Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 2ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ Β′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ἐξῆλθεν δόγμα παρὰ Καίσαρος Αὐγούστου ἀπογράφεσθαι πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην.

Now it came about in those days that a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the inhabited world should be registered.

Narrative settingδέThe Septuagintal narrative opener Ἐγένετο δέ sets the stage on the world stage: an imperial decree of Augustus that drives the local story.
Ἐγένετοit came aboutAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Septuagintal narrative opener)→ ingressive/constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, happen'; ἐγένετο δέ is the LXX 'and it came to pass,' marking a new scene.
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (time)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedat. of timeἡμέρα: 'day'; the period linking back to John's birth narrative of ch. 1.
ἐκείναιςthoseDativedemonstrative adjective
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (content of ἐγένετο)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go/come out'; of an edict issued and promulgated.
δόγμαa decreeNominativesubjectδόγμα: 'decree, edict'; an official imperial ordinance (cf. Acts 17:7).
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ΚαίσαροςCaesarGenitivegenitive of source (object of παρά)Καῖσαρ: 'Caesar'; the imperial title-name; here the source of the decree.
ΑὐγούστουAugustusGenitivegenitive in apposition to ΚαίσαροςΑὔγουστος: 'Augustus' (Gk. for the Lat. honorific 'revered'); Octavian, the first Roman emperor — set against the true σωτήρ of v.11.
ἀπογράφεσθαιto be registeredPres Mid/Pass Inf · ἀπογράφωinfinitive (content of the decree)→ progressive presentἀπογράφω: 'register, enroll' (for taxation/census); the middle/passive 'have oneself registered.'
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκουμένηνinhabited worldAccusativesubject of the infinitive (acc.)οἰκουμένη: 'the inhabited (earth)'; in imperial usage the Roman world — hyperbole for the empire.
2

αὕτη ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ἐγένετο ἡγεμονεύοντος τῆς Συρίας Κυρηνίου.

This was the first registration, when Quirinius was governing Syria.

Parenthetical datingasyndetonLuke dates the census by Quirinius' governorship — a famous historical crux (Quirinius' attested census fell in A.D. 6, after Herod's death in 4 B.C.).
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative (subject)
ἀπογραφὴregistrationNominativepredicate nominativeἀπογραφή: 'census, enrollment'; the registration just decreed.
πρώτηfirstNominativeattributive/predicate adjectiveπρῶτος: 'first'; either 'the first census' (under Quirinius) or, taken adverbially with the genitive absolute, 'before Quirinius governed' — a proposed solution to the dating problem.
ἐγένετοtook placeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen, take place.'
ἡγεμονεύοντοςwhile governingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἡγεμονεύωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ present (concurrent)ἡγεμονεύω: 'be governor/leader'; of a Roman provincial administrator (legate/governor).
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ΣυρίαςSyriaGenitivegenitive (object of ἡγεμονεύοντος)Συρία: the Roman province of Syria, of which Judea was an administrative dependency.
ΚυρηνίουQuiriniusGenitivesubject of the genitive absoluteΚυρήνιος: P. Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman legate of Syria; the census of his legateship (A.D. 6, Josephus) creates the chronological difficulty with Luke 1:5.
3

καὶ ἐπορεύοντο πάντες ἀπογράφεσθαι, ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ πόλιν.

And all were going to be registered, each to his own town.

ConsequenceκαίThe decree's effect: a general movement of the population to ancestral towns to register.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπορεύοντοwere goingImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb→ customary/iterative imperfectπορεύομαι: 'go, journey'; the imperfect pictures the ongoing, repeated travel of many.
πάντεςallNominativesubject
ἀπογράφεσθαιto be registeredPres Mid/Pass Inf · ἀπογράφωinfinitive of purpose→ progressive presentἀπογράφω: 'register'; purpose of the journeys.
ἕκαστοςeachNominativeapposition to πάντες (distributive)ἕκαστος: 'each one'; distributes the 'all' into individuals.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivereflexive (possession)
πόλινtownAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city, town'; the ancestral place of registration.
4

Ἀνέβη δὲ καὶ Ἰωσὴφ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἐκ πόλεως Ναζαρὲθ εἰς τὴν Ἰουδαίαν εἰς πόλιν Δαυὶδ ἥτις καλεῖται Βηθλέεμ, διὰ τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν ἐξ οἴκου καὶ πατριᾶς Δαυίδ,

And Joseph also went up from Galilee, from the town of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David,

Focus on JosephδέThe general movement narrows to Joseph, whose Davidic descent draws him up to Bethlehem — placing the birth in David's city by providence through Caesar's decree.
Ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; standard idiom of 'going up' to Judea/Jerusalem, the higher hill-country.
δὲandtransitional conjunction
καὶalsoadjunctive adverb
ἸωσὴφJosephNominativesubjectἸωσήφ: Joseph, Mary's betrothed, of Davidic descent (indeclinable Semitic name).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source/separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ΓαλιλαίαςGalileeGenitiveobject of ἀπόΓαλιλαία: Galilee, the northern region.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
πόλεωςthe townGenitiveobject of ἐκπόλις: 'town.'
ΝαζαρὲθNazarethGenitivegenitive in apposition to πόλεωςΝαζαρέτ: Nazareth, the Galilean village, Joseph and Mary's home (indeclinable).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἸουδαίανJudeaAccusativeobject of εἰςἸουδαία: Judea, the southern region.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
πόλινthe cityAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city'; 'the city of David' = Bethlehem, David's birthplace (1 Sam 16).
Δαυὶδof DavidGenitivegenitive of relationship/possessionΔαυίδ: David; the messianic ancestor (indeclinable).
ἥτιςwhichNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative)
καλεῖταιis calledPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (rel. clause)→ stative presentκαλέω: 'call, name.'
ΒηθλέεμBethlehemNominativepredicate nominative (name)Βηθλέεμ: Bethlehem ('house of bread'); David's town, the prophesied birthplace of Messiah (Mic 5:2).
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause, w/ articular inf.)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes inf.)
εἶναιbeingPres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive of cause→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; διὰ τὸ εἶναι = 'because he was.'
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ἐξofpreposition + genitive (origin)
οἴκουhouseGenitiveobject of ἐκ (descent)οἶκος: 'house, household'; here the dynastic 'house of David.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πατριᾶςlineageGenitiveobject of ἐκ (descent)πατριά: 'family, lineage, clan'; the paternal line.
Δαυίδof DavidGenitivegenitive of relationship
5

ἀπογράψασθαι σὺν Μαριὰμ τῇ ἐμνηστευμένῃ αὐτῷ, οὔσῃ ἐγκύῳ.

to be registered with Mary, who was betrothed to him, being with child.

Purpose of the journeyasyndetonJoseph's purpose in going up: registration, accompanied by the betrothed and visibly pregnant Mary.
ἀπογράψασθαιto be registeredAor Mid Inf · ἀπογράφωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristἀπογράφω: 'register'; purpose of the ascent.
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)
ΜαριὰμMaryDativeobject of σύνΜαριάμ: Mary (Heb. Miriam), the mother of Jesus (indeclinable form).
τῇthe (one)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐμνηστευμένῃbetrothedPerf Pass Ptc · Dat Sg Fem · μνηστεύωattributive participle→ intensive perfect (settled status)μνηστεύω: 'betroth, espouse'; the perfect marks her standing betrothal to Joseph (cf. 1:27).
αὐτῷto himDativedat. of reference (w/ ptc.)
οὔσῃbeingPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Fem · εἰμίcircumstantial participle (attendant)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; describing Mary's condition.
ἐγκύῳwith childDativepredicate adj. (w/ οὔσῃ)ἔγκυος: 'pregnant'; a NT hapax — Mary is visibly with child.
6

Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ εἶναι αὐτοὺς ἐκεῖ ἐπλήσθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν,

And it came about, while they were there, that the days were fulfilled for her to give birth,

Narrative advanceδέAnother ἐγένετο δέ marks the decisive moment: in Bethlehem the term is completed and the birth arrives.
Ἐγένετοit came aboutAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative opener)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen.'
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἐνwhilepreposition + dative (temporal, w/ artic. inf.)
τῷtheDativearticle (substantizes inf.)
εἶναιbeingPres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (temporal)→ progressive presentεἰμί: 'be'; ἐν τῷ εἶναι = 'while they were.'
αὐτοὺςtheyAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
ἐπλήσθησανwere fulfilledAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πίμπλημιmain verb (content of ἐγένετο)→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: 'fill, complete'; of a period of time reaching its term (cf. 1:57).
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubjectἡμέρα: 'day'; here the days of gestation.
τοῦforGenitivearticle (substantizes inf.)
τεκεῖνto give birthAor Act Inf · τίκτωepexegetical/genitive articular infinitive→ constative aoristτίκτω: 'bear, give birth to'; τοῦ τεκεῖν = 'for the bearing.'
αὐτήνherAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
7

καὶ ἔτεκεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς τὸν πρωτότοκον, καὶ ἐσπαργάνωσεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἀνέκλινεν αὐτὸν ἐν φάτνῃ, διότι οὐκ ἦν αὐτοῖς τόπος ἐν τῷ καταλύματι.

And she gave birth to her firstborn son, and wrapped him in cloths, and laid him in a manger, because there was no place for them in the inn.

The birthκαίThe nativity itself, told in stark, humble strokes: firstborn, swaddled, laid in a feeding-trough for lack of room.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔτεκενshe gave birth toAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb→ constative aoristτίκτω: 'bear, give birth.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱὸνsonAccusativedirect objectυἱός: 'son.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πρωτότοκονfirstbornAccusativeattributive adjectiveπρωτότοκος: 'firstborn'; legally significant (the consecration of v.23; Exod 13:2), and implying he is the first.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐσπαργάνωσενshe wrapped in clothsAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σπαργανόωmain verb→ constative aoristσπαργανόω: 'wrap in swaddling-bands'; ordinary care for a newborn (cf. Wis 7:4).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέκλινενlaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνακλίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνακλίνω: 'lay down, recline.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
φάτνῃa mangerDativedat. of placeφάτνη: 'manger, feeding-trough' (possibly a stall); the sign of v.12, 16 — emblem of the lowly nativity.
διότιbecausecausal conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; οὐκ ἦν τόπος = 'there was no room.'
αὐτοῖςfor themDativedat. of possession/advantage
τόποςplaceNominativesubjectτόπος: 'place, room.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
καταλύματιinn / guest-roomDativedat. of placeκατάλυμα: 'lodging-place, guest-room' (cf. 22:11, the upper room); whether a public inn or a household's guest-space is debated.
8

Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς τῆς νυκτὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν.

And there were shepherds in the same region, living out in the fields and keeping watch over their flock by night.

New sceneκαίThe scene shifts to shepherds — the lowly first recipients of the gospel, fittingly near David's town where he had kept sheep.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ποιμένεςshepherdsNominativesubjectποιμήν: 'shepherd'; humble laborers — the first evangelized, recalling David the shepherd-king.
ἦσανthere wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (w/ periphrastic ptcs.)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; periphrastic with the following participles.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
χώρᾳregionDativedat. of placeχώρα: 'region, country(side).'
τῇtheDativearticle
αὐτῇsameDativeintensive/identifying adjectiveαὐτός: 'same'; the same district as Bethlehem.
ἀγραυλοῦντεςliving out in the fieldsPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀγραυλέωperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦσαν)→ progressive presentἀγραυλέω: 'live in the open field' (ἀγρός + αὐλή); a NT hapax — they were out overnight with the flock.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φυλάσσοντεςkeepingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · φυλάσσωperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦσαν)→ progressive presentφυλάσσω: 'guard, keep watch.'
φυλακὰςwatchesAccusativecognate accusative (w/ φυλάσσοντες)φυλακή: 'watch'; the cognate phrase 'keeping watches' = standing the night-watches.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
νυκτὸςnightGenitivegenitive of time (within which)νύξ: 'night.'
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (oversight)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ποίμνηνflockAccusativeobject of ἐπίποίμνη: 'flock.'
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
9

καὶ ἄγγελος κυρίου ἐπέστη αὐτοῖς καὶ δόξα κυρίου περιέλαμψεν αὐτούς, καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν.

And an angel of the Lord stood before them, and the glory of the Lord shone around them, and they were greatly afraid.

Angelic epiphanyκαίThe heavenly intrusion: angel, the Shekinah-glory blazing, and the awe-stricken fear that regularly attends a theophany.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἄγγελοςan angelNominativesubjectἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel.'
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of source/relationshipκύριος: 'Lord' (= YHWH); 'angel of the Lord,' the OT messenger formula.
ἐπέστηstood beforeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐφίστημιmain verb→ constative aoristἐφίστημι: 'come upon, stand by'; of a sudden appearance (cf. 24:4; Acts 12:7).
αὐτοῖςbefore themDativedat. of reference (w/ ἐπέστη)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δόξαthe gloryNominativesubjectδόξα: 'glory'; the radiant Shekinah-presence of God (cf. Exod 24:16).
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of source/possession
περιέλαμψενshone aroundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περιλάμπωmain verb→ constative aoristπεριλάμπω: 'shine around, envelop in light' (περί + λάμπω).
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐφοβήθησανthey were afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb (w/ cognate acc.)→ ingressive aoristφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid'; ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν = 'they feared a great fear,' numinous awe.
φόβονfearAccusativecognate accusativeφόβος: 'fear'; the Septuagintal cognate-accusative intensifies.
μέγανgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great.'
10

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ ἄγγελος· Μὴ φοβεῖσθε, ἰδοὺ γὰρ εὐαγγελίζομαι ὑμῖν χαρὰν μεγάλην ἥτις ἔσται παντὶ τῷ λαῷ,

And the angel said to them: Do not be afraid, for behold, I bring you good news of great joy which will be for all the people,

Angelic announcementκαίThe reassuring 'fear not' opens the gospel proclamation proper — joy not for a few but for all the people.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubjectἄγγελος: 'angel.'
Μὴnotnegative (w/ prohibitive subjunctive sense)
φοβεῖσθεbe afraidPres Mid/Pass Impv 2 Pl · φοβέομαιprohibition (present imperative)→ present (cease/refrain)φοβέομαι: 'fear'; μὴ φοβεῖσθε, the recurring angelic reassurance.
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle (attention)ἰδού: 'behold!'; the LXX call to attention.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
εὐαγγελίζομαιI bring good newsPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · εὐαγγελίζωmain verb→ performative presentεὐαγγελίζω: 'announce good news'; the verb of the gospel — the angel evangelizes.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
χαρὰνjoyAccusativedirect object (content)χαρά: 'joy'; the keynote of Luke's infancy narrative.
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great.'
ἥτιςwhichNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative)
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (rel. clause)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be.'
παντὶallDativeattributive adjective
τῷtheDativearticle
λαῷpeopleDativedat. of advantage (recipient of the joy)λαός: 'people'; primarily Israel, yet opening (vv.31–32) to all nations.
11

ὅτι ἐτέχθη ὑμῖν σήμερον σωτὴρ ὅς ἐστιν χριστὸς κύριος ἐν πόλει Δαυίδ.

for to you is born this day a Savior, who is Christ the Lord, in the city of David.

Content of the good newsὅτιThe heart of the announcement, piling up titles — Savior, Christ, Lord — over against Caesar's claims; 'today' marks the dawn of salvation.
ὅτιforcausal/content conjunction
ἐτέχθηis bornAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb→ constative aoristτίκτω: 'bear'; the passive 'was born.'
ὑμῖνto you / for youDativedat. of advantage
σήμερονthis dayadverb of timeσήμερον: 'today'; the Lukan 'today' of fulfilled salvation (cf. 4:21; 19:9).
σωτὴρa SaviorNominativesubjectσωτήρ: 'savior, deliverer'; a title claimed by emperors, here the true Savior.
ὅςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
χριστὸςChristNominativepredicate nominativeχριστός: 'Anointed,' Messiah; the long-awaited deliverer.
κύριοςthe LordNominativepredicate nominative (apposition)κύριος: 'Lord'; the divine title — χριστὸς κύριος, 'Messiah-Lord' (cf. Ps Sol; some read 'the Lord's Christ').
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
πόλειthe cityDativedat. of placeπόλις: 'city'; 'the city of David,' Bethlehem (cf. v.4).
Δαυίδof DavidGenitivegenitive of relationship
12

καὶ τοῦτο ὑμῖν τὸ σημεῖον, εὑρήσετε βρέφος ἐσπαργανωμένον καὶ κείμενον ἐν φάτνῃ.

And this will be the sign for you: you will find a baby wrapped in cloths and lying in a manger.

The signκαίThe confirming sign is paradoxical: not splendor but a swaddled infant in a feeding-trough — the lowliness is itself the token.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῦτοthisNominativedemonstrative (subject)
ὑμῖνfor youDativedat. of advantage
τὸtheNominativearticle
σημεῖονsignNominativepredicate nominativeσημεῖον: 'sign'; the confirming token by which they will recognize him.
εὑρήσετεyou will findFut Act Indic 2 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ predictive futureεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
βρέφοςa babyAccusativedirect objectβρέφος: 'infant, baby' (even unborn, 1:41); the newborn.
ἐσπαργανωμένονwrapped in clothsPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · σπαργανόωattributive participle→ resultative perfectσπαργανόω: 'swaddle'; the perfect = 'having-been-and-remaining wrapped.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κείμενονlyingPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · κεῖμαιattributive participle→ stative presentκεῖμαι: 'lie, be laid.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
φάτνῃa mangerDativedat. of placeφάτνη: 'manger'; the distinguishing mark (cf. v.7).
13

καὶ ἐξαίφνης ἐγένετο σὺν τῷ ἀγγέλῳ πλῆθος στρατιᾶς οὐρανίου αἰνούντων τὸν θεὸν καὶ λεγόντων·

And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly host, praising God and saying:

Heavenly chorusκαίThe single herald is joined by an army of heaven — the liturgy of the Gloria breaks out over Bethlehem.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξαίφνηςsuddenlyadverb of manner/timeἐξαίφνης: 'suddenly.'
ἐγένετοthere wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be, appear.'
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)
τῷtheDativearticle
ἀγγέλῳangelDativeobject of σύνἄγγελος: 'angel.'
πλῆθοςa multitudeNominativesubjectπλῆθος: 'multitude, throng.'
στρατιᾶςof hostGenitivepartitive/attributive genitiveστρατιά: 'army, host'; 'the host of heaven,' the angelic armies (Ps 103:21 LXX).
οὐρανίουheavenlyGenitiveattributive adjectiveοὐράνιος: 'heavenly.'
αἰνούντωνpraisingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · αἰνέωattributive participle (constructio ad sensum, plural)→ progressive presentαἰνέω: 'praise'; the participle agrees with the sense (the many of the host).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect objectθεός: 'God.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λεγόντωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · λέγωattributive participle (constructio ad sensum)→ progressive presentλέγω: 'say.'
14

Δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις θεῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς εἰρήνη ἐν ἀνθρώποις εὐδοκίας.

Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among men of [his] good will.

The Gloria (canticle)asyndetonThe angelic hymn: a two-membered antithesis — glory above to God, peace below among the people of his favor; the genitive εὐδοκίας is the textual crux.
ΔόξαgloryNominativesubject (in an acclamation)δόξα: 'glory'; the ascription due to God (cf. 19:38).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ὑψίστοιςthe highestDativesubstantival adjective (dat. of place)ὕψιστος: 'highest'; 'in the highest (heavens),' the heavenly heights.
θεῷto GodDativedat. of advantage (recipient of glory)θεός: 'God.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'earth'; the antithesis to ὑψίστοις — heaven and earth.
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativesubject (acclamation)εἰρήνη: 'peace' (Heb. šālôm); the messianic well-being now dawning.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
ἀνθρώποιςmenDativedat. of sphereἄνθρωπος: 'human being.'
εὐδοκίαςof [his] good willGenitivegenitive of quality (Semitic 'sons of favor')εὐδοκία: 'good pleasure, favor'; the genitive (read here) yields 'men of [God's] good pleasure' — those on whom his favor rests, not men of good intention; the nominative εὐδοκία ('good will toward men,' KJV) is the later Byzantine reading.
15

Καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἀπῆλθον ἀπ’ αὐτῶν εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν οἱ ἄγγελοι, οἱ ποιμένες ἐλάλουν πρὸς ἀλλήλους· Διέλθωμεν δὴ ἕως Βηθλέεμ καὶ ἴδωμεν τὸ ῥῆμα τοῦτο τὸ γεγονὸς ὃ ὁ κύριος ἐγνώρισεν ἡμῖν.

And it came about, when the angels had gone away from them into heaven, that the shepherds began saying to one another: Let us go over now to Bethlehem and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us.

Shepherds respondκαίWith the angels withdrawn, the shepherds resolve to go and verify the word — faith acting on the announcement.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοit came aboutAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative opener)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen.'
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction
ἀπῆλθονhad gone awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιverb (temporal clause)→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
ἀπ’frompreposition + genitive (separation)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ἀπό
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of εἰςοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄγγελοιangelsNominativesubject (of temporal clause)ἄγγελος: 'angel.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
ποιμένεςshepherdsNominativesubjectποιμήν: 'shepherd.'
ἐλάλουνbegan sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λαλέωmain verb→ inceptive imperfectλαλέω: 'speak.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (toward)
ἀλλήλουςone anotherAccusativereciprocal pronoun (object of πρός)ἀλλήλων: 'one another.'
Διέλθωμενlet us go overAor Act Subj 1 Pl · διέρχομαιhortatory subjunctive→ ingressive aoristδιέρχομαι: 'go through, cross over.'
δὴnowparticle (urgency/emphasis)δή: 'indeed, now'; lends urgency to the exhortation.
ἕωςas far asimproper preposition + genitive (extent)
ΒηθλέεμBethlehemGenitiveobject of ἕωςΒηθλέεμ: Bethlehem (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἴδωμενlet us seeAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ὁράωhortatory subjunctive→ ingressive aoristὁράω: 'see.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ῥῆμαthing / wordAccusativedirect objectῥῆμα: 'word'; with Semitic coloring, 'thing, matter' — the event spoken of.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrative adjective
τὸthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
γεγονὸςthat has happenedPerf Act Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · γίνομαιattributive participle→ resultative perfectγίνομαι: 'happen'; the perfect = 'that has come to pass and stands.'
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐγνώρισεν)
theNominativearticle
κύριοςLordNominativesubject (rel. clause)κύριος: 'Lord'; the announcement is traced behind the angel to the Lord himself.
ἐγνώρισενhas made knownAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γνωρίζωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristγνωρίζω: 'make known, reveal.'
ἡμῖνto usDativeindirect object
16

καὶ ἦλθαν σπεύσαντες καὶ ἀνεῦραν τήν τε Μαριὰμ καὶ τὸν Ἰωσὴφ καὶ τὸ βρέφος κείμενον ἐν τῇ φάτνῃ·

And they came in haste and found both Mary and Joseph, and the baby lying in the manger;

The visitκαίTheir obedience: they hurry and discover everything just as told — the sign confirmed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦλθανthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
σπεύσαντεςin hasteAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · σπεύδωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ constative aoristσπεύδω: 'hasten, hurry'; their eager urgency.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνεῦρανfoundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνευρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνευρίσκω: 'find by searching, discover' (ἀνά-intensive).
τήνtheAccusativearticle
τεbothcorrelative particle (τε … καί)
ΜαριὰμMaryAccusativedirect objectΜαριάμ: Mary (indeclinable, here accusative by context).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸωσὴφJosephAccusativedirect objectἸωσήφ: Joseph (indeclinable, accusative by article).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle
βρέφοςbabyAccusativedirect objectβρέφος: 'infant.'
κείμενονlyingPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · κεῖμαιcircumstantial/predicate participle→ stative presentκεῖμαι: 'lie'; the sign of v.12 confirmed.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
φάτνῃmangerDativedat. of placeφάτνη: 'manger.'
17

ἰδόντες δὲ ἐγνώρισαν περὶ τοῦ ῥήματος τοῦ λαληθέντος αὐτοῖς περὶ τοῦ παιδίου τούτου.

And when they had seen it, they made known the saying that had been told them about this child.

Shepherds testifyδέHaving seen, they become the first heralds — spreading the angelic word about the child.
ἰδόντεςwhen they had seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see.'
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἐγνώρισανthey made knownAor Act Indic 3 Pl · γνωρίζωmain verb→ constative aoristγνωρίζω: 'make known, report.'
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (reference)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ῥήματοςsayingGenitiveobject of περίῥῆμα: 'word, saying'; the angelic message.
τοῦthe (one)Genitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
λαληθέντοςthat had been toldAor Pass Ptc · Gen Sg Neut · λαλέωattributive participle→ antecedent aoristλαλέω: 'speak, tell.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedat. of indirect object (w/ ptc.)
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (reference)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
παιδίουchildGenitiveobject of περίπαιδίον: 'young child, little one.'
τούτουthisGenitivedemonstrative adjective
18

καὶ πάντες οἱ ἀκούσαντες ἐθαύμασαν περὶ τῶν λαληθέντων ὑπὸ τῶν ποιμένων πρὸς αὐτούς·

And all who heard wondered at the things told them by the shepherds;

Reaction: amazementκαίThe hearers' wonder — the typical Lukan response — distinguished from Mary's deeper treasuring (v.19).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάντεςallNominativesubject
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀκούσαντεςwho heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωsubstantival participle→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
ἐθαύμασανwonderedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θαυμάζωmain verb→ constative aoristθαυμάζω: 'marvel, be amazed'; a stock Lukan reaction.
περὶatpreposition + genitive (reference)
τῶνthe thingsGenitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
λαληθέντωνtoldAor Pass Ptc · Gen Pl Neut · λαλέωsubstantival participle (object of περί)→ antecedent aoristλαλέω: 'speak, tell.'
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ποιμένωνshepherdsGenitivegenitive of agencyποιμήν: 'shepherd.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (toward)
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
19

ἡ δὲ Μαριὰμ πάντα συνετήρει τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα συμβάλλουσα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς.

But Mary kept all these things, pondering them in her heart.

Contrast: Mary pondersδέOver against the crowd's passing wonder, Mary's reflective faith — she stores and weighs the events (cf. v.51).
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ΜαριὰμMaryNominativesubjectΜαριάμ: Mary.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective
συνετήρειkeptImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · συντηρέωmain verb→ durative imperfectσυντηρέω: 'keep safe, treasure up' (συν-intensive); the imperfect of sustained keeping.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ῥήματαthings / wordsAccusativedirect objectῥῆμα: 'word, matter'; the events and their meaning.
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative adjective
συμβάλλουσαponderingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · συμβάλλωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ progressive presentσυμβάλλω: lit. 'throw together,' here 'ponder, weigh, interpret' — turning the events over in her mind.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῇtheDativearticle
καρδίᾳheartDativedat. of sphereκαρδία: 'heart'; the inner seat of thought and reflection.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession
20

καὶ ὑπέστρεψαν οἱ ποιμένες δοξάζοντες καὶ αἰνοῦντες τὸν θεὸν ἐπὶ πᾶσιν οἷς ἤκουσαν καὶ εἶδον καθὼς ἐλαλήθη πρὸς αὐτούς.

And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all that they had heard and seen, just as it had been told them.

Doxological closeκαίThe scene ends as it should — in praise; the shepherds' worship answers the angels' Gloria, the word proven true.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑπέστρεψανreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑποστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristὑποστρέφω: 'return, turn back'; a Lukan favorite.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ποιμένεςshepherdsNominativesubjectποιμήν: 'shepherd.'
δοξάζοντεςglorifyingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · δοξάζωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ progressive presentδοξάζω: 'glorify, honor.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αἰνοῦντεςpraisingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · αἰνέωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ progressive presentαἰνέω: 'praise'; echoing the host's praise of v.13.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect objectθεός: 'God.'
ἐπὶforpreposition + dative (cause/ground)
πᾶσινallDativesubstantival adjective (object of ἐπί)
οἷςthatDativerelative pronoun (attracted to dat.)
ἤκουσανthey had heardAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωverb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶδονseenAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωverb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction
ἐλαλήθηit had been toldAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωverb (comparative clause)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak, tell.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (toward)
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
21

Καὶ ὅτε ἐπλήσθησαν ἡμέραι ὀκτὼ τοῦ περιτεμεῖν αὐτόν, καὶ ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦς, τὸ κληθὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀγγέλου πρὸ τοῦ συλλημφθῆναι αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ κοιλίᾳ.

And when eight days were fulfilled for his circumcision, he was named Jesus, the name given by the angel before he was conceived in the womb.

Circumcision and namingκαίObedient to the Law (Lev 12:3), the child is circumcised on the eighth day and given the heaven-appointed name Jesus (1:31).
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction
ἐπλήσθησανwere fulfilledAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πίμπλημιverb (temporal clause)→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: 'complete, fulfill' (of time).
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubjectἡμέρα: 'day.'
ὀκτὼeightNominativenumeral adjectiveὀκτώ: 'eight'; the legal day for circumcision (Gen 17:12; Lev 12:3).
τοῦforGenitivearticle (substantizes inf.)
περιτεμεῖνto circumciseAor Act Inf · περιτέμνωgenitive articular infinitive (purpose/epexegetical)→ constative aoristπεριτέμνω: 'circumcise'; the covenant rite.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of the infinitive
καὶthencoordinating conjunction (apodotic καί)
ἐκλήθηwas namedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, name.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
ὄνομαnameNominativesubjectὄνομα: 'name.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativepredicate nominative (the name)Ἰησοῦς: Jesus (Heb. Yēšûaʿ, 'YHWH saves'); fitting the σωτήρ of v.11.
τὸthe (one)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κληθὲνgivenAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · καλέωattributive participle→ antecedent aoristκαλέω: 'call, name.'
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀγγέλουangelGenitivegenitive of agencyἄγγελος: 'angel'; Gabriel at the annunciation (1:31).
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitive (time, w/ artic. inf.)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantizes inf.)
συλλημφθῆναιhe was conceivedAor Pass Inf · συλλαμβάνωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω: 'conceive' (in the womb).
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
κοιλίᾳwombDativedat. of placeκοιλία: 'belly, womb.'
22

Καὶ ὅτε ἐπλήσθησαν αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ καθαρισμοῦ αὐτῶν κατὰ τὸν νόμον Μωϋσέως, ἀνήγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα παραστῆσαι τῷ κυρίῳ,

And when the days of their purification were fulfilled according to the law of Moses, they brought him up to Jerusalem to present him to the Lord,

Presentation in the templeκαίAfter the forty days of purification (Lev 12), the parents bring Jesus to Jerusalem to present the firstborn to the Lord — Law-keeping piety again to the fore.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction
ἐπλήσθησανwere fulfilledAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πίμπλημιverb (temporal clause)→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: 'complete' (of time).
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubjectἡμέρα: 'day'; the forty days of Lev 12:4.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
καθαρισμοῦpurificationGenitiveattributive genitiveκαθαρισμός: 'purification'; the ritual cleansing after childbirth (Lev 12).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of reference
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
νόμονlawAccusativeobject of κατάνόμος: 'law'; the Torah — Luke stresses fivefold conformity to it (vv.22–24, 27, 39).
Μωϋσέωςof MosesGenitivegenitive of sourceΜωϋσῆς: Moses, the lawgiver.
ἀνήγαγονthey brought upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνάγω: 'lead/bring up'; up to Jerusalem.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἹεροσόλυμαJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰςἹεροσόλυμα: Jerusalem (the Greek form).
παραστῆσαιto presentAor Act Inf · παρίστημιinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristπαρίστημι: 'present, set before'; the firstborn consecrated/presented to the Lord (Exod 13:2, 12).
τῷto theDativearticle
κυρίῳLordDativeindirect object (recipient)κύριος: 'Lord' (= YHWH).
23

καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου ὅτι Πᾶν ἄρσεν διανοῖγον μήτραν ἅγιον τῷ κυρίῳ κληθήσεται,

as it is written in the law of the Lord, that every male that opens the womb shall be called holy to the Lord,

Scriptural ground (citation)καθώςA composite citation of Exod 13:2, 12 grounding the presentation: the firstborn male belongs to the Lord.
καθὼςascomparative conjunction (citation formula)
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (citation formula)→ resultative perfect (abiding authority)γράφω: 'write'; γέγραπται, 'it stands written' — Scripture's standing authority.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
νόμῳthe lawDativedat. of sphereνόμος: 'law.'
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of source/possessionκύριος: 'Lord.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (introduces citation)
ΠᾶνeveryNominativeattributive adjective
ἄρσενmaleNominativesubject (substantival adj.)ἄρσην: 'male.'
διανοῖγονthat opensPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · διανοίγωattributive participle→ progressive presentδιανοίγω: 'open up'; 'opening the womb' = the firstborn idiom.
μήτρανwombAccusativeobject of the participleμήτρα: 'womb.'
ἅγιονholyNominativepredicate adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy, consecrated'; set apart to the Lord.
τῷto theDativearticle
κυρίῳLordDativedat. of advantageκύριος: 'Lord.'
κληθήσεταιshall be calledFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · καλέωmain verb (citation)→ gnomic/imperatival futureκαλέω: 'call, designate.'
24

καὶ τοῦ δοῦναι θυσίαν κατὰ τὸ εἰρημένον ἐν τῷ νόμῳ κυρίου, ζεῦγος τρυγόνων ἢ δύο νοσσοὺς περιστερῶν.

and to offer a sacrifice according to what is said in the law of the Lord, a pair of turtledoves or two young pigeons.

The sacrificeκαίThe offering prescribed for the poor (Lev 12:8) — quietly marking the holy family's humble means.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (substantizes inf.)
δοῦναιofferAor Act Inf · δίδωμιgenitive articular infinitive (purpose, parallel to v.22)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; here of presenting an offering.
θυσίανa sacrificeAccusativeobject of the infinitiveθυσία: 'sacrifice, offering.'
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)
τὸwhatAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
εἰρημένονis saidPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · λέγωsubstantival participle (object of κατά)→ resultative perfectλέγω/εἴρω: 'say'; 'the thing said,' the standing prescription.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῷtheDativearticle
νόμῳlawDativedat. of sphereνόμος: 'law.'
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of possession
ζεῦγοςa pairAccusativeapposition to θυσίανζεῦγος: 'pair, yoke.'
τρυγόνωνof turtledovesGenitivepartitive genitiveτρυγών: 'turtledove.'
ordisjunctive conjunction
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral adjectiveδύο: 'two.'
νοσσοὺςyoungAccusativeapposition (alternative offering)νοσσός: 'nestling, young (bird).'
περιστερῶνof pigeonsGenitivepartitive genitiveπεριστερά: 'pigeon, dove.'
25

Καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄνθρωπος ἦν ἐν Ἰερουσαλὴμ ᾧ ὄνομα Συμεών, καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος δίκαιος καὶ εὐλαβής, προσδεχόμενος παράκλησιν τοῦ Ἰσραήλ, καὶ πνεῦμα ἦν ἅγιον ἐπ’ αὐτόν·

And behold, there was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon, and this man was righteous and devout, awaiting the consolation of Israel, and the Holy Spirit was upon him.

Introduction of SimeonκαίA new figure: the righteous, Spirit-bearing Simeon, one of the faithful remnant longing for Israel's messianic comfort (Isa 40:1).
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle (attention)ἰδού: 'behold!'
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος: 'man, person.'
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ἸερουσαλὴμJerusalemDativedat. of placeἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (the Semitic form; indeclinable, here dative by context).
whoseDativerelative pronoun (dat. of possession)
ὄνομαnameNominativesubject (nominal clause)ὄνομα: 'name.'
ΣυμεώνSimeonNominativepredicate nominative (the name)Συμεών: Simeon (Heb. Šimʿôn, 'hearing'); the devout old man.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος: 'man.'
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative adjective
δίκαιοςrighteousNominativepredicate adjectiveδίκαιος: 'righteous, just'; upright before God and Law.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐλαβήςdevoutNominativepredicate adjectiveεὐλαβής: 'devout, reverent, God-fearing.'
προσδεχόμενοςawaitingPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσδέχομαιcircumstantial/attributive participle→ progressive presentπροσδέχομαι: 'wait for, expect'; the posture of the faithful remnant (cf. v.38).
παράκλησινconsolationAccusativeobject of the participleπαράκλησις: 'consolation, comfort'; the messianic comforting of Israel (Isa 40:1; 49:13).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἸσραήλIsraelGenitiveobjective genitiveἸσραήλ: Israel, the covenant people (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πνεῦμαSpiritNominativesubjectπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Holy Spirit resting on him (cf. the prophets).
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
ἅγιονHolyNominativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy.'
ἐπ’uponpreposition + accusative (rest/position)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπί
26

καὶ ἦν αὐτῷ κεχρηματισμένον ὑπὸ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου μὴ ἰδεῖν θάνατον πρὶν ἢ ἂν ἴδῃ τὸν χριστὸν κυρίου.

And it had been revealed to him by the Holy Spirit that he would not see death before he had seen the Lord's Christ.

Simeon's promiseκαίThe divine oracle that frames his expectancy: he would not die until he had seen the Messiah.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦνit had beenImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic w/ ptc.)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; periphrastic pluperfect with κεχρηματισμένον.
αὐτῷto himDativedat. of indirect object
κεχρηματισμένονrevealedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · χρηματίζωperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦν = pluperfect)→ resultative perfectχρηματίζω: 'give a divine oracle, warn/instruct (by revelation).'
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πνεύματοςSpiritGenitivegenitive of agencyπνεῦμα: 'Spirit.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἁγίουHolyGenitiveattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy.'
μὴnotnegative (w/ infinitive)
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωinfinitive (content of the oracle)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; 'see death' = die (Semitic idiom).
θάνατονdeathAccusativeobject of the infinitiveθάνατος: 'death.'
πρὶνbeforetemporal conjunction
thanparticle (w/ πρίν)
ἂνmodal particle (contingency)ἄν: marks the contingency of the subjunctive clause.
ἴδῃhe had seenAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ὁράωsubjunctive (πρὶν ἤ clause)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
χριστὸνChristAccusativedirect objectχριστός: 'Anointed,' Messiah; 'the Lord's Christ' (τὸν χριστὸν κυρίου), the Messiah of YHWH.
κυρίουof the LordGenitivepossessive genitiveκύριος: 'Lord' (= YHWH).
27

καὶ ἦλθεν ἐν τῷ πνεύματι εἰς τὸ ἱερόν· καὶ ἐν τῷ εἰσαγαγεῖν τοὺς γονεῖς τὸ παιδίον Ἰησοῦν τοῦ ποιῆσαι αὐτοὺς κατὰ τὸ εἰθισμένον τοῦ νόμου περὶ αὐτοῦ,

And he came in the Spirit into the temple; and when the parents brought in the child Jesus, to do for him according to the custom of the law,

Simeon meets the childκαίSpirit-led, Simeon enters the temple at the very moment of the presentation — the promised meeting arrives.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦλθενhe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/sphere)
τῷtheDativearticle
πνεύματιSpiritDativedat. of means/agency (Spirit-led)πνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; under the Spirit's prompting.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἱερόνtempleAccusativeobject of εἰςἱερόν: 'temple' (the precincts as a whole).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνwhenpreposition + dative (temporal, w/ artic. inf.)
τῷtheDativearticle (substantizes inf.)
εἰσαγαγεῖνbrought inAor Act Inf · εἰσάγωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristεἰσάγω: 'bring in.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
γονεῖςparentsAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitiveγονεύς: 'parent.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
παιδίονchildAccusativeobject of the infinitiveπαιδίον: 'young child.'
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeapposition to παιδίονἸησοῦς: Jesus.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (substantizes inf.)
ποιῆσαιdoAor Act Inf · ποιέωgenitive articular infinitive (purpose)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, perform.'
αὐτοὺςtheyAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
εἰθισμένονcustomPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · ἐθίζωsubstantival participle (object of κατά)→ resultative perfectἐθίζω: 'accustom'; τὸ εἰθισμένον = 'the customary practice.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
νόμουlawGenitivegenitive of sourceνόμος: 'law.'
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of περί
28

καὶ αὐτὸς ἐδέξατο αὐτὸ εἰς τὰς ἀγκάλας καὶ εὐλόγησεν τὸν θεὸν καὶ εἶπεν·

he himself took him into his arms and blessed God and said:

Simeon's act and songκαίThe apodosis to v.27: Simeon receives the child and breaks into the Nunc Dimittis, blessing God.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (apodotic)
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)αὐτός: 'he himself'; emphatic — Simeon in person.
ἐδέξατοtookAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · δέχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristδέχομαι: 'receive, take.'
αὐτὸhimAccusativedirect object
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἀγκάλαςarmsAccusativeobject of εἰςἀγκάλη: 'bent arm'; the crook of the arms for cradling.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐλόγησενblessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb→ constative aoristεὐλογέω: 'bless, praise.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect objectθεός: 'God.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
29

Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου, δέσποτα, κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου ἐν εἰρήνῃ·

Now, Master, you are releasing your servant in peace, according to your word;

Nunc Dimittis (canticle)asyndetonThe first line of Simeon's canticle: the watchman dismissed in peace, his vigil ended, the promise kept.
Νῦνnowadverb of time (emphatic, fronted)νῦν: 'now'; the fulfilled moment.
ἀπολύειςyou are releasingPres Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀπολύωmain verb→ progressive presentἀπολύω: 'release, dismiss'; of releasing a servant from duty — a gentle euphemism for death.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δοῦλόνservantAccusativedirect objectδοῦλος: 'slave, servant.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
δέσποταMasterVocativevocative of addressδεσπότης: 'master, sovereign lord'; the slave-owner — Simeon as God's bondservant.
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ῥῆμάwordAccusativeobject of κατάῥῆμα: 'word'; God's promise to Simeon (v.26).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of source
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)
εἰρήνῃpeaceDativedat. of mannerεἰρήνη: 'peace'; he departs satisfied, at rest.
30

ὅτι εἶδον οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου τὸ σωτήριόν σου,

for my eyes have seen your salvation,

Ground of the dismissalὅτιWhy he can die content: his own eyes have beheld God's saving act embodied in the child.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction
εἶδονhave seenAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; the long-promised sight granted.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ὀφθαλμοίeyesNominativesubjectὀφθαλμός: 'eye.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σωτήριόνsalvationAccusativedirect objectσωτήριον: 'salvation, saving act' (neuter substantive); echoing Isa 40:5; 52:10 LXX.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of source
31

ὃ ἡτοίμασας κατὰ πρόσωπον πάντων τῶν λαῶν,

which you have prepared in the presence of all the peoples,

Relative expansion of σωτήριονThe salvation is publicly prepared before all peoples — already universal in scope (anticipating v.32).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object)
ἡτοίμασαςyou have preparedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἑτοιμάζωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristἑτοιμάζω: 'prepare, make ready.'
κατὰin the presence ofpreposition + accusative (before)
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom 'before the face of')πρόσωπον: 'face'; κατὰ πρόσωπον = 'in the sight of, before.'
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjective
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
λαῶνpeoplesGenitiveobjective/possessive genitiveλαός: 'people'; the plural 'peoples' widens beyond Israel to all nations.
32

φῶς εἰς ἀποκάλυψιν ἐθνῶν καὶ δόξαν λαοῦ σου Ἰσραήλ.

a light for revelation to the Gentiles, and the glory of your people Israel.

Twofold scope of salvationasyndetonThe canticle's climax (Isa 42:6; 49:6): the salvation is light to the nations and glory to Israel — the two halves of Luke's gospel horizon.
φῶςa lightAccusativeapposition to σωτήριον/ὅφῶς: 'light'; the servant as 'a light to the nations' (Isa 42:6; 49:6).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
ἀποκάλυψινrevelationAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)ἀποκάλυψις: 'revelation, unveiling.'
ἐθνῶνto the GentilesGenitiveobjective genitiveἔθνος: 'nation'; plural = the Gentiles.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δόξανgloryAccusativeapposition (coordinate w/ φῶς)δόξα: 'glory'; the honor Messiah brings to Israel.
λαοῦof peopleGenitivegenitive of reference/possessionλαός: 'people'; Israel as God's covenant people.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἸσραήλIsraelGenitivegenitive in apposition to λαοῦἸσραήλ: Israel (indeclinable).
33

καὶ ἦν ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἡ μήτηρ θαυμάζοντες ἐπὶ τοῖς λαλουμένοις περὶ αὐτοῦ.

And his father and mother were marveling at the things being said about him.

Parents' wonderκαίJoseph and Mary marvel at Simeon's words — the disclosure of the universal scope still astonishes those closest to the child.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦνwereImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic w/ ptc.)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; periphrastic with θαυμάζοντες (sg. verb, compound subject).
theNominativearticle
πατὴρfatherNominativesubjectπατήρ: 'father'; 'his father' (read here) — later witnesses substitute 'Joseph' to guard the virginal conception.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativesubject (coordinate)μήτηρ: 'mother.'
θαυμάζοντεςmarvelingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · θαυμάζωperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦν)→ progressive presentθαυμάζω: 'marvel, wonder.'
ἐπὶatpreposition + dative (cause/ground)
τοῖςthe thingsDativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
λαλουμένοιςbeing saidPres Pass Ptc · Dat Pl Neut · λαλέωsubstantival participle (object of ἐπί)→ progressive presentλαλέω: 'speak, say.'
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (reference)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of περί
34

καὶ εὐλόγησεν αὐτοὺς Συμεὼν καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς Μαριὰμ τὴν μητέρα αὐτοῦ· Ἰδοὺ οὗτος κεῖται εἰς πτῶσιν καὶ ἀνάστασιν πολλῶν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ εἰς σημεῖον ἀντιλεγόμενον,

And Simeon blessed them and said to Mary his mother: Behold, this child is appointed for the fall and rising of many in Israel, and for a sign that is opposed —

Simeon's second oracleκαίThe dark counterpoint to the canticle: the child will divide Israel — fall and rising — a sign drawing opposition.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐλόγησενblessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb→ constative aoristεὐλογέω: 'bless.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
ΣυμεὼνSimeonNominativesubjectΣυμεών: Simeon.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (toward)
ΜαριὰμMaryAccusativeobject of πρόςΜαριάμ: Mary.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μητέραmotherAccusativeapposition to Μαριάμμήτηρ: 'mother.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
Ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle (attention)ἰδού: 'behold!'
οὗτοςthis oneNominativedemonstrative (subject)
κεῖταιis appointedPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · κεῖμαιmain verb→ stative presentκεῖμαι: 'lie, be set/destined'; here 'is appointed/destined.'
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose/result)
πτῶσινthe fallAccusativeobject of εἰςπτῶσις: 'falling, downfall'; the stumbling of unbelief (cf. Isa 8:14–15).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνάστασινrisingAccusativeobject of εἰςἀνάστασις: 'rising up'; the raising of those who believe.
πολλῶνof manyGenitiveobjective/partitive genitiveπολύς: 'many.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῷDativearticle
ἸσραὴλIsraelDativedat. of sphereἸσραήλ: Israel (indeclinable, here dative by article).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
σημεῖονa signAccusativeobject of εἰςσημεῖον: 'sign'; a sign that provokes decision.
ἀντιλεγόμενονopposedPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · ἀντιλέγωattributive participle→ progressive presentἀντιλέγω: 'speak against, oppose'; a 'sign spoken against' — provoking contradiction.
35

καὶ σοῦ δὲ αὐτῆς τὴν ψυχὴν διελεύσεται ῥομφαία, ὅπως ἂν ἀποκαλυφθῶσιν ἐκ πολλῶν καρδιῶν διαλογισμοί.

and a sword will pierce through your own soul too — so that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed.

The sword for MaryκαίThe personal word to Mary: she will share the anguish; the child's division of Israel will lay bare every heart.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σοῦyourGenitivegenitive of possession (fronted, emphatic)
δὲtooconnective particle (καί … δέ, 'and … also')
αὐτῆςownGenitiveintensive pronoun (w/ σοῦ)αὐτός: 'self'; σοῦ … αὐτῆς = 'your own.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ψυχὴνsoulAccusativeobject of διελεύσεταιψυχή: 'soul, life'; the seat of Mary's coming sorrow.
διελεύσεταιwill pierce throughFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · διέρχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureδιέρχομαι: 'pass/go through'; here of a sword running through.
ῥομφαίαa swordNominativesubjectῥομφαία: 'large sword, broadsword'; metaphor of piercing grief (cf. Ezek 14:17).
ὅπωςso thatconjunction (purpose)
ἂνmodal particle (contingency)
ἀποκαλυφθῶσινmay be revealedAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · ἀποκαλύπτωsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ constative aoristἀποκαλύπτω: 'reveal, uncover'; the child exposes the heart's hidden response.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
πολλῶνmanyGenitiveattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'many.'
καρδιῶνheartsGenitivegenitive of sourceκαρδία: 'heart'; the inner self where allegiance is decided.
διαλογισμοίthoughtsNominativesubjectδιαλογισμός: 'reasoning, thought'; often with a negative cast — the hidden reckonings now exposed.
36

Καὶ ἦν Ἅννα προφῆτις, θυγάτηρ Φανουήλ, ἐκ φυλῆς Ἀσήρ· αὕτη προβεβηκυῖα ἐν ἡμέραις πολλαῖς, ζήσασα μετὰ ἀνδρὸς ἔτη ἑπτὰ ἀπὸ τῆς παρθενίας αὐτῆς,

And there was a prophetess, Anna, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher. She was well advanced in years, having lived with a husband seven years from her virginity,

Introduction of AnnaκαίA second temple-witness, the aged prophetess Anna — paired with Simeon (male/female witnesses), her long widowhood marking lifelong devotion.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
ἍνναAnnaNominativesubjectἍννα: Anna (Heb. Ḥannah, 'grace, favor').
προφῆτιςa prophetessNominativeapposition to Ἅνναπροφῆτις: 'prophetess'; among the few named (Miriam, Deborah, Huldah).
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativeappositionθυγάτηρ: 'daughter.'
Φανουήλof PhanuelGenitivegenitive of relationshipΦανουήλ: Phanuel (Heb. Penûʾēl, 'face of God'); Anna's father (indeclinable).
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (origin)
φυλῆςthe tribeGenitiveobject of ἐκφυλή: 'tribe.'
Ἀσήρof AsherGenitivegenitive in apposition to φυλῆςἈσήρ: Asher, a northern tribe (indeclinable) — a remnant of the 'lost' tribes still in view.
αὕτηsheNominativedemonstrative (subject)
προβεβηκυῖαwell advancedPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · προβαίνωpredicate/circumstantial participle→ resultative perfectπροβαίνω: 'go forward'; 'advanced in days' = aged (cf. 1:7).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (reference)
ἡμέραιςdaysDativedat. of referenceἡμέρα: 'day'; 'in many days' = of great age.
πολλαῖςmanyDativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'many.'
ζήσασαhaving livedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ζάωcircumstantial participle (attendant)→ constative aoristζάω: 'live.'
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
ἀνδρὸςa husbandGenitiveobject of μετάἀνήρ: 'man, husband.'
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of durationἔτος: 'year.'
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral adjectiveἑπτά: 'seven.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (time-from)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
παρθενίαςvirginityGenitiveobject of ἀπόπαρθενία: 'virginity'; i.e. from her marriage as a maiden.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession
37

καὶ αὐτὴ χήρα ἕως ἐτῶν ὀγδοήκοντα τεσσάρων, ἣ οὐκ ἀφίστατο τοῦ ἱεροῦ νηστείαις καὶ δεήσεσιν λατρεύουσα νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν.

and then as a widow until eighty-four years, who did not depart from the temple, worshiping with fastings and prayers night and day.

Anna's devotionκαίHer ceaseless temple-worship of fasting and prayer marks her as the very image of the watchful, expectant remnant.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὴsheNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)
χήραa widowNominativepredicate nominativeχήρα: 'widow.'
ἕωςuntilimproper preposition + genitive (extent)
ἐτῶνyearsGenitiveobject of ἕωςἔτος: 'year'; either her age (84) or 84 years of widowhood.
ὀγδοήκονταeightyGenitivenumeral adjectiveὀγδοήκοντα: 'eighty.'
τεσσάρωνfourGenitivenumeral adjectiveτέσσαρες: 'four.'
whoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἀφίστατοdepartedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίστημιmain verb (rel. clause)→ customary imperfectἀφίστημι: 'depart, leave'; she never left the temple — hyperbole for constant attendance.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἱεροῦtempleGenitivegenitive of separation (w/ ἀφίστατο)ἱερόν: 'temple.'
νηστείαιςwith fastingsDativedat. of meansνηστεία: 'fasting.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δεήσεσινprayersDativedat. of meansδέησις: 'supplication, prayer.'
λατρεύουσαworshipingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · λατρεύωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ progressive presentλατρεύω: 'serve, worship'; cultic service rendered to God.
νύκταnightAccusativeaccusative of time (extent)νύξ: 'night.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of time (extent)ἡμέρα: 'day'; 'night and day' = continually.
38

καὶ αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ ἐπιστᾶσα ἀνθωμολογεῖτο τῷ θεῷ καὶ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ πᾶσιν τοῖς προσδεχομένοις λύτρωσιν Ἰερουσαλήμ.

And coming up at that very hour, she gave thanks to God and spoke about him to all who were waiting for the redemption of Jerusalem.

Anna's testimonyκαίLike Simeon, she responds with praise and proclamation — bearing witness to the expectant remnant longing for Jerusalem's redemption.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτῇthat veryDativeintensive/identifying adjectiveαὐτός: 'same, very.'
τῇtheDativearticle
ὥρᾳhourDativedat. of timeὥρα: 'hour, time.'
ἐπιστᾶσαcoming upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἐφίστημιcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐφίστημι: 'come up, approach, stand by.'
ἀνθωμολογεῖτοgave thanksImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀνθομολογέομαιmain verb→ inceptive/durative imperfectἀνθομολογέομαι: 'give thanks, openly confess/praise' (a NT hapax; cf. LXX).
τῷtoDativearticle
θεῷGodDativeindirect objectθεός: 'God.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐλάλειspokeImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ iterative imperfectλαλέω: 'speak'; the imperfect suggests repeated proclamation.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (reference)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of περί
πᾶσινallDativeattributive adjective
τοῖςthoseDativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
προσδεχομένοιςwaiting forPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · προσδέχομαιsubstantival participle (indirect object)→ progressive presentπροσδέχομαι: 'await, look for'; the same remnant-posture as Simeon (v.25).
λύτρωσινthe redemptionAccusativeobject of the participleλύτρωσις: 'redemption, ransoming'; the hoped-for liberation (cf. 1:68; 24:21).
Ἰερουσαλήμof JerusalemGenitiveobjective genitiveἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (indeclinable) — standing for Israel's restoration.
39

Καὶ ὡς ἐτέλεσαν πάντα τὰ κατὰ τὸν νόμον κυρίου, ἐπέστρεψαν εἰς τὴν Γαλιλαίαν εἰς πόλιν ἑαυτῶν Ναζαρέθ.

And when they had completed everything according to the law of the Lord, they returned to Galilee, to their own town of Nazareth.

Return to NazarethκαίThe Jerusalem scene closes with another note of full Law-keeping; the family returns home to Nazareth.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction
ἐτέλεσανthey had completedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · τελέωverb (temporal clause)→ constative aoristτελέω: 'finish, complete, fulfill.'
πάνταeverythingAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle (substantival, w/ prep. phrase)
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
νόμονlawAccusativeobject of κατάνόμος: 'law.'
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπέστρεψανthey returnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'turn back, return.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνAccusativearticle
ΓαλιλαίανGalileeAccusativeobject of εἰςΓαλιλαία: Galilee.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
πόλινtownAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'town.'
ἑαυτῶνtheir ownGenitivereflexive (possession)
ΝαζαρέθNazarethAccusativeapposition to πόλινΝαζαρέτ: Nazareth (indeclinable).
40

Τὸ δὲ παιδίον ηὔξανεν καὶ ἐκραταιοῦτο πληρούμενον σοφίᾳ, καὶ χάρις θεοῦ ἦν ἐπ’ αὐτό.

And the child grew and became strong, filled with wisdom, and the grace of God was upon him.

Growth summaryδέThe first of the chapter's twin growth-notices (cf. v.52), rounding off the infancy: normal childhood development crowned with wisdom and divine favor.
ΤὸtheNominativearticle
δὲandtransitional conjunction
παιδίονchildNominativesubjectπαιδίον: 'young child.'
ηὔξανενgrewImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · αὐξάνωmain verb→ durative imperfectαὐξάνω: 'grow, increase'; of physical growth (cf. 1:80 of John).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκραταιοῦτοbecame strongImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · κραταιόωmain verb→ durative imperfectκραταιόω: 'strengthen, make strong.'
πληρούμενονfilledPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · πληρόωcircumstantial participle (manner/attendant)→ progressive presentπληρόω: 'fill'; being filled (more and more) with wisdom.
σοφίᾳwith wisdomDativedat. of content/meansσοφία: 'wisdom.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
χάριςgraceNominativesubjectχάρις: 'grace, favor'; God's favor resting on him.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of sourceθεός: 'God.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
ἐπ’uponpreposition + accusative (rest/position)
αὐτόhimAccusativeobject of ἐπί
41

Καὶ ἐπορεύοντο οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ κατ’ ἔτος εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ τῇ ἑορτῇ τοῦ πάσχα.

And his parents went every year to Jerusalem for the Feast of the Passover.

Setting: the annual PassoverκαίThe boyhood scene opens with the family's habitual Passover pilgrimage — devout Israelites keeping the feast.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπορεύοντοwentImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · πορεύομαιmain verb→ customary imperfectπορεύομαι: 'go, journey'; the imperfect of yearly custom.
οἱtheNominativearticle
γονεῖςparentsNominativesubjectγονεύς: 'parent.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
κατ’everypreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά: distributive 'each, every' with ἔτος.
ἔτοςyearAccusativeobject of κατά (distributive)ἔτος: 'year'; κατ’ ἔτος = 'yearly.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἸερουσαλὴμJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰςἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (indeclinable).
τῇfor theDativearticle
ἑορτῇfeastDativedat. of time (occasion)ἑορτή: 'feast, festival.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πάσχαPassoverGenitivegenitive of appositionπάσχα: Passover (Heb. pesaḥ; indeclinable), one of the pilgrim feasts (Deut 16:16).
42

καὶ ὅτε ἐγένετο ἐτῶν δώδεκα, ἀναβαινόντων αὐτῶν κατὰ τὸ ἔθος τῆς ἑορτῆς

And when he was twelve years old, as they went up according to the custom of the feast,

The pivotal yearκαίAt twelve — on the threshold of religious adulthood — Jesus goes up with them; the age is significant for the scene that follows.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction
ἐγένετοhe wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb (temporal clause)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, be'; 'became of twelve years' = reached twelve.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (age)ἔτος: 'year.'
δώδεκαtwelveGenitivenumeral adjectiveδώδεκα: 'twelve'; the age nearing the bar mitzvah threshold of Law-responsibility.
ἀναβαινόντωνas they went upPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀναβαίνωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ progressive presentἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; up to Jerusalem.
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivesubject of the genitive absolute
κατὰaccording topreposition + accusative (standard)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἔθοςcustomAccusativeobject of κατάἔθος: 'custom, usage.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἑορτῆςfeastGenitivegenitive of referenceἑορτή: 'feast.'
43

καὶ τελειωσάντων τὰς ἡμέρας, ἐν τῷ ὑποστρέφειν αὐτοὺς ὑπέμεινεν Ἰησοῦς ὁ παῖς ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ, καὶ οὐκ ἔγνωσαν οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ.

and when they had completed the days, as they were returning, the boy Jesus stayed behind in Jerusalem, and his parents did not know it.

Jesus stays behindκαίThe complication: unbeknown to his parents, Jesus remains in Jerusalem as the caravan departs.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τελειωσάντωνwhen they had completedAor Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · τελειόωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristτελειόω: 'complete, finish'; the festival days fulfilled.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeobject of the participleἡμέρα: 'day'; the seven days of Unleavened Bread.
ἐνaspreposition + dative (temporal, w/ artic. inf.)
τῷtheDativearticle (substantizes inf.)
ὑποστρέφεινreturningPres Act Inf · ὑποστρέφωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ progressive presentὑποστρέφω: 'return.'
αὐτοὺςtheyAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ὑπέμεινενstayed behindAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπομένωmain verb→ constative aoristὑπομένω: 'remain, stay behind.'
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
theNominativearticle
παῖςboyNominativeapposition to Ἰησοῦςπαῖς: 'child, boy, servant.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ἸερουσαλήμJerusalemDativedat. of placeἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔγνωσανknewAor Act Indic 3 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb→ constative aoristγινώσκω: 'know, realize.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
γονεῖςparentsNominativesubjectγονεύς: 'parent'; 'his parents' (read here) over the harmonizing 'Joseph and his mother.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
44

νομίσαντες δὲ αὐτὸν εἶναι ἐν τῇ συνοδίᾳ ἦλθον ἡμέρας ὁδὸν καὶ ἀνεζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς συγγενεῦσιν καὶ τοῖς γνωστοῖς,

but supposing him to be in the caravan, they went a day's journey, and began searching for him among their relatives and acquaintances,

The discovery of absenceδέTheir natural assumption — he is somewhere in the large travelling party — gives way to anxious searching when he is missed.
νομίσαντεςsupposingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · νομίζωcircumstantial participle (causal)→ antecedent aoristνομίζω: 'think, suppose.'
δὲbuttransitional conjunction
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίinfinitive (indirect discourse)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
συνοδίᾳcaravanDativedat. of placeσυνοδία: 'travelling company, caravan'; the band of pilgrims journeying together.
ἦλθονthey wentAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
ἡμέραςa day'sGenitivegenitive of measure/qualityἡμέρα: 'day'; 'a day's journey.'
ὁδὸνjourneyAccusativeaccusative of extent (cognate)ὁδός: 'way, journey.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνεζήτουνbegan searching forImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναζητέωmain verb→ inceptive/durative imperfectἀναζητέω: 'search out, look for' (ἀνά-intensive).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
συγγενεῦσινrelativesDativedat. of sphereσυγγενής: 'relative, kinsman.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle
γνωστοῖςacquaintancesDativedat. of sphere (substantival adj.)γνωστός: 'known, acquaintance.'
45

καὶ μὴ εὑρόντες ὑπέστρεψαν εἰς Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἀναζητοῦντες αὐτόν.

and not finding him, they returned to Jerusalem, searching for him.

Return to searchκαίFailing to find him, they retrace their steps to Jerusalem, the search now urgent.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative (w/ participle)
εὑρόντεςfindingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · εὑρίσκωcircumstantial participle (temporal/causal)→ antecedent aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
ὑπέστρεψανthey returnedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑποστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristὑποστρέφω: 'return.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἸερουσαλὴμJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰςἸερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (indeclinable).
ἀναζητοῦντεςsearching forPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀναζητέωcircumstantial participle (manner/purpose)→ progressive presentἀναζητέω: 'search out.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of the participle
46

καὶ ἐγένετο μετὰ ἡμέρας τρεῖς εὗρον αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ καθεζόμενον ἐν μέσῳ τῶν διδασκάλων καὶ ἀκούοντα αὐτῶν καὶ ἐπερωτῶντα αὐτούς·

And it came about that after three days they found him in the temple, sitting in the midst of the teachers, both listening to them and questioning them;

Found in the templeκαίAfter three days the boy is found in the temple, seated among the rabbis as one engaged in learned exchange — the resolution of the search.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοit came aboutAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative opener)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen.'
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeobject of μετάἡμέρα: 'day.'
τρεῖςthreeAccusativenumeral adjectiveτρεῖς: 'three'; 'after three days' (reckoning the outbound day, the day back, and the finding).
εὗρονthey foundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (content of ἐγένετο)→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
ἱερῷtempleDativedat. of placeἱερόν: 'temple'; in the temple courts where the teachers gathered.
καθεζόμενονsittingPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · καθέζομαιcircumstantial/predicate participle→ progressive presentκαθέζομαι: 'sit'; the posture of a learner/disputant.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
μέσῳthe midstDativedat. of place (substantival adj.)μέσος: 'middle, midst.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
διδασκάλωνteachersGenitivepartitive genitiveδιδάσκαλος: 'teacher'; the temple rabbis.
καὶbothcorrelative conjunction
ἀκούονταlistening toPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ progressive presentἀκούω: 'hear, listen.'
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούοντα
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπερωτῶνταquestioningPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἐπερωτάωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ progressive presentἐπερωτάω: 'ask, question'; the give-and-take of rabbinic discussion.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object of ἐπερωτῶντα
47

ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες οἱ ἀκούοντες αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῇ συνέσει καὶ ταῖς ἀποκρίσεσιν αὐτοῦ.

and all who heard him were amazed at his understanding and his answers.

Astonishment at his understandingδέThe bystanders' astonishment points beyond a clever boy to the wisdom of v.40 already at work — a foretaste of his authoritative teaching.
ἐξίσταντοwere amazedImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐξίστημιmain verb→ durative imperfectἐξίστημι: 'be astonished, beside oneself'; deep amazement.
δὲandtransitional conjunction
πάντεςallNominativesubject
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀκούοντεςwho heardPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωsubstantival participle→ progressive presentἀκούω: 'hear.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούοντες
ἐπὶatpreposition + dative (cause/ground)
τῇtheDativearticle
συνέσειunderstandingDativedat. of causeσύνεσις: 'understanding, insight, comprehension.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἀποκρίσεσινanswersDativedat. of causeἀπόκρισις: 'answer, reply.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
48

καὶ ἰδόντες αὐτὸν ἐξεπλάγησαν, καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ· Τέκνον, τί ἐποίησας ἡμῖν οὕτως; ἰδοὺ ὁ πατήρ σου κἀγὼ ὀδυνώμενοι ἐζητοῦμέν σε.

And when they saw him, they were astounded, and his mother said to him: Child, why have you treated us so? Behold, your father and I have been searching for you in anguish.

Mary's reproachκαίThe parents' amazement turns to Mary's anxious reproach — 'your father and I' setting up the contrast with Jesus' 'my Father' in v.49.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδόντεςwhen they sawAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of the participle
ἐξεπλάγησανthey were astoundedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐκπλήσσωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἐκπλήσσω: 'strike out, astound'; overwhelmed astonishment.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (toward)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativesubjectμήτηρ: 'mother.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ΤέκνονchildVocativevocative of addressτέκνον: 'child'; tender form of address.
τίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (adverbial accusative)τίς: 'why?'
ἐποίησαςhave you treated / doneAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (question)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do'; ἐποίησας ἡμῖν, 'have you done to us.'
ἡμῖνusDativedat. of disadvantage
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particle (attention)ἰδού: 'behold!'
theNominativearticle
πατήρfatherNominativesubjectπατήρ: 'father'; Mary's 'your father' (Joseph), pointedly recast by Jesus in v.49.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
κἀγὼand INominativecrasis (καὶ ἐγώ) — coordinate subjectκἀγώ: 'and I' (καί + ἐγώ).
ὀδυνώμενοιin anguishPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὀδυνάωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ progressive presentὀδυνάω: 'cause/feel pain, be in anguish'; their distress in searching.
ἐζητοῦμένhave been searching forImpf Act Indic 1 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ durative imperfectζητέω: 'seek, search for.'
σεyouAccusativedirect object
49

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Τί ὅτι ἐζητεῖτέ με; οὐκ ᾔδειτε ὅτι ἐν τοῖς τοῦ πατρός μου δεῖ εἶναί με;

And he said to them: Why is it that you were searching for me? Did you not know that I must be in the things / house of my Father?

Jesus' first recorded wordsκαίJesus' first words in the Gospel: a gentle correction disclosing his unique filial consciousness and the divine δεῖ that governs his life.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (toward)
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ΤίwhyNominativeinterrogative pronounτίς: 'what?'; τί ὅτι = 'why is it that?'
ὅτιis it thatconjunction (w/ τί, idiom)
ἐζητεῖτέwere you searching forImpf Act Indic 2 Pl · ζητέωmain verb (question)→ durative imperfectζητέω: 'seek.'
μεmeAccusativedirect object
οὐκnotnegative (expects 'yes' answer)
ᾔδειτεdid you knowPlpf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb (question)→ stative (οἶδα as present sense)οἶδα: 'know'; the pluperfect functions as a simple past, 'did you not know.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τοῖςthe things / houseDativesubstantival article (ellipsis)τὰ τοῦ πατρός: the elliptical phrase — 'in my Father's (house)' (so most) or 'about my Father's affairs/business'; the ambiguity is deliberate.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
πατρόςFatherGenitivegenitive of relationship/possessionπατήρ: 'Father'; Jesus' 'my Father' — God — answering Mary's 'your father' (Joseph) in v.48: the first hint of his divine sonship.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
δεῖmustPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb (necessity)→ stative presentδεῖ: 'it is necessary'; the Lukan divine 'must' governing Jesus' whole mission (cf. 4:43; 9:22; 24:7).
εἶναίbePres Act Inf · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive (w/ δεῖ)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
μεIAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
50

καὶ αὐτοὶ οὐ συνῆκαν τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς.

And they did not understand the word which he spoke to them.

IncomprehensionκαίEven the parents fail to grasp the saying — a Lukan note of the mystery still veiled, anticipating the disciples' later incomprehension.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτοὶtheyNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)
οὐnotnegative particle
συνῆκανunderstandAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συνίημιmain verb→ constative aoristσυνίημι: 'comprehend, understand.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ῥῆμαwordAccusativedirect objectῥῆμα: 'word, saying.'
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object)
ἐλάλησενhe spokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
51

καὶ κατέβη μετ’ αὐτῶν καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς Ναζαρὲθ καὶ ἦν ὑποτασσόμενος αὐτοῖς. καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς.

And he went down with them and came to Nazareth, and was subject to them. And his mother kept all these things in her heart.

Obedient return; Mary treasuresκαίThe scene closes in quiet obedience — the Son who must be about his Father's things is also the son subject to his parents; and Mary again treasures all (cf. v.19).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατέβηwent downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'go down'; down from Jerusalem to Galilee.
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ΝαζαρὲθNazarethAccusativeobject of εἰςΝαζαρέτ: Nazareth (indeclinable).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic w/ ptc.)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; periphrastic 'was continually subject.'
ὑποτασσόμενοςsubjectPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὑποτάσσωperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦν)→ progressive present (ongoing)ὑποτάσσω: 'subject, subordinate'; willing filial obedience honoring the fifth commandment.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedat. of reference (w/ ptc.)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativesubjectμήτηρ: 'mother.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
διετήρειkeptImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διατηρέωmain verb→ durative imperfectδιατηρέω: 'keep carefully, treasure up' (διά-intensive); echoing συνετήρει of v.19.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjective
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ῥήματαthings / wordsAccusativedirect objectῥῆμα: 'word, matter.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῇtheDativearticle
καρδίᾳheartDativedat. of sphereκαρδία: 'heart.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession
52

Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ καὶ ἀνθρώποις.

And Jesus advanced in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and men.

Closing growth summaryκαίThe chapter's second growth-notice (cf. v.40; 1 Sam 2:26) seals the boyhood: balanced advance in wisdom, stature, and favor before God and men.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
προέκοπτενadvancedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · προκόπτωmain verb→ durative imperfectπροκόπτω: 'advance, make progress' (lit. 'cut forward'); steady growth.
τῇinDativearticle
σοφίᾳwisdomDativedat. of respectσοφία: 'wisdom.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡλικίᾳstatureDativedat. of respectἡλικία: 'age, stature'; either bodily growth or maturity in years.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
χάριτιfavorDativedat. of respectχάρις: 'grace, favor'; standing well with God and people (cf. 1 Sam 2:26; Prov 3:4).
παρὰwithpreposition + dative (before/in the sight of)
θεῷGodDativeobject of παράθεός: 'God.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνθρώποιςmenDativeobject of παράἄνθρωπος: 'human being, people.'