independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecomparativecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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Lord of the Sabbath — the grainfields 6:1–5
vv. 1–2 — the plucking and the challenge
1
Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν σαββάτῳ διαπορεύεσθαι αὐτὸν διὰ σπορίμων,independent — Lukan ἐγένετο + infinitive frame; the Byzantine adds δευτεροπρώτῳ ('second-first'), treated as expansion
καὶ ἔτιλλον οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦindependent — iterative imperfect — plucking as they walked
καὶ ἤσθιον τοὺς στάχυαςindependent — the coordinate imperfect — the act the Pharisees will construe as reaping
ψώχοντες ταῖς χερσίν.participial — means participle — ψώχω a NT hapax; the 'threshing' that aggravates the charge
2
τινὲς δὲ τῶν Φαρισαίων εἶπαν·independent — the objection — the speech-frame
Τί ποιεῖτεcontent — the challenge put to the disciples, aimed at the master
ὃ οὐκ ἔξεστιν τοῖς σάββασιν;relative — ἔξεστιν — the legal verb that will run through both controversies (vv. 4, 9)
vv. 3–5 — the David precedent and the pronouncement
3
καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς πρὸς αὐτοὺςparticipial — preposed Semitic 'answered and said' — leans on εἶπεν
εἶπεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς·independent — the counter-question begins
Οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἀνέγνωτεcontent — οὐδέ sharpens the rebuke — their own Scripture turned against their ruling
ὃ ἐποίησεν Δαυὶδrelative — 1 Sam 21:1–6 — the precedent-setting king
ὅτε ἐπείνασεν αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ὄντες;conditional — temporal ὅτε (typed cnd; backward, so anchored) — hunger, the need that justifies
4
ὡς εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦcontent — ὡς unpacks the τοῦτο of the question — the entry into the sanctuary at Nob
καὶ τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως λαβὼνparticipial — preposed aorist participle leaning on ἔφαγεν — the showbread of Exod 25:30
ἔφαγενcontent — the forbidden eating — one bare verb
καὶ ἔδωκεν τοῖς μετ’ αὐτοῦ,content — David shares as Jesus' disciples share — the parallel is exact
οὓς οὐκ ἔξεστιν φαγεῖν εἰ μὴ μόνους τοὺς ἱερεῖς;relative — on ἔδωκεν — the antecedent is τοὺς ἄρτους above; Lev 24:9, ἔξεστιν again
5
καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς·independent — imperfect ἔλεγεν introducing the weighty saying
Κύριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου.content — Κύριος fronted for emphasis — the Danielic Son of Man claims authority over the Law's institution
The withered hand — doing good on the Sabbath 6:6–11
vv. 6–8 — the scene, the watchers, the man set in the midst
6
Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν ἑτέρῳ σαββάτῳ εἰσελθεῖν αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν συναγωγὴν καὶ διδάσκειν·independent — the second ἐγένετο-frame — ἑτέρῳ, a distinct Sabbath occasion
καὶ ἦν ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖindependent — existential imperfect — the plight introduced
καὶ ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ ἡ δεξιὰ ἦν ξηρά.independent — only Luke specifies ἡ δεξιά — the working hand, heightening the loss
7
παρετηροῦντο δὲ αὐτὸν οἱ γραμματεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοιindependent — παρατηρέω middle — lying in wait; the watching is forensic
εἰ ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ θεραπεύει,content — indirect question — vivid present θεραπεύει retained
ἵνα εὕρωσιν κατηγορεῖν αὐτοῦ.purpose — the purpose of the surveillance — κατηγορεῖν, the courtroom verb
8
αὐτὸς δὲ ᾔδει τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς αὐτῶν,independent — emphatic αὐτός — the watcher watched; διαλογισμοί, the suspicious inner reasonings (cf. 2:35)
εἶπεν δὲ τῷ ἀνδρὶ τῷ ξηρὰν ἔχοντι τὴν χεῖρα·independent — Jesus takes the initiative — the act staged in full view, not avoided
Ἔγειρεcontent — the summons — ἐγείρω, the raising verb
καὶ στῆθι εἰς τὸ μέσον·content — εἰς τὸ μέσον — the center, where every watcher can see
καὶ ἀναστὰςparticipial — preposed aorist participle — leans on ἔστη
ἔστη.independent — the command obeyed verbatim — one word
vv. 9–11 — the question, the healing, the fury
9
εἶπεν δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς πρὸς αὐτούς·independent — the counter-question — the frame
Ἐπερωτῶ ὑμᾶςcontent — the formal posing — Jesus becomes the interrogator
εἰ ἔξεστιν τῷ σαββάτῳ ἀγαθοποιῆσαι ἢ κακοποιῆσαι, ψυχὴν σῶσαι ἢ ἀπολέσαι;content — ἔξεστιν reframed — the Sabbath's true alternative is good vs. harm, saving vs. destroying
10
καὶ περιβλεψάμενος πάντας αὐτοὺςparticipial — preposed circumstantial — the sweeping gaze confronting every onlooker; leans on εἶπεν
εἶπεν αὐτῷ·independent — the healing word follows the silence
Ἔκτεινον τὴν χεῖρά σου.content — the command that occasions the cure — no touch, no 'work'
ὁ δὲ ἐποίησεν,independent — ὁ δέ pronominal — the man's ποιέω answers the ποιεῖτε of v. 2
καὶ ἀπεκατεστάθη ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ.independent — double-augmented divine passive — restoration complete in the telling
11
αὐτοὶ δὲ ἐπλήσθησαν ἀνοίας,independent — ἄνοια — mindless rage at the good done, not mere folly
καὶ διελάλουν πρὸς ἀλλήλουςindependent — progressive imperfect — the back-and-forth plotting begins
τί ἂν ποιήσαιεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ.content — potential optative with ἄν — Luke's literary deliberative touch; the shadow of the passion
The night of prayer and the choosing of the Twelve 6:12–16
vv. 12–13 — the vigil and the choice
12
Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ταύταις ἐξελθεῖν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ ὄρος προσεύξασθαι,independent — the third ἐγένετο-frame — Luke's pattern: prayer precedes the decisive act
καὶ ἦν διανυκτερεύων ἐν τῇ προσευχῇ τοῦ θεοῦ.independent — periphrastic imperfect — διανυκτερεύω a NT hapax; objective genitive, prayer to God
13
καὶ ὅτε ἐγένετο ἡμέρα,conditional — temporal ὅτε (typed cnd) — forward-leaning on προσεφώνησεν; daybreak after the vigil
προσεφώνησεν τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ,independent — the wider company summoned, from whom twelve are drawn
καὶ ἐκλεξάμενος ἀπ’ αὐτῶν δώδεκα,participial — middle ἐκλεξάμενος — chosen for himself; the participle never reaches a finite verb: the roster hangs from it (anacoluthon)
οὓς καὶ ἀποστόλους ὠνόμασεν·relative — the title conferred — ἀπόστολοι, sent ones; twelve for the tribes of restored Israel
vv. 14–16 — the roster, Peter to the traitor
14
Σίμωνα,phrase modifier — the roster opens — every list of the Twelve begins with him
ὃν καὶ ὠνόμασεν Πέτρον,relative — the renaming — Πέτρος, 'Rock' (= Cephas); ὠνόμασεν echoing v. 13
καὶ Ἀνδρέαν τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ,phrase modifier — the first pair of brothers
καὶ Ἰάκωβονphrase modifier — the son of Zebedee — of the inner three
καὶ Ἰωάννηνphrase modifier — James's brother — the inner three complete
καὶ Φίλιππονphrase modifier — a Greek name — 'lover of horses'
καὶ Βαρθολομαῖον,phrase modifier — 'son of Tolmai' — often identified with Nathanael
15
καὶ Μαθθαῖονphrase modifier — the tax-collector of 5:27–28 (there called Levi)
καὶ Θωμᾶνphrase modifier — Aramaic 'twin' (= Didymus)
καὶ Ἰάκωβον Ἁλφαίουphrase modifier — the patronymic separates the second James
καὶ Σίμωνα τὸν καλούμενον Ζηλωτὴνphrase modifier — Ζηλωτής — nationalist partisan or simply 'zealous one'; distinguishing the second Simon
16
καὶ Ἰούδαν Ἰακώβουphrase modifier — the first Judas — distinct from the betrayer (cf. John 14:22)
καὶ Ἰούδαν Ἰσκαριὼθ,phrase modifier — Ἰσκαριώθ, probably 'man of Kerioth' — last in every list
ὃς ἐγένετο προδότης,relative — ingressive ἐγένετο — he 'turned' traitor; the dark note closing the roll
The descent to the level place — the crowds and the power 6:17–19
17
Καὶ καταβὰς μετ’ αὐτῶνparticipial — preposed circumstantial — from the mountain of prayer to the plain; leans on ἔστη
ἔστη ἐπὶ τόπου πεδινοῦ,independent — πεδινός a NT hapax — the 'plain' that names the sermon
καὶ ὄχλος πολὺς μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ,phrase modifier — verbless nominative of attendant circumstance — the inner audience
καὶ πλῆθος πολὺ τοῦ λαοῦ ἀπὸ πάσης τῆς Ἰουδαίας καὶ Ἰερουσαλὴμ καὶ τῆς παραλίου Τύρου καὶ Σιδῶνος,phrase modifier — the outer audience — reaching from the covenant heartland to the Gentile coast
18
οἳ ἦλθον ἀκοῦσαι αὐτοῦ καὶ ἰαθῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν νόσων αὐτῶν·relative — plural relative on the collective (constructio ad sensum) — hearing and healing, the double purpose
καὶ οἱ ἐνοχλούμενοι ἀπὸ πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων ἐθεραπεύοντο.independent — iterative imperfect — cure after cure before the words begin
19
καὶ πᾶς ὁ ὄχλος ἐζήτουν ἅπτεσθαι αὐτοῦ,independent — singular collective with plural verb — the whole crowd pressing for contact
ὅτι δύναμις παρ’ αὐτοῦ ἐξήρχετοcause — δύναμις continuously issuing (cf. 8:46) — the reason for the press
καὶ ἰᾶτο πάντας.cause — coordinate within the ὅτι clause — πάντας, unbounded scope
The Sermon on the Plain — blessings and woes, the love of enemies, judging, and the two builders 6:20–49
vv. 20–23 — the four beatitudes, addressed to 'you'
20
Καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπάρας τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτοῦ εἰς τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦparticipial — preposed circumstantial — the raised gaze addresses the disciples directly; leans on ἔλεγεν
ἔλεγεν·independent — inceptive imperfect — the anchor of the whole sermon: every spoken line below hangs here
Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοί,content — the first beatitude, verbless — Luke's stark 'the poor,' not Matthew's 'poor in spirit'
ὅτι ὑμετέρα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ.cause — present ἐστίν and second-person ὑμετέρα — the kingdom already theirs, said to their faces
21
μακάριοι οἱ πεινῶντες νῦν,content — the second — literal hunger, with νῦν marking the present age against the reversal
ὅτι χορτασθήσεσθε.cause — divine passive future — the messianic banquet's plenty
μακάριοι οἱ κλαίοντες νῦν,content — the third — present tears, the same νῦν
ὅτι γελάσετε.cause — γελάσετε — laughter, the joy of the coming age
22
μακάριοί ἐστεcontent — the fourth breaks into explicit copula and second person — the persecuted disciples themselves
ὅταν μισήσωσιν ὑμᾶς οἱ ἄνθρωποι,conditional — temporal ὅταν (typed cnd; backward, so anchored) — the first of four verbs of rejection
καὶ ὅταν ἀφορίσωσιν ὑμᾶςconditional — ἀφορίζω — separation, perhaps synagogue expulsion
καὶ ὀνειδίσωσινconditional — the third verb — public reproach
καὶ ἐκβάλωσιν τὸ ὄνομα ὑμῶν ὡς πονηρὸν ἕνεκα τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου·conditional — the name slandered — ἕνεκα τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, allegiance to Jesus the cause
23
χάρητε ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳcontent — the response commanded — joy on the very day of persecution
καὶ σκιρτήσατε,content — σκιρτάω — exuberant, bodily joy (the Baptist's leap, 1:41)
ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ·cause — verbless γάρ-ground with ἰδού — the recompense stored where the persecutors cannot reach
κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ γὰρ ἐποίουν τοῖς προφήταις οἱ πατέρες αὐτῶν.cause — the second γάρ — suffering aligns the disciples with the persecuted prophets; refrain returning at v. 26
vv. 24–26 — the four woes, inverting the beatitudes one for one
24
Πλὴν οὐαὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς πλουσίοις,content — πλήν pivots to the woes — the prophetic οὐαί against the counterpart of the poor
ὅτι ἀπέχετε τὴν παράκλησιν ὑμῶν.cause — ἀπέχετε — the commercial receipt-term: comfort paid out and done
25
οὐαὶ ὑμῖν, οἱ ἐμπεπλησμένοι νῦν,content — the second woe — perfect participle, the settled satedness; νῦν again
ὅτι πεινάσετε.cause — the exact inversion of v. 21a
οὐαί, οἱ γελῶντες νῦν,content — the third woe — bare οὐαί, the formula compressing as it repeats
ὅτι πενθήσετε καὶ κλαύσετε.cause — double future — the inversion of v. 21b, with mourning added
26
οὐαὶcontent — the fourth woe, reduced to the bare cry
ὅταν ὑμᾶς καλῶς εἴπωσιν πάντες οἱ ἄνθρωποι,conditional — temporal ὅταν (typed cnd; backward, anchored) — universal acclaim as the danger sign; πάντες read with the majority
κατὰ τὰ αὐτὰ γὰρ ἐποίουν τοῖς ψευδοπροφήταις οἱ πατέρες αὐτῶν.cause — the refrain of v. 23 inverted — the applauded share the lot of the flattered counterfeits
vv. 27–31 — love your enemies: the command catena under Jesus' own λέγω
27
Ἀλλὰ ὑμῖν λέγω τοῖς ἀκούουσιν·content — the strong ἀλλά pivot — Jesus' own λέγω becomes the anchor of the enemy-love catena
Ἀγαπᾶτε τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑμῶν,content — the heart of the sermon's ethic — the first of four commands
καλῶς ποιεῖτε τοῖς μισοῦσιν ὑμᾶς,content — love made concrete in beneficence — μισοῦσιν answering the μισήσωσιν of v. 22
28
εὐλογεῖτε τοὺς καταρωμένους ὑμᾶς,content — blessing for cursing — the third command
προσεύχεσθε περὶ τῶν ἐπηρεαζόντων ὑμᾶς.content — prayer for abusers completes the fourfold catena
29
τῷ τύπτοντί σε ἐπὶ τὴν σιαγόνα πάρεχε καὶ τὴν ἄλλην,content — the commands turn singular (σε) — non-retaliation made vivid; the offered second cheek
καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἴροντός σου τὸ ἱμάτιον καὶ τὸν χιτῶνα μὴ κωλύσῃς.content — cloak before tunic — Luke reverses Matthew's order: robbery, not lawsuit
30
παντὶ αἰτοῦντί σε δίδου,content — παντί — giving without restriction of person
καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ αἴροντος τὰ σὰ μὴ ἀπαίτει.content — μὴ ἀπαίτει — no reclaiming; possessions held loose
31
καὶ καθὼς θέλετεcomparative — fronted comparative leaning forward on ποιεῖτε — the Golden Rule's measure stated first
ἵνα ποιῶσιν ὑμῖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι,content — ἵνα-content of the wish — the treatment desired
ποιεῖτε αὐτοῖς ὁμοίως.content — the positive Golden Rule — the active norm beneath all the commands
vv. 32–36 — beyond the sinners' reciprocity: sons of the Most High
32
καὶ εἰ ἀγαπᾶτε τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας ὑμᾶς,conditional — protasis leaning forward — the first of three reciprocity cases
ποία ὑμῖν χάρις ἐστίν;content — χάρις as 'credit' — the refrain-question of the triad
καὶ γὰρ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ τοὺς ἀγαπῶντας αὐτοὺς ἀγαπῶσιν.cause — the foil — reciprocal love is no distinctive virtue
33
καὶ γὰρ ἐὰν ἀγαθοποιῆτε τοὺς ἀγαθοποιοῦντας ὑμᾶς,conditional — second protasis, leaning forward — beneficence to benefactors
ποία ὑμῖν χάρις ἐστίν;content — the refrain repeats
καὶ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ποιοῦσιν.cause — the same foil, tightened
34
καὶ ἐὰν δανίσητεconditional — third protasis, leaning forward — lending, the case Luke alone adds
παρ’ ὧν ἐλπίζετε λαβεῖν,relative — headless relative — the calculated loan, repayment expected
ποία ὑμῖν χάρις ἐστίν;content — the refrain a third time
καὶ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἁμαρτωλοῖς δανίζουσινcause — the foil — sinners' lending is mere commerce among their own
ἵνα ἀπολάβωσιν τὰ ἴσα.purpose — τὰ ἴσα — full repayment, the sinners' calculus
35
πλὴν ἀγαπᾶτε τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑμῶνcontent — πλήν resumes the command of v. 27 — the resolution of the triad
καὶ ἀγαθοποιεῖτεcontent — the three verbs of vv. 32–34 recommanded, now without conditions
καὶ δανίζετεcontent — lending without the sinners' ἵνα
μηδὲν ἀπελπίζοντες·participial — ἀπελπίζω a NT hapax and the chapter's lexical crux — 'expecting nothing back' or 'despairing of no one'
καὶ ἔσται ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολύς,content — the μισθός of v. 23 promised again
καὶ ἔσεσθε υἱοὶ ὑψίστου,content — ὕψιστος — the Elyon-title Luke favors; family likeness shown in indiscriminate kindness
ὅτι αὐτὸς χρηστός ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀχαρίστους καὶ πονηρούς.cause — the ground of sonship — God's χρηστότης toward the undeserving, the model imitated
36
Γίνεσθε οἰκτίρμονεςcontent — the capstone — Luke's counterpart to Matthew's 'be perfect' (Matt 5:48)
καθὼς καὶ ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν οἰκτίρμων ἐστίν.comparative — οἰκτίρμων — the LXX's word for God's compassion (Exod 34:6); the Father the measure
vv. 37–38 — do not judge: paired imperatives and divine-passive promises
37
Καὶ μὴ κρίνετε,content — the first prohibition — censorious judgment renounced
καὶ οὐ μὴ κριθῆτε·content — emphatic οὐ μή with divine passive — God the unnamed judge
καὶ μὴ καταδικάζετε,content — καταδικάζω — stronger than κρίνω: the judicial verdict
καὶ οὐ μὴ καταδικασθῆτε.content — the matching emphatic promise
ἀπολύετε,content — ἀπολύω — release, let go; the positive turn
καὶ ἀπολυθήσεσθε·content — divine passive future — release answered with release
38
δίδοτε,content — the fourth pair — open-handedness
καὶ δοθήσεται ὑμῖν·content — divine passive again — the giver receives
μέτρον καλὸν πεπιεσμένον σεσαλευμένον ὑπερεκχυννόμενον δώσουσιν εἰς τὸν κόλπον ὑμῶν·content — the grain-measure heaped by four piled participles — impersonal 'they' for the divine giver; κόλπος, the garment-fold pouch
ᾧ γὰρ μέτρῳ μετρεῖτεrelative — incorporated-antecedent relative leaning forward on ἀντιμετρηθήσεται
ἀντιμετρηθήσεται ὑμῖν.cause — γάρ-ground of the overflowing return — the requital matches one's own measure
vv. 39–42 — the blind guide, the teacher, the speck and the log
39
Εἶπεν δὲ καὶ παραβολὴν αὐτοῖς·independent — the narrator's frame resurfaces inside the sermon — the parables below hang from this Εἶπεν
Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν;content — μήτι expects 'no' — the unreformed judge as blind guide
οὐχὶ ἀμφότεροι εἰς βόθυνον ἐμπεσοῦνται;content — οὐχί expects 'yes' — the paired rhetorical questions share one ruin
40
οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον·content — the maxim drawn from the image — the pupil cannot outsee his guide
κατηρτισμένος δὲ πᾶς ἔσται ὡς ὁ διδάσκαλος αὐτοῦ.content — καταρτίζω — the finished pupil reproduces the teacher, blindness or sight alike
41
Τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου,content — κάρφος — the splinter-speck; the censorious eye's small find
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν τὴν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς;content — δοκός — the absurd beam; κατανοέω, the deeper noticing that fails at home
42
πῶς δύνασαι λέγειν τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου·content — the hypocrisy dramatized — speech inside the speech
Ἀδελφέ, ἄφες ἐκβάλω τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ σου,content — the ironically affectionate Ἀδελφέ — permissive ἄφες with subjunctive
αὐτὸς τὴν ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ σοῦ δοκὸν οὐ βλέπων;participial — concessive participle on δύνασαι — emphatic αὐτός, the self-blindness named
ὑποκριτά, ἔκβαλε πρῶτον τὴν δοκὸν ἐκ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ σοῦ,content — ὑποκριτά — the play-actor rebuked; πρῶτον, self before brother
καὶ τότε διαβλέψεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου ἐκβαλεῖν.content — διαβλέπω — sight restored for genuine help; correction not forbidden but reordered
vv. 43–45 — the tree and its fruit; the heart and the mouth
43
Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν δένδρον καλὸν ποιοῦν καρπὸν σαπρόν,cause — γάρ grounds the log-first demand — clear sight and good fruit alike require the sound tree
οὐδὲ πάλιν δένδρον σαπρὸν ποιοῦν καρπὸν καλόν.cause — the converse — character determines conduct in both directions
44
ἕκαστον γὰρ δένδρον ἐκ τοῦ ἰδίου καρποῦ γινώσκεται·cause — the diagnostic principle — ἐκ τοῦ ἰδίου καρποῦ, the fruit betrays the tree
οὐ γὰρ ἐξ ἀκανθῶν συλλέγουσιν σῦκα,cause — first proof from the harvest — gnomic 'they'
οὐδὲ ἐκ βάτου σταφυλὴν τρυγῶσιν.cause — second proof — βάτος, the bramble; no one harvests what the plant cannot bear
45
ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ τῆς καρδίας προφέρει τὸ ἀγαθόν,content — the image applied — the heart as θησαυρός, the accumulated store
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ προφέρει τὸ πονηρόν·content — the matching negative — the same verb προφέρει, opposite store
ἐκ γὰρ περισσεύματος καρδίας λαλεῖ τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ.cause — περίσσευμα — the overflow; the mouth as the heart's spillway
vv. 46–49 — 'Lord, Lord' and the two builders
46
Τί δέ με καλεῖτε·content — the hinge to the close — confession weighed against obedience
Κύριε κύριε,content — the doubled vocative of profession — quoted address, verbless
καὶ οὐ ποιεῖτεcontent — the adversative καί — the lip's lordship, the life's refusal
ἃ λέγω;relative — ἃ λέγω — Jesus' words demand doing; the test the builders dramatize
47
πᾶς ὁ ἐρχόμενος πρός με καὶ ἀκούων μου τῶν λόγων καὶ ποιῶν αὐτούς,phrase modifier — casus pendens leaning forward on ὑποδείξω — the threefold profile: coming, hearing, doing
ὑποδείξω ὑμῖνcontent — the resumption after the suspended subject
τίνι ἐστὶν ὅμοιος·content — indirect question — the ὅμοιος-formula that shapes both halves of the parable
48
ὅμοιός ἐστιν ἀνθρώπῳ οἰκοδομοῦντι οἰκίανcontent — the first comparison — the hearer-and-doer
ὃς ἔσκαψεν καὶ ἐβάθυνενrelative — hendiadys 'dug deep' — ἐβάθυνεν a NT hapax; the labor Matthew's builder is spared
καὶ ἔθηκεν θεμέλιον ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν·relative — the third coordinate verb — θεμέλιος on πέτρα, bedrock reached by digging
πλημμύρης δὲ γενομένηςparticipial — genitive absolute leaning forward on προσέρηξεν — πλήμμυρα a NT hapax
προσέρηξεν ὁ ποταμὸς τῇ οἰκίᾳ ἐκείνῃ,content — προσρήγνυμι — the torrent's assault; the swollen wadi in spate
καὶ οὐκ ἴσχυσεν σαλεῦσαι αὐτὴνcontent — οὐκ ἴσχυσεν — the flood's strength fails
διὰ τὸ καλῶς οἰκοδομῆσθαι αὐτήν.cause — διὰ τό + perfect infinitive — the critical text's ground; the Byzantine assimilates to Matt 7:25 ('founded on the rock')
49
ὁ δὲ ἀκούσας καὶ μὴ ποιήσας ὅμοιός ἐστιν ἀνθρώπῳ οἰκοδομήσαντι οἰκίαν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν χωρὶς θεμελίου,content — the second comparison — hearing without doing; χωρὶς θεμελίου, the one thing lacking
ᾗ προσέρηξεν ὁ ποταμός,relative — the same verb, the same flood — only the foundation differs
καὶ εὐθὺς συνέπεσεν,content — συμπίπτω a NT hapax — εὐθύς, the suddenness of the fall
καὶ ἐγένετο τὸ ῥῆγμα τῆς οἰκίας ἐκείνης μέγα.content — ῥῆγμα a NT hapax — total wreckage; μέγα, the sermon's final, sobering word
Analysis. Luke 6 is narrative for nineteen verses and discourse for thirty, and the layout shows the seam. The two Sabbath controversies (vv. 1–11) run at the flush-left margin under Lukan Ἐγένετο-frames, preposed circumstantial participles leaning forward anchor-less on the verbs below them, and all speech hanging blue beneath its verb of saying — the David precedent (1 Sam 21) nested as a rel-ὅτε-ὡς chain under ἀνέγνωτε, answered by the pronouncement Κύριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. The choosing of the Twelve (vv. 12–16) turns on a Lukan anacoluthon: ἐκλεξάμενος ('choosing twelve') never reaches its finite verb, and the roster hangs from δώδεκα as a coordinate verbless column — Simon renamed Πέτρος at its head, Judas ὃς ἐγένετο προδότης at its foot. After the descent to the level place (vv. 17–19, the crowd from Judea, Jerusalem, and the coast of Tyre and Sidon standing as verbless nominatives beside ἔστη), the Sermon on the Plain fills one long section on the matthew5 pattern: every spoken clause hangs as a coordinate cnt line beneath the ἔλεγεν of v. 20, so the anchor never orphans however long the discourse runs. What the shape then shows is Luke's symmetry that Matthew lacks: four second-person beatitudes each dragging its ὅτι-ground one step deeper, answered by four matching οὐαί woes; then Ἀλλὰ ὑμῖν λέγω τοῖς ἀκούουσιν re-anchoring the enemy-love catena one level deeper beneath Jesus' own λέγω, the three ποία-ὑμῖν-χάρις questions at catena depth with their sinner-foils grounding them, resolved by the πλήν of v. 35 into υἱοὶ ὑψίστου and capped by Γίνεσθε οἰκτίρμονες; the judging and measure sayings as paired imperative-and-divine-passive-promise lines; and at v. 39 the narrator's own frame (Εἶπεν δὲ καὶ παραβολὴν αὐτοῖς) resurfacing at the margin inside the sermon, so that the closing parables — blind guide, speck and log, tree and fruit, and the two ὅμοιός-ἐστιν builders — hang beneath Εἶπεν. Cruxes flagged rather than hidden: at v. 1 the printed text reads simply ἐν σαββάτῳ, treating the Byzantine δευτεροπρώτῳ ('second-first Sabbath') as secondary expansion; ἀνοίας (v. 11) is glossed as senseless fury, not mere folly; μηδὲν ἀπελπίζοντες (v. 35), a NT hapax and the chapter's lexical crux, is rendered 'expecting nothing in return' with 'despairing of no one' noted; and at v. 48 the critical διὰ τὸ καλῶς οἰκοδομῆσθαι αὐτήν ('because it had been well built') stands where the Byzantine text assimilates to Matt 7:25 ('for it was founded on the rock').