1
Ἐν ἔτει δὲ πεντεκαιδεκάτῳ τῆς ἡγεμονίας Τιβερίου Καίσαρος, ἡγεμονεύοντος Ποντίου Πιλάτου τῆς Ἰουδαίας, καὶ τετρααρχοῦντος τῆς Γαλιλαίας Ἡρῴδου, Φιλίππου δὲ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ τετρααρχοῦντος τῆς Ἰτουραίας καὶ Τραχωνίτιδος χώρας, καὶ Λυσανίου τῆς Ἀβιληνῆς τετρααρχοῦντος,
Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod tetrarch of Galilee, and Philip his brother tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene,
Luke alone dates John's ministry by a sixfold synchronism — one emperor, one governor, three tetrarchs, and (v.2) two high priests — anchoring the gospel in datable world history.
Word-by-word analysis· 34 words
Ἐνinpreposition + dative (time)
ἔτειyearDativedat. of time (point)ἔτος: 'year'; the fixed point from which John's ministry is dated.
δὲnowcontinuative conjunction (narrative)
πεντεκαιδεκάτῳfifteenthDativeattributive ordinalπεντεκαιδέκατος: 'fifteenth'; of Tiberius' reign (c. AD 28/29).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἡγεμονίαςreign/ruleGenitivegenitive of referenceἡγεμονία: 'rule, principate'; the imperial reign.
ΤιβερίουTiberiusGenitivegenitive of relationship (apposition)Τιβέριος: Tiberius, Roman emperor AD 14–37.
ΚαίσαροςCaesarGenitiveapposition (title)Καῖσαρ: 'Caesar'; the imperial title.
ἡγεμονεύοντοςbeing governorPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἡγεμονεύωgenitive absolute (concurrent time)→ present (concurrent)ἡγεμονεύω: 'be governor, lead'; Pilate's prefecture, AD 26–36.
ΠοντίουPontiusGenitivesubject of gen. absoluteΠόντιος: Pontius, the praenomen/nomen of Pilate.
ΠιλάτουPilateGenitiveappositionΠιλᾶτος: Pilate, prefect of Judea.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
Ἰουδαίαςof JudeaGenitivegenitive of subordination (object of rule)Ἰουδαία: Judea, the Roman province.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τετρααρχοῦντοςbeing tetrarchPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · τετρααρχέωgenitive absolute→ present (concurrent)τετρααρχέω: 'rule as tetrarch' (ruler of a fourth).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
Γαλιλαίαςof GalileeGenitivegenitive of subordinationΓαλιλαία: Galilee, Herod Antipas' tetrarchy.
ἩρῴδουHerodGenitivesubject of gen. absoluteἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great.
ΦιλίππουPhilipGenitivesubject of gen. absoluteΦίλιππος: Herod Philip, another son of Herod the Great.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitiveapposition to Φιλίππουἀδελφός: 'brother'; Philip as Herod Antipas' (half-)brother.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
τετρααρχοῦντοςbeing tetrarchPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · τετρααρχέωgenitive absolute→ present (concurrent)τετρααρχέω: 'rule as tetrarch.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
Ἰτουραίαςof IturaeaGenitivegenitive of subordinationἸτουραία: Ituraea, a region NE of Galilee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΤραχωνίτιδοςTrachonitisGenitiveattributive genitive (region)Τραχωνῖτις: Trachonitis, a volcanic region east of Galilee.
χώραςregionGenitivegenitive of subordination (head noun)χώρα: 'region, country.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΛυσανίουLysaniasGenitivesubject of gen. absoluteΛυσανίας: Lysanias, tetrarch of Abilene.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
Ἀβιληνῆςof AbileneGenitivegenitive of subordinationἈβιληνή: Abilene, a tetrarchy NW of Damascus.
τετρααρχοῦντοςbeing tetrarchPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · τετρααρχέωgenitive absolute→ present (concurrent)τετρααρχέω: 'rule as tetrarch.'
2
ἐπὶ ἀρχιερέως Ἅννα καὶ Καϊάφα, ἐγένετο ῥῆμα θεοῦ ἐπὶ Ἰωάννην τὸν Ζαχαρίου υἱὸν ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ.
in the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God came to John the son of Zechariah in the wilderness.
The synchronism closes with the priestly pair; then the main clause: God's word 'came upon' John — prophetic-call language (cf. Jer 1:2; Hos 1:1).
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
ἐπὶin the time ofpreposition + genitive (time)
ἀρχιερέωςhigh priestGenitivegenitive of timeἀρχιερεύς: 'high priest'; the singular covers both names — Annas the power, Caiaphas the officeholder.
Ἅνναof AnnasGenitiveapposition (indeclinable in -α, gen.)Ἅννας: Annas, high priest AD 6–15, still dominant.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΚαϊάφαCaiaphasGenitiveappositionΚαϊάφας: Caiaphas, high priest AD 18–36, Annas' son-in-law.
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be, happen'; ἐγένετο ῥῆμα renders the Hebrew prophetic formula 'the word of the LORD came.'
ῥῆμαwordNominativesubjectῥῆμα: 'word, utterance'; the prophetic revelation that constitutes John a prophet.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source/author
ἐπὶupon/topreposition + accusative (direction)
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeobject of ἐπί (recipient)Ἰωάννης: John the Baptist.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
Ζαχαρίουof ZechariahGenitivegenitive of relationship (father)Ζαχαρίας: Zechariah, John's priestly father (Lk 1).
υἱὸνsonAccusativeapposition to Ἰωάννηνυἱός: 'son.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedat. of placeἔρημος: 'desert, wilderness'; the place of revelation and of Isaiah's voice (v.4).
3
καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν περίχωρον τοῦ Ἰορδάνου κηρύσσων βάπτισμα μετανοίας εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν,
And he went into all the region around the Jordan, proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins,
John's mission summarized: a circuit of the Jordan, heralding a repentance-baptism whose goal is forgiveness — the program of Mark 1:4.
Word-by-word analysis· 14 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)
ἦλθενhe went/cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; of John's coming out into the Jordan country.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (extent/place)
πᾶσανallAccusativeattributive adjective
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
περίχωρονregion aroundAccusativeobject of εἰςπερίχωρος: 'surrounding country'; the Jordan basin.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
Ἰορδάνουof the JordanGenitivegenitive (the river named)Ἰορδάνης: the Jordan River, site of the baptism.
κηρύσσωνproclaimingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κηρύσσωadverbial ptc. (manner)→ present (characteristic activity)κηρύσσω: 'herald, proclaim'; the herald's public announcement.
βάπτισμαbaptismAccusativedirect objectβάπτισμα: 'baptism'; the immersion that enacts repentance.
μετανοίαςof repentanceGenitivegenitive of description/qualityμετάνοια: 'change of mind,' repentance; a turning that the baptism signifies.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (goal/purpose)
ἄφεσινforgivenessAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)ἄφεσις: 'release, forgiveness'; the aim of the repentance-baptism.
ἁμαρτιῶνof sinsGenitiveobjective genitiveἁμαρτία: 'sin'; what is forgiven.
4
ὡς γέγραπται ἐν βίβλῳ λόγων Ἠσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου· Φωνὴ βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ· Ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν κυρίου, εὐθείας ποιεῖτε τὰς τρίβους αὐτοῦ·
as it is written in the book of the words of Isaiah the prophet: 'A voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
Luke alone extends the Isaiah-40 citation through v.6. The 'voice in the wilderness' identifies John; the way-preparation is moral (vv.7–14).
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ὡςascomparative conjunction (citation formula)
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (citation formula)→ intensive perfect (standing record)γράφω: 'write'; 'it stands written.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (locus)
βίβλῳbookDativedat. of place (locus of citation)βίβλος: 'book, scroll'; the written prophecy.
λόγωνof the wordsGenitiveattributive genitive (content)λόγος: 'word'; the collected oracles.
Ἠσαΐουof IsaiahGenitivegenitive of source (author)Ἠσαΐας: Isaiah the prophet (Isa 40:3–5).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
προφήτουprophetGenitiveappositionπροφήτης: 'prophet.'
ΦωνὴvoiceNominativesubject (nominativus pendens / heading)φωνή: 'voice, sound'; the prophetic cry — read as 'a voice of one crying.'
βοῶντοςof one cryingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · βοάωsubstantival ptc. (genitive)→ present (durative)βοάω: 'cry out, shout.' MT joins 'in the wilderness' to 'prepare'; the LXX/Gospels join it to 'crying.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἐρήμῳwildernessDativedat. of placeἔρημος: 'wilderness'; John's locus.
ἙτοιμάσατεprepareAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἑτοιμάζωimperative (command of the oracle)→ ingressive/constative aorist imperativeἑτοιμάζω: 'make ready'; the imagery of clearing a royal road.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὁδὸνwayAccusativedirect objectὁδός: 'way, road'; the Lord's highway.
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of possessionκύριος: 'Lord'; in Isaiah YHWH — applied to the Lord's advent.
εὐθείαςstraightAccusativepredicate accusative (object-complement)εὐθύς: 'straight'; the paths are to be made straight.
ποιεῖτεmakePres Act Impv 2 Pl · ποιέωimperative→ present imperative (general command)ποιέω: 'make, do.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
τρίβουςpathsAccusativedirect objectτρίβος: 'beaten path, track.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
5
πᾶσα φάραγξ πληρωθήσεται καὶ πᾶν ὄρος καὶ βουνὸς ταπεινωθήσεται, καὶ ἔσται τὰ σκολιὰ εἰς εὐθείαν καὶ αἱ τραχεῖαι εἰς ὁδοὺς λείας·
Every ravine shall be filled, and every mountain and hill shall be made low, and the crooked shall become straight, and the rough ways smooth;
The leveling of the terrain — valleys raised, heights lowered — pictures the great reversal of repentance: a Lukan keynote (cf. 1:52).
Word-by-word analysis· 21 words
πᾶσαeveryNominativeattributive adjective
φάραγξravineNominativesubjectφάραγξ: 'ravine, gully'; to be filled up.
πληρωθήσεταιshall be filledFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · πληρόωmain verb→ predictive futureπληρόω: 'fill, fill up.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πᾶνeveryNominativeattributive adjective
ὄροςmountainNominativesubjectὄρος: 'mountain.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βουνὸςhillNominativesubject (coordinate)βουνός: 'hill, mound.'
ταπεινωθήσεταιshall be made lowFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ταπεινόωmain verb→ predictive futureταπεινόω: 'make low, humble'; the verb of Luke's reversal motif.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔσταιshall becomeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (equative)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; with εἰς = 'become.'
τὰtheNominativearticle
σκολιὰcrooked thingsNominativesubstantival adjective (subject)σκολιός: 'crooked, bent'; also morally 'perverse.'
εἰςinto/topreposition + accusative (result)
εὐθείανstraightAccusativeobject of εἰς (predicate)εὐθύς: 'straight'; here a substantive 'a straight (way).'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αἱtheNominativearticle
τραχεῖαιrough waysNominativesubstantival adjective (subject)τραχύς: 'rough, rugged.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (result)
ὁδοὺςwaysAccusativeobject of εἰςὁδός: 'way, road.'
λείαςsmoothAccusativeattributive adjectiveλεῖος: 'smooth, level.'
6
καὶ ὄψεται πᾶσα σὰρξ τὸ σωτήριον τοῦ θεοῦ.
and all flesh shall see the salvation of God.'
The citation's climax, distinctively Lukan: 'all flesh' — the universal, Gentile-embracing scope of the σωτήριον that frames the whole Gospel (cf. 2:30).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὄψεταιshall seeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ predictive futureὁράω: 'see, perceive'; future of the suppletive ὄψομαι.
πᾶσαallNominativeattributive adjective
σὰρξfleshNominativesubjectσάρξ: 'flesh'; Semitic 'all flesh' = all humanity, here pointing to the nations.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σωτήριονsalvationAccusativedirect objectσωτήριον: 'saving act, salvation' (neut. subst.); a Lukan word (2:30; Acts 28:28).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source/author
7
Ἔλεγεν οὖν τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις ὄχλοις βαπτισθῆναι ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ· Γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν, τίς ὑπέδειξεν ὑμῖν φυγεῖν ἀπὸ τῆς μελλούσης ὀργῆς;
He said therefore to the crowds that came out to be baptized by him: 'You brood of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the coming wrath?
John's ethical preaching opens with shock: the crowds are a 'brood of vipers' — only a fleeing, fruit-bearing repentance will avail (vv.7–9).
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
Ἔλεγενhe saidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ iterative/customary imperfectλέγω: 'say'; the imperfect depicts John's repeated preaching.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἐκπορευομένοιςthat came outPres Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · ἐκπορεύομαιattributive participle→ present (durative)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out'; the crowds streaming out to the Jordan.
ὄχλοιςcrowdsDativeindirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd, multitude.'
βαπτισθῆναιto be baptizedAor Pass Inf · βαπτίζωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristβαπτίζω: 'baptize, immerse.'
ὑπ’bypreposition + genitive (agent)
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of agency
Γεννήματαbrood/offspringVocativevocative of addressγέννημα: 'offspring, brood'; 'spawn of vipers' — a stinging epithet.
ἐχιδνῶνof vipersGenitiveattributive genitiveἔχιδνα: 'viper'; a poisonous snake — figure for a deadly, deceptive people.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)
ὑπέδειξενwarned/showedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑποδείκνυμιmain verb (rhetorical question)→ constative aoristὑποδείκνυμι: 'show, intimate, warn'; 'who tipped you off to flee?' — ironic.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
φυγεῖνto fleeAor Act Inf · φεύγωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee, escape.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
μελλούσηςcomingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · μέλλωattributive participle→ present (imminent)μέλλω: 'be about to'; the impending eschatological wrath.
ὀργῆςwrathGenitiveobject of ἀπόὀργή: 'wrath, anger'; the coming judgment.
8
ποιήσατε οὖν καρποὺς ἀξίους τῆς μετανοίας· καὶ μὴ ἄρξησθε λέγειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς· Πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν Ἀβραάμ, λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι δύναται ὁ θεὸς ἐκ τῶν λίθων τούτων ἐγεῖραι τέκνα τῷ Ἀβραάμ.
Bear fruits therefore worthy of repentance, and do not begin to say within yourselves, “We have Abraham as our father,” for I tell you that God is able from these stones to raise up children to Abraham.
True repentance shows in fruit; descent from Abraham is no shelter — God can raise Abraham-children from the very stones (a pun in Aramaic: 'ăbānîm / bānîm).
Word-by-word analysis· 31 words
ποιήσατεbear/produceAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ποιέωimperative→ ingressive aorist imperativeποιέω: 'make, produce'; here 'bear fruit.'
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
καρποὺςfruitsAccusativedirect objectκαρπός: 'fruit'; the deeds that evidence repentance.
ἀξίουςworthyAccusativeattributive adjectiveἄξιος: 'worthy, fitting'; fruit befitting a changed life.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
μετανοίαςof repentanceGenitiveobjective genitiveμετάνοια: 'repentance.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative particle (with subjunctive)
ἄρξησθεbeginAor Mid Subj 2 Pl · ἄρχωprohibitive subjunctive→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin'; 'do not even begin to say' — cut off the excuse at the root.
λέγεινto sayPres Act Inf · λέγωcomplementary infinitive→ present (durative)λέγω: 'say.'
ἐνwithinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ἑαυτοῖςyourselvesDativereflexive pronoun (object of ἐν)
ΠατέραfatherAccusativedouble accusative (object-complement)πατήρ: 'father'; the claimed patriarch.
ἔχομενwe havePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔχωmain verb (quoted claim)→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἈβραάμAbrahamAccusativeobject (indeclinable)Ἀβραάμ: Abraham, the patriarch; mere descent is no security.
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ present (declarative)λέγω: 'say, tell.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of speech)
δύναταιis ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able, can.'
ὁtheNominativearticle
θεὸςGodNominativesubject
ἐκfrom/out ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
λίθωνstonesGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)λίθος: 'stone'; the Jordan riverbed stones — wordplay on 'children' in Aramaic.
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative (attributive)
ἐγεῖραιto raise upAor Act Inf · ἐγείρωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἐγείρω: 'raise up, awaken.'
τέκναchildrenAccusativedirect object of ἐγεῖραιτέκνον: 'child'; offspring for Abraham.
τῷtheDativearticle
Ἀβραάμto AbrahamDativedat. of advantage (indeclinable)Ἀβραάμ: Abraham.
9
ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἡ ἀξίνη πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν δένδρων κεῖται· πᾶν οὖν δένδρον μὴ ποιοῦν καρπὸν καλὸν ἐκκόπτεται καὶ εἰς πῦρ βάλλεται.
Even now the axe is laid to the root of the trees; every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire.
The judgment is imminent ('already'): the axe is at the root. The fruitless tree faces fire — sealing the demand of v.8.
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ἤδηalready/nowadverb (time)ἤδη: 'already, now'; stresses the nearness of judgment.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
καὶevenascensive conjunction
ἡtheNominativearticle
ἀξίνηaxeNominativesubjectἀξίνη: 'axe'; the instrument of cutting/judgment.
πρὸςto/atpreposition + accusative (position)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ῥίζανrootAccusativeobject of πρόςῥίζα: 'root'; the blow aimed not at branches but at the root.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
δένδρωνof the treesGenitivegenitive (whole)δένδρον: 'tree.'
κεῖταιis laidPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · κεῖμαιmain verb→ stative present (imminent)κεῖμαι: 'lie, be laid'; the axe poised, ready to strike.
πᾶνeveryNominativeattributive adjective
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunction
δένδρονtreeNominativesubjectδένδρον: 'tree.'
μὴnotnegative particle (with ptc.)
ποιοῦνbearingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · ποιέωattributive participle→ present (characteristic)ποιέω: 'make, produce'; 'not bearing.'
καρπὸνfruitAccusativedirect object of ptc.καρπός: 'fruit.'
καλὸνgoodAccusativeattributive adjectiveκαλός: 'good, fine.'
ἐκκόπτεταιis cut downPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκόπτωmain verb→ gnomic/futuristic presentἐκκόπτω: 'cut out, cut down.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
πῦρfireAccusativeobject of εἰςπῦρ: 'fire'; the figure of judgment/destruction.
βάλλεταιis thrownPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb→ gnomic/futuristic presentβάλλω: 'throw, cast.'
10
Καὶ ἐπηρώτων αὐτὸν οἱ ὄχλοι λέγοντες· Τί οὖν ποιήσωμεν;
And the crowds asked him, saying, 'What then shall we do?'
The preaching draws the practical question that frames vv.10–14: 'What then shall we do?' — repentance must be embodied.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)
ἐπηρώτωνaskedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ iterative imperfectἐπερωτάω: 'ask, question'; the imperfect of repeated inquiry.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
οἱtheNominativearticle
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance (speech)→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say'; pleonastic 'saying' introducing direct speech.
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object)
οὖνtheninferential conjunction
ποιήσωμενshall we doAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ποιέωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make.'
11
ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Ὁ ἔχων δύο χιτῶνας μεταδότω τῷ μὴ ἔχοντι, καὶ ὁ ἔχων βρώματα ὁμοίως ποιείτω.
And he answered and said to them, 'Whoever has two tunics is to share with him who has none, and whoever has food is to do likewise.'
John's ethic is concrete and social: share the surplus tunic and food — repentance as ordinary generosity.
Word-by-word analysis· 18 words
ἀποκριθεὶςhaving answeredAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιptc. of attendant circumstance→ constative aorist (Semitic 'answered and said')ἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; the Septuagintal 'answering, said.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ἔλεγενsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ iterative imperfectλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle
ἔχωνwho hasPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have, possess.'
δύοtwoattributive numeral (indeclinable)δύο: 'two' (indeclinable).
χιτῶναςtunicsAccusativedirect objectχιτών: 'tunic'; the inner garment — to have two is surplus.
μεταδότωlet him shareAor Act Impv 3 Sg · μεταδίδωμιthird-person imperative→ ingressive aorist imperativeμεταδίδωμι: 'share, impart'; give a portion away.
τῷto the (one)Dativearticle
μὴnotnegative particle (with ptc.)
ἔχοντιwho hasPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (indirect object)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have'; 'the one not having.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὁthe (one)Nominativearticle
ἔχωνwho hasPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have.'
βρώματαfoodAccusativedirect objectβρῶμα: 'food'; provisions.
ὁμοίωςlikewiseadverb (manner)ὁμοίως: 'likewise, in the same way.'
ποιείτωlet him doPres Act Impv 3 Sg · ποιέωthird-person imperative→ present imperativeποιέω: 'do, act.'
12
ἦλθον δὲ καὶ τελῶναι βαπτισθῆναι καὶ εἶπαν πρὸς αὐτόν· Διδάσκαλε, τί ποιήσωμεν;
Tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, 'Teacher, what shall we do?'
Even tax collectors — despised collaborators — come; John does not exclude them but reforms their trade.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ἦλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive conjunction
τελῶναιtax collectorsNominativesubjectτελώνης: 'tax/toll collector'; despised as agents of Rome and as extortioners.
βαπτισθῆναιto be baptizedAor Pass Inf · βαπτίζωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristβαπτίζω: 'baptize.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (εἶπον): 'say'; the Hellenistic ending -αν.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
ΔιδάσκαλεTeacherVocativevocative of addressδιδάσκαλος: 'teacher'; a respectful address (rabbi).
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object)
ποιήσωμενshall we doAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ποιέωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do.'
13
ὁ δὲ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Μηδὲν πλέον παρὰ τὸ διατεταγμένον ὑμῖν πράσσετε.
And he said to them, 'Collect no more than what is appointed to you.'
The reform fits the office: exact nothing beyond the assessed rate — no padding the tax for personal gain.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
ὁheNominativearticle
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ΜηδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object (negated)μηδείς: 'no one, nothing.'
πλέονmoreAccusativecomparative adjective (substantival)πλείων: 'more'; 'nothing more.'
παρὰthan/beyondpreposition + accusative (comparison)
τὸthat whichAccusativearticle
διατεταγμένονappointed/orderedPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · διατάσσωsubstantival participle (object of παρά)→ resultative perfect (standing rate)διατάσσω: 'appoint, prescribe'; the fixed tax schedule.
ὑμῖνto youDativedat. of reference
πράσσετεcollect/exactPres Act Impv 2 Pl · πράσσωimperative→ present imperative (general rule)πράσσω: 'do, practice'; of exacting/collecting money (cf. Lk 19:23).
14
ἐπηρώτων δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ στρατευόμενοι λέγοντες· Τί ποιήσωμεν καὶ ἡμεῖς; καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Μηδένα διασείσητε μηδὲ συκοφαντήσητε, καὶ ἀρκεῖσθε τοῖς ὀψωνίοις ὑμῶν.
Soldiers also asked him, saying, 'And we, what shall we do?' And he said to them, 'Do not extort money from anyone by threats or by false accusation, and be content with your wages.'
Soldiers too are reformed in place: no shakedowns, no false charges, contentment with pay — vocation purified, not abandoned.
Word-by-word analysis· 22 words
ἐπηρώτωνaskedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ iterative imperfectἐπερωτάω: 'ask.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶalsoadverbial conjunction
στρατευόμενοιsoldiers (those serving)Pres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · στρατεύομαιsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (customary)στρατεύομαι: 'serve as a soldier'; men on military duty (likely Herod's troops).
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say.'
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object)
ποιήσωμενshall we doAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ποιέωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do.'
καὶalsoascensive conjunction
ἡμεῖςweNominativeemphatic pronoun (subject)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Μηδέναno oneAccusativedirect object (negated)μηδείς: 'no one.'
διασείσητεextort by intimidationAor Act Subj 2 Pl · διασείωprohibitive subjunctive→ ingressive aoristδιασείω: lit. 'shake violently'; 'extort by threats, shake down' — a NT hapax.
μηδὲnornegative coordinating conjunction
συκοφαντήσητεaccuse falselyAor Act Subj 2 Pl · συκοφαντέωprohibitive subjunctive→ ingressive aoristσυκοφαντέω: 'accuse falsely, extort by false charge' (orig. 'fig-shower').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀρκεῖσθεbe contentPres Pass Impv 2 Pl · ἀρκέωimperative→ present imperative (state)ἀρκέω (pass.): 'be content, satisfied.'
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ὀψωνίοιςwagesDativedat. of cause/content (with ἀρκέομαι)ὀψώνιον: 'pay, wages'; orig. a soldier's rations-allowance.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
15
Προσδοκῶντος δὲ τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ διαλογιζομένων πάντων ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν περὶ τοῦ Ἰωάννου, μήποτε αὐτὸς εἴη ὁ χριστός,
As the people were in expectation, and all were questioning in their hearts concerning John, whether perhaps he might be the Christ,
The people's expectancy raises the question John must answer: is he the Messiah? The genitive-absolute sets the stage for vv.16–17.
Word-by-word analysis· 19 words
ΠροσδοκῶντοςexpectingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · προσδοκάωgenitive absolute (time/cause)→ present (durative)προσδοκάω: 'expect, wait for'; messianic expectancy.
δὲand/nowcontinuative conjunction
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
λαοῦpeopleGenitivesubject of gen. absoluteλαός: 'people'; often Israel as God's covenant people in Luke.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διαλογιζομένωνquestioning/ponderingPres Mid Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · διαλογίζομαιgenitive absolute (coordinate)→ present (durative)διαλογίζομαι: 'reason, deliberate'; inner pondering.
πάντωνallGenitivesubject of gen. absolute (substantival)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
καρδίαιςheartsDativedat. of place (inner)καρδία: 'heart'; the inner self, seat of thought.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸωάννουJohnGenitiveobject of περίἸωάννης: John.
μήποτεwhether perhapsconjunction (indir. deliberative question)μήποτε: 'lest, whether perhaps'; introduces a hesitant question.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)
εἴηmight bePres Act Opt 3 Sg · εἰμίoptative (indirect deliberation)→ potential optativeεἰμί: 'be'; the optative marks reported, tentative pondering — a Lukan touch.
ὁtheNominativearticle
χριστόςChrist/MessiahNominativepredicate nominativeχριστός: 'Anointed One,' Messiah.
16
ἀπεκρίνατο λέγων πᾶσιν ὁ Ἰωάννης· Ἐγὼ μὲν ὕδατι βαπτίζω ὑμᾶς· ἔρχεται δὲ ὁ ἰσχυρότερός μου, οὗ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς λῦσαι τὸν ἱμάντα τῶν ὑποδημάτων αὐτοῦ· αὐτὸς ὑμᾶς βαπτίσει ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί·
John answered them all, saying, 'I baptize you with water, but he who is mightier than I is coming, the strap of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie; he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire.
John deflects the speculation: his water-baptism is preparatory; the Coming One, immeasurably greater, will baptize with Spirit and fire.
Word-by-word analysis· 33 words
ἀπεκρίνατοansweredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say.'
πᾶσινto allDativeindirect object (substantival)
ὁtheNominativearticle
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubjectἸωάννης: John.
ἘγὼINominativeemphatic pronoun (subject)
μὲνindeed/on the one handparticle (μέν … δέ contrast)
ὕδατιwith waterDativedat. of means/instrumentὕδωρ: 'water'; the medium of John's baptism.
βαπτίζωI baptizePres Act Indic 1 Sg · βαπτίζωmain verb→ present (characteristic)βαπτίζω: 'baptize, immerse.'
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
ἔρχεταιis comingPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ futuristic presentἔρχομαι: 'come'; the imminent Coming One.
δὲbutadversative conjunction (μέν … δέ)
ὁtheNominativearticle
ἰσχυρότερόςmightier oneNominativesubject (comparative adj., substantival)ἰσχυρός: 'strong'; comparative 'mightier' — the Messiah.
μουthan IGenitivegenitive of comparison
οὗof whomGenitiverelative pronoun (possessive gen.)
οὐκnotnegative particle
εἰμὶI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
ἱκανὸςworthy/fitNominativepredicate nominativeἱκανός: 'sufficient, worthy'; not even fit for a slave's task.
λῦσαιto untieAor Act Inf · λύωepexegetical/complementary infinitive→ constative aoristλύω: 'loose, untie'; untying sandals was the lowest slave's job.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἱμάνταstrapAccusativedirect objectἱμάς: 'strap, thong'; the sandal-lace.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ὑποδημάτωνof the sandalsGenitivegenitive (whole/possession)ὑπόδημα: 'sandal.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
βαπτίσειwill baptizeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βαπτίζωmain verb→ predictive futureβαπτίζω: 'baptize.'
ἐνwith/inpreposition + dative (means/element)
πνεύματιSpiritDativedat. of means/elementπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Holy Spirit poured out (Acts 2).
ἁγίῳHolyDativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πυρίwith fireDativedat. of means/element (coordinate)πῦρ: 'fire'; both purifying and judging (cf. vv.9, 17).
17
οὗ τὸ πτύον ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ διακαθᾶραι τὴν ἅλωνα αὐτοῦ καὶ συναγαγεῖν τὸν σῖτον εἰς τὴν ἀποθήκην αὐτοῦ, τὸ δὲ ἄχυρον κατακαύσει πυρὶ ἀσβέστῳ.
His winnowing fork is in his hand, to clear his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his barn, but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire.
The fire-image is unpacked: the Coming One winnows — gathering wheat, burning chaff with unquenchable fire. Salvation and judgment in one harvest.
Word-by-word analysis· 25 words
οὗwhoseGenitiverelative pronoun (possessive gen.)
τὸtheNominativearticle
πτύονwinnowing forkNominativesubjectπτύον: 'winnowing shovel/fork'; tosses grain so wind separates chaff.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
χειρὶhandDativedat. of placeχείρ: 'hand.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
διακαθᾶραιto clear thoroughlyAor Act Inf · διακαθαίρωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristδιακαθαίρω: 'clean out thoroughly' (διά-intensive).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἅλωναthreshing floorAccusativedirect objectἅλων: 'threshing floor'; by metonymy the grain on it.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συναγαγεῖνto gatherAor Act Inf · συνάγωinfinitive of purpose (coordinate)→ constative aoristσυνάγω: 'gather together.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
σῖτονwheatAccusativedirect objectσῖτος: 'wheat, grain'; the saved (cf. Mt 13:30).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀποθήκηνbarn/storehouseAccusativeobject of εἰςἀποθήκη: 'storehouse, barn.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
τὸtheAccusativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἄχυρονchaffAccusativedirect object (fronted)ἄχυρον: 'chaff, straw'; the worthless residue — the unrepentant.
κατακαύσειhe will burn upFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακαίωmain verb→ predictive futureκατακαίω: 'burn up completely' (κατά-perfective).
πυρὶwith fireDativedat. of means/instrumentπῦρ: 'fire.'
ἀσβέστῳunquenchableDativeattributive adjectiveἄσβεστος: 'unquenchable, inextinguishable' (cf. 'asbestos').
18
Πολλὰ μὲν οὖν καὶ ἕτερα παρακαλῶν εὐηγγελίζετο τὸν λαόν·
So with many other exhortations also he preached good news to the people.
A summary close to John's ministry: 'with many other exhortations' he kept preaching good news — even his warnings are εὐαγγέλιον.
Word-by-word analysis· 9 words
ΠολλὰmanyAccusativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'many, much.'
μὲνindeedparticle (μὲν οὖν resumptive)
οὖνso/thereforeinferential conjunction
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
ἕτεραotherAccusativeattributive adjectiveἕτερος: 'other, different'; further exhortations.
παρακαλῶνexhortingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παρακαλέωadverbial ptc. (manner/means)→ present (durative)παρακαλέω: 'exhort, urge, comfort.'
εὐηγγελίζετοhe preached good newsImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · εὐαγγελίζωmain verb→ customary imperfectεὐαγγελίζομαι: 'announce good news, evangelize'; a key Lukan verb.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λαόνpeopleAccusativedirect objectλαός: 'people'; the object of the proclamation.
19
ὁ δὲ Ἡρῴδης ὁ τετραάρχης, ἐλεγχόμενος ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ περὶ Ἡρῳδιάδος τῆς γυναικὸς τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ καὶ περὶ πάντων ὧν ἐποίησεν πονηρῶν ὁ Ἡρῴδης,
But Herod the tetrarch, being rebuked by him concerning Herodias, his brother's wife, and for all the evil things that Herod had done,
Luke brings John's career to its end out of sequence: rebuked over Herodias and all his evils, Herod adds the imprisonment of John (v.20).
Word-by-word analysis· 23 words
ὁtheNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative/continuative conjunction
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubjectἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee.
ὁtheNominativearticle
τετραάρχηςtetrarchNominativeapposition (title)τετραάρχης: 'tetrarch,' ruler of a fourth part.
ἐλεγχόμενοςbeing rebukedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐλέγχωadverbial/causal participle→ present (durative)ἐλέγχω: 'rebuke, expose, convict'; John's prophetic reproof.
ὑπ’bypreposition + genitive (agent)
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of agency
περὶconcerningpreposition + genitive (reference)
ἩρῳδιάδοςHerodiasGenitiveobject of περίἩρῳδιάς: Herodias, wife of Philip whom Antipas took (Mk 6:17–18).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γυναικὸςwifeGenitiveapposition to Ἡρῳδιάδοςγυνή: 'woman, wife.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of relationshipἀδελφός: 'brother'; the unlawful marriage rebuked.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περὶforpreposition + genitive (reference)
πάντωνallGenitivesubstantival adjective (object of περί)
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (gen. by attraction)
ἐποίησενhad doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do.'
πονηρῶνevil thingsGenitivepartitive/attributive genitiveπονηρός: 'evil, wicked'; Herod's catalogue of crimes.
ὁtheNominativearticle
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubject (resumptive, of rel. clause)Ἡρῴδης: Herod Antipas.
20
προσέθηκεν καὶ τοῦτο ἐπὶ πᾶσιν, κατέκλεισεν τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐν φυλακῇ.
added this also to them all, that he shut up John in prison.
The climactic crime: 'he added this to them all' — locking John away. Luke clears the stage of John before narrating the baptism (vv.21–22).
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
προσέθηκενaddedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προστίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristπροστίθημι: 'add, add to'; one more crime atop the rest.
καὶalsoadjunctive conjunction
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object (demonstrative)
ἐπὶupon/topreposition + dative (addition)
πᾶσινthem allDativesubstantival adjective (object of ἐπί)
κατέκλεισενhe shut upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακλείωmain verb (epexegetical of τοῦτο)→ constative aoristκατακλείω: 'shut up, confine, imprison.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativedirect objectἸωάννης: John the Baptist.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
φυλακῇprisonDativedat. of placeφυλακή: 'prison, guard'; Machaerus, per Josephus.
21
Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ βαπτισθῆναι ἅπαντα τὸν λαὸν καὶ Ἰησοῦ βαπτισθέντος καὶ προσευχομένου ἀνεῳχθῆναι τὸν οὐρανὸν
Now when all the people were baptized, and when Jesus also had been baptized and was praying, the heaven was opened,
Luke understates the baptism itself and highlights what is unique to him: Jesus at prayer, the heaven opening — prayer as the hinge of revelation.
Word-by-word analysis· 16 words
Ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Septuagintal ἐγένετο)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be, happen'; the LXX narrative formula 'and it came to pass.'
δὲnowcontinuative conjunction
ἐνwhen/whilepreposition + articular infinitive (time)
τῷtheDativearticle
βαπτισθῆναιbeing baptizedAor Pass Inf · βαπτίζωarticular infinitive of time (ἐν τῷ + inf.)→ constative aoristβαπτίζω: 'baptize.'
ἅπανταallAccusativeattributive adjective (acc. subject of inf.)ἅπας: 'all, whole' (strengthened πᾶς).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λαὸνpeopleAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitiveλαός: 'people.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸησοῦJesusGenitivesubject of gen. absoluteἸησοῦς: Jesus.
βαπτισθέντοςhaving been baptizedAor Pass Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · βαπτίζωgenitive absolute (antecedent time)→ constative aoristβαπτίζω: 'baptize'; Jesus' baptism is reported in a subordinate clause.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσευχομένουprayingPres Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · προσεύχομαιgenitive absolute (concurrent)→ present (concurrent)προσεύχομαι: 'pray'; Luke alone notes Jesus praying at the baptism.
ἀνεῳχθῆναιwas openedAor Pass Inf · ἀνοίγωarticular infinitive (subject of ἐγένετο)→ constative aoristἀνοίγω: 'open'; the heaven opening signals revelation/theophany.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitiveοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
22
καὶ καταβῆναι τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον σωματικῷ εἴδει ὡς περιστερὰν ἐπ’ αὐτόν, καὶ φωνὴν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ γενέσθαι· Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός, ἐν σοὶ εὐδόκησα.
and the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form, like a dove; and a voice came from heaven, 'You are my beloved Son; with you I am well pleased.'
The Spirit descends 'in bodily form' (Luke's vivid touch) and the Father's voice affirms the Son (Ps 2:7 / Isa 42:1). The Western text (D, OL) reads 'today I have begotten you' (Ps 2:7b) — flagged, not adopted.
Word-by-word analysis· 27 words
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καταβῆναιdescendedAor Act Inf · καταβαίνωarticular/anarthrous infinitive (subject of ἐγένετο)→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'come down, descend.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πνεῦμαSpiritAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitiveπνεῦμα: 'Spirit.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἅγιονHolyAccusativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy.'
σωματικῷbodilyDativeattributive adjectiveσωματικός: 'bodily, corporeal'; Luke alone stresses the visible form.
εἴδειform/appearanceDativedat. of mannerεἶδος: 'form, outward appearance.'
ὡςlike/ascomparative particle
περιστερὰνdoveAccusativeobject of ὡς (comparison)περιστερά: 'dove, pigeon.'
ἐπ’uponpreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φωνὴνvoiceAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitiveφωνή: 'voice, sound'; the bath-qol from heaven.
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἐξ (source)οὐρανός: 'heaven.'
γενέσθαιcameAor Mid Inf · γίνομαιinfinitive (subject of ἐγένετο)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be, occur.'
ΣὺyouNominativeemphatic pronoun (subject)
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
ὁtheNominativearticle
υἱόςSonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'Son'; the messianic/divine sonship (Ps 2:7).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
ὁtheNominativearticle
ἀγαπητόςbelovedNominativeattributive adjectiveἀγαπητός: 'beloved'; perhaps 'only' (cf. Isaac, Gen 22:2).
ἐνwith/inpreposition + dative (reference)
σοὶyouDativeobject of ἐν
εὐδόκησαI am well pleasedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · εὐδοκέωmain verb→ constative/timeless aoristεὐδοκέω: 'be well pleased, delight in' (Isa 42:1).
23
Καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἀρχόμενος ὡσεὶ ἐτῶν τριάκοντα, ὢν υἱός, ὡς ἐνομίζετο, Ἰωσήφ, τοῦ Ἠλὶ
And Jesus himself, when he began, was about thirty years of age, being the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli,
The genealogy begins (ascending, vs. Matthew's descending). 'As was supposed' guards the virginal conception; the chain 'τοῦ X' runs up to God (v.38).
Word-by-word analysis· 15 words
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)
αὐτὸςhimselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ descriptive imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject (in apposition)Ἰησοῦς: Jesus.
ἀρχόμενοςbeginningPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἄρχωadverbial ptc. (temporal: 'when he began')→ present (concurrent)ἄρχομαι: 'begin'; i.e. beginning his ministry.
ὡσεὶaboutadverb (approximation)ὡσεί: 'about, as it were'; approximate age.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (age)ἔτος: 'year.'
τριάκονταthirtynumeral (indeclinable; agrees with gen. ἐτῶν)τριάκοντα: 'thirty' (indeclinable); the age of entering service (cf. Num 4:3; 2 Sam 5:4).
ὢνbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίadverbial participle (concession/circumstance)→ present (stative)εἰμί: 'be.'
υἱόςsonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'son'; the head of the genealogical chain.
ὡςascomparative conjunction
ἐνομίζετοwas supposedImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · νομίζωparenthetical main verb→ customary imperfectνομίζω: 'think, suppose'; the qualifier safeguarding the virgin birth.
Ἰωσήφof JosephGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Ἰωσήφ: Joseph, Jesus' legal/supposed father.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἠλὶof HeliGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Ἠλί: Heli; Joseph's (or, on one view, Mary's) father — the chain's first link.
24
τοῦ Μαθθὰτ τοῦ Λευὶ τοῦ Μελχὶ τοῦ Ἰανναὶ τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ
Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Μαθθὰτof MatthatGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Μαθθὰτ: Matthat; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Λευὶof LeviGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Λευὶ: Levi; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Μελχὶof MelchiGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Μελχὶ: Melchi; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰανναὶof JannaiGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰανναὶ: Jannai; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰωσὴφof JosephGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰωσὴφ: Joseph; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
25
τοῦ Ματταθίου τοῦ Ἀμὼς τοῦ Ναοὺμ τοῦ Ἑσλὶ τοῦ Ναγγαὶ
the son of Mattathias, the son of Amos, the son of Nahum, the son of Esli, the son of Naggai,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ματταθίουof MattathiasGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ματταθίου: Mattathias; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἀμὼςof AmosGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἀμὼς: Amos; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ναοὺμof NahumGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ναοὺμ: Nahum; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἑσλὶof EsliGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἑσλὶ: Esli; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ναγγαὶof NaggaiGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ναγγαὶ: Naggai; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
26
τοῦ Μάαθ τοῦ Ματταθίου τοῦ Σεμεῒν τοῦ Ἰωσὴχ τοῦ Ἰωδὰ
the son of Maath, the son of Mattathias, the son of Semein, the son of Josech, the son of Joda,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Μάαθof MaathGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Μάαθ: Maath; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ματταθίουof MattathiasGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ματταθίου: Mattathias; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Σεμεῒνof SemeinGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Σεμεῒν: Semein; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰωσὴχof JosechGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰωσὴχ: Josech; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰωδὰof JodaGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰωδὰ: Joda; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
27
τοῦ Ἰωανὰν τοῦ Ῥησὰ τοῦ Ζοροβαβὲλ τοῦ Σαλαθιὴλ τοῦ Νηρὶ
the son of Joanan, the son of Rhesa, the son of Zerubbabel, the son of Shealtiel, the son of Neri,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰωανὰνof JoananGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰωανὰν: Joanan; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ῥησὰof RhesaGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ῥησὰ: Rhesa; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ζοροβαβὲλof ZerubbabelGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ζοροβαβέλ: Zerubbabel, post-exilic governor (Hag 1:1).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Σαλαθιὴλof ShealtielGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Σαλαθιήλ: Shealtiel, of the Davidic exilic line.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Νηρὶof NeriGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Νηρὶ: Neri; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
28
τοῦ Μελχὶ τοῦ Ἀδδὶ τοῦ Κωσὰμ τοῦ Ἐλμαδὰμ τοῦ Ἢρ
the son of Melchi, the son of Addi, the son of Cosam, the son of Elmadam, the son of Er,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Μελχὶof MelchiGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Μελχὶ: Melchi; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἀδδὶof AddiGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἀδδὶ: Addi; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Κωσὰμof CosamGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Κωσὰμ: Cosam; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἐλμαδὰμof ElmadamGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἐλμαδὰμ: Elmadam; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἢρof ErGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἢρ: Er; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
29
τοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Ἐλιέζερ τοῦ Ἰωρὶμ τοῦ Μαθθὰτ τοῦ Λευὶ
the son of Joshua, the son of Eliezer, the son of Jorim, the son of Matthat, the son of Levi,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰησοῦof JoshuaGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰησοῦ: Joshua; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἐλιέζερof EliezerGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἐλιέζερ: Eliezer; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰωρὶμof JorimGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰωρὶμ: Jorim; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Μαθθὰτof MatthatGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Μαθθὰτ: Matthat; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Λευὶof LeviGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Λευὶ: Levi; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
30
τοῦ Συμεὼν τοῦ Ἰούδα τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ τοῦ Ἰωνὰμ τοῦ Ἐλιακὶμ
the son of Simeon, the son of Judah, the son of Joseph, the son of Jonam, the son of Eliakim,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Συμεὼνof SimeonGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Συμεὼν: Simeon; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰούδαof JudahGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰούδα: Judah; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰωσὴφof JosephGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰωσὴφ: Joseph; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰωνὰμof JonamGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰωνὰμ: Jonam; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἐλιακὶμof EliakimGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἐλιακὶμ: Eliakim; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
31
τοῦ Μελεὰ τοῦ Μεννὰ τοῦ Ματταθὰ τοῦ Ναθὰμ τοῦ Δαυὶδ
the son of Melea, the son of Menna, the son of Mattatha, the son of Nathan, the son of David,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Μελεὰof MeleaGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Μελεὰ: Melea; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Μεννὰof MennaGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Μεννὰ: Menna; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ματταθὰof MattathaGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ματταθὰ: Mattatha; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ναθὰμof NathanGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ναθάμ: Nathan, son of David — Luke traces the line through Nathan, not Solomon.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Δαυὶδof DavidGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Δαυίδ: David, the royal ancestor — the genealogy's Davidic pivot (cf. v.31, via Nathan, not Solomon).
32
τοῦ Ἰεσσαὶ τοῦ Ἰωβὴδ τοῦ Βόος τοῦ Σαλὰ τοῦ Ναασσὼν
the son of Jesse, the son of Obed, the son of Boaz, the son of Sala, the son of Nahshon,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰεσσαὶof JesseGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰεσσαί: Jesse, father of David (Isa 11:1).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰωβὴδof ObedGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰωβὴδ: Obed; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Βόοςof BoazGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Βόος: Boaz, of the book of Ruth.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Σαλὰof SalaGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Σαλὰ: Sala; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ναασσὼνof NahshonGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ναασσών: Nahshon, leader of Judah at the Exodus (Num 1:7).
33
τοῦ Ἀμιναδὰβ τοῦ Ἀδμὶν τοῦ Ἀρνὶ τοῦ Ἑσρὼμ τοῦ Φάρες τοῦ Ἰούδα
the son of Amminadab, the son of Admin, the son of Arni, the son of Hezron, the son of Perez, the son of Judah,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 12 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἀμιναδὰβof AmminadabGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἀμιναδάβ: Amminadab.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἀδμὶνof AdminGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἀδμὶν: Admin; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἀρνὶof ArniGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἀρνὶ: Arni; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἑσρὼμof HezronGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἑσρών: Hezron.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Φάρεςof PerezGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Φάρες: Perez, son of Judah and Tamar (Gen 38).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰούδαof JudahGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰούδα: Judah; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
34
τοῦ Ἰακὼβ τοῦ Ἰσαὰκ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ τοῦ Θάρα τοῦ Ναχὼρ
the son of Jacob, the son of Isaac, the son of Abraham, the son of Terah, the son of Nahor,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰακὼβof JacobGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰακώβ: Jacob, the patriarch Israel.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰσαὰκof IsaacGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰσαάκ: Isaac, son of Abraham.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἀβραὰμof AbrahamGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἀβραάμ: Abraham, father of the covenant people — the genealogy runs past him to Adam.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Θάραof TerahGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Θάρα: Terah; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ναχὼρof NahorGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ναχὼρ: Nahor; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
35
τοῦ Σεροὺχ τοῦ Ῥαγαὺ τοῦ Φάλεκ τοῦ Ἕβερ τοῦ Σαλὰ
the son of Serug, the son of Reu, the son of Peleg, the son of Eber, the son of Shelah,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Σεροὺχof SerugGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Σεροὺχ: Serug; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ῥαγαὺof ReuGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ῥαγαὺ: Reu; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Φάλεκof PelegGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Φάλεκ: Peleg; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἕβερof EberGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἕβερ: Eber; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Σαλὰof ShelahGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Σαλὰ: Shelah; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
36
τοῦ Καϊνὰμ τοῦ Ἀρφαξὰδ τοῦ Σὴμ τοῦ Νῶε τοῦ Λάμεχ
the son of Cainan, the son of Arphaxad, the son of Shem, the son of Noah, the son of Lamech,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Καϊνὰμof CainanGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Καϊνάμ: Cainan; the second Cainan (v.36) follows the LXX of Gen 11:12–13, absent in the MT.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἀρφαξὰδof ArphaxadGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἀρφαξὰδ: Arphaxad; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Σὴμof ShemGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Σήμ: Shem, son of Noah.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Νῶεof NoahGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Νῶε: Noah, survivor of the flood.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Λάμεχof LamechGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Λάμεχ: Lamech; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
37
τοῦ Μαθουσαλὰ τοῦ Ἑνὼχ τοῦ Ἰάρετ τοῦ Μαλελεὴλ τοῦ Καϊνὰμ
the son of Methuselah, the son of Enoch, the son of Jared, the son of Mahalaleel, the son of Cainan,
A link in the ascending chain of 'τοῦ X' (genitive): each name 'the son of …', reaching back from Joseph toward Adam and God.
Word-by-word analysis· 10 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Μαθουσαλὰof MethuselahGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Μαθουσαλά: Methuselah, the longest-lived patriarch.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἑνὼχof EnochGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἑνώχ: Enoch, who 'walked with God' (Gen 5:24).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἰάρετof JaredGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Ἰάρετ: Jared; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Μαλελεὴλof MahalaleelGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Μαλελεὴλ: Mahalaleel; a link in the genealogical chain (indeclinable, here genitive).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Καϊνὰμof CainanGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable name)Καϊνάμ: Cainan; the second Cainan (v.36) follows the LXX of Gen 11:12–13, absent in the MT.
38
τοῦ Ἐνὼς τοῦ Σὴθ τοῦ Ἀδὰμ τοῦ θεοῦ.
the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God.
The chain climaxes not in Abraham but in 'Adam, the son of God' — grounding Jesus' solidarity with all humanity and his divine sonship (cf. v.22).
Word-by-word analysis· 8 words
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἐνὼςof EnosGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Ἐνώς: Enosh, son of Seth (Gen 5:6).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Σὴθof SethGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Σήθ: Seth, son of Adam (Gen 5:3).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
Ἀδὰμof AdamGenitivegenitive of relationship (indeclinable)Ἀδάμ: Adam, the first man — the head of the race.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationship/sourceθεός: God; Adam (and so Jesus, the new Adam) is 'son of God' — Luke's theological climax.