Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 21ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ ΚΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Ἀναβλέψας δὲ εἶδεν τοὺς βάλλοντας εἰς τὸ γαζοφυλάκιον τὰ δῶρα αὐτῶν πλουσίους.

Looking up, he saw the rich casting their gifts into the treasury.

Scene-opening (continuative)δέA fresh scene in the temple precincts; Jesus' upward glance frames the contrast that the saying will draw.
Ἀναβλέψαςhaving looked upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβλέπωcircumstantial (temporal) ptc., modifying the subject of εἶδεν→ antecedent aorist — the act of looking up preceding the seeingἀναβλέπω: to look up, lift the eyes (also 'recover sight'); here a literal upward glance.
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ: mild connective marking narrative progression.
εἶδενhe sawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aorist — the act of perception viewed as a wholeὁράω: to see, perceive.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle governing the substantival participle
βάλλονταςcastingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · βάλλωsubstantival ptc., direct object of εἶδεν (with πλουσίους)→ imperfective — the ongoing act of putting in giftsβάλλω: to throw, cast; here 'put in' the treasury chest.
εἰςintopreposition (+ acc.) of place into whichεἰς: into, toward.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
γαζοφυλάκιονtreasuryAccusativeobject of εἰςγαζοφυλάκιον: the temple treasury; the trumpet-shaped offering chests in the Court of the Women.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δῶραgiftsAccusativeobject of βάλλονταςδῶρον: gift, offering.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
πλουσίουςrichAccusativesubstantival adj., object of εἶδεν (the rich)πλούσιος: rich, wealthy.
2

εἶδεν δέ τινα χήραν πενιχρὰν βάλλουσαν ἐκεῖ λεπτὰ δύο,

And he saw a poor widow casting in there two lepta,

Contrastive continuationδέThe δέ sets the lone poor widow over against the many rich of v.1; πενιχράν underlines her destitution.
εἶδενhe sawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: to see.
δέandcontinuative/contrastive conjunctionδέ: connective, here mildly adversative.
τιναa certainAccusativeindefinite pronoun, attributive to χήραντις: someone, a certain.
χήρανwidowAccusativedirect object of εἶδενχήρα: widow; in the OT a paradigm of the defenseless poor under God's care.
πενιχρὰνpoorAccusativeattributive adj. to χήρανπενιχρός: needy, poor; NT hapax, stronger than mere modest means.
βάλλουσανcastingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · βάλλωcircumstantial ptc. of attendant action, modifying χήραν→ imperfective — depicting the act in progressβάλλω: to put in, cast.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of placeἐκεῖ: there (i.e. into the same treasury).
λεπτὰleptaAccusativeobject of βάλλουσανλεπτόν: the smallest bronze coin (1/128 denarius); the least legal offering.
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral, attributive to λεπτάδύο: two (indeclinable numeral, functioning adjectivally with acc.).
3

καὶ εἶπεν· Ἀληθῶς λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι ἡ χήρα αὕτη ἡ πτωχὴ πλεῖον πάντων ἔβαλεν·

and he said, "Truly I tell you that this poor widow has cast in more than all of them;

Pronouncement (saying)καίThe solemn ἀληθῶς λέγω ὑμῖν introduces a value-judgment that inverts the visible arithmetic of the gifts.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb of speaking→ constative aorist introducing direct speechλέγω (aor. εἶπον): to say.
Ἀληθῶςtrulyadverb of asseverationἀληθῶς: truly, in truth; Luke's equivalent of the solemn ἀμήν-formula.
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb of the asseveration formula→ performative present — the saying enacts the declarationλέγω: to say, tell.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object (dative of the addressee)
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing the content clauseὅτι: that (recitative/declarative).
theNominativearticle
χήραwidowNominativesubject of ἔβαλενχήρα: widow.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative, attributive to χήραοὗτος: this.
theNominativearticle (attributive)
πτωχὴpoorNominativeattributive adj. to χήραπτωχός: destitute, beggarly poor (stronger than πένης).
πλεῖονmoreAccusativeadverbial accusative / comparativeπλείων: more (comparative of πολύς).
πάντωνthan allGenitivegenitive of comparison after πλεῖονπᾶς: all; here 'than all (the rest).'
ἔβαλενcast inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb of the ὅτι-clause→ constative aorist — the completed act of givingβάλλω: to put in, cast.
4

πάντες γὰρ οὗτοι ἐκ τοῦ περισσεύοντος αὐτοῖς ἔβαλον εἰς τὰ δῶρα, αὕτη δὲ ἐκ τοῦ ὑστερήματος αὐτῆς πάντα τὸν βίον ὃν εἶχεν ἔβαλεν.

for all these out of their abundance cast into the gifts, but she out of her poverty cast in all the livelihood that she had."

Ground (explanatory)γάρThe γάρ grounds the verdict: the measure is proportion and cost (περισσεῦον vs. ὑστέρημα), not the absolute sum.
πάντεςallNominativesubject of ἔβαλον (with οὗτοι)πᾶς: all.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: for, because.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative, subject of ἔβαλονοὗτος: this/these.
ἐκout ofpreposition (+ gen.) of sourceἐκ: out of, from.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle governing the substantival ptc.
περισσεύοντοςabundancePres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Neut · περισσεύωsubstantival ptc., object of ἐκ ('what overflows')→ imperfective — their standing surplusπερισσεύω: to abound, have surplus; here 'their abundance.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativedative of advantage/possession with the ptc.
ἔβαλονcastAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βάλλωmain verb (first clause)→ constative aoristβάλλω: to put in, cast.
εἰςintopreposition (+ acc.)εἰς: into.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δῶραgiftsAccusativeobject of εἰςδῶρον: gift, offering.
αὕτηsheNominativedemonstrative, subject of ἔβαλενοὗτος: this (one), 'she.'
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: but.
ἐκout ofpreposition (+ gen.) of sourceἐκ: out of.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ὑστερήματοςpovertyGenitiveobject of ἐκὑστέρημα: lack, want, deficiency — the opposite of περίσσευμα.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adj. to βίονπᾶς: all, the whole.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
βίονlivelihoodAccusativedirect object of ἔβαλενβίος: life as means of living, livelihood, property (not ζωή, life-principle).
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun, object of εἶχενὅς: who, which.
εἶχενshe hadImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of the relative clause→ imperfect — her habitual/ongoing possessionἔχω: to have, hold.
ἔβαλενcast inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (second clause)→ constative aorist — the decisive, total giftβάλλω: to put in, cast.
5

Καί τινων λεγόντων περὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ, ὅτι λίθοις καλοῖς καὶ ἀναθήμασιν κεκόσμηται, εἶπεν·

And while some were speaking about the temple, that it was adorned with beautiful stones and votive offerings, he said,

Scene-transition (occasion)καίThe admiring remark about the temple's splendor becomes the occasion for the prophecy of its ruin — a genitive-absolute setting the stage.
Καίandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
τινωνsomeGenitivesubject of the genitive absoluteτις: someone, some.
λεγόντωνspeakingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · λέγωgenitive absolute (temporal: 'while ...')→ imperfective — the conversation in progressλέγω: to speak, say.
περὶaboutpreposition (+ gen.) of referenceπερί: concerning, about.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἱεροῦtempleGenitiveobject of περίἱερόν: the temple complex (precincts), as distinct from ναός (the sanctuary proper).
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing the content of their speechὅτι: that.
λίθοιςwith stonesDativedative of means with κεκόσμηταιλίθος: stone; Herod's temple was famed for its massive ashlars.
καλοῖςbeautifulDativeattributive adj. to λίθοιςκαλός: good, fine, beautiful.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ἀναθήμασινvotive offeringsDativedative of means with κεκόσμηταιἀνάθημα: a votive gift dedicated and displayed in the temple (e.g. golden vine, crowns).
κεκόσμηταιit was adornedPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · κοσμέωverb of the ὅτι-clause→ perfect — a standing, completed adornmentκοσμέω: to adorn, decorate, set in order.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist introducing direct speechλέγω (aor. εἶπον): to say.
6

Ταῦτα ἃ θεωρεῖτε, ἐλεύσονται ἡμέραι ἐν αἷς οὐκ ἀφεθήσεται λίθος ἐπὶ λίθῳ ὃς οὐ καταλυθήσεται.

"As for these things that you behold, the days will come in which not one stone will be left upon another that will not be thrown down."

Prophecy (pronouncement)asyndetonAsyndeton lends the oracle abruptness; the fronted Ταῦτα ἃ θεωρεῖτε is a pendent (hanging) nominative, resumed by the prophecy of total demolition.
Ταῦταthese thingsNominativependent (hanging) nominative — topic resumed by the clauseοὗτος: this/these (the admired stones and offerings).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun, object of θεωρεῖτεὅς: who, which.
θεωρεῖτεyou beholdPres Act Indic 2 Pl · θεωρέωverb of the relative clause→ imperfective — present, ongoing observationθεωρέω: to behold, observe attentively.
ἐλεύσονταιwill comeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureἔρχομαι: to come.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of ἐλεύσονταιἡμέρα: day; 'days will come' is a prophetic idiom (cf. LXX).
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of timeἐν: in.
αἷςwhichDativerelative pronoun, object of ἐνὅς: which.
οὐκnotnegative particle with ἀφεθήσεταιοὐ: not.
ἀφεθήσεταιwill be leftFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιverb of the relative clause→ predictive future passiveἀφίημι: to leave, let go, permit.
λίθοςstoneNominativesubject of ἀφεθήσεταιλίθος: stone.
ἐπὶuponpreposition (+ dat.) of placeἐπί: upon, on.
λίθῳstoneDativeobject of ἐπίλίθος: stone.
ὃςthatNominativerelative pronoun, subject of καταλυθήσεταιὅς: which, that.
οὐnotnegative particleοὐ: not.
καταλυθήσεταιwill be thrown downFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταλύωverb of the second relative clause→ predictive future passive — the double negative makes the demolition exhaustiveκαταλύω: to throw down, demolish, dissolve.
7

Ἐπηρώτησαν δὲ αὐτὸν λέγοντες· Διδάσκαλε, πότε οὖν ταῦτα ἔσται, καὶ τί τὸ σημεῖον ὅταν μέλλῃ ταῦτα γίνεσθαι;

And they asked him, saying, "Teacher, when then will these things be, and what is the sign when these things are about to take place?"

Question (eliciting the discourse)δέThe double question — time ('when') and sign ('what sign') — structures the discourse that follows; οὖν draws an inference from the prophecy of v.6.
Ἐπηρώτησανthey askedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπερωτάω: to question, ask (intensive of ἐρωτάω).
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ: and.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of Ἐπηρώτησαν
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant/redundant speech, modifying the subject→ imperfective — introduces the direct questionλέγω: to say.
ΔιδάσκαλεTeacherVocativevocative of addressδιδάσκαλος: teacher, rabbi.
πότεwheninterrogative adverb of timeπότε: when?
οὖνtheninferential particleοὖν: therefore, then.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject of ἔσταιοὗτος: this/these.
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the first question→ predictive futureεἰμί: to be.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun, predicate of the elided ἔσταιτίς: who? what?
τὸtheNominativearticle
σημεῖονsignNominativesubject of the second (verbless) questionσημεῖον: sign, token.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)ὅταν: whenever, when.
μέλλῃis aboutPres Act Subj 3 Sg · μέλλωverb of the ὅταν-clause→ imperfective subjunctive — imminent expectationμέλλω: to be about to, be on the point of.
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject of γίνεσθαιοὗτος: this/these.
γίνεσθαιto take placePres Mid Infin · γίνομαιcomplementary infinitive after μέλλῃ→ imperfective infinitiveγίνομαι: to come to be, happen, take place.
8

Ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· Βλέπετε μὴ πλανηθῆτε· πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες· Ἐγώ εἰμι, καί· Ὁ καιρὸς ἤγγικεν. μὴ πορευθῆτε ὀπίσω αὐτῶν.

And he said, "See that you are not led astray; for many will come in my name, saying, 'I am he!' and, 'The time has drawn near!' Do not go after them.

Response (warning)δέJesus' first answer reframes the question away from date-setting toward vigilance; the danger is deception, not delay.
heNominativearticle used as pronoun, subject of εἶπενὁ δέ: 'but he' (article as resumptive pronoun).
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ: and, but.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον): to say.
ΒλέπετεseePres Act Impv 2 Pl · βλέπωmain verb (imperative)→ imperfective imperative — sustained watchfulnessβλέπω: to see, look, beware.
μὴlestnegative introducing the object/fear clauseμή: not, lest.
πλανηθῆτεyou be led astrayAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · πλανάωsubjunctive in the negative clause after Βλέπετε→ ingressive aorist subjunctive — guard against being deceivedπλανάω: to lead astray, deceive.
πολλοὶmanyNominativesubject of ἐλεύσονταιπολύς: many.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: for.
ἐλεύσονταιwill comeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb of the γάρ-clause→ predictive futureἔρχομαι: to come.
ἐπὶinpreposition (+ dat.) — 'on the basis of / appealing to'ἐπί: on, in (here 'in/under my name').
τῷtheDativearticle
ὀνόματίnameDativeobject of ἐπίὄνομα: name; 'in my name' = laying claim to his authority/identity.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of manner/attendant speech, modifying πολλοί→ imperfective — their characteristic claimλέγω: to say.
ἘγώINominativesubject of εἰμι (emphatic)ἐγώ: I (emphatic personal pronoun).
εἰμιam hePres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίverb of the quoted claim→ stative present — the messianic self-claim ('I am he')εἰμί: to be; the absolute ἐγώ εἰμι evokes a messianic/divine self-designation.
καίandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
theNominativearticle
καιρὸςtimeNominativesubject of ἤγγικενκαιρός: appointed time, opportune moment (the eschatological hour).
ἤγγικενhas drawn nearPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωverb of the second quoted claim→ perfect — a settled state of nearnessἐγγίζω: to draw near, approach.
μὴnotnegative with πορευθῆτε (prohibition)μή: not.
πορευθῆτεgoAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · πορεύομαιprohibitive subjunctive (μή + aor. subj.)→ ingressive aorist — do not so much as set out after themπορεύομαι: to go, proceed.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition (+ gen.)ὀπίσω: behind, after.
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ὀπίσω
9

ὅταν δὲ ἀκούσητε πολέμους καὶ ἀκαταστασίας, μὴ πτοηθῆτε· δεῖ γὰρ ταῦτα γενέσθαι πρῶτον, ἀλλ’ οὐκ εὐθέως τὸ τέλος.

And when you hear of wars and tumults, do not be terrified; for these things must take place first, but the end will not be at once."

Warning (qualification)δέWars and upheavals are necessary preliminaries (δεῖ), not the immediate signal of the end; the πρῶτον / οὐκ εὐθέως pair restrains apocalyptic haste.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)ὅταν: whenever, when.
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ: and.
ἀκούσητεyou hearAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ἀκούωverb of the ὅταν-clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveἀκούω: to hear.
πολέμουςwarsAccusativeobject of ἀκούσητεπόλεμος: war, battle.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ἀκαταστασίαςtumultsAccusativeobject of ἀκούσητεἀκαταστασία: disorder, insurrection, political instability.
μὴnotnegative with πτοηθῆτεμή: not.
πτοηθῆτεbe terrifiedAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · πτοέωprohibitive subjunctive (μή + aor. subj.)→ ingressive aorist — do not be thrown into panicπτοέω: to terrify, alarm; pass. to be startled/terrified.
δεῖmustPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb governing the infinitive→ stative present — divine necessityδεῖ: it is necessary (often of God's ordained plan).
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: for.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeaccusative subject of γενέσθαιοὗτος: this/these.
γενέσθαιto take placeAor Mid Infin · γίνομαιinfinitive complement of δεῖ→ constative aorist infinitiveγίνομαι: to happen, take place.
πρῶτονfirstadverb of sequenceπρῶτον: first, beforehand.
ἀλλ’butadversative conjunctionἀλλά: but.
οὐκnotnegativeοὐ: not.
εὐθέωςat onceadverb of timeεὐθέως: immediately, at once.
τὸtheNominativearticle
τέλοςendNominativesubject of the elided verb ('the end is not at once')τέλος: end, goal, consummation.
10

Τότε ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Ἐγερθήσεται ἔθνος ἐπ’ ἔθνος καὶ βασιλεία ἐπὶ βασιλείαν,

Then he said to them, "Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom;

Resumptive narrationasyndetonΤότε ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς marks a fresh segment of the discourse; the imperfect ἔλεγεν depicts continued teaching. International upheaval is described in OT-prophetic cadence (cf. Isa 19:2; 2 Chr 15:6).
Τότεthenadverb of timeτότε: then, at that time.
ἔλεγενhe saidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ imperfect — continued/customary speakingλέγω: to say, speak.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (dative)
Ἐγερθήσεταιwill riseFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb of the saying→ predictive future passive ('will be raised up / rise')ἐγείρω: to raise; pass. to rise, be stirred up.
ἔθνοςnationNominativesubject of Ἐγερθήσεταιἔθνος: nation, people.
ἐπ’againstpreposition (+ acc.) of hostile directionἐπί: against, upon.
ἔθνοςnationAccusativeobject of ἐπίἔθνος: nation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject (with verb supplied from the first clause)βασιλεία: kingdom, realm.
ἐπὶagainstpreposition (+ acc.)ἐπί: against.
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativeobject of ἐπίβασιλεία: kingdom.
11

σεισμοί τε μεγάλοι καὶ κατὰ τόπους λιμοὶ καὶ λοιμοὶ ἔσονται, φόβητρά τε καὶ σημεῖα ἀπ’ οὐρανοῦ μεγάλα ἔσται.

and there will be great earthquakes, and in various places famines and pestilences; and there will be terrors and great signs from heaven.

Continuation (enumeration)asyndetonThe catalogue of cosmic and terrestrial woes; the τε ... καί correlatives knit the list together. λιμοί/λοιμοί is a Greek assonant pair ('famines and pestilences').
σεισμοίearthquakesNominativesubject of ἔσονταισεισμός: earthquake, shaking.
τεbothcorrelative particle (τε ... καί)τε: and, both (enclitic).
μεγάλοιgreatNominativeattributive adj. to σεισμοίμέγας: great, large.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
κατὰin variouspreposition (+ acc.) distributive ('place by place')κατά: according to; κατὰ τόπους = 'in various places.'
τόπουςplacesAccusativeobject of κατάτόπος: place, region.
λιμοὶfaminesNominativesubject of ἔσονταιλιμός: famine, hunger.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
λοιμοὶpestilencesNominativesubject of ἔσονταιλοιμός: pestilence, plague (assonant with λιμός).
ἔσονταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of the first clause→ predictive futureεἰμί: to be.
φόβητράterrorsNominativesubject of ἔσταιφόβητρον: a terrifying sight, dreadful portent; NT hapax.
τεbothcorrelative particleτε: and, both.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
σημεῖαsignsNominativesubject of ἔσταισημεῖον: sign, portent.
ἀπ’frompreposition (+ gen.) of sourceἀπό: from.
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἀπόοὐρανός: heaven, sky.
μεγάλαgreatNominativeattributive adj. to σημεῖαμέγας: great.
ἔσταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the second clause (sg. agreeing with the nearer neut. pl. subject)→ predictive futureεἰμί: to be.
12

πρὸ δὲ τούτων πάντων ἐπιβαλοῦσιν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῶν καὶ διώξουσιν, παραδιδόντες εἰς τὰς συναγωγὰς καὶ φυλακάς, ἀπαγομένους ἐπὶ βασιλεῖς καὶ ἡγεμόνας ἕνεκεν τοῦ ὀνόματός μου·

But before all these things they will lay their hands on you and persecute you, handing you over to the synagogues and prisons, and you will be brought before kings and governors for the sake of my name.

Foreground (the disciples' lot)δέπρὸ ... τούτων πάντων resets the timeline: persecution precedes the cosmic woes. The focus shifts from world-events to the disciples' own trials, the occasion for witness (v.13).
πρὸbeforepreposition (+ gen.) of timeπρό: before.
δὲbutcontinuative/contrastive conjunctionδέ: but, and.
τούτωνtheseGenitivedemonstrative, attributive to πάντωνοὗτος: this/these.
πάντωνallGenitiveobject of πρόπᾶς: all.
ἐπιβαλοῦσινthey will layFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιβάλλωmain verb→ predictive futureἐπιβάλλω: to lay/throw upon; ἐπιβάλλειν τὰς χεῖρας = to arrest, seize.
ἐφ’onpreposition (+ acc.)ἐπί: on, upon.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of ἐφ’
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιβαλοῦσινχείρ: hand.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
διώξουσινpersecuteFut Act Indic 3 Pl · διώκωmain verb (coordinate)→ predictive futureδιώκω: to pursue, persecute.
παραδιδόντεςhanding overPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παραδίδωμιptc. of means/attendant circumstance, modifying the subject of διώξουσιν→ imperfective — the manner of persecutionπαραδίδωμι: to hand over, deliver up (to authorities).
εἰςtopreposition (+ acc.)εἰς: into, to.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
συναγωγὰςsynagoguesAccusativeobject of εἰς (place of Jewish judicial discipline)συναγωγή: synagogue, assembly; venue of flogging/judgment.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
φυλακάςprisonsAccusativeobject of εἰςφυλακή: prison, guard, watch.
ἀπαγομένουςbeing broughtPres Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἀπάγωptc. modifying the implied 'you' (acc.), depicting their being led away→ imperfective passive — the ongoing arraignmentἀπάγω: to lead away (to trial/execution).
ἐπὶbeforepreposition (+ acc.) — 'before/to' authoritiesἐπί: before, to (of being brought before a tribunal).
βασιλεῖςkingsAccusativeobject of ἐπίβασιλεύς: king.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ἡγεμόναςgovernorsAccusativeobject of ἐπίἡγεμών: governor, prefect (e.g. a Roman procurator).
ἕνεκενfor the sake ofimproper preposition (+ gen.) of causeἕνεκεν: on account of, for the sake of.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ὀνόματόςnameGenitiveobject of ἕνεκενὄνομα: name; persecution 'for the Name' is suffering as Jesus' own.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
13

ἀποβήσεται ὑμῖν εἰς μαρτύριον.

It will turn out for you as an occasion for testimony.

Result (interpretive)asyndetonAsyndeton drives home the reversal: the tribunal becomes a pulpit. ἀποβήσεται εἰς μαρτύριον = 'will result in (the giving of) testimony.'
ἀποβήσεταιit will turn outFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποβαίνωmain verb→ predictive future — the outcome of the persecutionsἀποβαίνω: to go away, turn out, result.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage
εἰςaspreposition (+ acc.) of result/purposeεἰς: into, resulting in, as.
μαρτύριονtestimonyAccusativeobject of εἰςμαρτύριον: testimony, witness, proof.
14

θέτε οὖν ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν μὴ προμελετᾶν ἀπολογηθῆναι·

Settle it therefore in your hearts not to prepare beforehand to make your defense,

Exhortation (inference)οὖνSince the trials are an occasion for testimony, the disciples are to make a resolve (θέτε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις — a Semitic idiom, 'put in your hearts') not to rehearse a defense.
θέτεsettleAor Act Impv 2 Pl · τίθημιmain verb (imperative)→ constative aorist imperative — a decisive resolveτίθημι: to put, place, set; θεῖναι ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ = to resolve, make up one's mind.
οὖνthereforeinferential particleοὖν: therefore.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of placeἐν: in.
ταῖςtheDativearticle
καρδίαιςheartsDativeobject of ἐνκαρδία: heart, as the seat of will and resolve.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
μὴnotnegative with the infinitiveμή: not.
προμελετᾶνto prepare beforehandPres Act Infin · προμελετάωobject infinitive (content of the resolve)→ imperfective infinitiveπρομελετάω: to premeditate, rehearse beforehand; NT hapax (rhetorical term for preparing a speech).
ἀπολογηθῆναιto make a defenseAor Pass Infin · ἀπολογέομαιcomplementary infinitive after προμελετᾶν→ constative aorist infinitiveἀπολογέομαι: to defend oneself, make a legal defense (whence 'apology').
15

ἐγὼ γὰρ δώσω ὑμῖν στόμα καὶ σοφίαν ᾗ οὐ δυνήσονται ἀντιστῆναι ἢ ἀντειπεῖν ἅπαντες οἱ ἀντικείμενοι ὑμῖν.

for I will give you a mouth and wisdom that none of your adversaries will be able to withstand or contradict.

Ground (promise)γάρThe ground for the resolve: the emphatic ἐγώ promises Christ's own provision of speech and wisdom — irresistible (cf. Acts 6:10 of Stephen).
ἐγὼINominativesubject of δώσω (emphatic)ἐγώ: I (emphatic — Christ himself is the giver).
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: for.
δώσωwill giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive future — promiseδίδωμι: to give.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
στόμαa mouthAccusativedirect object of δώσωστόμα: mouth; here by metonymy 'utterance, eloquence.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
σοφίανwisdomAccusativedirect object of δώσωσοφία: wisdom, skill.
whichDativerelative pronoun, dative object of ἀντιστῆναιὅς: which (dat. by attraction/governed by ἀντιστῆναι).
οὐnotnegative with δυνήσονταιοὐ: not.
δυνήσονταιwill be ableFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιverb of the relative clause→ predictive futureδύναμαι: to be able, can.
ἀντιστῆναιto withstandAor Act Infin · ἀνθίστημιcomplementary infinitive after δυνήσονται→ constative aorist infinitiveἀνθίστημι: to set against, resist, withstand.
ordisjunctive conjunctionἤ: or.
ἀντειπεῖνto contradictAor Act Infin · ἀντιλέγωcomplementary infinitive after δυνήσονται→ constative aorist infinitiveἀντιλέγω (aor. ἀντεῖπον): to speak against, contradict.
ἅπαντεςallNominativesubject of δυνήσονται (with the participle)ἅπας: all, every (strengthened πᾶς).
οἱtheNominativearticle governing the substantival ptc.
ἀντικείμενοιadversariesPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀντίκειμαιsubstantival ptc., subject (in apposition to ἅπαντες)→ imperfective — those standing in oppositionἀντίκειμαι: to be opposed, be an adversary.
ὑμῖνto youDativedative complement of ἀντικείμενοι
16

παραδοθήσεσθε δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ γονέων καὶ ἀδελφῶν καὶ συγγενῶν καὶ φίλων, καὶ θανατώσουσιν ἐξ ὑμῶν,

You will be handed over even by parents and brothers and relatives and friends, and some of you they will put to death,

Continuation (intensification)δέThe betrayal reaches into the closest bonds; the fourfold list (parents, brothers, kin, friends) intensifies the cost. ἐξ ὑμῶν is a partitive ('some of you').
παραδοθήσεσθεyou will be handed overFut Pass Indic 2 Pl · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ predictive future passiveπαραδίδωμι: to hand over, betray.
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ: and, but.
καὶevenadverbial/ascensive καίκαί: even, also.
ὑπὸbypreposition (+ gen.) of agentὑπό: by (agent).
γονέωνparentsGenitivegenitive of agentγονεύς: parent.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitivegenitive of agentἀδελφός: brother.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
συγγενῶνrelativesGenitivegenitive of agentσυγγενής: kinsman, relative.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
φίλωνfriendsGenitivegenitive of agentφίλος: friend.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
θανατώσουσινthey will put to deathFut Act Indic 3 Pl · θανατόωmain verb (coordinate)→ predictive futureθανατόω: to put to death, kill.
ἐξofpreposition (+ gen.) partitiveἐκ: out of, of (partitive).
ὑμῶνyouGenitivepartitive genitive ('some of you')
17

καὶ ἔσεσθε μισούμενοι ὑπὸ πάντων διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου.

and you will be hated by all because of my name.

Continuation (consequence)καίUniversal hatred 'for the Name' — the periphrastic future ἔσεσθε μισούμενοι stresses the abiding condition of the persecuted.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ἔσεσθεyou will beFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary of the periphrastic future→ predictive future (periphrastic with μισούμενοι)εἰμί: to be.
μισούμενοιhatedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · μισέωptc. completing the periphrastic future ('will be being hated')→ imperfective passive — continuous hatredμισέω: to hate.
ὑπὸbypreposition (+ gen.) of agentὑπό: by (agent).
πάντωνallGenitivegenitive of agentπᾶς: all.
διὰbecause ofpreposition (+ acc.) of causeδιά: on account of, because of.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄνομάnameAccusativeobject of διάὄνομα: name.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
18

καὶ θρὶξ ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς ὑμῶν οὐ μὴ ἀπόληται.

But not a hair of your head will perish.

Reassurance (paradox)καίA proverbial assurance of God's total protection (cf. 1 Sam 14:45; Luke 12:7), set paradoxically beside the death of v.16 — bodily death cannot touch the disciple's true preservation (cf. v.19).
καὶbutcoordinating conjunction (here adversative in sense)καί: and, but.
θρὶξa hairNominativesubject of ἀπόληταιθρίξ: hair.
ἐκofpreposition (+ gen.) of sourceἐκ: out of, from.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
κεφαλῆςheadGenitiveobject of ἐκκεφαλή: head.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
οὐnotnegative (emphatic, with μή)οὐ: not.
μὴby no meansnegative (οὐ μή = emphatic denial)μή: not; οὐ μή + subj. is the strongest negation.
ἀπόληταιwill perishAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιsubjunctive of emphatic negation (οὐ μή)→ constative aorist subjunctive — categorical denial of lossἀπόλλυμι: to destroy, lose; mid. to perish, be lost.
19

ἐν τῇ ὑπομονῇ ὑμῶν κτήσεσθε τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν.

By your endurance you will gain your lives.

Conclusion (summons to endure)asyndetonAsyndeton gives the climactic maxim of the persecution section: steadfast endurance is the means (ἐν instrumental) of preserving the true self (ψυχή). The future κτήσεσθε is read over the imperative variant κτήσασθε.
ἐνbypreposition (+ dat.) of meansἐν: in, by means of.
τῇtheDativearticle
ὑπομονῇenduranceDativedative of means with κτήσεσθεὑπομονή: steadfast endurance, patient perseverance under trial.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
κτήσεσθεyou will gainFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · κτάομαιmain verb→ predictive future — the assured outcome of enduranceκτάομαι: to acquire, gain, win for oneself.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ψυχὰςlivesAccusativedirect object of κτήσεσθεψυχή: soul, life, the true self (here the life saved through faithful endurance).
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
20

Ὅταν δὲ ἴδητε κυκλουμένην ὑπὸ στρατοπέδων Ἰερουσαλήμ, τότε γνῶτε ὅτι ἤγγικεν ἡ ἐρήμωσις αὐτῆς.

But when you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then know that its desolation has drawn near.

New movement (the sign for Jerusalem)δέDistinctively Lukan: where Mark/Matthew have the 'abomination of desolation,' Luke gives the concrete siege — armies encircling the city — as the recognizable sign of its ἐρήμωσις (cf. AD 70).
Ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)ὅταν: whenever, when.
δὲbutcontinuative/contrastive conjunctionδέ: but, and.
ἴδητεyou seeAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ὁράωverb of the ὅταν-clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveὁράω: to see.
κυκλουμένηνsurroundedPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · κυκλόωpredicate ptc. complementing ἴδητε (seeing Jerusalem being surrounded)→ imperfective passive — the encirclement in processκυκλόω: to encircle, surround.
ὑπὸbypreposition (+ gen.) of agentὑπό: by (agent).
στρατοπέδωνarmiesGenitivegenitive of agentστρατόπεδον: army (encamped), military force; NT hapax.
ἸερουσαλήμJerusalemAccusativedirect object of ἴδητε (indeclinable, here accusative by function)Ἰερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (indeclinable transliteration; functions as the object).
τότεthenadverb of time (apodosis marker)τότε: then.
γνῶτεknowAor Act Impv 2 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb (imperative, apodosis)→ ingressive aorist imperative — recognize at that pointγινώσκω: to know, recognize.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing the object clauseὅτι: that.
ἤγγικενhas drawn nearPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωverb of the ὅτι-clause→ perfect — a state of imminence now reachedἐγγίζω: to draw near.
theNominativearticle
ἐρήμωσιςdesolationNominativesubject of ἤγγικενἐρήμωσις: desolation, laying waste (echoing Dan 9:27 LXX).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivegenitive of possession (of Jerusalem)
21

τότε οἱ ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ φευγέτωσαν εἰς τὰ ὄρη, καὶ οἱ ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῆς ἐκχωρείτωσαν, καὶ οἱ ἐν ταῖς χώραις μὴ εἰσερχέσθωσαν εἰς αὐτήν,

Then let those in Judea flee to the mountains, and let those inside the city depart, and let those in the countryside not enter it,

Command (flight)asyndetonA threefold third-person imperative: flee, depart, do not enter — pointed advice for the siege, reversing the instinct to seek refuge in the fortified city.
τότεthenadverb of timeτότε: then.
οἱthoseNominativearticle as substantival head ('those who are...'), subject of φευγέτωσαν
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of placeἐν: in.
τῇtheDativearticle
ἸουδαίᾳJudeaDativeobject of ἐνἸουδαία: Judea.
φευγέτωσανlet them fleePres Act Impv 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb (third-person imperative)→ imperfective imperative — urgent, sustained flightφεύγω: to flee.
εἰςtopreposition (+ acc.)εἰς: into, to.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ὄρηmountainsAccusativeobject of εἰςὄρος: mountain, hill.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
οἱthoseNominativesubstantival article, subject of ἐκχωρείτωσαν
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)ἐν: in.
μέσῳthe midstDativeobject of ἐνμέσος: middle, midst (ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῆς = inside the city).
αὐτῆςof itGenitivegenitive of possession (of Jerusalem)
ἐκχωρείτωσανlet them departPres Act Impv 3 Pl · ἐκχωρέωmain verb (third-person imperative)→ imperfective imperativeἐκχωρέω: to go out, depart, withdraw; NT hapax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
οἱthoseNominativesubstantival article, subject of εἰσερχέσθωσαν
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.)ἐν: in.
ταῖςtheDativearticle
χώραιςcountrysideDativeobject of ἐνχώρα: region, countryside, open country.
μὴnotnegative with the imperativeμή: not.
εἰσερχέσθωσανlet them enterPres Mid Impv 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιprohibitive third-person imperative→ imperfective imperative — do not be enteringεἰσέρχομαι: to enter, go in.
εἰςintopreposition (+ acc.)εἰς: into.
αὐτήνitAccusativeobject of εἰς (the city)
22

ὅτι ἡμέραι ἐκδικήσεως αὗταί εἰσιν τοῦ πλησθῆναι πάντα τὰ γεγραμμένα.

because these are days of vengeance, to fulfill all that is written.

Ground (theological rationale)ὅτιThe siege is interpreted as the prophesied 'days of vengeance' (cf. Hos 9:7; Deut 32:35), fulfilling Scripture — the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ πλησθῆναι expresses purpose/result.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: because, for.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativepredicate nominativeἡμέρα: day.
ἐκδικήσεωςof vengeanceGenitiveattributive/descriptive genitiveἐκδίκησις: vengeance, punishment, vindication of justice.
αὗταίtheseNominativedemonstrative, subject of εἰσινοὗτος: this/these.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: to be.
τοῦtoGenitivearticle governing the articular infinitive (purpose/result)
πλησθῆναιbe fulfilledAor Pass Infin · πίμπλημιarticular infinitive of purpose/result (τοῦ + inf.)→ constative aorist infinitiveπίμπλημι: to fill, fulfill, complete.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adj. to τὰ γεγραμμένα (accusative subject of the infinitive)πᾶς: all.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle governing the substantival ptc.
γεγραμμέναwrittenPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · γράφωsubstantival ptc., accusative subject of πλησθῆναι ('all the things written')→ perfect passive — the abiding authority of the written wordγράφω: to write; τὰ γεγραμμένα = the Scriptures.
23

οὐαὶ ταῖς ἐν γαστρὶ ἐχούσαις καὶ ταῖς θηλαζούσαις ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις· ἔσται γὰρ ἀνάγκη μεγάλη ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ ὀργὴ τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ,

Woe to those who are pregnant and to those nursing in those days! For there will be great distress upon the land and wrath against this people,

Lament + groundasyndetonA woe over the most vulnerable in the siege, grounded (γάρ) in the coming ἀνάγκη and ὀργή upon land and people — covenant-judgment language.
οὐαὶwoeinterjection of lament (+ dative)οὐαί: woe! alas! (cry of grief or warning).
ταῖςto thoseDativearticle governing the substantival ptc., dative after οὐαί
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) in the idiom ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχεινἐν: in.
γαστρὶwombDativeobject of ἐν (idiom: 'to have in the womb' = be pregnant)γαστήρ: belly, womb; ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχειν = to be pregnant.
ἐχούσαιςwho are pregnantPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Fem · ἔχωsubstantival ptc. (with ἐν γαστρί), dative after οὐαί→ imperfective — their present conditionἔχω: to have, hold.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ταῖςto thoseDativearticle governing the substantival ptc.
θηλαζούσαιςnursingPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Fem · θηλάζωsubstantival ptc., dative after οὐαί→ imperfective — ongoing nursingθηλάζω: to suckle, nurse.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of timeἐν: in.
ἐκείναιςthoseDativedemonstrative, attributive to ἡμέραιςἐκεῖνος: that.
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἡμέραιςdaysDativeobject of ἐνἡμέρα: day.
ἔσταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the γάρ-clause→ predictive futureεἰμί: to be.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: for.
ἀνάγκηdistressNominativesubject of ἔσταιἀνάγκη: necessity, distress, calamity.
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adj. to ἀνάγκημέγας: great.
ἐπὶuponpreposition (+ gen.) of placeἐπί: upon, on.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςlandGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: earth, land; here the land of Judea/Israel.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ὀργὴwrathNominativesubject of ἔσται (supplied)ὀργή: wrath, anger (divine judgment).
τῷagainst theDativearticle
λαῷpeopleDativedative of disadvantage ('wrath against this people')λαός: people (esp. Israel as God's covenant people).
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative, attributive to λαῷοὗτος: this.
24

καὶ πεσοῦνται στόματι μαχαίρης καὶ αἰχμαλωτισθήσονται εἰς τὰ ἔθνη πάντα, καὶ Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἔσται πατουμένη ὑπὸ ἐθνῶν, ἄχρι οὗ πληρωθῶσιν καιροὶ ἐθνῶν.

and they will fall by the edge of the sword and be led captive among all the nations; and Jerusalem will be trodden down by the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.

Continuation (the fate of the people)καίSword, exile, and a trampled city — and the distinctively Lukan 'times of the Gentiles' (καιροὶ ἐθνῶν): a defined period of Gentile domination, bounded by ἄχρι οὗ, after which God's purpose moves on (a hint of hope amid judgment).
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
πεσοῦνταιthey will fallFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb→ predictive futureπίπτω: to fall; here 'fall' = be slain.
στόματιby the edgeDativedative of means (Semitic idiom 'mouth/edge of the sword')στόμα: mouth; στόμα μαχαίρης = the sword's edge (LXX idiom).
μαχαίρηςof the swordGenitivegenitive dependent on στόματιμάχαιρα: sword, dagger.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
αἰχμαλωτισθήσονταιbe led captiveFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · αἰχμαλωτίζωmain verb (coordinate)→ predictive future passiveαἰχμαλωτίζω: to take captive, lead away as a prisoner of war.
εἰςamongpreposition (+ acc.) of place/dispersionεἰς: into, among.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔθνηnationsAccusativeobject of εἰςἔθνος: nation, Gentile people.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adj. to ἔθνηπᾶς: all.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ἸερουσαλὴμJerusalemNominativesubject of ἔσται (indeclinable, here nominative by function)Ἰερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (indeclinable; here the grammatical subject).
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of the periphrastic future→ predictive future (periphrastic with πατουμένη)εἰμί: to be.
πατουμένηtrodden downPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · πατέωptc. completing the periphrastic future ('will be trodden')→ imperfective passive — sustained subjugationπατέω: to tread, trample (cf. Dan 8:13; Rev 11:2).
ὑπὸbypreposition (+ gen.) of agentὑπό: by (agent).
ἐθνῶνthe GentilesGenitivegenitive of agentἔθνος: nation, Gentile.
ἄχριuntilimproper preposition/conjunction of time (ἄχρι οὗ)ἄχρι: until, as far as.
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun in the temporal idiom ἄχρι οὗ ('until')ὅς: which; ἄχρι οὗ = until the time when.
πληρωθῶσινare fulfilledAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · πληρόωverb of the ἄχρι οὗ-clause (subjunctive of indefinite future time)→ constative aorist subjunctive — the appointed term reachedπληρόω: to fill, fulfill, complete.
καιροὶthe timesNominativesubject of πληρωθῶσινκαιρός: appointed time, era; 'the times of the Gentiles' — the divinely measured span of Gentile dominion.
ἐθνῶνof the GentilesGenitivegenitive (descriptive/possessive) with καιροίἔθνος: nation, Gentile.
25

Καὶ ἔσονται σημεῖα ἐν ἡλίῳ καὶ σελήνῃ καὶ ἄστροις, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς συνοχὴ ἐθνῶν ἐν ἀπορίᾳ ἤχους θαλάσσης καὶ σάλου,

"And there will be signs in sun and moon and stars, and on the earth distress of nations in perplexity at the roaring of the sea and the surge,

New movement (cosmic signs)καίThe scene widens from Jerusalem to the cosmos: celestial signs above, the anguish of the nations below, drawing on prophetic imagery (Isa 13:10; Ps 65:7) of the de-creation that heralds the Son of Man.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ἔσονταιthere will beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb→ predictive futureεἰμί: to be.
σημεῖαsignsNominativesubject of ἔσονταισημεῖον: sign, portent.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of placeἐν: in.
ἡλίῳsunDativeobject of ἐνἥλιος: sun.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
σελήνῃmoonDativeobject of ἐνσελήνη: moon.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ἄστροιςstarsDativeobject of ἐνἄστρον: star, constellation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ἐπὶonpreposition (+ gen.) of placeἐπί: on, upon.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: earth.
συνοχὴdistressNominativesubject (with verb supplied)συνοχή: anguish, distress (lit. 'a holding together,' constriction).
ἐθνῶνof nationsGenitivegenitive (subjective/possessive) with συνοχήἔθνος: nation.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of attendant circumstanceἐν: in.
ἀπορίᾳperplexityDativeobject of ἐνἀπορία: perplexity, bewilderment, being at a loss; NT hapax.
ἤχουςat the roaringGenitiveobjective genitive with ἀπορίᾳ (perplexity caused by the roaring)ἦχος: sound, roar, din.
θαλάσσηςof the seaGenitivegenitive dependent on ἤχουςθάλασσα: sea.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
σάλουsurgeGenitivegenitive coordinate with θαλάσσης under ἤχουςσάλος: tossing, surge, the heaving swell of the sea; NT hapax.
26

ἀποψυχόντων ἀνθρώπων ἀπὸ φόβου καὶ προσδοκίας τῶν ἐπερχομένων τῇ οἰκουμένῃ, αἱ γὰρ δυνάμεις τῶν οὐρανῶν σαλευθήσονται.

people fainting from fear and foreboding of what is coming upon the world; for the powers of the heavens will be shaken.

Continuation + groundasyndetonA genitive absolute paints humanity's terror; the γάρ-clause grounds it in the shaking of the heavenly powers — the cosmic frame itself convulses (Isa 34:4).
ἀποψυχόντωνfaintingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀποψύχωgenitive absolute (with ἀνθρώπων)→ imperfective — the swooning in progressἀποψύχω: to faint, expire, lose heart from fear; NT hapax.
ἀνθρώπωνpeopleGenitivesubject of the genitive absoluteἄνθρωπος: human being, person.
ἀπὸfrompreposition (+ gen.) of causeἀπό: from (causal).
φόβουfearGenitiveobject of ἀπό (cause)φόβος: fear, terror.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
προσδοκίαςforebodingGenitiveobject of ἀπό (coordinate with φόβου)προσδοκία: expectation, apprehension, foreboding.
τῶνof the thingsGenitivearticle governing the substantival ptc.
ἐπερχομένωνcomingPres Mid Ptc · Gen Pl Neut · ἐπέρχομαιsubstantival ptc., objective genitive with προσδοκίας→ imperfective — the impending eventsἐπέρχομαι: to come upon, befall.
τῇtheDativearticle
οἰκουμένῃworldDativedative complement of ἐπερχομένων ('coming upon the world')οἰκουμένη: the inhabited world, the empire.
αἱtheNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: for.
δυνάμειςpowersNominativesubject of σαλευθήσονταιδύναμις: power; here the celestial 'powers' (heavenly bodies/hosts).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitivegenitive (partitive/possessive) with δυνάμειςοὐρανός: heaven.
σαλευθήσονταιwill be shakenFut Pass Indic 3 Pl · σαλεύωverb of the γάρ-clause→ predictive future passiveσαλεύω: to shake, agitate, cause to totter.
27

καὶ τότε ὄψονται τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐρχόμενον ἐν νεφέλῃ μετὰ δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης πολλῆς.

And then they will see the Son of Man coming in a cloud with power and great glory.

Climax (the Parousia)καίThe climactic vision, drawing on Daniel 7:13: the Son of Man comes in a cloud — the apocalyptic vehicle of divine appearing — clothed with power and great glory.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
τότεthenadverb of timeτότε: then.
ὄψονταιthey will seeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ predictive futureὁράω: to see.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱὸνSonAccusativedirect object of ὄψονταιυἱός: son; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου = the Son of Man (Dan 7:13).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (the messianic title)ἄνθρωπος: man, human being.
ἐρχόμενονcomingPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιpredicate ptc. complementing ὄψονται (seeing him coming)→ imperfective — the advent in progress as beheldἔρχομαι: to come.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of attendant circumstance/meansἐν: in.
νεφέλῃa cloudDativeobject of ἐννεφέλη: cloud; the cloud of the theophany/Parousia.
μετὰwithpreposition (+ gen.) of accompanimentμετά: with.
δυνάμεωςpowerGenitiveobject of μετάδύναμις: power, might.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
δόξηςgloryGenitiveobject of μετάδόξα: glory, splendor.
πολλῆςgreatGenitiveattributive adj. to δόξηςπολύς: much, great.
28

ἀρχομένων δὲ τούτων γίνεσθαι ἀνακύψατε καὶ ἐπάρατε τὰς κεφαλὰς ὑμῶν, διότι ἐγγίζει ἡ ἀπολύτρωσις ὑμῶν.

Now when these things begin to take place, straighten up and lift your heads, because your redemption is drawing near."

Application (encouragement)δέFor the disciples the terrors are not dread but signal: a genitive absolute frames the summons to lift their heads, for these very upheavals announce the nearness of their ἀπολύτρωσις (redemption).
ἀρχομένωνbeginningPres Mid Ptc · Gen Pl Neut · ἄρχωgenitive absolute (with τούτων)→ imperfective — at the onsetἄρχομαι: to begin.
δὲnowcontinuative conjunctionδέ: now, and.
τούτωνthese thingsGenitivesubject of the genitive absoluteοὗτος: this/these.
γίνεσθαιto take placePres Mid Infin · γίνομαιcomplementary infinitive after ἀρχομένων→ imperfective infinitiveγίνομαι: to happen, take place.
ἀνακύψατεstraighten upAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀνακύπτωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative — raise yourselves erectἀνακύπτω: to straighten up, look up, stand erect.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
ἐπάρατεliftAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐπαίρωmain verb (imperative)→ constative aorist imperativeἐπαίρω: to lift up, raise.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὰςheadsAccusativedirect object of ἐπάρατεκεφαλή: head.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
διότιbecausecausal conjunctionδιότι: because, for.
ἐγγίζειis drawing nearPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωverb of the causal clause→ imperfective present — the nearness in processἐγγίζω: to draw near, approach.
theNominativearticle
ἀπολύτρωσιςredemptionNominativesubject of ἐγγίζειἀπολύτρωσις: redemption, release/ransom — here the consummation of salvation.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive (objective/possessive)
29

Καὶ εἶπεν παραβολὴν αὐτοῖς· Ἴδετε τὴν συκῆν καὶ πάντα τὰ δένδρα·

And he told them a parable: "Look at the fig tree, and all the trees;

New movement (parable)καίThe parable of the fig tree begins; Luke alone adds 'and all the trees,' generalizing the natural sign of seasonal change.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
εἶπενhe toldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπον): to say, tell.
παραβολὴνa parableAccusativedirect object of εἶπενπαραβολή: parable, comparison, illustration.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
Ἴδετεlook atAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist imperative — take note ofὁράω (aor. impv. ἴδε/ἴδετε): to see, look at, observe.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
συκῆνfig treeAccusativedirect object of Ἴδετεσυκῆ: fig tree.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adj. to δένδραπᾶς: all.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δένδραtreesAccusativedirect object of Ἴδετε (coordinate)δένδρον: tree.
30

ὅταν προβάλωσιν ἤδη, βλέποντες ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν γινώσκετε ὅτι ἤδη ἐγγὺς τὸ θέρος ἐστίν·

when they have already put out leaves, you see for yourselves and know that summer is now near.

Comparison (the natural sign)asyndetonThe budding is self-evident proof that summer is near; ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν ('of yourselves') stresses that the inference needs no instruction.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)ὅταν: whenever, when.
προβάλωσινthey put out leavesAor Act Subj 3 Pl · προβάλλωverb of the ὅταν-clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctive — the bursting into leafπροβάλλω: to put forth, sprout (leaves).
ἤδηalreadyadverb of timeἤδη: already, now.
βλέποντεςseeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βλέπωcircumstantial ptc. of means/attendant circumstance→ imperfective — the act of observingβλέπω: to see, look.
ἀφ’ofpreposition (+ gen.) — 'of/from yourselves'ἀπό: from; ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν = on your own, of yourselves.
ἑαυτῶνyourselvesGenitivereflexive pronoun, object of ἀπόἑαυτοῦ: -self (reflexive).
γινώσκετεyou knowPres Act Indic 2 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb→ imperfective present — habitual recognitionγινώσκω: to know, recognize.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing the object clauseὅτι: that.
ἤδηnowadverb of timeἤδη: already, now.
ἐγγὺςnearadverb (predicate) of place/timeἐγγύς: near.
τὸtheNominativearticle
θέροςsummerNominativesubject of ἐστίνθέρος: summer, harvest-time.
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of the ὅτι-clause→ stative presentεἰμί: to be.
31

οὕτως καὶ ὑμεῖς, ὅταν ἴδητε ταῦτα γινόμενα, γινώσκετε ὅτι ἐγγύς ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ.

So also you, when you see these things taking place, know that the kingdom of God is near.

Application (the eschatological sign)asyndetonοὕτως καί draws the parable's point: the signs are to the kingdom of God what budding is to summer — a sure herald of imminent arrival.
οὕτωςsoadverb of manner (comparison)οὕτως: thus, so, in this way.
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive καίκαί: also, even.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic) of γινώσκετεσύ (pl. ὑμεῖς): you (emphatic).
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)ὅταν: whenever, when.
ἴδητεyou seeAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ὁράωverb of the ὅταν-clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctiveὁράω: to see.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of ἴδητεοὗτος: this/these.
γινόμεναtaking placePres Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · γίνομαιpredicate ptc. complementing ἴδητε (seeing them happening)→ imperfective — the events in processγίνομαι: to happen, take place.
γινώσκετεknowPres Act Impv 2 Pl · γινώσκωmain verb (imperative)→ imperfective imperative — recognizeγινώσκω: to know, recognize.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing the object clauseὅτι: that.
ἐγγύςnearadverb (predicate) of place/timeἐγγύς: near.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula of the ὅτι-clause→ stative presentεἰμί: to be.
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of ἐστινβασιλεία: kingdom, reign.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (possessive/subjective) with βασιλείαθεός: God.
32

ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται.

Truly I tell you, this generation will not pass away until all has taken place.

Solemn assuranceasyndetonThe ἀμήν-saying. 'This generation' (ἡ γενεὰ αὕτη) is debated — the contemporaries who would witness Jerusalem's fall, the Jewish people, or the human race; the emphatic οὐ μή with ἕως ἄν guarantees the certainty of fulfillment.
ἀμὴνtrulyparticle of asseveration (Hebrew loanword)ἀμήν: truly, verily (transliterated Hebrew).
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb of the formula→ performative presentλέγω: to say, tell.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing the content clauseὅτι: that.
οὐnotnegative (with μή, emphatic)οὐ: not.
μὴby no meansnegative (οὐ μή = emphatic denial)μή: not; οὐ μή + subj. is the strongest negation.
παρέλθῃwill pass awayAor Act Subj 3 Sg · παρέρχομαιsubjunctive of emphatic negation (οὐ μή)→ constative aorist subjunctive — categorical denialπαρέρχομαι: to pass by, pass away, come to an end.
theNominativearticle
γενεὰgenerationNominativesubject of παρέλθῃγενεά: generation, age, the people of a period (or 'race/kind').
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative, attributive to γενεάοὗτος: this.
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction (ἕως ἄν + subjunctive)ἕως: until.
ἂνmodal particle with the subjunctive (contingency)ἄν: untranslatable modal particle marking contingency.
πάνταallNominativesubject of γένηταιπᾶς: all (these things).
γένηταιhas taken placeAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the ἕως ἄν-clause→ constative aorist subjunctive — the completion of all foretoldγίνομαι: to happen, take place, come to pass.
33

ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται, οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ μὴ παρελεύσονται.

Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will not pass away.

Climactic assurance (contrast)asyndetonAn asyndetic, antithetical maxim: the created order is transient, but Jesus' words have a permanence exceeding even heaven and earth — an implicit claim to divine authority (cf. Isa 40:8).
theNominativearticle
οὐρανὸςheavenNominativesubject of παρελεύσονταιοὐρανός: heaven, sky.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
theNominativearticle
γῆearthNominativesubject of παρελεύσονται (coordinate)γῆ: earth.
παρελεύσονταιwill pass awayFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · παρέρχομαιmain verb (first clause)→ predictive futureπαρέρχομαι: to pass away, come to an end.
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: but.
λόγοιwordsNominativesubject of παρελεύσονται (second clause)λόγος: word, saying.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
οὐnotnegative (with μή, emphatic)οὐ: not.
μὴby no meansnegative (οὐ μή = emphatic denial)μή: not; οὐ μή = strongest negation.
παρελεύσονταιwill pass awayFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · παρέρχομαιmain verb (second clause) — fut. with οὐ μή for emphatic denial→ emphatic predictive future — categorical permanenceπαρέρχομαι: to pass away.
34

Προσέχετε δὲ ἑαυτοῖς μήποτε βαρηθῶσιν ὑμῶν αἱ καρδίαι ἐν κραιπάλῃ καὶ μέθῃ καὶ μερίμναις βιωτικαῖς, καὶ ἐπιστῇ ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς αἰφνίδιος ἡ ἡμέρα ἐκείνη

"But take heed to yourselves, lest your hearts be weighed down with dissipation and drunkenness and the cares of life, and that day come upon you suddenly

Exhortation (paraenesis)δέThe closing exhortation turns from prophecy to watchfulness; the danger is not only deception (v.8) but spiritual dullness — hearts weighed down so that the Day springs unawares.
Προσέχετεtake heedPres Act Impv 2 Pl · προσέχωmain verb (imperative)→ imperfective imperative — continual vigilanceπροσέχω: to give heed, pay attention, beware.
δὲbutcontinuative/contrastive conjunctionδέ: but, and.
ἑαυτοῖςto yourselvesDativereflexive pronoun, dative complement of Προσέχετεἑαυτοῦ: -self (reflexive).
μήποτεlestconjunction introducing the negative purpose/fear clauseμήποτε: lest, lest perhaps.
βαρηθῶσινbe weighed downAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · βαρέωsubjunctive in the μήποτε-clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctive — lest they become burdenedβαρέω: to weigh down, burden, make heavy.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
αἱtheNominativearticle
καρδίαιheartsNominativesubject of βαρηθῶσινκαρδία: heart, the inner self.
ἐνwithpreposition (+ dat.) of means/causeἐν: in, with, by.
κραιπάλῃdissipationDativeobject of ἐνκραιπάλη: dissipation, carousing, the heaviness of a hangover; NT hapax.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
μέθῃdrunkennessDativeobject of ἐνμέθη: drunkenness, intoxication.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
μερίμναιςcaresDativeobject of ἐνμέριμνα: anxiety, care, worry.
βιωτικαῖςof lifeDativeattributive adj. to μερίμναιςβιωτικός: pertaining to (daily) life, of everyday living.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (continuing the μήποτε-clause)καί: and.
ἐπιστῇcome uponAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐφίστημιsubjunctive (coordinate in the μήποτε-clause)→ ingressive aorist subjunctive — lest it suddenly arriveἐφίστημι: to stand upon, come upon, befall (often suddenly).
ἐφ’uponpreposition (+ acc.)ἐπί: upon, on.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of ἐφ’
αἰφνίδιοςsuddenlyNominativepredicate adj. functioning adverbially ('come suddenly')αἰφνίδιος: sudden, unexpected.
theNominativearticle
ἡμέραdayNominativesubject of ἐπιστῇἡμέρα: day; 'that day' = the day of the Son of Man's coming.
ἐκείνηthatNominativedemonstrative, attributive to ἡμέραἐκεῖνος: that.
35

ὡς παγίς· ἐπεισελεύσεται γὰρ ἐπὶ πάντας τοὺς καθημένους ἐπὶ πρόσωπον πάσης τῆς γῆς.

like a snare. For it will come upon all who dwell on the face of the whole earth.

Ground (universality)γάρThe simile ὡς παγίς ('like a snare/trap') closes v.34; the γάρ then grounds the warning in the universal reach of that Day — none on earth is exempt.
ὡςlikecomparative particleὡς: as, like.
παγίςa snareNominativepredicate (in the simile, nom. with the preceding subject)παγίς: trap, snare (cf. Isa 24:17).
ἐπεισελεύσεταιit will come uponFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπεισέρχομαιmain verb of the γάρ-clause→ predictive future — sudden, inescapable arrivalἐπεισέρχομαι: to come in upon, rush upon; NT hapax.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: for.
ἐπὶuponpreposition (+ acc.)ἐπί: upon, on.
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adj. to the substantival ptc.πᾶς: all.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle governing the substantival ptc.
καθημένουςwho dwellPres Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · κάθημαιsubstantival ptc., object of ἐπί ('all who sit/dwell')→ imperfective — those settled/dwellingκάθημαι: to sit, dwell, settle (here 'inhabit').
ἐπὶonpreposition (+ acc.) of placeἐπί: on, upon.
πρόσωπονthe faceAccusativeobject of ἐπίπρόσωπον: face, surface (Semitic idiom 'face of the earth').
πάσηςof the wholeGenitiveattributive adj. to γῆςπᾶς: all, whole.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive dependent on πρόσωπονγῆ: earth, land.
36

ἀγρυπνεῖτε δὲ ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ δεόμενοι ἵνα κατισχύσητε ἐκφυγεῖν ταῦτα πάντα τὰ μέλλοντα γίνεσθαι, καὶ σταθῆναι ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου.

But watch at all times, praying that you may have strength to escape all these things that are about to take place, and to stand before the Son of Man."

Exhortation (positive counterpart)δέThe positive complement to v.34: constant wakeful prayer, aimed at strength to escape the coming woes and to stand (vindicated) before the Son of Man. The reading κατισχύσητε ('have strength') is preferred over καταξιωθῆτε ('be counted worthy').
ἀγρυπνεῖτεwatchPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀγρυπνέωmain verb (imperative)→ imperfective imperative — sustained wakefulnessἀγρυπνέω: to be awake, keep watch, be vigilant.
δὲbutcontinuative/contrastive conjunctionδέ: but, and.
ἐνatpreposition (+ dat.) of timeἐν: in, at.
παντὶeveryDativeattributive adj. to καιρῷπᾶς: all, every.
καιρῷtimeDativeobject of ἐνκαιρός: time, season (ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ = at all times).
δεόμενοιprayingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · δέομαιptc. of means/attendant circumstance, modifying the subject→ imperfective — continual petitionδέομαι: to ask, beg, pray.
ἵναthatconjunction introducing the purpose/content of the prayerἵνα: in order that, that.
κατισχύσητεyou may have strengthAor Act Subj 2 Pl · κατισχύωverb of the ἵνα-clause→ ingressive aorist subjunctive — be granted strengthκατισχύω: to be strong enough, prevail, have power.
ἐκφυγεῖνto escapeAor Act Infin · ἐκφεύγωcomplementary infinitive after κατισχύσητε→ constative aorist infinitiveἐκφεύγω: to flee out, escape.
ταῦταtheseAccusativedemonstrative, object of ἐκφυγεῖν (with πάντα)οὗτος: this/these.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adj.πᾶς: all.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle governing the substantival ptc.
μέλλονταaboutPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · μέλλωattributive ptc. modifying ταῦτα ('that are about to...')→ imperfective — impendingμέλλω: to be about to, be destined to.
γίνεσθαιto take placePres Mid Infin · γίνομαιcomplementary infinitive after μέλλοντα→ imperfective infinitiveγίνομαι: to happen, take place.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
σταθῆναιto standAor Pass Infin · ἵστημιcomplementary infinitive (coordinate with ἐκφυγεῖν) after κατισχύσητε→ constative aorist infinitive — to be made to stand (vindicated)ἵστημι: to stand; pass. to be set/made to stand.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeimproper preposition (+ gen.) of placeἔμπροσθεν: before, in front of.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
υἱοῦSonGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθενυἱός: son; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου = the Son of Man.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (the messianic title)ἄνθρωπος: man, human being.
37

Ἦν δὲ τὰς ἡμέρας ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ διδάσκων, τὰς δὲ νύκτας ἐξερχόμενος ηὐλίζετο εἰς τὸ ὄρος τὸ καλούμενον Ἐλαιῶν·

Now by day he was teaching in the temple, but at night he would go out and lodge on the mount called Olivet;

Narrative summaryδέA Lukan summary of Jesus' final-week rhythm: teaching by day in the temple, lodging by night on Olivet. The periphrastic imperfect ἦν ... διδάσκων depicts customary activity.
Ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary of the periphrastic imperfect (with διδάσκων)→ imperfect — customary, ongoing activityεἰμί: to be.
δὲnowcontinuative conjunctionδέ: now, and.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with accusative of time)
ἡμέραςby dayAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('during the days')ἡμέρα: day.
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of placeἐν: in.
τῷtheDativearticle
ἱερῷtempleDativeobject of ἐνἱερόν: temple (precincts).
διδάσκωνteachingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διδάσκωptc. completing the periphrastic imperfect ('was teaching')→ imperfective — ongoing instructionδιδάσκω: to teach.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle (with accusative of time)
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: but.
νύκταςat nightAccusativeaccusative of extent of time ('during the nights')νύξ: night.
ἐξερχόμενοςgoing outPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. of attendant circumstance→ imperfective — the nightly departureἐξέρχομαι: to go out, depart.
ηὐλίζετοhe would lodgeImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · αὐλίζομαιmain verb→ imperfect — customary lodgingαὐλίζομαι: to lodge, spend the night, bivouac.
εἰςonpreposition (+ acc.) of place (with verbs of rest, = 'at/on')εἰς: into, to, on.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄροςmountAccusativeobject of εἰςὄρος: mountain, hill.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
καλούμενονcalledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · καλέωattributive ptc. modifying ὄρος→ imperfective passive — the customary nameκαλέω: to call, name.
ἘλαιῶνOlivetGenitivegenitive (of definition/apposition) — 'of Olives'ἐλαία: olive (tree); τὸ ὄρος τῶν Ἐλαιῶν / Ἐλαιῶν = the Mount of Olives, Olivet.
38

καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὤρθριζεν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ ἀκούειν αὐτοῦ.

and all the people would come to him early in the morning in the temple to hear him.

Narrative closeκαίThe chapter (and Jesus' public teaching ministry) closes with the people's eager attendance; the imperfect ὤρθριζεν depicts their daily, early-morning resort to him in the temple.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί: and.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adj. to λαόςπᾶς: all.
theNominativearticle
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ὤρθριζενλαός: people.
ὤρθριζενwould come earlyImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀρθρίζωmain verb→ imperfect — customary, daily actionὀρθρίζω: to rise early, come at dawn (to do something); NT hapax.
πρὸςtopreposition (+ acc.) of directionπρός: to, toward.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
ἐνinpreposition (+ dat.) of placeἐν: in.
τῷtheDativearticle
ἱερῷtempleDativeobject of ἐνἱερόν: temple (precincts).
ἀκούεινto hearPres Act Infin · ἀκούωinfinitive of purpose→ imperfective infinitive — purpose of their comingἀκούω: to hear, listen to.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούειν (person heard)