical — the physically buried dead; anticipates Lazarus (11:38, 41).
ἀκούσουσινwill hearFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (future)→ predictive futureἀκούω: 'hear'; hearing the voice of the Son that raises the dead (cf. 11:43 — 'Lazarus, come out!').
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (genitive object)
φωνῆςvoiceGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούσουσινφωνή: 'voice'; see v.25.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
29

καὶ ἐκπορεύσονται οἱ τὰ ἀγαθὰ ποιήσαντες εἰς ἀνάστασιν ζωῆς, οἱ δὲ τὰ φαῦλα πράξαντες εἰς ἀνάστασιν κρίσεως.

and those who have done good will come out to a resurrection of life, and those who have done evil to a resurrection of judgment.

Two resurrections: life and judgmentκαὶThe only explicit reference in John to a two-fold resurrection (cf. Dan 12:2). The language echoes the LXX of Dan 12:2 closely. The two groups are distinguished by their deeds (ποιήσαντες/πράξαντες): those who 'practiced good' and those who 'committed evils' — the aorist participles mark completed lives. This stands in some tension with the rest of the discourse's emphasis on believing/not believing (vv.24, 38–40, 44, 47); works are the evidence of faith or its absence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκπορεύσονταιwill come outFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐκπορεύομαιmain verb (future)→ predictive futureἐκπορεύομαι: 'come out, go forth'; coming out of the tombs at the resurrection; the same verb used of the voice coming out (cf. Rev 1:16) and of movement from an enclosed space.
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantival)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἀγαθὰgood thingsAccusativedirect object of ποιήσαντεςἀγαθός: 'good, beneficial'; τὰ ἀγαθά = 'good things/deeds'; cf. the works of righteousness that characterize those who 'do the truth' (3:21).
ποιήσαντεςwho have doneAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ποιέωsubstantival participle (subject of ἐκπορεύσονται — first group)ποιέω: 'do, make, practice.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal/result)
ἀνάστασινresurrectionAccusativeaccusative of goalἀνάστασις: 'rising, resurrection'; the bodily rising from the grave; used 6× in John (5:29 [×2]; 11:24, 25).
ζωῆςof lifeGenitivegenitive (attributed: 'resurrection that leads to life')ζωή: 'life'; the resurrection unto eternal life — cf. Dan 12:2 ('some to everlasting life').
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantival)
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle
φαῦλαevil thingsAccusativedirect object of πράξαντεςφαῦλος: 'evil, worthless, base'; John's preferred word for evil deeds (cf. 3:20; here); contrast ἀγαθά ('good').
πράξαντεςwho have done/committedAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · πράσσωsubstantival participle (subject of ἐκπορεύσονται — second group)πράσσω: 'do, practice, commit'; a slight shift from ποιέω (above) — πράσσω often has the connotation of habitual practice.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal/result)
ἀνάστασινresurrectionAccusativeaccusative of goalἀνάστασις: 'resurrection'; cf. Dan 12:2 ('some to shame and everlasting contempt').
κρίσεωςof judgmentGenitivegenitive (attributed: 'resurrection that leads to judgment')κρίσις: 'judgment, condemnation'; the resurrection to face the final adverse verdict.
30

Οὐ δύναμαι ἐγὼ ποιεῖν ἀπ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐδέν· καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω, καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν, ὅτι οὐ ζητῶ τὸ θέλημα τὸ ἐμὸν ἀλλὰ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πέμψαντός με.

I can do nothing of my own. As I hear, I judge; and my judgment is just, because I do not seek my own will but the will of him who sent me.

Summary/transition: grounding of just judgment in dependenceasyndetonThis verse is transitional: it closes the life-and-judgment section (vv.19–30) by returning to the governing principle of v.19 ('the Son can do nothing from himself') and prepares for the testimony section (vv.31–40). The justice of Jesus' judgment (ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία) flows from his total orientation toward the Father's will rather than his own — a perfectly objective judgment.
Οὐnotnegative particle
δύναμαιI am ablePres Mid Indic 1 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ gnomic presentδύναμαι: 'be able, can'; cf. v.19 — the refrain of the Son's dependent omnipotence.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
ποιεῖνto doPres Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitiveποιέω: 'do, make.'
ἀπ᾽frompreposition + genitive (source)ἀπό: ἀπ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ = 'from myself, on my own authority'; cf. vv.19, 17.
ἐμαυτοῦmyselfGenitivegenitive of source (reflexive)ἐμαυτοῦ: reflexive; see also 7:17; 8:28, 42; 10:18; 14:10.
οὐδένnothingAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖνοὐδέν: 'nothing'; absolute denial of self-originated action.
καθὼςascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: 'just as, according as.'
ἀκούωI hearPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ durative present (ongoing reception)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the Son judges by listening to the Father — the perfect alignment of his will with the Father's.
κρίνωI judgePres Act Indic 1 Sg · κρίνωmain verb→ gnomic presentκρίνω: 'judge'; the asyndeton καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω = 'as I hear, so I judge' — instantaneous correspondence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
κρίσιςjudgmentNominativesubject of ἐστίνκρίσις: 'judgment.'
theNominativearticle (attributive)
ἐμὴmyNominativepossessive adjective (attributive)ἐμός: possessive adjective; 'my.'
δικαίαjust/righteousNominativepredicate adjectiveδίκαιος: 'just, righteous'; the judgment is objectively just precisely because it does not originate in self-will.
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verbεἰμί: copula.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: gives the ground of the judgment's justice.
οὐnotnegative particle
ζητῶI seekPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ζητέωmain verb→ gnomic presentζητέω: 'seek, pursue'; the contrast of seeking one's own will versus the Father's will is fundamental to John's Christology.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
θέλημαwillAccusativedirect object of ζητῶθέλημα: 'will, desire'; τὸ ἐμὸν θέλημα = 'my own will'; Jesus does not pursue independent preferences.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἐμὸνmy ownAccusativepossessive adjective (attributive)ἐμός: 'my, my own.'
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle
θέλημαwillAccusativedirect object of ζητῶ (ellipsis)θέλημα: 'will'; τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πέμψαντός με = 'the will of the one who sent me.'
τοῦof the oneGenitivearticle (substantival)
πέμψαντόςwho sentAor Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · πέμπωsubstantival participle (genitive = 'of the one who sent')πέμπω: 'send'; the Johannine 'sending' formula; cf. vv.23, 24, 37.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of πέμψαντός
31

Ἐὰν ἐγὼ μαρτυρῶ περὶ ἐμαυτοῦ, ἡ μαρτυρία μου οὐκ ἔστιν ἀληθής.

If I bear witness about myself, my testimony is not true.

Testimony section opener: the problem of self-testimonyasyndetonAsyndeton marks the transition to the new section on witnesses (vv.31–40). Jesus invokes the Jewish legal principle of Deut 19:15 (confirmed in 8:17) that a single witness's self-testimony is inadmissible. He does not deny the content of his testimony but acknowledges the legal framework. This creates the need for the four witnesses that follow.
Ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (third class)ἐάν: 'if'; with the subjunctive, a conditional concession.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
μαρτυρῶbear witnessPres Act Subj 1 Sg · μαρτυρέωverb of conditional clause (subjunctive)μαρτυρέω: 'bear witness, testify'; a key term in the testimony section (vv.31–39); from μάρτυς 'witness.'
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (reference)
ἐμαυτοῦmyselfGenitivegenitive object of περίἐμαυτοῦ: reflexive; self-testimony is the problem addressed.
theNominativearticle
μαρτυρίαtestimonyNominativesubject of ἔστινμαρτυρία: 'testimony, witness'; one of the most frequent nouns in John (vv.31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39; cf. 1:7, 19; 3:11, 32–33; 8:13–14, 17; 19:35; 21:24).
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verbεἰμί: copula.
ἀληθήςtrue/validNominativepredicate adjectiveἀληθής: 'true, veracious'; in the legal context = 'admissible, legally valid'; this does not mean Jesus' self-testimony is false, but that it is inadmissible as sole evidence (cf. 8:14 where Jesus qualifies this).
32

ἄλλος ἐστὶν ὁ μαρτυρῶν περὶ ἐμοῦ, καὶ οἶδα ὅτι ἀληθής ἐστιν ἡ μαρτυρία ἣν μαρτυρεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ.

There is another who bears witness about me, and I know that the testimony he bears about me is true.

First witness: the Father (unnamed here, named in v.37)asyndetonAsyndeton, continuing. 'Another' (ἄλλος) is the key — not John (introduced in v.33), who is the second witness, but the Father (identified explicitly in v.37). The claim 'I know' asserts Jesus' certainty about the Father's testimony. The structure of vv.32–40 introduces four witnesses in succession: the Father (v.32, 37), John the Baptist (vv.33–35), the works (v.36), and the scriptures (v.39).
ἄλλοςanotherNominativesubject of ἐστινἄλλος: 'another of the same kind'; in context this is the Father — identified explicitly at v.37; some commentators propose John the Baptist, but v.37 makes the Father explicit.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb (existential)εἰμί: 'there is, is.'
the oneNominativearticle (substantival)
μαρτυρῶνbearing witnessPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · μαρτυρέωsubstantival participle (predicate complement)μαρτυρέω: 'testify, bear witness'; the present participle marks this as ongoing testimony.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of περί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ stative (perfect with present meaning)οἶδα: 'know' (perfect of ὁράω with present meaning); Jesus' certain, direct knowledge of the Father's testimony.
ὅτιthatconjunction (indirect statement)
ἀληθήςtrueNominativepredicate adjectiveἀληθής: 'true, valid'; the Father's testimony is absolutely reliable.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verbεἰμί: copula.
theNominativearticle
μαρτυρίαtestimonyNominativesubject of ἐστινμαρτυρία: 'testimony'; see v.31.
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (direct object of μαρτυρεῖ)
μαρτυρεῖhe bearsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μαρτυρέωverb of relative clause→ gnomic presentμαρτυρέω: 'testify.'
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of περί
33

ὑμεῖς ἀπεστάλκατε πρὸς Ἰωάννην, καὶ μεμαρτύρηκεν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ.

You have sent to John, and he has borne witness to the truth.

Second witness: John the Baptist (cited from their own inquiry)asyndetonAsyndeton. Jesus appeals to the delegation the authorities themselves had sent to John (1:19–28). The perfect tenses ἀπεστάλκατε ('you have sent') and μεμαρτύρηκεν ('he has borne witness') both stress completed actions with abiding effects: the mission happened and the witness stands on record. The authorities cannot disavow John's testimony since they themselves sought it.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronounὑμεῖς: emphatic 'you' — addressing the authorities directly; they commissioned John's inquiry.
ἀπεστάλκατεyou have sentPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ intensive perfect (completed act with abiding consequence)ἀποστέλλω: 'send with authority, commission'; the perfect emphasizes the delegation's completed and on-record nature.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction/goal)
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeaccusative of goalἸωάννης: John the Baptist; the delegation to him is narrated in 1:19–28.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μεμαρτύρηκενhe has borne witnessPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · μαρτυρέωmain verb→ intensive perfect (standing testimony)μαρτυρέω: 'testify'; the perfect keeps John's testimony alive and in force — it stands on record.
τῇto theDativearticle
ἀληθείᾳtruthDativedative of reference ('concerning/to the truth')ἀλήθεια: 'truth'; a Johannine key term (cf. 1:14, 17; 3:21; 4:23–24; 8:32; 14:6; 17:17); John's testimony was to the truth that is Jesus.
34

ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω, ἀλλὰ ταῦτα λέγω ἵνα ὑμεῖς σωθῆτε.

Not that I receive testimony from man, but I say these things so that you may be saved.

Qualification: human testimony secondary; purpose is their salvationδέJesus qualifies his appeal to John's witness: he does not actually need human testimony for his authentication (the Father's witness is sufficient); he cites John's testimony as a concession for the benefit of his hearers ('so that you may be saved'). The gracious evangelistic purpose underlies the entire discourse.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
δὲbutadversative conjunction
οὐnotnegative particle
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)παρά: 'from beside'; παρὰ ἀνθρώπου = 'from a human source.'
ἀνθρώπουman/a humanGenitivegenitive of sourceἄνθρωπος: 'man'; human testimony is secondary to divine; Jesus is not ultimately dependent on John's witness.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μαρτυρίανtestimonyAccusativedirect object of λαμβάνωμαρτυρία: 'testimony'; λαμβάνω τὴν μαρτυρίαν = 'receive testimony,' i.e., depend on it for validation.
λαμβάνωI receivePres Act Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ gnomic presentλαμβάνω: 'receive, take'; in the forensic sense = 'accept as valid, rely upon.'
ἀλλὰbutstrong adversative conjunction
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of λέγωταῦτα: 'these things' — the appeal to John's testimony; Jesus cites it for their sake, not his own.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ gnomic presentλέγω: 'say.'
ἵναso thatfinal conjunction (purpose)ἵνα: purpose clause.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
σωθῆτεmay be savedAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · σῴζωverb of purpose clause (subjunctive)σῴζω: 'save, rescue, deliver'; rare in John (σώζω appears in 3:17; 5:34; 10:9; 11:12; 12:27, 47); the aorist subjunctive looks to the decisive act of salvation.
35

ἐκεῖνος ἦν ὁ λύχνος ὁ καιόμενος καὶ φαίνων, ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠθελήσατε ἀγαλλιαθῆναι πρὸς ὥραν ἐν τῷ φωτὶ αὐτοῦ.

He was a burning and shining lamp, and you were willing to rejoice for a while in his light.

Characterization of John: the lamp, not the lightasyndetonAsyndeton. John is a 'lamp' (λύχνος), not the 'light' (φῶς) — cf. 1:8 ('he was not the light, but came to bear witness about the light'). The imperfects ἦν and ἠθελήσατε (aorist: 'you were willing for a time') indicate that this is past — John's ministry is over. The brief delight of the Jerusalem establishment in John's preaching was short-lived and superficial, not transformative.
ἐκεῖνοςthat one/heNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; emphatic reference to John the Baptist.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopulative verb (past)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; the past tense (John's ministry is over) — he 'was' the lamp.
theNominativearticle
λύχνοςlampNominativepredicate nominativeλύχνος: 'lamp, lantern'; a derived light — burning (from fuel) and shining; cf. 1:8 where John is distinguished from the φῶς; in Jewish tradition lamps symbolized righteous teachers (cf. m. Aboth 4:13; Ps 132:17 'lamp for my anointed').
the oneNominativearticle (attributive)
καιόμενοςburningPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · καίωattributive participleκαίω: 'burn, kindle'; the lamp burns — it is consuming its own fuel; John is derivative and finite, though genuine.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φαίνωνshiningPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · φαίνωattributive participleφαίνω: 'shine, give light'; the lamp's purpose — it shines; cf. 1:5 'the light shines in the darkness.'
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
ἠθελήσατεyou were willingAor Act Indic 2 Pl · θέλωmain verb→ constative aorist (past episode)θέλω: 'will, want'; ἠθελήσατε + inf = 'you were willing/chose to'; the aorist marks the historical episode of enthusiasm for John.
ἀγαλλιαθῆναιto rejoiceAor Pass Inf · ἀγαλλιάωcomplementary infinitive (with ἠθελήσατε)ἀγαλλιάω: 'exult, rejoice greatly'; a strong word for joyful celebration; their delight in John was real but transient.
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative (temporal duration)πρός: with accusative of time = 'for [a period]'; πρὸς ὥραν = 'for an hour, for a while.'
ὥρανan hour/a whileaccusative of durationὥρα: 'hour'; πρὸς ὥραν = 'for a while' (proverbial; cf. Gal 2:5; 2 Cor 7:8); the joy was ephemeral.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῷtheDativearticle
φωτὶlightDativedative of sphereφῶς: 'light'; John's light — derivative, not the true light (1:9); the authorities enjoyed the spectacle without committing to the substance.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
36

ἐγὼ δὲ ἔχω τὴν μαρτυρίαν μείζω τοῦ Ἰωάννου· τὰ γὰρ ἔργα ἃ δέδωκέν μοι ὁ πατὴρ ἵνα τελειώσω αὐτά, αὐτὰ τὰ ἔργα ἃ ποιῶ, μαρτυρεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ ὅτι ὁ πατήρ με ἀπέσταλκεν.

But I have the testimony that is greater than that of John. For the works that the Father has given me to accomplish — the very works that I am doing — bear witness about me that the Father has sent me.

Third witness: the worksδέJesus has a greater testimony than John's: the works (ἔργα) given him by the Father to accomplish (τελειώσω — 'perfect, complete'). The works are God's own acts visible in Jesus' ministry; they testify to his mission and origin. The perfect ἀπέσταλκεν ('has sent') stresses the abiding commission — the Father's sending of Jesus is a standing fact.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἔχωhavePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, possess.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μαρτυρίανtestimonyAccusativedirect object of ἔχωμαρτυρία: 'testimony'; the greater testimony than John's.
μείζωgreaterAccusativeattributive adjective (comparative)μείζων: 'greater' (comparative of μέγας); the works-witness is greater than human testimony.
τοῦthan that ofGenitivegenitive of comparison
ἸωάννουJohnGenitivegenitive of comparisonἸωάννης: John the Baptist; his witness, however significant, is superseded by the witness of the works.
τὰtheNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: explains what the greater testimony is.
ἔργαworksNominativesubject of μαρτυρεῖἔργον: 'work, deed'; the Johannine 'works' are Jesus' miracles/signs understood as the Father's own acts; cf. 10:25, 37–38; 14:11; 15:24.
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (direct object of δέδωκεν)
δέδωκένhas givenPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of relative clause→ intensive perfect (standing commission)δίδωμι: 'give, grant'; the perfect records the Father's permanent commission.
μοιto meDativedative indirect object
theNominativearticle
πατὴρFatherNominativesubject of δέδωκενπατήρ: 'Father.'
ἵναso thatfinal conjunction (purpose)ἵνα: purpose of the giving — that Jesus might accomplish/complete the works.
τελειώσωI might completeAor Act Subj 1 Sg · τελειόωverb of purpose clause (subjunctive)τελειόω: 'complete, perfect, bring to its end'; the same word used at 19:28 ('that the Scripture might be fulfilled') and 4:34 ('my food is to do the will of the one who sent me and to complete his work').
αὐτάthemAccusativedirect object of τελειώσω
αὐτὰthese veryNominativeintensive pronoun (appositive to τὰ ἔργα)αὐτός: emphatic 'the very same works' — not a different set; the works he is doing are the commissioned works.
τὰtheNominativearticle
ἔργαworksNominativesubject of μαρτυρεῖ (repeated for emphasis)ἔργον: 'work.'
whichAccusativerelative pronoun
ποιῶI am doingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ progressive present (ongoing works)ποιέω: 'do, make.'
μαρτυρεῖbears witnessPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μαρτυρέωmain verb (singular verb with neuter plural subject — standard Greek)→ gnomic presentμαρτυρέω: 'testify, bear witness'; singular because the works act as a collective unity of testimony.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of περί
ὅτιthatconjunction (content: what the works testify)
theNominativearticle
πατήρFatherNominativesubject of ἀπέσταλκενπατήρ: 'Father.'
μεmeAccusativedirect object of ἀπέσταλκεν
ἀπέσταλκενhas sentPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ intensive perfect (standing mission)ἀποστέλλω: 'send with authority'; the perfect states the abiding commission from the Father; Jesus remains in the status of the sent one.
37

καὶ ὁ πέμψας με πατὴρ ἐκεῖνος μεμαρτύρηκεν περὶ ἐμοῦ. οὔτε φωνὴν αὐτοῦ πώποτε ἀκηκόατε οὔτε εἶδος αὐτοῦ ἑωράκατε,

And the Father who sent me has himself borne witness about me. His voice you have never heard, his form you have never seen,

Fourth (primary) witness: the Father — and the indictment of inexperienceκαὶThe Father is now named explicitly as the witness of v.32. The perfect μεμαρτύρηκεν ('has borne witness') corresponds to the perfect of v.33 — the testimony stands. The sting is the double negative: they have never (πώποτε) heard his voice or seen his form — they do not know the Father at all. This is paradoxical: they claim to know God (v.18) but have no direct experience of the one whose witness Jesus claims.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle (substantival)
πέμψαςwho sentAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · πέμπωsubstantival participle (subject)πέμπω: 'send'; the Father identified by the sending.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of πέμψας
πατὴρFatherNominativeappositive to ὁ πέμψας (explanatory)πατήρ: 'Father'; makes explicit what ἄλλος (v.32) left unnamed.
ἐκεῖνοςthat one/he himselfNominativedemonstrative pronoun (emphatic subject)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; emphatic — 'he himself, none other.'
μεμαρτύρηκενhas borne witnessPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · μαρτυρέωmain verb→ intensive perfect (testimony on record)μαρτυρέω: 'testify'; see v.33.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of περί
οὔτεneithercorrelative conjunction (first of pair: οὔτε…οὔτε)οὔτε: 'neither…nor'; introduces the double indictment.
φωνὴνvoiceAccusativedirect object of ἀκηκόατεφωνή: 'voice'; they have never heard God's voice — a devastating claim given their role as Torah interpreters.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (= the Father's voice)
πώποτεever/at any timetemporal adverb (with negative = 'never')πώποτε: 'ever, at any time'; with οὔτε = 'never'; strengthens the absolute denial.
ἀκηκόατεyou have heardPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb→ intensive perfect (no experience up to this point)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the perfect in the negative = 'you have never, up to this point, heard'; the accumulated absence of experience.
οὔτεnorcorrelative conjunction (second of pair)
εἶδοςform/appearanceAccusativedirect object of ἑωράκατεεἶδος: 'form, appearance, visible shape'; cf. 1:18 'no one has ever seen God'; the Father's εἶδος is invisible, known only through the Son (1:18; 14:9).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἑωράκατεyou have seenPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ intensive perfectὁράω: 'see'; the double perfect (ἀκηκόατε/ἑωράκατε) charges them with total ignorance of the Father's direct communication.
38

καὶ τὸν λόγον αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔχετε ἐν ὑμῖν μένοντα, ὅτι ὃν ἀπέστειλεν ἐκεῖνος, τούτῳ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε.

and you do not have his word abiding in you, because you do not believe the one whom he has sent.

Consequence of not knowing the Father: rejecting the SonκαὶThe climax of vv.37–38: their rejection of Jesus reveals that the Father's word does not dwell in them. μένοντα ('abiding') uses the key Johannine word for the indwelling of divine word/presence (cf. 1:33; 14:10, 17; 15:4–7; 1 John 1:10; 2:14). The ὅτι clause gives the diagnostic: not believing the sent one exposes the absence of the Father's word within.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of ἔχετελόγος: 'word'; the Father's word as revelation — cf. 1:1, 14; 17:14, 17; Jesus is the Word incarnate and also delivers the Father's word.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (= the Father's word)
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔχετεyou havePres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, possess.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ὑμῖνyouDativedative of place (within you)
μένονταabidingPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Masc · μένωpredicate participle (complementing ἔχετε)μένω: 'abide, dwell, remain'; the Johannine μένω vocabulary — the indwelling that characterizes genuine relationship with God.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because'; the diagnostic ground of the absence.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (fronted object of ἀπέστειλεν)
ἀπέστειλενhe sentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send with authority'; the Father sent Jesus as his commissioned representative.
ἐκεῖνοςthat one/heNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject = the Father)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; the Father.
τούτῳthis one/himDativedative of indirect object (of πιστεύετε)οὗτος: 'this one'; dative with πιστεύω = 'believe in, put faith in'; the sent one = Jesus.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
οὐnotnegative particle
πιστεύετεbelievePres Act Indic 2 Pl · πιστεύωmain verb→ progressive present (ongoing unbelief)πιστεύω: 'believe, trust'; with dative = trust in a person; their unbelief in Jesus reveals they are estranged from the Father's word.
39

ἐραυνᾶτε τὰς γραφάς, ὅτι ὑμεῖς δοκεῖτε ἐν αὐταῖς ζωὴν αἰώνιον ἔχειν· καὶ ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν αἱ μαρτυροῦσαι περὶ ἐμοῦ·

You search the Scriptures because you think that in them you have eternal life; and it is they that bear witness about me.

Fifth witness: the Scriptures — and the irony of searching without findingasyndetonAsyndeton. ἐραυνᾶτε is probably indicative ('you search') rather than imperative ('search!'), since the whole thrust is accusatory. The Scriptures are the fourth explicit witness (after John, the works, and the Father). The irony is sharp: they study the Scriptures to find life but miss the one to whom the Scriptures point. Eternal life is in the one the Scriptures testify about, not in the study itself.
ἐραυνᾶτεyou searchPres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐραυνάωmain verb (indicative)→ progressive present (habitual searching)ἐραυνάω: 'search, examine carefully'; used of intensive scriptural study (cf. 7:52; 1 Pet 1:10–11; 1 Cor 2:10); their diligence is not questioned, only their failure to reach the right conclusion.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
γραφάςscripturesAccusativedirect object of ἐραυνᾶτεγραφή: 'scripture, writing'; in John τὰς γραφάς = the Hebrew scriptures in their entirety (cf. 2:22; 7:38, 42; 10:35; 13:18; 17:12; 19:24, 28, 36–37; 20:9).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because'; explains the motive for their scripture-searching.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
δοκεῖτεyou thinkPres Act Indic 2 Pl · δοκέωmain verb of causal clause→ progressive presentδοκέω: 'think, suppose, seem'; with infinitive = 'you think that you have'; the word implies a mistaken or unfounded opinion here — they suppose wrongly that life is in the text itself.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
αὐταῖςthemDativedative of sphere (the scriptures)
ζωὴνlifeAccusativedirect object of ἔχεινζωή: 'life.'
αἰώνιονeternalAccusativeattributive adjectiveαἰώνιος: 'eternal'; eternal life is what they seek; they have right desire but wrong source.
ἔχεινto havePres Act Inf · ἔχωcomplementary infinitive (with δοκεῖτε)ἔχω: 'have.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκεῖναίthose/theyNominativedemonstrative pronoun (emphatic subject — the scriptures)ἐκεῖνος: emphatic 'those very ones' — the scriptures they study are the ones that testify.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopulative verbεἰμί: copula.
αἱthe onesNominativearticle (substantival)
μαρτυροῦσαιbearing witnessPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Fem · μαρτυρέωsubstantival participle (predicate complement)μαρτυρέω: 'testify'; the scriptures are the living witnesses that currently bear testimony — present tense is significant.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of περίἐμοῦ: Jesus — the scriptures' ultimate referent; cf. Luke 24:27, 44–45.
40

καὶ οὐ θέλετε ἐλθεῖν πρός με ἵνα ζωὴν ἔχητε.

yet you are not willing to come to me so that you may have life.

The tragedy: willful refusal despite the witnessesκαὶThe tersest and most devastating verse: despite the Father, John, the works, and the scriptures all bearing witness, they will not come. οὐ θέλετε ('you are not willing') locates the problem in the will, not in ignorance. Life is available — 'so that you may have life' — but the invitation goes persistently refused. This is John's version of willful hardness (cf. Matt 23:37).
καὶyet/andadversative conjunction (contrastive use)καί: here with adversative force — 'and yet.'
οὐnotnegative particle
θέλετεyou are willingPres Act Indic 2 Pl · θέλωmain verb→ progressive present (persistent refusal)θέλω: 'will, want, be willing'; oὐ θέλετε = 'you choose not to'; the problem is volitional, not epistemic; cf. Matt 23:37 'you were not willing.'
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιcomplementary infinitive (with θέλετε)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; coming to Jesus is the act of faith.
πρόςtopreposition + accusative (direction)πρός: 'to, toward'; cf. 1:29, 47; 3:2, 26; 5:45; 6:35, 37, 44, 45, 65 — coming to Jesus as the decisive movement of faith.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative of goal
ἵναso thatfinal conjunction (purpose)
ζωὴνlifeAccusativedirect object of ἔχητεζωή: 'life'; the offer stands — if only they would come.
ἔχητεyou may havePres Act Subj 2 Pl · ἔχωverb of purpose clause (subjunctive)→ gnomic subjunctiveἔχω: 'have'; the life offered in vv.24, 39 is still available — the door is not yet closed.
41

Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω,

I do not receive glory from men,

Indictment section opener: Jesus' indifference to human gloryasyndetonAsyndeton. The opening of the final indictment (vv.41–47). The contrast with the authorities who seek glory from one another (v.44) is deliberate. δόξαν λαμβάνω ('receive glory') is the ancient Mediterranean value of honor — Jesus disclaims any dependence on it, which is the ground of his disinterested truthfulness.
ΔόξανgloryAccusativedirect object of λαμβάνω (fronted for emphasis)δόξα: 'glory, honor, reputation'; in John both human honor and divine glory; here the human honor that the authorities sought and Jesus rejects.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)παρά: 'from'; παρὰ ἀνθρώπων = 'from human beings.'
ἀνθρώπωνmen/peopleGenitivegenitive of sourceἄνθρωπος: 'human being, person.'
οὐnotnegative particle
λαμβάνωI receivePres Act Indic 1 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ gnomic presentλαμβάνω: 'receive, accept, take'; cf. v.34 — Jesus does not depend on human validation.
42

ἀλλὰ ἔγνωκα ὑμᾶς ὅτι τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἔχετε ἐν ἑαυτοῖς.

but I know you, that you do not have the love of God within yourselves.

Diagnostic: absent love of GodἀλλάThe perfect ἔγνωκα ('I have come to know') is Jesus' penetrating knowledge of their inner condition. The love of God (τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ θεοῦ — ambiguous: either their love for God [subjective genitive] or God's love for them [objective genitive]) is absent from them. Either sense is devastating: they do not love God, or God's love does not dwell in them. In context the subjective genitive ('love for God') fits best — they prefer human glory over divine.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
ἔγνωκαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb→ intensive perfect (acquired and abiding knowledge)γινώσκω: 'know'; the perfect expresses Jesus' complete and certain knowledge of their spiritual condition — direct and penetrating.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object of ἔγνωκα
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of the knowledge)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀγάπηνloveAccusativedirect object of ἔχετεἀγάπη: 'love'; the Johannine word for divine love; here probably subjective genitive — their love for God; cf. 1 John 2:15 'if anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivesubjective/objective genitive (their love for God, or God's love)θεός: 'God'; the genitive is grammatically ambiguous; love for God (subjective) fits the context of v.44.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔχετεyou havePres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, possess'; the divine love is not inhabiting them.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place/sphere)
ἑαυτοῖςyourselvesDativedative of place (reflexive — 'within yourselves')ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun; ἐν ἑαυτοῖς = 'within yourselves, in your inward being.'
43

ἐγὼ ἐλήλυθα ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ πατρός μου, καὶ οὐ λαμβάνετέ με· ἐὰν ἄλλος ἔλθῃ ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τῷ ἰδίῳ, ἐκεῖνον λήμψεσθε.

I have come in my Father's name, and you do not receive me; if another comes in his own name, that one you will receive.

Paradox: rejecting the authorized, welcoming the unauthorizedasyndetonAsyndeton. The perfect ἐλήλυθα ('I have come') affirms Jesus' completed coming with all its abiding consequence. His coming 'in the Father's name' means with the Father's authorization and representing the Father's person. The irony: they reject him but will receive a self-authorized pretender. This has been read as a reference to the bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE) or other messianic claimants, but it is more broadly a principle about how those who love human glory accept self-promoters.
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
ἐλήλυθαI have comePerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ intensive perfect (completed coming, abiding presence)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the perfect marks the Incarnation as a completed event with continuing consequences; ἐλήλυθα is one of John's most significant verbs about the Incarnation (cf. 1:11; 3:19; 11:27; 12:46–47).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner/representation)ἐν: here = 'in, with the authority of'; coming 'in the name of' = as the commissioned representative of.
τῷtheDativearticle
ὀνόματιnameDativedative of manner/representationὄνομα: 'name'; in Semitic usage the name represents the person and their authority; 'in my Father's name' = with the Father's full authorization.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
πατρόςFatherGenitivegenitive of possession/relationshipπατήρ: 'Father'; Jesus' Father — the one whose name and authority he bears.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (with adversative force here)
οὐnotnegative particle
λαμβάνετέyou receivePres Act Indic 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb→ progressive present (persistent rejection)λαμβάνω: 'receive, accept'; λαμβάνω μαρτυρίαν (vv.34, 41) and λαμβάνω + person = receive, welcome.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of λαμβάνετε
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (third class)ἐάν: third-class condition (uncertain but possible).
ἄλλοςanotherNominativesubject of ἔλθῃἄλλος: 'another of the same kind'; a false teacher or pretender.
ἔλθῃcomesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of conditional clause (subjunctive)ἔρχομαι: 'come.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)
τῷtheDativearticle
ὀνόματιnameDativedative of mannerὄνομα: 'name.'
τῷtheDativearticle (attributive)
ἰδίῳownDativeattributive adjectiveἴδιος: 'own'; ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τῷ ἰδίῳ = 'in his own name,' i.e., with self-authorization, not divine commission.
ἐκεῖνονthat oneAccusativedirect object of λήμψεσθε (fronted for contrast)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; emphatic — contrasted with ἐμέ/με.
λήμψεσθεyou will receiveFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (apodosis — future)→ predictive futureλαμβάνω: 'receive, accept'; the paradox — they will welcome the unauthorized but reject the authorized.
44

πῶς δύνασθε ὑμεῖς πιστεῦσαι, δόξαν παρὰ ἀλλήλων λαμβάνοντες, καὶ τὴν δόξαν τὴν παρὰ τοῦ μόνου θεοῦ οὐ ζητεῖτε;

How can you believe, when you receive glory from one another and do not seek the glory that comes from the only God?

Root cause of unbelief: love of human gloryδέThe rhetorical question (πῶς δύνασθε;) is the heart of the indictment. Seeking glory from one another creates a social system of honor-exchange that is incompatible with the self-denying orientation required for faith in Jesus. τοῦ μόνου θεοῦ ('the only God') is significant — some manuscripts read τοῦ μόνου ('from the only one') without θεοῦ; either reading insists on the uniqueness of divine glory.
πῶςhowinterrogative adverbπῶς: 'how'; introduces a rhetorical question expecting the answer 'you cannot.'
δύνασθεare you ablePres Mid Indic 2 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (rhetorical question)→ gnomic present (rhetorical)δύναμαι: 'be able, can'; the impossibility is structural — the two orientations are mutually exclusive.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
πιστεῦσαιto believeAor Act Inf · πιστεύωcomplementary infinitive (with δύνασθε)πιστεύω: 'believe, trust'; the aorist marks the decisive act of coming to faith.
δόξανgloryAccusativedirect object of λαμβάνοντεςδόξα: 'glory, honor'; human honor-exchange — the patronage network of the ancient world.
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)παρά: 'from.'
ἀλλήλωνone anotherGenitivegenitive of source (reciprocal pronoun)ἀλλήλων: 'one another, each other'; mutual honor-giving within their social circle.
λαμβάνοντεςreceivingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial participle (causal — 'while/because receiving')λαμβάνω: 'receive'; the present participle marks an ongoing condition that makes faith impossible.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
δόξανgloryAccusativedirect object of ζητεῖτεδόξα: 'glory'; the divine glory — the only glory worth seeking.
τὴνthe oneAccusativearticle (attributive — defining the glory)
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
μόνουonlyGenitiveattributive adjectiveμόνος: 'only, alone'; τοῦ μόνου θεοῦ = 'the only God'; divine uniqueness and exclusivity — cf. 17:3.
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of sourceθεός: 'God'; some witnesses omit θεοῦ (reading τοῦ μόνου 'from the only one'), but the majority text includes it.
οὐnotnegative particle
ζητεῖτεyou seekPres Act Indic 2 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ progressive present (habitual failure)ζητέω: 'seek, pursue'; they seek glory in the wrong place — horizontally from peers rather than vertically from God.
45

Μὴ δοκεῖτε ὅτι ἐγὼ κατηγορήσω ὑμῶν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα· ἔστιν ὁ κατηγορῶν ὑμῶν Μωϋσῆς, εἰς ὃν ὑμεῖς ἠλπίκατε.

Do not think that I will accuse you before the Father. The one who accuses you is Moses, in whom you have set your hope.

Reversal: Moses the hoped-for ally becomes the accuserasyndetonAsyndeton, dramatic pivot. Jesus disclaims the role of prosecutor — another (Moses) will do it. The perfect ἠλπίκατε ('you have set your hope') marks a fixed, abiding commitment to Moses as their champion. The irony is total: the very one in whom they have placed their hope will be their accuser, because Moses wrote about Jesus and they did not believe Moses.
Μὴnotnegative particle (with imperative: prohibition)
δοκεῖτεthinkPres Act Impv 2 Pl · δοκέωimperative (prohibition)→ prohibitive presentδοκέω: 'think, suppose'; μὴ δοκεῖτε = 'do not suppose, stop thinking'; cf. Matt 3:9; 5:17.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of δοκεῖτε)
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronoun
κατηγορήσωwill accuseFut Act Indic 1 Sg · κατηγορέωmain verb (future in indirect statement)→ predictive futureκατηγορέω: 'accuse, bring charges against'; the legal-forensic term; used of formal accusation before a judge.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive of the accused (with κατηγορέω)
πρὸςbefore/topreposition + accusative (person before whom)πρός: 'to, before'; πρὸς τὸν πατέρα = 'before the Father,' in the divine court.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραFatherAccusativeaccusative of goal (before the Father)πατήρ: 'Father'; God the judge before whom the accusation would be brought.
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίexistential/copulative verbεἰμί: 'be, there is.'
the oneNominativearticle (substantival)
κατηγορῶνaccusingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · κατηγορέωsubstantival participle (subject)κατηγορέω: 'accuse'; the present participle marks ongoing accusation — Moses' writings continuously testify against them.
ὑμῶνyouGenitivegenitive of the accused
ΜωϋσῆςMosesNominativepredicate nominative (= 'the accuser is Moses')Μωϋσῆς: Moses, the supreme authority in Jewish law; the irony is that Moses becomes prosecutor instead of defender.
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (object of hope — idiom)εἰς: with ἐλπίζω = 'hope in'; rare but attested idiom for the object of confident hope.
ὃνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἠλπίκατε)
ὑμεῖςyouNominativeemphatic subject pronoun
ἠλπίκατεyou have hopedPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐλπίζωmain verb→ intensive perfect (abiding confident hope)ἐλπίζω: 'hope, expect'; the perfect marks their settled, ongoing trust in Moses as the guarantee of their standing before God.
46

εἰ γὰρ ἐπιστεύετε Μωϋσεῖ, ἐπιστεύετε ἂν ἐμοί· περὶ γὰρ ἐμοῦ ἐκεῖνος ἔγραψεν.

For if you believed Moses, you would believe me; for he wrote about me.

Moses' writings as testimony to JesusγάρA second-class (contrary-to-fact) conditional: εἰ ἐπιστεύετε…ἐπιστεύετε ἄν — 'if you believed Moses (but you don't), you would believe me (but you don't).' The perfect ἔγραψεν ('he wrote') asserts the permanent scriptural witness of Moses to Jesus — without specifying which texts (cf. Luke 24:44; Deut 18:15–18; Gen 3:15; 22; 49:10 are commonly cited).
εἰifconditional conjunction (second class: contrary to fact)εἰ: with imperfect indicative = second-class (contrary-to-fact) conditional.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: explains how Moses is their accuser — because his writings testify to Jesus and they have not believed.
ἐπιστεύετεyou believedImpf Act Indic 2 Pl · πιστεύωverb of conditional clause (imperfect = contrary to fact)→ contrary-to-fact imperfectπιστεύω: 'believe'; the imperfect in the protasis of a second-class condition assumes non-fulfillment — 'if you believed Moses (but you do not).'
ΜωϋσεῖMosesDativedative object of πιστεύω (person trusted)Μωϋσῆς: Moses; πιστεύω + dative = trust in a person.
ἐπιστεύετεyou would believeImpf Act Indic 2 Pl · πιστεύωmain verb (apodosis — imperfect + ἄν = contrary to fact)→ contrary-to-fact imperfectπιστεύω: 'believe'; the apodosis: if you really believed Moses, the consequence would be belief in Jesus.
ἂν[conditional particle]modal particle (marking contrary-to-fact apodosis)ἄν: with imperfect indicative marks the counterfactual apodosis.
ἐμοίmeDativedative object of ἐπιστεύετε
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: gives the reason — Moses wrote about me.
ἐμοῦmeGenitivegenitive object of περί
ἐκεῖνοςthat one/heNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject = Moses)ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; emphatic reference to Moses; the ἐκεῖνος/ἐγώ contrast highlights the mutual testimony of Moses and Jesus.
ἔγραψενwroteAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb→ constative aorist (Moses' completed writings)γράφω: 'write'; Moses' writings (the Torah/Pentateuch) — completed, standing, and testifying to Jesus.
47

εἰ δὲ τοῖς ἐκείνου γράμμασιν οὐ πιστεύετε, πῶς τοῖς ἐμοῖς ῥήμασιν πιστεύσετε;

But if you do not believe his writings, how will you believe my words?

Closing argument: a fortiori logic (from lesser to greater)δέThe discourse closes with an a fortiori argument — a first-class condition (εἰ + indicative, assuming the reality) plus a rhetorical question. If they do not believe written texts (Moses' γράμματα), how can they believe the spoken words (ῥήματα) of Jesus? The contrast γράμμασιν ('letters, writings') vs. ῥήμασιν ('spoken words') may also reflect the Jewish principle that written Torah is more authoritative than oral tradition — making their failure to believe Moses' writings even less excusable than their failure to receive Jesus' words.
εἰifconditional conjunction (first class: assumed true)εἰ: first-class condition with indicative — assumes the reality ('since you do not believe').
δὲbutcontrastive conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle (with ἐκείνου = dative of reference)
ἐκείνουof that one's/hisGenitivepossessive genitive (= Moses')ἐκεῖνος: 'that one'; referring to Moses; ἐκείνου γράμμασιν = 'his writings.'
γράμμασινwritingsDativedative object of πιστεύετεγράμμα: 'letter, written document'; plural = 'writings, scriptures'; cf. 2 Tim 3:15 ('sacred writings'); the concrete textual form of Moses' testimony.
οὐnotnegative particle
πιστεύετεyou believePres Act Indic 2 Pl · πιστεύωverb of conditional clause (indicative — first class)→ progressive present (habitual unbelief)πιστεύω: 'believe'; assumed true in a first-class condition — they indeed do not believe.
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (rhetorical)πῶς: 'how'; introduces the a fortiori rhetorical question.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἐμοῖςmyDativepossessive adjective (attributive)ἐμός: 'my, mine.'
ῥήμασινwordsDativedative object of πιστεύσετεῥῆμα: 'word, saying, utterance'; often the spoken word (cf. λόγος for the message as a whole); Jesus' spoken words — the living voice of the one about whom Moses wrote.
πιστεύσετεwill you believeFut Act Indic 2 Pl · πιστεύωmain verb (rhetorical question — future)→ deliberative future (rhetorical)πιστεύω: 'believe'; the future in a rhetorical question = 'how can you possibly believe?'; the discourse closes on an unanswered challenge.