Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 22ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ ΚΒ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Ἤγγιζεν δὲ ἡ ἑορτὴ τῶν ἀζύμων ἡ λεγομένη πάσχα.

Now the Feast of Unleavened Bread, called the Passover, was drawing near.

SettingδὲTime-marker opening the Passion narrative.
Ἤγγιζενwas drawing nearImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωmain verb→ durative imperfectἐγγίζω
δὲnowconnective
theNominativearticle
ἑορτὴfeastNominativesubjectἑορτή
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀζύμωνunleavened breadGenitiveattributive genitiveἄζυμος
the oneNominativearticle
λεγομένηcalledPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Fem · λέγωattributive participle→ durative
πάσχαPassoverNominativepredicate (indeclinable)πάσχα; Aramaic loanword
2

καὶ ἐζήτουν οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς τὸ πῶς ἀνέλωσιν αὐτόν, ἐφοβοῦντο γὰρ τὸν λαόν.

And the chief priests and the scribes were seeking how to put him to death, for they feared the people.

PlotκαὶThe leaders' deadly intent, restrained by fear of the crowd.
καὶandconnective
ἐζήτουνwere seekingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ durative imperfectζητέω
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubjectἀρχιερεύς
καὶandconnective
οἱtheNominativearticle
γραμματεῖςscribesNominativesubjectγραμματεύς
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes clause)
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (indirect)
ἀνέλωσινthey might killAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀναιρέωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aoristἀναιρέω, do away with
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject
ἐφοβοῦντοthey fearedImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb→ durative imperfectdeponent φοβέομαι
γὰρforexplanatory
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λαόνpeopleAccusativeobjectλαός
3

Εἰσῆλθεν δὲ σατανᾶς εἰς Ἰούδαν τὸν καλούμενον Ἰσκαριώτην, ὄντα ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τῶν δώδεκα·

Then Satan entered into Judas, called Iscariot, who was of the number of the twelve.

Betrayal (cause)δὲSatan's entry into Judas sets the betrayal in motion.
ΕἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ ingressive aorist
δὲthenconnective
σατανᾶςSatanNominativesubjectΣατανᾶς; Aramaic 'adversary'
εἰςintopreposition
ἸούδανJudasAccusativeobject of εἰςἸούδας
τὸνthe oneAccusativearticle
καλούμενονcalledPres Pass Ptc Acc Sg Masc · καλέωattributive participle→ durative
ἸσκαριώτηνIscariotAccusativeappositiveἸσκαριώτης
ὄνταbeingPres Act Ptc Acc Sg Masc · εἰμίcircumstantial participle→ durative
ἐκofpreposition (partitive)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀριθμοῦnumberGenitiveobject of ἐκἀριθμός
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
δώδεκαtwelveGenitivepartitive genitive (indeclinable numeral)δώδεκα
4

καὶ ἀπελθὼν συνελάλησεν τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσιν καὶ στρατηγοῖς τὸ πῶς αὐτοῖς παραδῷ αὐτόν.

And he went and conferred with the chief priests and officers how he might betray him to them.

ConspiracyκαὶJudas negotiates the handover with the temple authorities.
καὶandconnective
ἀπελθὼνgoing awayAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀπέρχομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
συνελάλησενconferredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συλλαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristσυλλαλέω
τοῖςwith theDativearticle
ἀρχιερεῦσινchief priestsDativedative w/ συν- compoundἀρχιερεύς
καὶandconnective
στρατηγοῖςofficersDativedative w/ συν- compoundστρατηγός, temple captain
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (indirect)
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
παραδῷhe might hand overAor Act Subj 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aoristπαραδίδωμι, betray
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject
5

καὶ ἐχάρησαν καὶ συνέθεντο αὐτῷ ἀργύριον δοῦναι.

And they were glad and agreed to give him money.

AgreementκαὶThe leaders welcome the offer and settle on payment.
καὶandconnective
ἐχάρησανwere gladAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · χαίρωmain verb→ ingressive aoristχαίρω
καὶandconnective
συνέθεντοagreedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · συντίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristmid. συντίθεμαι, covenant
αὐτῷwith himDativeindirect object
ἀργύριονmoneyAccusativedirect objectἀργύριον, silver
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
6

καὶ ἐξωμολόγησεν, καὶ ἐζήτει εὐκαιρίαν τοῦ παραδοῦναι αὐτὸν ἄτερ ὄχλου αὐτοῖς.

And he consented and began seeking a good opportunity to betray him to them away from the crowd.

ResolveκαὶJudas looks for the right moment, apart from the crowd.
καὶandconnective
ἐξωμολόγησενconsentedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξομολογέωmain verb→ constative aoristἐξομολογέω, agree/promise
καὶandconnective
ἐζήτειwas seekingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb→ inceptive imperfect
εὐκαιρίανopportunityAccusativedirect objectεὐκαιρία, opportune time
τοῦof theGenitivearticle w/ articular inf.
παραδοῦναιto betrayAor Act Inf · παραδίδωμιepexegetic articular infinitive→ constative aorist
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject
ἄτερapart fromimproper preposition (+gen)ἄτερ
ὄχλουcrowdGenitiveobject of ἄτερὄχλος
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
7

Ἦλθεν δὲ ἡ ἡμέρα τῶν ἀζύμων, [ἐν] ᾗ ἔδει θύεσθαι τὸ πάσχα·

Then came the day of Unleavened Bread, on which the Passover lamb had to be sacrificed.

New unit (B)δὲThe Passover day arrives; preparations begin.
ἮλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
δὲthenconnective
theNominativearticle
ἡμέραdayNominativesubjectἡμέρα
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀζύμωνunleavened breadGenitiveattributive genitiveἄζυμος
[ἐν]onpreposition (bracketed)
whichDativerelative pronounὅς
ἔδειit was necessaryImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb→ durativeδεῖ + inf.
θύεσθαιto be sacrificedPres Pass Inf · θύωcomplementary infinitive→ durativeθύω
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πάσχαPassover lambAccusativeaccusative subject of inf.πάσχα
8

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Πέτρον καὶ Ἰωάννην εἰπών· πορευθέντες ἑτοιμάσατε ἡμῖν τὸ πάσχα ἵνα φάγωμεν.

So he sent Peter and John, saying, 'Go and prepare the Passover for us, that we may eat it.'

CommissionκαὶPeter and John are sent to make ready.
καὶandconnective
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω
ΠέτρονPeterAccusativedirect objectΠέτρος
καὶandconnective
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativedirect objectἸωάννης
εἰπώνsayingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ antecedent
πορευθέντεςgoingAor Pass Ptc Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedentdeponent
ἑτοιμάσατεprepareAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἑτοιμάζωimperative→ ingressive aoristἑτοιμάζω
ἡμῖνfor usDativedative of advantage
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πάσχαPassoverAccusativedirect objectπάσχα
ἵναthatpurpose conjunction
φάγωμενwe may eatAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἐσθίωsubjunctive (purpose)→ constative aoristsuppletive of ἐσθίω
9

οἱ δὲ εἶπαν αὐτῷ· ποῦ θέλεις ἑτοιμάσωμεν;

They said to him, 'Where will you have us prepare it?'

Questionδὲ
οἱtheyNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲandconnective
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ποῦwhereinterrogative adverb
θέλειςdo you wishPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ durativeθέλω
ἑτοιμάσωμενwe should prepareAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἑτοιμάζωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aorist
10

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· ἰδοὺ εἰσελθόντων ὑμῶν εἰς τὴν πόλιν συναντήσει ὑμῖν ἄνθρωπος κεράμιον ὕδατος βαστάζων· ἀκολουθήσατε αὐτῷ εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν εἰς ἣν εἰσπορεύεται,

He said to them, 'Behold, when you have entered the city, a man carrying a jar of water will meet you; follow him into the house that he enters,

Instructionδὲ
heNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle
εἰσελθόντωνhaving enteredAor Act Ptc Gen Pl Masc · εἰσέρχομαιgenitive absolute→ antecedent
ὑμῶνyouGenitivesubject of gen. absolute
εἰςintopreposition
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις
συναντήσειwill meetFut Act Indic 3 Sg · συναντάωmain verb→ predictive futureσυναντάω (+dat)
ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of συναντήσει
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος
κεράμιονjarAccusativeobject of βαστάζωνκεράμιον, earthen vessel
ὕδατοςof waterGenitivegenitive of contentὕδωρ
βαστάζωνcarryingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · βαστάζωattributive participle→ durative
ἀκολουθήσατεfollowAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀκολουθέωimperative→ ingressive aoristἀκολουθέω (+dat)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject
εἰςintopreposition
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἰκία
εἰςintopreposition
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronounὅς
εἰσπορεύεταιhe entersPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιrelative-clause verb→ durativedeponent
11

καὶ ἐρεῖτε τῷ οἰκοδεσπότῃ τῆς οἰκίας· λέγει σοι ὁ διδάσκαλος· ποῦ ἐστιν τὸ κατάλυμα ὅπου τὸ πάσχα μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν μου φάγω;

and tell the master of the house, 'The Teacher says to you, Where is the guest room where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?'

Instructionκαὶ
καὶandconnective
ἐρεῖτεyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωimperatival future→ predictive future
τῷto theDativearticle
οἰκοδεσπότῃmaster of the houseDativeindirect objectοἰκοδεσπότης
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
οἰκίαςhouseGenitivepossessive genitiveοἰκία
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ durative
σοιto youDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
διδάσκαλοςTeacherNominativesubjectδιδάσκαλος
ποῦwhereinterrogative adverb
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
τὸtheNominativearticle
κατάλυμαguest roomNominativesubjectκατάλυμα, lodging
ὅπουwhererelative adverb
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πάσχαPassoverAccusativedirect objectπάσχα
μετὰwithpreposition (+gen)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
μαθητῶνdisciplesGenitiveobject of μετάμαθητής
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
φάγωI may eatAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἐσθίωdeliberative subjunctive→ constative aorist
12

κἀκεῖνος ὑμῖν δείξει ἀνάγαιον μέγα ἐστρωμένον· ἐκεῖ ἑτοιμάσατε.

And he will show you a large upper room furnished; prepare it there.

Instructionκαὶ
κἀκεῖνοςand that oneNominativecrasis (καὶ ἐκεῖνος) subjectcrasis
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
δείξειwill showFut Act Indic 3 Sg · δείκνυμιmain verb→ predictive futureδείκνυμι
ἀνάγαιονupper roomAccusativedirect objectἀνάγαιον, room upstairs
μέγαlargeAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας
ἐστρωμένονfurnishedPerf Pass Ptc Acc Sg Neut · στρώννυμιattributive participle→ resultative perfectστρώννυμι, spread (with couches)
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place
ἑτοιμάσατεprepareAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἑτοιμάζωimperative→ ingressive aorist
13

ἀπελθόντες δὲ εὗρον καθὼς εἰρήκει αὐτοῖς καὶ ἡτοίμασαν τὸ πάσχα.

And they went and found it just as he had told them, and they prepared the Passover.

Fulfillmentδὲ
ἀπελθόντεςgoing offAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀπέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent
δὲandconnective
εὗρονfoundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction
εἰρήκειhe had toldPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωsubordinate verb→ past perfectpluperfect
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
καὶandconnective
ἡτοίμασανthey preparedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἑτοιμάζωmain verb→ constative aorist
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πάσχαPassoverAccusativedirect objectπάσχα
14

Καὶ ὅτε ἐγένετο ἡ ὥρα, ἀνέπεσεν καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι σὺν αὐτῷ.

And when the hour came, he reclined at table, and the apostles with him.

Supper beginsκαὶ
Καὶandconnective
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιsubordinate verb→ constative aorist
theNominativearticle
ὥραhourNominativesubjectὥρα
ἀνέπεσενhe reclinedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναπίπτωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἀναπίπτω
καὶandconnective
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀπόστολοιapostlesNominativesubjectἀπόστολος
σὺνwithpreposition (+dat)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
15

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἐπεθύμησα τοῦτο τὸ πάσχα φαγεῖν μεθ' ὑμῶν πρὸ τοῦ με παθεῖν·

And he said to them, 'I have earnestly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer.

DesireκαὶA Semitic cognate-dative ('with desire I desired') marks the intensity.
καὶandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ἐπιθυμίᾳwith desireDativecognate dative (intensifying)ἐπιθυμία; Semitic intensification
ἐπεθύμησαI have desiredAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἐπιθυμέωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιθυμέω
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrativeοὗτος
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πάσχαPassoverAccusativedirect objectπάσχα
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aorist
μεθ'withpreposition (+gen)elided μετά
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of μετά
πρὸbeforepreposition (+gen)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle w/ articular inf.
μεIAccusativeaccusative subject of inf.
παθεῖνto sufferAor Act Inf · πάσχωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristπάσχω
16

λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι οὐ μὴ φάγω αὐτὸ ἕως ὅτου πληρωθῇ ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ.

For I tell you, I will not eat it until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God.'

Eschatological vowγὰρ
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ durative
γὰρforexplanatory
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
οὐnotemphatic negation (w/ μή)
μὴnotemphatic negationοὐ μή + subj.: strong denial
φάγωI will eatAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἐσθίωsubjunctive of emphatic negation→ constative aorist
αὐτὸitAccusativeobject
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction
ὅτουwhichGenitiverelative (ἕως ὅτου idiom)ὅστις
πληρωθῇit is fulfilledAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · πληρόωsubjunctive (temporal)→ constative aoristπληρόω
ἐνinpreposition
τῇtheDativearticle
βασιλείᾳkingdomDativeobject of ἐνβασιλεία
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός
17

καὶ δεξάμενος ποτήριον εὐχαριστήσας εἶπεν· λάβετε τοῦτο καὶ διαμερίσατε εἰς ἑαυτούς·

And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks he said, 'Take this and divide it among yourselves.

First cupκαὶ
καὶandconnective
δεξάμενοςtakingAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · δέχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedentδέχομαι
ποτήριονa cupAccusativeobjectποτήριον
εὐχαριστήσαςgiving thanksAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · εὐχαριστέωcircumstantial participle→ antecedentεὐχαριστέω
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
λάβετεtakeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · λαμβάνωimperative→ ingressive aorist
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobjectοὗτος
καὶandconnective
διαμερίσατεdivideAor Act Impv 2 Pl · διαμερίζωimperative→ ingressive aoristδιαμερίζω
εἰςamongpreposition
ἑαυτούςyourselvesAccusativereflexive object of εἰςἑαυτοῦ
18

λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν, [ὅτι] οὐ μὴ πίω ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ γενήματος τῆς ἀμπέλου ἕως οὗ ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ἔλθῃ.

For I tell you that from now on I will not drink of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes.'

Eschatological vowγὰρ
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ durative
γὰρforexplanatory
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
[ὅτι]thatconjunction (bracketed)
οὐnotemphatic negation
μὴnotemphatic negationοὐ μή + subj.
πίωI will drinkAor Act Subj 1 Sg · πίνωsubjunctive of emphatic negation→ constative aoristπίνω
ἀπὸfromprepositionἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν: from now on
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
νῦνnowadverb (substantized)
ἀπὸofpreposition (partitive)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
γενήματοςfruitGenitiveobject of ἀπόγένημα, produce
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἀμπέλουvineGenitiveattributive genitiveἄμπελος
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction
οὗwhichGenitiverelative (ἕως οὗ idiom)ὅς
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubjectβασιλεία
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός
ἔλθῃcomesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιsubjunctive (temporal)→ constative aorist
19

καὶ λαβὼν ἄρτον εὐχαριστήσας ἔκλασεν καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς λέγων· τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν διδόμενον· τοῦτο ποιεῖτε εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν ἀνάμνησιν.

And he took bread, and when he had given thanks he broke it and gave it to them, saying, 'This is my body, which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.'

Institution (bread)καὶThe bread-word; the longer text continues into v.20.
καὶandconnective
λαβὼνtakingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent
ἄρτονbreadAccusativeobjectἄρτος
εὐχαριστήσαςgiving thanksAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · εὐχαριστέωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
ἔκλασενbrokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλάωmain verb→ constative aoristκλάω
καὶandconnective
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ durative
τοῦτόthisNominativesubjectοὗτος
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
τὸtheNominativearticle
σῶμάbodyNominativepredicate nominativeσῶμα
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
τὸwhichNominativearticle
ὑπὲρforpreposition (+gen)
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ
διδόμενονgivenPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Neut · δίδωμιattributive participle→ durativesubstitutionary ὑπέρ
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobjectοὗτος
ποιεῖτεdoPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ποιέωimperative→ durative/iterativeongoing observance
εἰςforpreposition (purpose)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἐμὴνmyAccusativepossessive adjectiveἐμός
ἀνάμνησινremembranceAccusativeobject of εἰςἀνάμνησις, memorial
20

καὶ τὸ ποτήριον ὡσαύτως μετὰ τὸ δειπνῆσαι, λέγων· τοῦτο τὸ ποτήριον ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη ἐν τῷ αἵματί μου τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐκχυννόμενον.

And likewise the cup after they had eaten, saying, 'This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.

Institution (cup)καὶThe cup-word: the new covenant in his blood, poured out for them.
καὶandconnective
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ποτήριονcupAccusativeobject (ellipsis of verb)ποτήριον
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseadverbὡσαύτως
μετὰafterpreposition (+acc)
τὸtheAccusativearticle w/ articular inf.
δειπνῆσαιsuppingAor Act Inf · δειπνέωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ constative aoristδειπνέω
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ durative
τοῦτοthisNominativesubjectοὗτος
τὸtheNominativearticle
ποτήριονcupNominativesubject (apposition)ποτήριον
theNominativearticle
καινὴnewNominativeattributive adjectiveκαινός
διαθήκηcovenantNominativepredicate nominativeδιαθήκη; cf. Jer 31:31
ἐνinpreposition
τῷtheDativearticle
αἵματίbloodDativeobject of ἐναἷμα
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
τὸwhichNominativearticle
ὑπὲρforpreposition
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of ὑπέρ
ἐκχυννόμενονpoured outPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Neut · ἐκχύννωattributive participle→ durativeἐκχύννω, shed (sacrificial)
21

πλὴν ἰδοὺ ἡ χεὶρ τοῦ παραδιδόντος με μετ' ἐμοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης.

But behold, the hand of the one who betrays me is with me on the table.

Betrayer at tableπλὴν
πλὴνbutadversativeπλήν
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle
theNominativearticle
χεὶρhandNominativesubjectχείρ
τοῦof the oneGenitivearticle
παραδιδόντοςwho betraysPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · παραδίδωμιsubstantival participle→ durative
μεmeAccusativeobject
μετ'withpreposition (+gen)elided μετά
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά
ἐπὶonpreposition (+gen)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
τραπέζηςtableGenitiveobject of ἐπίτράπεζα
22

ὅτι ὁ υἱὸς μὲν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατὰ τὸ ὡρισμένον πορεύεται, πλὴν οὐαὶ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐκείνῳ δι' οὗ παραδίδοται.

For the Son of Man goes as it has been determined, but woe to that man by whom he is betrayed!

WoeὅτιDivine determination and human guilt held together.
ὅτιforcausal conjunction
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός
μὲνindeedcorrelative particle (μέν...πλήν)
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (title)'Son of Man'
κατὰaccording topreposition (+acc)
τὸthat whichAccusativearticle
ὡρισμένονhas been determinedPerf Pass Ptc Acc Sg Neut · ὁρίζωsubstantival participle→ resultative perfectὁρίζω, appoint
πορεύεταιgoesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ futuristic presentdeponent; euphemism for death
πλὴνbutadversative
οὐαὶwoeinterjection (+dat)οὐαί
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativeobject of οὐαίἄνθρωπος
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrativeἐκεῖνος
δι'throughpreposition (+gen)elided διά
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronounὅς
παραδίδοταιhe is betrayedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιrelative-clause verb→ durative
23

καὶ αὐτοὶ ἤρξαντο συζητεῖν πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς τὸ τίς ἄρα εἴη ἐξ αὐτῶν ὁ τοῦτο μέλλων πράσσειν.

And they began to question one another which of them it could be who was going to do this.

Reactionκαὶ
καὶandconnective
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject (emphatic)
ἤρξαντοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristmid. ἄρχομαι
συζητεῖνto questionPres Act Inf · συζητέωcomplementary infinitive→ durativeσυζητέω, discuss/debate
πρὸςwithpreposition
ἑαυτοὺςone anotherAccusativereflexive objectἑαυτοῦ
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes clause)
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative subjectτίς
ἄραtheninferential particleἄρα
εἴηmight bePres Act Opt 3 Sg · εἰμίoptative (indirect question)→ durativeoptative of deliberation
ἐξofpreposition (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive
the oneNominativearticle
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobjectοὗτος
μέλλωνabout toPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · μέλλωsubstantival participle→ durativeμέλλω + inf., be about to
πράσσεινto doPres Act Inf · πράσσωcomplementary infinitive→ durativeπράσσω
24

Ἐγένετο δὲ καὶ φιλονεικία ἐν αὐτοῖς, τὸ τίς αὐτῶν δοκεῖ εἶναι μείζων.

A dispute also arose among them, as to which of them was to be regarded as the greatest.

New unit (C)δὲ
ἘγένετοaroseAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ ingressive aorist
δὲandconnective
καὶalsoadverbial
φιλονεικίαa disputeNominativesubjectφιλονεικία, rivalry
ἐνamongpreposition
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of ἐν
τὸtheNominativearticle (substantizes clause)
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative subjectτίς
αὐτῶνof themGenitivepartitive genitive
δοκεῖseemsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δοκέωverb of indirect question→ durativeδοκέω
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive→ durative
μείζωνgreaterNominativepredicate adjective (comparative)μέγας, comparative
25

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· οἱ βασιλεῖς τῶν ἐθνῶν κυριεύουσιν αὐτῶν καὶ οἱ ἐξουσιάζοντες αὐτῶν εὐεργέται καλοῦνται.

And he said to them, 'The kings of the Gentiles lord it over them, and those in authority over them are called benefactors.

Contrast (worldly rule)δὲ
heNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
οἱtheNominativearticle
βασιλεῖςkingsNominativesubjectβασιλεύς
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἐθνῶνnationsGenitiveattributive genitiveἔθνος
κυριεύουσινlord it overPres Act Indic 3 Pl · κυριεύωmain verb→ gnomic presentκυριεύω (+gen)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of κυριεύουσιν
καὶandconnective
οἱthoseNominativearticle
ἐξουσιάζοντεςexercising authorityPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἐξουσιάζωsubstantival participle→ durativeἐξουσιάζω
αὐτῶνover themGenitiveobject
εὐεργέταιbenefactorsNominativepredicate nominativeεὐεργέτης; honorific title
καλοῦνταιare calledPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · καλέωmain verb→ gnomic present
26

ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλ' ὁ μείζων ἐν ὑμῖν γινέσθω ὡς ὁ νεώτερος καὶ ὁ ἡγούμενος ὡς ὁ διακονῶν.

But not so with you. Rather, let the greatest among you become as the youngest, and the leader as one who serves.

Reversalδὲ
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
δὲbutadversative
οὐχnotnegative
οὕτωςsoadverb
ἀλλ'ratheradversativeelided ἀλλά
theNominativearticle
μείζωνgreatestNominativesubstantival adjective (subject)μέγας, comparative for superlative
ἐνamongpreposition
ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of ἐν
γινέσθωlet him becomePres Mid Impv 3 Sg · γίνομαιimperative→ durative
ὡςascomparative particle
theNominativearticle
νεώτεροςyoungestNominativesubstantival adjectiveνέος, comparative
καὶandconnective
theNominativearticle
ἡγούμενοςleaderPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἡγέομαιsubstantival participle→ durativeἡγέομαι, lead
ὡςascomparative particle
the oneNominativearticle
διακονῶνwho servesPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διακονέωsubstantival participle→ durativeδιακονέω
27

τίς γὰρ μείζων, ὁ ἀνακείμενος ἢ ὁ διακονῶν; οὐχὶ ὁ ἀνακείμενος; ἐγὼ δὲ ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν εἰμι ὡς ὁ διακονῶν.

For who is greater, one who reclines at table or one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines? But I am among you as the one who serves.

Example (Christ)γὰρJesus the servant overturns the honor calculus.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative subjectτίς
γὰρforexplanatory
μείζωνgreaterNominativepredicate adjectivecomparative
the oneNominativearticle
ἀνακείμενοςrecliningPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀνάκειμαιsubstantival participle→ durativeἀνάκειμαι
ordisjunctive
the oneNominativearticle
διακονῶνservingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διακονέωsubstantival participle→ durative
οὐχὶnotinterrogative negative
the oneNominativearticle
ἀνακείμενοςrecliningPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀνάκειμαιsubstantival participle→ durative
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)
δὲbutadversative
ἐνinpreposition
μέσῳmidstDativeobject of ἐνμέσος
ὑμῶνof youGenitivepartitive genitive
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
ὡςascomparative particle
the oneNominativearticle
διακονῶνwho servesPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · διακονέωsubstantival participle→ durative
28

ὑμεῖς δέ ἐστε οἱ διαμεμενηκότες μετ' ἐμοῦ ἐν τοῖς πειρασμοῖς μου·

You are those who have stayed with me in my trials,

Commendationδέ
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
δέandconnective
ἐστεarePres Act Indic 2 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ durative
οἱthe onesNominativearticle
διαμεμενηκότεςwho have remainedPerf Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · διαμένωsubstantival participle→ intensive perfectδιαμένω, continue with
μετ'withpreposition (+gen)elided μετά
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of μετά
ἐνinpreposition
τοῖςtheDativearticle
πειρασμοῖςtrialsDativeobject of ἐνπειρασμός
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
29

κἀγὼ διατίθεμαι ὑμῖν καθὼς διέθετό μοι ὁ πατήρ μου βασιλείαν,

and I confer on you a kingdom, just as my Father conferred one on me,

PromiseasyndetonA covenant-bestowal wordplay (διατίθεμαι/διέθετο).
κἀγὼand INominativecrasis (καὶ ἐγώ) subjectcrasis
διατίθεμαιconferPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · διατίθημιmain verb→ durativeδιατίθεμαι, assign by covenant
ὑμῖνon youDativeindirect object
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunction
διέθετόconferredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διατίθημιsubordinate verb→ constative aorist
μοιon meDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
πατήρFatherNominativesubjectπατήρ
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
βασιλείανa kingdomAccusativedirect objectβασιλεία
30

ἵνα ἔσθητε καὶ πίνητε ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης μου ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ μου, καὶ καθήσεσθε ἐπὶ θρόνων τὰς δώδεκα φυλὰς κρίνοντες τοῦ Ἰσραήλ.

that you may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.

Throne promiseasyndeton
ἵναthatpurpose conjunction
ἔσθητεyou may eatPres Act Subj 2 Pl · ἐσθίωsubjunctive (purpose)→ durative
καὶandconnective
πίνητεdrinkPres Act Subj 2 Pl · πίνωsubjunctive (purpose)→ durative
ἐπὶatpreposition (+gen)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
τραπέζηςtableGenitiveobject of ἐπίτράπεζα
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐνinpreposition
τῇtheDativearticle
βασιλείᾳkingdomDativeobject of ἐνβασιλεία
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandconnective
καθήσεσθεyou will sitFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · κάθημαιmain verb→ predictive futureκάθημαι
ἐπὶonpreposition (+gen)
θρόνωνthronesGenitiveobject of ἐπίθρόνος
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
δώδεκαtwelveAccusativecardinal (indeclinable) modifierδώδεκα
φυλὰςtribesAccusativeobject of κρίνοντεςφυλή
κρίνοντεςjudgingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · κρίνωcircumstantial participle→ durativeκρίνω, rule/judge
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἸσραήλIsraelGenitiveattributive genitiveἸσραήλ; indeclinable
31

Σίμων Σίμων, ἰδοὺ ὁ σατανᾶς ἐξῃτήσατο ὑμᾶς τοῦ σινιάσαι ὡς τὸν σῖτον·

Simon, Simon, behold, Satan has demanded to sift you all like wheat,

New unit (D)asyndetonThe doubled name and 'you' (plural) — Satan seeks all the disciples.
ΣίμωνSimonVocativevocative of addressΣίμων; doubled for urgency
ΣίμωνSimonVocativevocative (repeated)
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle
theNominativearticle
σατανᾶςSatanNominativesubjectΣατανᾶς
ἐξῃτήσατοhas demandedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐξαιτέωmain verb→ constative aoristmid. ἐξαιτέομαι, ask for/demand
ὑμᾶςyou (pl.)Accusativeobjectplural: all the disciples
τοῦtheGenitivearticle w/ articular inf.
σινιάσαιto siftAor Act Inf · σινιάζωepexegetic articular infinitive→ constative aoristσινιάζω, sift; NT hapax
ὡςlikecomparative particle
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
σῖτονwheatAccusativeobject of comparisonσῖτος
32

ἐγὼ δὲ ἐδεήθην περὶ σοῦ ἵνα μὴ ἐκλίπῃ ἡ πίστις σου· καὶ σύ ποτε ἐπιστρέψας στήρισον τοὺς ἀδελφούς σου.

but I have prayed for you that your faith may not fail; and when you have turned again, strengthen your brothers.

IntercessionδὲThe prayer is for Peter (singular) and his future ministry.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)
δὲbutadversative
ἐδεήθηνI prayedAor Pass Indic 1 Sg · δέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristdeponent δέομαι (+περί)
περὶforpreposition (+gen)
σοῦyou (sg.)Genitiveobject of περίsingular: Peter
ἵναthatpurpose conjunction
μὴnotnegative
ἐκλίπῃmay failAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐκλείπωsubjunctive (purpose)→ constative aoristἐκλείπω, give out
theNominativearticle
πίστιςfaithNominativesubjectπίστις
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandconnective
σύyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
ποτεonce/whentemporal particle
ἐπιστρέψαςhaving turned backAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιστρέφωcircumstantial participle→ antecedentἐπιστρέφω, return/repent
στήρισονstrengthenAor Act Impv 2 Sg · στηρίζωimperative→ ingressive aoristστηρίζω, establish
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφούςbrothersAccusativedirect objectἀδελφός
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
33

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· κύριε, μετὰ σοῦ ἕτοιμός εἰμι καὶ εἰς φυλακὴν καὶ εἰς θάνατον πορεύεσθαι.

Peter said to him, 'Lord, I am ready to go with you both to prison and to death.'

Peter's boastδὲ
heNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος
μετὰwithpreposition (+gen)
σοῦyouGenitiveobject of μετά
ἕτοιμόςreadyNominativepredicate adjectiveἕτοιμος
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
καὶbothcorrelative (καί...καί)
εἰςtopreposition
φυλακὴνprisonAccusativeobject of εἰςφυλακή
καὶandcorrelative
εἰςtopreposition
θάνατονdeathAccusativeobject of εἰςθάνατος
πορεύεσθαιto goPres Mid Inf · πορεύομαιcomplementary infinitive→ durativedeponent
34

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· λέγω σοι, Πέτρε, οὐ φωνήσει σήμερον ἀλέκτωρ ἕως τρίς με ἀπαρνήσῃ εἰδέναι.

He said, 'I tell you, Peter, the rooster will not crow this day, until you deny three times that you know me.'

Predictionδὲ
heNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ durative
σοιto youDativeindirect object
ΠέτρεPeterVocativevocative of addressΠέτρος
οὐnotnegative
φωνήσειwill crowFut Act Indic 3 Sg · φωνέωmain verb→ predictive futureφωνέω
σήμερονtodayadverb
ἀλέκτωρroosterNominativesubjectἀλέκτωρ
ἕωςuntiltemporal conjunction
τρίςthree timesnumerical adverbτρίς
μεmeAccusativeobject of εἰδέναι
ἀπαρνήσῃyou will denyFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀπαρνέομαιverb (temporal clause)→ predictive futureἀπαρνέομαι, disown
εἰδέναιto knowPerf Act Inf · οἶδαcomplementary infinitive→ stative perfectοἶδα
35

Καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· ὅτε ἀπέστειλα ὑμᾶς ἄτερ βαλλαντίου καὶ πήρας καὶ ὑποδημάτων, μή τινος ὑστερήσατε; οἱ δὲ εἶπαν· οὐθενός.

And he said to them, 'When I sent you out with no money bag or knapsack or sandals, did you lack anything?' They said, 'Nothing.'

New situationκαὶ
Καὶandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunction
ἀπέστειλαI sentAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωsubordinate verb→ constative aorist
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject
ἄτερwithoutimproper preposition (+gen)ἄτερ
βαλλαντίουmoney bagGenitiveobject of ἄτερβαλλάντιον, purse
καὶandconnective
πήραςknapsackGenitiveobject of ἄτερπήρα
καὶandconnective
ὑποδημάτωνsandalsGenitiveobject of ἄτερὑπόδημα
μήnotinterrogative negative (expects 'no')
τινοςof anythingGenitiveobject of ὑστερήσατετις
ὑστερήσατεdid you lackAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ὑστερέωmain verb→ constative aoristὑστερέω (+gen)
οἱtheyNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲandconnective
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
οὐθενόςnothingGenitivesubstantival (response)οὐθείς (= οὐδείς)
36

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς· ἀλλὰ νῦν ὁ ἔχων βαλλάντιον ἀράτω, ὁμοίως καὶ πήραν, καὶ ὁ μὴ ἔχων πωλησάτω τὸ ἱμάτιον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀγορασάτω μάχαιραν.

He said to them, 'But now let the one who has a money bag take it, and likewise a knapsack; and let the one who has none sell his cloak and buy a sword.

New instructionδὲ
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
δὲandconnective
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ἀλλὰbutadversative
νῦνnowadverb
the oneNominativearticle
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle→ durative
βαλλάντιονmoney bagAccusativeobjectβαλλάντιον
ἀράτωlet him takeAor Act Impv 3 Sg · αἴρωimperative→ ingressive aoristαἴρω
ὁμοίωςlikewiseadverb
καὶalsoadverbial
πήρανknapsackAccusativeobjectπήρα
καὶandconnective
the oneNominativearticle
μὴnotnegative
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle→ durative
πωλησάτωlet him sellAor Act Impv 3 Sg · πωλέωimperative→ ingressive aoristπωλέω
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἱμάτιονcloakAccusativeobjectἱμάτιον
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandconnective
ἀγορασάτωlet him buyAor Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀγοράζωimperative→ ingressive aoristἀγοράζω
μάχαιρανa swordAccusativeobjectμάχαιρα
37

λέγω γὰρ ὑμῖν ὅτι τοῦτο τὸ γεγραμμένον δεῖ τελεσθῆναι ἐν ἐμοί, τὸ καὶ μετὰ ἀνόμων ἐλογίσθη· καὶ γὰρ τὸ περὶ ἐμοῦ τέλος ἔχει.

For I tell you that this Scripture must be fulfilled in me: 'And he was numbered with the transgressors.' For what is written about me has its fulfillment.'

Scripture (Isa 53:12)γὰρThe sword-saying is figurative, grounded in Isaiah's Suffering Servant.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ durative
γὰρforexplanatory
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrativeοὗτος
τὸthat whichAccusativearticle
γεγραμμένονis writtenPerf Pass Ptc Acc Sg Neut · γράφωsubstantival participle→ resultative perfectscriptural citation formula
δεῖit is necessaryPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb→ durativedivine necessity
τελεσθῆναιto be fulfilledAor Pass Inf · τελέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristτελέω
ἐνinpreposition
ἐμοίmeDativeobject of ἐν
τὸtheAccusativearticle (introduces quote)
καὶandconnective (within quote)
μετὰwithpreposition (+gen)
ἀνόμωνtransgressorsGenitiveobject of μετάἄνομος, lawless
ἐλογίσθηhe was numberedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · λογίζομαιverb of quotation→ constative aoristλογίζομαι; Isa 53:12 LXX
καὶindeedascensive
γὰρforexplanatory
τὸthat whichNominativearticle
περὶaboutpreposition (+gen)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of περί
τέλοςfulfillmentAccusativeobject of ἔχειτέλος; 'has its end/goal'
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ durative
38

οἱ δὲ εἶπαν· κύριε, ἰδοὺ μάχαιραι ὧδε δύο. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· ἱκανόν ἐστιν.

And they said, 'Lord, look, here are two swords.' And he said to them, 'It is enough.'

MisunderstandingδὲThe disciples take the saying literally; Jesus' 'enough' closes the topic.
οἱtheyNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲandconnective
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος
ἰδοὺlookpresentative particle
μάχαιραιswordsNominativesubjectμάχαιρα
ὧδεhereadverb of place
δύοtwoNominativecardinal (indeclinable) modifierδύο
heNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ἱκανόνenoughNominativepredicate adjectiveἱκανός; idiom of dismissal
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
39

Καὶ ἐξελθὼν ἐπορεύθη κατὰ τὸ ἔθος εἰς τὸ ὄρος τῶν ἐλαιῶν, ἠκολούθησαν δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ οἱ μαθηταί.

And he went out and proceeded, as was his custom, to the Mount of Olives, and the disciples followed him.

New unit (E)καὶ
Καὶandconnective
ἐξελθὼνgoing outAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent
ἐπορεύθηproceededAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristdeponent
κατὰaccording topreposition (+acc)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἔθοςcustomAccusativeobject of κατάἔθος
εἰςtopreposition
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄροςmountAccusativeobject of εἰςὄρος
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἐλαιῶνolivesGenitiveattributive genitiveἐλαία
ἠκολούθησανfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκολουθέω (+dat)
δὲandconnective
αὐτῷhimDativeobject
καὶalsoadverbial
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταίdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής
40

γενόμενος δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· προσεύχεσθε μὴ εἰσελθεῖν εἰς πειρασμόν.

And when he came to the place, he said to them, 'Pray that you may not enter into temptation.'

Exhortationδὲ
γενόμενοςcomingAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · γίνομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
δὲandconnective
ἐπὶatpreposition (+gen)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
τόπουplaceGenitiveobject of ἐπίτόπος
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
προσεύχεσθεprayPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · προσεύχομαιimperative→ durativedeponent προσεύχομαι
μὴnotnegative
εἰσελθεῖνto enterAor Act Inf · εἰσέρχομαιinfinitive (content of prayer)→ constative aorist
εἰςintopreposition
πειρασμόνtemptationAccusativeobject of εἰςπειρασμός, testing
41

καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπεσπάσθη ἀπ' αὐτῶν ὡσεὶ λίθου βολήν, καὶ θεὶς τὰ γόνατα προσηύχετο

And he withdrew from them about a stone's throw, and knelt down and prayed,

Withdrawalκαὶ
καὶandconnective
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (emphatic)
ἀπεσπάσθηwithdrewAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποσπάωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποσπάω, draw away
ἀπ'frompreposition (+gen)elided ἀπό
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ἀπό
ὡσεὶaboutcomparative particleὡσεί
λίθουof a stoneGenitiveattributive genitiveλίθος
βολήνthrowAccusativeaccusative of measureβολή, a throw
καὶandconnective
θεὶςplacingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · τίθημιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedentθεὶς τὰ γόνατα = kneeling
τὰtheAccusativearticle
γόναταkneesAccusativeobjectγόνυ
προσηύχετοhe prayedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσεύχομαιmain verb→ durative imperfect
42

λέγων· πάτερ, εἰ βούλει παρένεγκε τοῦτο τὸ ποτήριον ἀπ' ἐμοῦ· πλὴν μὴ τὸ θέλημά μου ἀλλὰ τὸ σὸν γινέσθω.

saying, 'Father, if you are willing, remove this cup from me. Nevertheless, not my will, but yours, be done.'

PrayerasyndetonThe surrender of will is the heart of the scene.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ durative
πάτερFatherVocativevocative of addressπατήρ
εἰifconditional conjunction
βούλειyou are willingPres Mid Indic 2 Sg · βούλομαιverb of condition→ durativedeponent βούλομαι
παρένεγκεremoveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · παραφέρωimperative→ ingressive aoristπαραφέρω, take away
τοῦτοthisAccusativedemonstrativeοὗτος
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ποτήριονcupAccusativeobjectποτήριον; metaphor of suffering
ἀπ'fromprepositionelided ἀπό
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of ἀπό
πλὴνneverthelessadversativeπλήν
μὴnotnegative
τὸtheNominativearticle
θέλημάwillNominativesubjectθέλημα
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
ἀλλὰbutadversative
τὸtheNominativearticle
σὸνyoursNominativepossessive adjective (subject)σός
γινέσθωlet it be donePres Mid Impv 3 Sg · γίνομαιimperative→ durative
43

[[ὤφθη δὲ αὐτῷ ἄγγελος ἀπ' οὐρανοῦ ἐνισχύων αὐτόν.

And there appeared to him an angel from heaven, strengthening him.

Agony (bracketed)δὲvv.43–44 are the disputed 'agony' passage (double-bracketed in NA28), absent from P75 א B; included and flagged.
[[ὤφθηappearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (bracketed text)→ constative aoristὁράω pass., 'was seen'; opens the bracketed passage
δὲandconnective
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἄγγελοςan angelNominativesubjectἄγγελος
ἀπ'fromprepositionelided ἀπό
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἀπόοὐρανός
ἐνισχύωνstrengtheningPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐνισχύωcircumstantial participle→ durativeἐνισχύω, strengthen
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject
44

καὶ γενόμενος ἐν ἀγωνίᾳ ἐκτενέστερον προσηύχετο· καὶ ἐγένετο ὁ ἱδρὼς αὐτοῦ ὡσεὶ θρόμβοι αἵματος καταβαίνοντες ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν.]]

And being in agony he prayed more earnestly, and his sweat became like great drops of blood falling down to the ground.

Agony (bracketed)καὶThe closing of the bracketed passage; the ἀγωνία and bloody sweat.
καὶandconnective
γενόμενοςbeingAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · γίνομαιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
ἐνinpreposition
ἀγωνίᾳagonyDativeobject of ἐνἀγωνία; NT hapax
ἐκτενέστερονmore earnestlycomparative adverbἐκτενής, earnest
προσηύχετοhe prayedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσεύχομαιmain verb→ durative imperfect
καὶandconnective
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
theNominativearticle
ἱδρὼςsweatNominativesubjectἱδρώς; NT hapax
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ὡσεὶlikecomparative particle
θρόμβοιdropsNominativepredicate nominativeθρόμβος, clot/drop; NT hapax
αἵματοςof bloodGenitiveattributive genitiveαἷμα
καταβαίνοντεςfalling downPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · καταβαίνωattributive participle→ durativeκαταβαίνω
ἐπὶtopreposition (+acc)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνgroundAccusativeobject of ἐπίγῆ; ]] closes the bracketed passage
45

καὶ ἀναστὰς ἀπὸ τῆς προσευχῆς ἐλθὼν πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς εὗρεν κοιμωμένους αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς λύπης,

And when he rose from prayer, he came to the disciples and found them sleeping for sorrow,

Sleeping disciplesκαὶLuke alone notes they slept 'for sorrow.'
καὶandconnective
ἀναστὰςrisingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
ἀπὸfrompreposition
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
προσευχῆςprayerGenitiveobject of ἀπόπροσευχή
ἐλθὼνcomingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent
πρὸςtopreposition
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativeobject of πρόςμαθητής
εὗρενfoundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aorist
κοιμωμένουςsleepingPres Mid Ptc Acc Pl Masc · κοιμάομαιobject complement→ durativeκοιμάομαι
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject
ἀπὸforpreposition (causal)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
λύπηςsorrowGenitiveobject of ἀπό (cause)λύπη
46

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· τί καθεύδετε; ἀναστάντες προσεύχεσθε, ἵνα μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς πειρασμόν.

and he said to them, 'Why are you sleeping? Rise and pray that you may not enter into temptation.'

Exhortation (repeated)καὶ
καὶandconnective
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
τίwhyinterrogative adverb
καθεύδετεdo you sleepPres Act Indic 2 Pl · καθεύδωmain verb→ durativeκαθεύδω
ἀναστάντεςrisingAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ἀνίστημιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent
προσεύχεσθεprayPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · προσεύχομαιimperative→ durativedeponent
ἵναthatpurpose conjunction
μὴnotnegative
εἰσέλθητεyou may enterAor Act Subj 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιsubjunctive (purpose)→ constative aorist
εἰςintopreposition
πειρασμόνtemptationAccusativeobject of εἰςπειρασμός
47

Ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος ἰδοὺ ὄχλος, καὶ ὁ λεγόμενος Ἰούδας εἷς τῶν δώδεκα προήρχετο αὐτούς, καὶ ἤγγισεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ φιλῆσαι αὐτόν.

While he was still speaking, behold, a crowd came, and the man called Judas, one of the twelve, was leading them. He drew near to Jesus to kiss him,

New unit (F)asyndeton
Ἔτιstilladverb
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of gen. absolute
λαλοῦντοςspeakingPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · λαλέωgenitive absolute→ durative
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle
ὄχλοςa crowdNominativesubjectὄχλος
καὶandconnective
the oneNominativearticle
λεγόμενοςcalledPres Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωattributive participle→ durative
ἸούδαςJudasNominativesubjectἸούδας
εἷςoneNominativenumeral (apposition)εἷς
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
δώδεκαtwelveGenitivepartitive genitive (indeclinable)δώδεκα
προήρχετοwas going beforeImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · προέρχομαιmain verb→ durative imperfectπροέρχομαι, lead the way
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject
καὶandconnective
ἤγγισενdrew nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωmain verb→ constative aoristἐγγίζω (+dat)
τῷtoDativearticle
ἸησοῦJesusDativeobject of ἤγγισενἸησοῦς
φιλῆσαιto kissAor Act Inf · φιλέωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristφιλέω
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject
48

Ἰησοῦς δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἰούδα, φιλήματι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παραδίδως;

but Jesus said to him, 'Judas, would you betray the Son of Man with a kiss?'

Rebukeδὲ
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς
δὲbutadversative
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἸούδαJudasVocativevocative of addressἸούδας
φιλήματιwith a kissDativedative of meansφίλημα
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
υἱὸνSonAccusativedirect objectυἱός
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (title)'Son of Man'
παραδίδωςdo you betrayPres Act Indic 2 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ durative
49

ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ περὶ αὐτὸν τὸ ἐσόμενον εἶπαν· κύριε, εἰ πατάξομεν ἐν μαχαίρῃ;

And when those around him saw what would follow, they said, 'Lord, shall we strike with the sword?'

Disciples' questionδὲ
ἰδόντεςseeingAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
δὲandconnective
οἱthoseNominativearticle
περὶaroundpreposition (+acc)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of περί
τὸthat whichAccusativearticle
ἐσόμενονwas about to beFut Mid Ptc Acc Sg Neut · εἰμίsubstantival participle→ predictivefuture participle
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος
εἰif (= shall?)interrogative particleεἰ introducing direct question
πατάξομενshall we strikeFut Act Indic 1 Pl · πατάσσωmain verb→ deliberative futureπατάσσω
ἐνwithpreposition (means)
μαχαίρῃswordDativeobject of ἐνμάχαιρα
50

καὶ ἐπάταξεν εἷς τις ἐξ αὐτῶν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως τὸν δοῦλον καὶ ἀφεῖλεν τὸ οὖς αὐτοῦ τὸ δεξιόν.

And one of them struck the servant of the high priest and cut off his right ear.

Sword-strokeκαὶ
καὶandconnective
ἐπάταξενstruckAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πατάσσωmain verb→ constative aorist
εἷςoneNominativenumeral subjectεἷς
τιςa certainNominativeindefinite (apposition)τις
ἐξofpreposition (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀρχιερέωςhigh priestGenitivepossessive genitiveἀρχιερεύς
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δοῦλονservantAccusativedirect objectδοῦλος
καὶandconnective
ἀφεῖλενcut offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφαιρέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀφαιρέω, remove
τὸtheAccusativearticle
οὖςearAccusativedirect objectοὖς
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
τὸtheAccusativearticle
δεξιόνrightAccusativeattributive adjectiveδεξιός
51

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν· ἐᾶτε ἕως τούτου· καὶ ἁψάμενος τοῦ ὠτίου ἰάσατο αὐτόν.

But Jesus answered, 'No more of this!' And he touched the ear and healed him.

HealingδὲLuke alone records the healing of the ear.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial participle→ coincident
δὲbutconnective
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ἐᾶτεpermit/stopPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐάωimperative→ durativeἐάω; ἕως τούτου: 'this far, no more'
ἕωςup topreposition (+gen)
τούτουthisGenitiveobject of ἕωςοὗτος
καὶandconnective
ἁψάμενοςtouchingAor Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἅπτωcircumstantial participle→ antecedentmid. ἅπτομαι (+gen)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ὠτίουearGenitiveobject of ἁψάμενοςὠτίον, dimin. of οὖς
ἰάσατοhealedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἰάομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἰάομαι
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject
52

εἶπεν δὲ Ἰησοῦς πρὸς τοὺς παραγενομένους ἐπ' αὐτὸν ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ στρατηγοὺς τοῦ ἱεροῦ καὶ πρεσβυτέρους· ὡς ἐπὶ λῃστὴν ἐξήλθατε μετὰ μαχαιρῶν καὶ ξύλων;

Then Jesus said to the chief priests and officers of the temple and elders who had come out against him, 'Have you come out as against a robber, with swords and clubs?

Address to captorsδὲ
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
δὲthenconnective
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς
πρὸςtopreposition
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
παραγενομένουςwho had comeAor Mid Ptc Acc Pl Masc · παραγίνομαιattributive participle→ antecedent
ἐπ'againstpreposition (+acc)elided ἐπί
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπί
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsAccusativeobject of πρόςἀρχιερεύς
καὶandconnective
στρατηγοὺςofficersAccusativeobject of πρόςστρατηγός
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἱεροῦtempleGenitiveattributive genitiveἱερόν
καὶandconnective
πρεσβυτέρουςeldersAccusativeobject of πρόςπρεσβύτερος
ὡςascomparative particle
ἐπὶagainstpreposition (+acc)
λῃστὴνa robberAccusativeobject of ἐπίλῃστής, brigand
ἐξήλθατεhave you come outAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
μετὰwithpreposition (+gen)
μαχαιρῶνswordsGenitiveobject of μετάμάχαιρα
καὶandconnective
ξύλωνclubsGenitiveobject of μετάξύλον, wood/club
53

καθ' ἡμέραν ὄντος μου μεθ' ὑμῶν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ οὐκ ἐξετείνατε τὰς χεῖρας ἐπ' ἐμέ· ἀλλ' αὕτη ἐστὶν ὑμῶν ἡ ὥρα καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ σκότους.

When I was with you day after day in the temple, you did not lay hands on me. But this is your hour, and the power of darkness.'

The hour of darknessasyndeton
καθ'day bypreposition (distributive)elided κατά; καθ' ἡμέραν: daily
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeobject of κατάἡμέρα
ὄντοςbeingPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · εἰμίgenitive absolute→ durative
μουIGenitivesubject of gen. absolute
μεθ'withprepositionelided μετά
ὑμῶνyouGenitiveobject of μετά
ἐνinpreposition
τῷtheDativearticle
ἱερῷtempleDativeobject of ἐνἱερόν
οὐκnotnegative
ἐξετείνατεyou stretched outAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐκτείνωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκτείνω
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect objectχείρ
ἐπ'againstprepositionelided ἐπί
ἐμέmeAccusativeobject of ἐπί
ἀλλ'butadversativeelided ἀλλά
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subjectοὗτος
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
theNominativearticle
ὥραhourNominativepredicate nominativeὥρα
καὶandconnective
theNominativearticle
ἐξουσίαpowerNominativepredicate nominativeἐξουσία
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
σκότουςdarknessGenitiveattributive genitiveσκότος
54

Συλλαβόντες δὲ αὐτὸν ἤγαγον καὶ εἰσήγαγον εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως· ὁ δὲ Πέτρος ἠκολούθει μακρόθεν.

Then they seized him and led him away, bringing him into the high priest's house, and Peter was following at a distance.

New unit (G)δὲ
ΣυλλαβόντεςseizingAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · συλλαμβάνωattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedentσυλλαμβάνω, arrest
δὲthenconnective
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject
ἤγαγονledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἄγωmain verb→ constative aoristἄγω
καὶandconnective
εἰσήγαγονbrought inAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσάγωmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσάγω
εἰςintopreposition
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἰκία
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀρχιερέωςhigh priestGenitivepossessive genitiveἀρχιερεύς
theNominativearticle
δὲandconnective
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος
ἠκολούθειwas followingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ durative imperfect
μακρόθενfrom afaradverbμακρόθεν
55

περιαψάντων δὲ πῦρ ἐν μέσῳ τῆς αὐλῆς καὶ συγκαθισάντων ἐκάθητο ὁ Πέτρος μέσος αὐτῶν.

And when they had kindled a fire in the middle of the courtyard and sat down together, Peter sat down among them.

Sceneδὲ
περιαψάντωνhaving kindledAor Act Ptc Gen Pl Masc · περιάπτωgenitive absolute→ antecedentπεριάπτω, kindle around
δὲandconnective
πῦρa fireAccusativeobjectπῦρ
ἐνinpreposition
μέσῳmiddleDativeobject of ἐνμέσος
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
αὐλῆςcourtyardGenitiveattributive genitiveαὐλή
καὶandconnective
συγκαθισάντωνhaving sat togetherAor Act Ptc Gen Pl Masc · συγκαθίζωgenitive absolute→ antecedentσυγκαθίζω
ἐκάθητοwas sittingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb→ durative imperfectκάθημαι
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος
μέσοςin the midstNominativepredicate adjectiveμέσος
αὐτῶνof themGenitivepartitive genitive
56

ἰδοῦσα δὲ αὐτὸν παιδίσκη τις καθήμενον πρὸς τὸ φῶς καὶ ἀτενίσασα αὐτῷ εἶπεν· καὶ οὗτος σὺν αὐτῷ ἦν.

Then a servant girl, seeing him as he sat in the firelight and looking closely at him, said, 'This man also was with him.'

Denial 1 (charge)δὲ
ἰδοῦσαseeingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ὁράωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
δὲthenconnective
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject
παιδίσκηa servant girlNominativesubjectπαιδίσκη
τιςcertainNominativeindefinite adjectiveτις
καθήμενονsittingPres Mid Ptc Acc Sg Masc · κάθημαιobject complement→ durative
πρὸςbypreposition (+acc)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
φῶςlightAccusativeobject of πρόςφῶς; firelight
καὶandconnective
ἀτενίσασαgazingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Fem · ἀτενίζωcircumstantial participle→ antecedentἀτενίζω, stare
αὐτῷat himDativeobject of ἀτενίσασα
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
καὶalsoadverbial
οὗτοςthis manNominativedemonstrative subjectοὗτος
σὺνwithpreposition (+dat)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative imperfect
57

ὁ δὲ ἠρνήσατο λέγων· οὐκ οἶδα αὐτόν, γύναι.

But he denied it, saying, 'Woman, I do not know him.'

Denial 1δὲ
heNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲbutadversative
ἠρνήσατοdeniedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀρνέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristdeponent ἀρνέομαι
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ durative
οὐκnotnegative
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ stative perfectοἶδα
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject
γύναιwomanVocativevocative of addressγυνή
58

καὶ μετὰ βραχὺ ἕτερος ἰδὼν αὐτὸν ἔφη· καὶ σὺ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶ. ὁ δὲ Πέτρος ἔφη· ἄνθρωπε, οὐκ εἰμί.

And a little later someone else saw him and said, 'You also are one of them.' But Peter said, 'Man, I am not.'

Denial 2καὶ
καὶandconnective
μετὰafterpreposition (+acc)
βραχὺa littleAccusativesubstantival adjective (time)βραχύς
ἕτεροςanotherNominativesubjectἕτερος
ἰδὼνseeingAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial participle→ antecedent
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject
ἔφηsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb→ durativeφημί
καὶalsoadverbial
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
ἐξofpreposition (partitive)
αὐτῶνthemGenitivepartitive genitive
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος
ἔφηsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb→ durative
ἄνθρωπεmanVocativevocative of addressἄνθρωπος
οὐκnotnegative
εἰμίI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
59

καὶ διαστάσης ὡσεὶ ὥρας μιᾶς ἄλλος τις διϊσχυρίζετο λέγων· ἐπ' ἀληθείας καὶ οὗτος μετ' αὐτοῦ ἦν, καὶ γὰρ Γαλιλαῖός ἐστιν.

And after an interval of about an hour still another insisted, saying, 'Certainly this man also was with him, for he too is a Galilean.'

Denial 3 (charge)καὶ
καὶandconnective
διαστάσηςhaving passedAor Act Ptc Gen Sg Fem · διΐστημιgenitive absolute→ antecedentδιΐστημι, intervene
ὡσεὶaboutcomparative particle
ὥραςhourGenitivegenitive of timeὥρα
μιᾶςoneGenitivenumeral modifierεἷς, fem.
ἄλλοςanotherNominativesubjectἄλλος
τιςcertainNominativeindefinite (apposition)τις
διϊσχυρίζετοinsistedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · διϊσχυρίζομαιmain verb→ durative imperfectδιϊσχυρίζομαι, affirm strongly
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ durative
ἐπ'inprepositionἐπ' ἀληθείας: truly
ἀληθείαςtruthGenitiveobject of ἐπί (idiom)ἀλήθεια
καὶalsoadverbial
οὗτοςthis manNominativedemonstrative subjectοὗτος
μετ'withprepositionelided μετά
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative imperfect
καὶindeedascensive
γὰρforexplanatory
Γαλιλαῖόςa GalileanNominativepredicate nominativeΓαλιλαῖος; accent betrays him
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
60

εἶπεν δὲ ὁ Πέτρος· ἄνθρωπε, οὐκ οἶδα ὃ λέγεις. καὶ παραχρῆμα ἔτι λαλοῦντος αὐτοῦ ἐφώνησεν ἀλέκτωρ.

But Peter said, 'Man, I do not know what you are talking about.' And immediately, while he was still speaking, the rooster crowed.

Denial 3 + cock-crowδὲ
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
δὲbutadversative
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος
ἄνθρωπεmanVocativevocative of addressἄνθρωπος
οὐκnotnegative
οἶδαI knowPerf Act Indic 1 Sg · οἶδαmain verb→ stative perfectοἶδα
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object)ὅς
λέγειςyou sayPres Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωrelative-clause verb→ durative
καὶandconnective
παραχρῆμαimmediatelyadverbπαραχρῆμα
ἔτιstilladverb
λαλοῦντοςspeakingPres Act Ptc Gen Sg Masc · λαλέωgenitive absolute→ durative
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of gen. absolute
ἐφώνησενcrowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φωνέωmain verb→ constative aorist
ἀλέκτωρa roosterNominativesubjectἀλέκτωρ
61

καὶ στραφεὶς ὁ κύριος ἐνέβλεψεν τῷ Πέτρῳ, καὶ ὑπεμνήσθη ὁ Πέτρος τοῦ ῥήματος τοῦ κυρίου ὡς εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὅτι πρὶν ἀλέκτορα φωνῆσαι σήμερον ἀπαρνήσῃ με τρίς.

And the Lord turned and looked at Peter. And Peter remembered the word of the Lord, how he had said to him, 'Before the rooster crows today, you will deny me three times.'

The Lord's lookκαὶLuke alone records Jesus' turning gaze.
καὶandconnective
στραφεὶςturningAor Pass Ptc Nom Sg Masc · στρέφωcircumstantial participle→ antecedentστρέφομαι
theNominativearticle
κύριοςLordNominativesubjectκύριος
ἐνέβλεψενlooked atAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμβλέπωmain verb→ constative aoristἐμβλέπω (+dat)
τῷatDativearticle
ΠέτρῳPeterDativeobject of ἐνέβλεψενΠέτρος
καὶandconnective
ὑπεμνήσθηrememberedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὑπομιμνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aoristὑπομιμνῄσκομαι (+gen)
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ῥήματοςwordGenitiveobject of ὑπεμνήσθηῥῆμα
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitivepossessive genitiveκύριος
ὡςhowconjunction
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωsubordinate verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτι
πρὶνbeforetemporal conjunction
ἀλέκτοραroosterAccusativeaccusative subject of inf.ἀλέκτωρ
φωνῆσαιto crowAor Act Inf · φωνέωinfinitive (πρίν clause)→ constative aorist
σήμερονtodayadverb
ἀπαρνήσῃyou will denyFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · ἀπαρνέομαιmain verb (quote)→ predictive futureἀπαρνέομαι
μεmeAccusativeobject
τρίςthree timesnumerical adverbτρίς
62

καὶ ἐξελθὼν ἔξω ἔκλαυσεν πικρῶς.

And he went out and wept bitterly.

Repentanceκαὶ
καὶandconnective
ἐξελθὼνgoing outAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedent
ἔξωoutsideadverb
ἔκλαυσενweptAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλαίωmain verb→ ingressive aoristκλαίω
πικρῶςbitterlyadverbπικρῶς
63

Καὶ οἱ ἄνδρες οἱ συνέχοντες αὐτὸν ἐνέπαιζον αὐτῷ δέροντες,

Now the men who were holding Jesus in custody were mocking him as they beat him.

New unit (H)καὶ
Καὶandconnective
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubjectἀνήρ
οἱwhoNominativearticle
συνέχοντεςholdingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · συνέχωattributive participle→ durativeσυνέχω, hold/guard
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject
ἐνέπαιζονwere mockingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐμπαίζωmain verb→ durative imperfectἐμπαίζω (+dat)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐνέπαιζον
δέροντεςbeatingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · δέρωcircumstantial participle→ durativeδέρω, beat
64

καὶ περικαλύψαντες αὐτὸν ἐπηρώτων λέγοντες· προφήτευσον, τίς ἐστιν ὁ παίσας σε;

They also blindfolded him and kept asking him, 'Prophesy! Who is it that struck you?'

Mockeryκαὶ
καὶandconnective
περικαλύψαντεςblindfoldingAor Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · περικαλύπτωattendant-circumstance participle→ antecedentπερικαλύπτω, cover over
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject
ἐπηρώτωνwere askingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ durative imperfectἐπερωτάω
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ durative
προφήτευσονprophesyAor Act Impv 2 Sg · προφητεύωimperative→ ingressive aoristπροφητεύω
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative subjectτίς
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
the oneNominativearticle
παίσαςwho struckAor Act Ptc Nom Sg Masc · παίωsubstantival participle→ constative aoristπαίω, hit
σεyouAccusativeobject
65

καὶ ἕτερα πολλὰ βλασφημοῦντες ἔλεγον εἰς αὐτόν.

And they said many other things against him, blaspheming.

Blasphemyκαὶ
καὶandconnective
ἕτεραotherAccusativeattributive adjectiveἕτερος
πολλὰmanyAccusativeattributive adjectiveπολύς
βλασφημοῦντεςblasphemingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · βλασφημέωcircumstantial participle→ durativeβλασφημέω
ἔλεγονthey saidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ durative imperfect
εἰςagainstpreposition (+acc)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of εἰς
66

Καὶ ὡς ἐγένετο ἡμέρα, συνήχθη τὸ πρεσβυτέριον τοῦ λαοῦ, ἀρχιερεῖς τε καὶ γραμματεῖς, καὶ ἀπήγαγον αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ συνέδριον αὐτῶν

When day came, the assembly of the elders of the people gathered together, both chief priests and scribes, and they led him away to their council, saying,

Council convenedκαὶ
Καὶandconnective
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιsubordinate verb→ constative aorist
ἡμέραdayNominativesubjectἡμέρα
συνήχθηgatheredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωmain verb→ constative aoristσυνάγω
τὸtheNominativearticle
πρεσβυτέριονcouncil of eldersNominativesubjectπρεσβυτέριον
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
λαοῦpeopleGenitiveattributive genitiveλαός
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativeappositionἀρχιερεύς
τεbothcorrelative particle
καὶandconnective
γραμματεῖςscribesNominativeappositionγραμματεύς
καὶandconnective
ἀπήγαγονled awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπάγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπάγω
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject
εἰςtopreposition
τὸtheAccusativearticle
συνέδριονcouncilAccusativeobject of εἰςσυνέδριον, Sanhedrin
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
67

λέγοντες· εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστός, εἰπὸν ἡμῖν. εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς· ἐὰν ὑμῖν εἴπω, οὐ μὴ πιστεύσητε·

'If you are the Christ, tell us.' But he said to them, 'If I tell you, you will not believe,

Interrogationasyndeton
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ durative
εἰifconditional conjunction
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίverb of condition→ durative
theNominativearticle
χριστόςChristNominativepredicate nominativeχριστός, Messiah
εἰπὸνtellAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωimperative→ ingressive aorist
ἡμῖνusDativeindirect object
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
δὲbutadversative
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (+subj.)
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
εἴπωI tellAor Act Subj 1 Sg · λέγωsubjunctive (3rd-class cond.)→ constative aorist
οὐnotemphatic negation
μὴnotemphatic negationοὐ μή + subj.
πιστεύσητεyou will believeAor Act Subj 2 Pl · πιστεύωsubjunctive of emphatic negation→ constative aoristπιστεύω
68

ἐὰν δὲ ἐρωτήσω, οὐ μὴ ἀποκριθῆτε.

and if I ask you, you will not answer.

Interrogationδὲ
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction
δὲandconnective
ἐρωτήσωI askAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ἐρωτάωsubjunctive (cond.)→ constative aoristἐρωτάω
οὐnotemphatic negation
μὴnotemphatic negation
ἀποκριθῆτεyou will answerAor Pass Subj 2 Pl · ἀποκρίνομαιsubjunctive of emphatic negation→ constative aorist
69

ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν δὲ ἔσται ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καθήμενος ἐκ δεξιῶν τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ θεοῦ.

But from now on the Son of Man shall be seated at the right hand of the power of God.

Son of Man sayingδὲAllusion to Ps 110:1 and Dan 7:13.
ἀπὸfromprepositionἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν: from now on
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
νῦνnowadverb (substantized)
δὲbutconnective
ἔσταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίperiphrastic future (w/ ptc.)→ predictive future
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (title)'Son of Man'; Dan 7:13
καθήμενοςseatedPres Mid Ptc Nom Sg Masc · κάθημαιperiphrastic participle→ durativeκάθημαι
ἐκatprepositionἐκ δεξιῶν: at the right hand
δεξιῶνright handGenitiveobject of ἐκδεξιός; Ps 110:1
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
δυνάμεωςpowerGenitiveattributive genitiveδύναμις; reverential for God
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός
70

εἶπαν δὲ πάντες· σὺ οὖν εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; ὁ δὲ πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἔφη· ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι.

So they all said, 'Are you the Son of God, then?' And he said to them, 'You say that I am.'

ConfessionδὲThe qualified affirmation 'you say that I am.'
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
δὲsoconnective
πάντεςallNominativesubjectπᾶς
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
οὖνtheninferential particle
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός
heNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲandconnective
πρὸςtopreposition
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ἔφηsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb→ durative
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic)
λέγετεsayPres Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ durative
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic)
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ durative
71

οἱ δὲ εἶπαν· τί ἔτι ἔχομεν μαρτυρίας χρείαν; αὐτοὶ γὰρ ἠκούσαμεν ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ.

Then they said, 'What further testimony do we need? We have heard it ourselves from his own mouth.'

Verdictδὲ
οἱtheyNominativearticle as pronoun
δὲthenconnective
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogativeτίς
ἔτιfurtheradverb
ἔχομενdo we havePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ durative
μαρτυρίαςof testimonyGenitiveobjective genitiveμαρτυρία
χρείανneedAccusativedirect objectχρεία
αὐτοὶourselvesNominativeintensive pronoun
γὰρforexplanatory
ἠκούσαμενwe have heardAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb→ constative aorist
ἀπὸfrompreposition
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἀπόστόμα
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive