independentparticipialrelativepurposecausecomparativecontentconditionalphrase modifierdashed = verbless / suspended
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The catch of fish and the call of Simon 5:1–11
vv. 1–3 — the crowd presses, and Simon's boat becomes a pulpit
1
Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ τὸν ὄχλον ἐπικεῖσθαι αὐτῷ καὶ ἀκούειν τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦphrase modifier — Septuagintal ἐγένετο-frame with ἐν τῷ + twin infinitives — leans forward on ἦν ἑστώς
καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν ἑστὼς παρὰ τὴν λίμνην Γεννησαρέτ,independent — the apodosis — periphrastic ἦν ἑστώς; λίμνη, Luke's precise term for the Sea of Galilee
2
καὶ εἶδεν δύο πλοῖα ἑστῶτα παρὰ τὴν λίμνην·independent — the idle props of the sign — two boats at rest
οἱ δὲ ἁλιεῖς ἀπ’ αὐτῶν ἀποβάντες ἔπλυνον τὰ δίκτυα.independent — descriptive imperfect — the chore after a fruitless night
3
ἐμβὰς δὲ εἰς ἓν τῶν πλοίων,participial — preposed circumstantial — leans on ἠρώτησεν
ὃ ἦν Σίμωνος,relative — the owner named — the first link between the Teacher and the fisherman
ἠρώτησεν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἐπαναγαγεῖν ὀλίγον·independent — the request — Simon's boat commandeered as a floating pulpit
καθίσας δὲparticipial — preposed participle — the teacher's seated posture; leans on ἐδίδασκεν
ἐκ τοῦ πλοίου ἐδίδασκεν τοὺς ὄχλους.independent — durative imperfect — the extended instruction over the water
vv. 4–7 — 'at your word': the command and the catch
4
ὡς δὲ ἐπαύσατο λαλῶν,conditional — temporal ὡς (typed cnd; no temporal key) — leans forward on εἶπεν
εἶπεν πρὸς τὸν Σίμωνα·independent — the speech-frame — the command addressed to the helmsman alone
Ἐπανάγαγε εἰς τὸ βάθοςcontent — singular imperative — to Simon at the helm
καὶ χαλάσατε τὰ δίκτυα ὑμῶν εἰς ἄγραν.content — plural imperative — the whole crew; ἄγρα, the intended haul
5
καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς Σίμων εἶπεν·independent — pleonastic ἀποκριθείς — the Septuagintal reply-formula
Ἐπιστάτα, δι’ ὅλης νυκτὸς κοπιάσαντεςparticipial — concessive participle leaning forward on ἐλάβομεν — ἐπιστάτα, Luke's distinctive address for Jesus (in place of 'Rabbi')
οὐδὲν ἐλάβομεν·content — the empty result — veteran experience set against the command
ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ ῥήματί σου χαλάσω τὰ δίκτυα.content — ἐπὶ τῷ ῥήματί σου — obedience grounded on the bare word, against experience
6
καὶ τοῦτο ποιήσαντεςparticipial — preposed aorist participle — leans on συνέκλεισαν
συνέκλεισαν πλῆθος ἰχθύων πολύ·independent — the obedience vindicated at once — the net shuts on a trapped mass
διερρήσσετο δὲ τὰ δίκτυα αὐτῶν.independent — inceptive imperfect — the haul against the gear
7
καὶ κατένευσαν τοῖς μετόχοις ἐν τῷ ἑτέρῳ πλοίῳindependent — κατανεύω — they beckon, too busy or too awed to shout
τοῦ ἐλθόντας συλλαβέσθαι αὐτοῖς·purpose — genitive articular infinitive of purpose — the second crew summoned
καὶ ἦλθον,independent — the partners join
καὶ ἔπλησαν ἀμφότερα τὰ πλοῖαindependent — the superabundance — both vessels loaded
ὥστε βυθίζεσθαι αὐτά.purpose — ὥστε + infinitive — actual result (typed pur; no result key); inceptive present βυθίζεσθαι
vv. 8–11 — the sinner's recoil, the reassurance, and leaving everything
8
ἰδὼν δὲ Σίμων Πέτροςparticipial — preposed circumstantial — the full apostolic name marks the turning point; leans on προσέπεσεν
προσέπεσεν τοῖς γόνασιν Ἰησοῦindependent — the theophanic reflex — prostration before the holy
λέγων·participial — speech-participle — the frame for the sinner's plea
Ἔξελθε ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ,content — the plea for distance from the holy (cf. Isa 6:5)
ὅτι ἀνὴρ ἁμαρτωλός εἰμι, κύριε.cause — ἁμαρτωλός — the chapter's keyword enters (vv. 30, 32); κύριε lifted toward 'Lord' by the awe
9
θάμβος γὰρ περιέσχεν αὐτὸν καὶ πάντας τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ ἐπὶ τῇ ἄγρᾳ τῶν ἰχθύωνcause — narrator's γάρ-aside — θάμβος, the numinous dread gripping the whole crew
ὧν συνέλαβον,relative — relative attracted to its antecedent's genitive (ὧν)
10
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ἰάκωβον καὶ Ἰωάννην, υἱοὺς Ζεβεδαίου,phrase modifier — verbless extension of the object — the amazement reaches the Zebedees too
οἳ ἦσαν κοινωνοὶ τῷ Σίμωνι.relative — κοινωνοί — the business partnership (cf. μέτοχοι, v. 7)
καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς τὸν Σίμωνα ὁ Ἰησοῦς·independent — the sign reframed as vocation — the word still to Simon alone
Μὴ φοβοῦ·content — μὴ φοβοῦ — the reassurance answering the theophanic dread
ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἀνθρώπους ἔσῃ ζωγρῶν.content — periphrastic future with ζωγρῶν, 'taking alive' — the hope-laden word against the fisherman's killing trade; ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν, the Lukan turn
11
καὶ καταγαγόντες τὰ πλοῖα ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν,participial — preposed aorist participle — leans on ἠκολούθησαν
ἀφέντες πάνταparticipial — ἀφέντες πάντα — the record catch itself abandoned; the second preposed participle
ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ.independent — the discipleship verb — one word answers the call
The cleansing of the leper 5:12–16
vv. 12–14 — the plea, the touch, and the charge
12
Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ εἶναι αὐτὸν ἐν μιᾷ τῶν πόλεωνphrase modifier — the ἐγένετο-frame again — leans forward across the ἰδού onto the scene
καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀνὴρ πλήρης λέπρας·independent — verbless ἰδού-presentation — πλήρης λέπρας, the physician's note of an advanced case
ἰδὼν δὲ τὸν Ἰησοῦν,participial — preposed circumstantial — leans on ἐδεήθη
πεσὼν ἐπὶ πρόσωπονparticipial — full prostration — the second preposed participle
ἐδεήθη αὐτοῦindependent — δέομαι — the entreaty of the excluded
λέγων·participial — speech-participle — the frame for the model prayer
Κύριε, ἐὰν θέλῃςconditional — protasis inside quoted speech — the cure rested on Jesus' will, not his power
δύνασαί με καθαρίσαι.content — the apodosis-confession — καθαρίσαι, the cultic word
13
καὶ ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖραparticipial — preposed participle — the reach across the purity line; leans on ἥψατο
ἥψατο αὐτοῦindependent — the touch that would defile here heals
λέγων·participial — the word given with the touch
Θέλω, καθαρίσθητι·content — the plea answered word for word — Θέλω to ἐὰν θέλῃς, καθαρίσθητι to καθαρίσαι
καὶ εὐθέως ἡ λέπρα ἀπῆλθεν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ.independent — εὐθέως — the disease departs like an agent, at once
14
καὶ αὐτὸς παρήγγειλεν αὐτῷindependent — παραγγέλλω — the stern charge follows the cure
μηδενὶ εἰπεῖν,content — indirect command — the messianic-secret motif
ἀλλὰ ἀπελθὼν δεῖξον σεαυτὸν τῷ ἱερεῖcontent — the shift into direct discourse mid-sentence — the Torah honored (Lev 13–14)
καὶ προσένεγκε περὶ τοῦ καθαρισμοῦ σουcontent — the prescribed sacrifice of the cleansed
καθὼς προσέταξεν Μωϋσῆςcomparative — Lev 14:2–32 — the two birds, the lambs, the log of oil
εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς.phrase modifier — εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς — for, or against, them; left open
vv. 15–16 — spreading fame, withdrawing prayer
15
διήρχετο δὲ μᾶλλον ὁ λόγος περὶ αὐτοῦ,independent — μᾶλλον — the charge to silence backfires
καὶ συνήρχοντο ὄχλοι πολλοὶindependent — iterative imperfect — the stream of the afflicted
ἀκούειν καὶ θεραπεύεσθαι ἀπὸ τῶν ἀσθενειῶν αὐτῶν·purpose — twin purpose infinitives — word and cure sought together
16
αὐτὸς δὲ ἦν ὑποχωρῶν ἐν ταῖς ἐρήμοις καὶ προσευχόμενος.independent — periphrastic imperfects of habit — Luke's praying Jesus, set against the swelling crowds
The paralytic through the tiles — authority to forgive sins 5:17–26
vv. 17–19 — the watchers assembled and the descent through the tiles
17
Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶνphrase modifier — the ἐγένετο-frame — leans forward on the periphrastics below
καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν διδάσκων,independent — periphrastic imperfect — the scene's backdrop
καὶ ἦσαν καθήμενοι Φαρισαῖοι καὶ νομοδιδάσκαλοιindependent — the seated examiners — νομοδιδάσκαλος, Luke's rare term for the scribes
οἳ ἦσαν ἐληλυθότες ἐκ πάσης κώμης τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ·relative — pluperfect periphrastic — the whole land's delegation of watchers
καὶ δύναμις κυρίου ἦν εἰς τὸ ἰᾶσθαι αὐτόν.independent — δύναμις κυρίου — the best text's αὐτόν ('for him to heal') kept where many witnesses read αὐτούς ('to heal them')
18
καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄνδρες φέροντες ἐπὶ κλίνης ἄνθρωπονindependent — verbless ἰδού-presentation — the need arrives borne by friends
ὃς ἦν παραλελυμένος,relative — παραλελυμένος — Luke's clinical perfect for the settled condition (vs. Mark's παραλυτικός)
καὶ ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν εἰσενεγκεῖν καὶ θεῖναι αὐτὸν ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ.independent — conative imperfect — the attempt the crowd defeats
19
καὶ μὴ εὑρόντεςparticipial — preposed causal participle — leans on καθῆκαν
ποίας εἰσενέγκωσιν αὐτὸν διὰ τὸν ὄχλον,content — deliberative subjunctive in indirect question — ποίας with implied ὁδοῦ, 'by what route'
ἀναβάντες ἐπὶ τὸ δῶμαparticipial — the second preposed participle — the outside stair to the flat roof
διὰ τῶν κεράμων καθῆκαν αὐτὸν σὺν τῷ κλινιδίῳ εἰς τὸ μέσον ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ.independent — διὰ τῶν κεράμων — Luke's Hellenistic tiled roof where Mark digs through packed earth; straight to Jesus' feet
vv. 20–24 — forgiveness, the charge of blasphemy, and the suspended ἵνα-clause
20
καὶ ἰδὼν τὴν πίστιν αὐτῶνparticipial — preposed circumstantial — the faith is visible in the tiles; leans on εἶπεν
εἶπεν·independent — the speech-frame
Ἄνθρωπε, ἀφέωνταί σοι αἱ ἁμαρτίαι σου.content — divine passive — the Doric-Koine perfect ἀφέωνται (vs. variant ἀφίενται), a settled remission; pardon before cure
21
καὶ ἤρξαντο διαλογίζεσθαι οἱ γραμματεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοιindependent — ingressive ἤρξαντο — the controversy opens
λέγοντες·participial — the reasoning voiced (Luke) where Mark keeps it in the heart
Τίς ἐστιν οὗτοςcontent — contemptuous οὗτος — 'this fellow'
ὃς λαλεῖ βλασφημίας;relative — the capital charge — usurping the divine prerogative
τίς δύναται ἁμαρτίας ἀφεῖναι εἰ μὴ μόνος ὁ θεός;content — sound monotheism, wrong christology — the premise the sign will answer
22
ἐπιγνοὺς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς αὐτῶνparticipial — preposed circumstantial — the heart-reading is itself a sign; leans on εἶπεν
ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς·independent — pleonastic ἀποκριθείς — the counter-question begins
Τί διαλογίζεσθε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν;content — their inward debate quoted back to them
23
τί ἐστιν εὐκοπώτερον,content — the rabbinic dilemma — unverifiable pardon against testable command
εἰπεῖν·content — first epexegetic infinitive — the easy, invisible word
Ἀφέωνταί σοι αἱ ἁμαρτίαι σου,content — v. 20 quoted verbatim inside the question
ἢ εἰπεῖν·content — the second alternative
Ἔγειρε καὶ περιπάτει;content — the hard, testable word — anyone can verify it
24
ἵνα δὲ εἰδῆτεpurpose — the suspended purpose clause — no governing verb ever comes; still Jesus' speech, hung under εἶπεν (v. 22), exactly as at Mark 2:10
ὅτι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐξουσίαν ἔχει ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας —content — the Son-of-Man claim — ἐξουσία, the controversy's keyword; Dan 7:13 behind the title
εἶπεν τῷ παραλελυμένῳ·independent — the narrator's resumption at the dash — the healing itself completes the broken sentence
Σοὶ λέγω,content — emphatic fronted σοί — the harder word of v. 23 now performed
ἔγειρε καὶ ἄρας τὸ κλινίδιόν σου πορεύου εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου.content — the three-fold command — up, bed in hand, home
vv. 25–26 — the rising and the chorus of awe
25
καὶ παραχρῆμα ἀναστὰς ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν,participial — παραχρῆμα — Luke's word for miracle-speed; leans on ἀπῆλθεν
ἄραςparticipial — the second preposed participle — the proof in his arms
ἐφ’ ὃ κατέκειτο,relative — the bed of his helplessness now carried
ἀπῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦindependent — the command of v. 24 performed clause by clause
δοξάζων τὸν θεόν.participial — the healed man's doxology — the first voice of the chorus
26
καὶ ἔκστασις ἔλαβεν ἅπανταςindependent — ἔκστασις — the crowd beside itself
καὶ ἐδόξαζον τὸν θεόν,independent — iterative imperfect — the doxology spreads from the healed man to all
καὶ ἐπλήσθησαν φόβουindependent — φόβος — the numinous awe
λέγοντες ὅτιparticipial — speech-participle with recitative ὅτι
Εἴδομεν παράδοξα σήμερον.content — παράδοξα — a NT hapax (whence 'paradox'); σήμερον, Luke's 'today' of fulfilment
The call of Levi and the sinners' table 5:27–32
vv. 27–29 — the call, the renunciation, and the great feast
27
Καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐξῆλθενindependent — the transitional formula — out from the healing scene
καὶ ἐθεάσατο τελώνην ὀνόματι Λευὶνindependent — ἐθεάσατο — the attentive look that initiates each call; Levi = Matthew (Matt 9:9)
καθήμενον ἐπὶ τὸ τελώνιον,participial — caught mid-trade, as the fishermen at their nets
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ·independent — the speech-frame
Ἀκολούθει μοι.content — the two-word call — the same summons given at the shore
28
καὶ καταλιπὼν πάνταparticipial — καταλιπὼν πάντα — echoing ἀφέντες πάντα (v. 11); the lucrative post abandoned
ἀναστὰςparticipial — ἀναστάς — the break from the booth; leans on ἠκολούθει
ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ.independent — inceptive imperfect — the new, ongoing discipleship
29
καὶ ἐποίησεν δοχὴν μεγάλην Λευὶς αὐτῷ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ·independent — δοχή, a Lukan banquet-word (5:29; 14:13) — the new disciple's first act is hospitality
καὶ ἦν ὄχλος πολὺς τελωνῶν καὶ ἄλλωνindependent — Levi's former colleagues gathered — the very 'sinners' Jesus came to call
οἳ ἦσαν μετ’ αὐτῶν κατακείμενοι.relative — periphrastic — shared table is shared fellowship: the offense itself
vv. 30–32 — the grumbling and the physician's mission
30
καὶ ἐγόγγυζον οἱ Φαρισαῖοι καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς αὐτῶν πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦindependent — γογγύζω — the LXX wilderness murmur-word; pressed on the disciples, not the master
λέγοντες·participial — the frame for the complaint
Διὰ τί μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ἐσθίετε καὶ πίνετε;content — table-fellowship as defilement — Luke adds the drinking, feeding v. 33
31
καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς·independent — the reply-formula — the master answers for his disciples
Οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσιν οἱ ὑγιαίνοντες ἰατροῦcontent — the physician proverb — ὑγιαίνω, the doctor's own word (Luke), for Mark's ἰσχύοντες
ἀλλὰ οἱ κακῶς ἔχοντες·content — elliptical antithesis — the verb supplied from the proverb
32
οὐκ ἐλήλυθα καλέσαι δικαίους ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλοὺς εἰς μετάνοιαν.content — the mission-saying — perfect ἐλήλυθα framing the whole mission; εἰς μετάνοιαν, Luke's distinctive addition
The question about fasting — bridegroom, patch, and wineskins 5:33–39
vv. 33–35 — the fasting question and the bridegroom
33
Οἱ δὲ εἶπαν πρὸς αὐτόν·independent — the third objection, at the same table
Οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάννου νηστεύουσιν πυκνὰ καὶ δεήσεις ποιοῦνται,content — the pious contrast — fasting and δεήσεις together, Luke's pairing
ὁμοίως καὶ οἱ τῶν Φαρισαίων,content — elliptical — the verbs supplied; two pious camps on one side
οἱ δὲ σοὶ ἐσθίουσιν καὶ πίνουσιν.content — emphatic σοί — the charge: the feasting of v. 30 returns
34
ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς·independent — the reply-frame
Μὴ δύνασθε τοὺς υἱοὺς τοῦ νυμφῶνος ἐν ᾧ ὁ νυμφίος μετ’ αὐτῶν ἐστιν ποιῆσαι νηστεῦσαι;content — μή expects 'no' — 'sons of the bridechamber,' the Semitism; the embedded ἐν ᾧ temporal kept in line
35
ἐλεύσονται δὲ ἡμέραι,content — the prophetic-sounding formula — the turn toward the passion
καὶ ὅταν ἀπαρθῇ ἀπ’ αὐτῶν ὁ νυμφίος,conditional — temporal ὅταν (typed cnd; no temporal key) — ἀπαρθῇ, the ominous passive (cf. Isa 53:8 LXX); leans forward on νηστεύσουσιν
τότε νηστεύσουσιν ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις.content — τότε answering ὅταν — mourning will fit the bridegroom's absence
vv. 36–39 — patch, wineskins, and the taste for the old
36
Ἔλεγεν δὲ καὶ παραβολὴν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὅτιindependent — imperfect Ἔλεγεν with recitative ὅτι — the paired images introduced as παραβολή, only Luke
Οὐδεὶς ἐπίβλημα ἀπὸ ἱματίου καινοῦ σχίσας ἐπιβάλλει ἐπὶ ἱμάτιον παλαιόν·content — Luke's sharper version — the patch is torn (σχίσας) from a new garment, not merely unshrunk cloth
εἰ δὲ μήγε,conditional — elliptical εἰ δὲ μήγε ('but if not') — leans forward on σχίσει
καὶ τὸ καινὸν σχίσειcontent — the double damage begins — the new ruined for the old's sake
καὶ τῷ παλαιῷ οὐ συμφωνήσει τὸ ἐπίβλημα τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ καινοῦ.content — οὐ συμφωνήσει — the clash of new with old: they cannot be pieced together
37
καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς·content — the companion οὐδείς-parable — fermenting νέος wine, brittle old skins
εἰ δὲ μήγε,conditional — the second elliptical εἰ δὲ μήγε — leans forward on ῥήξει
ῥήξει ὁ οἶνος ὁ νέος τοὺς ἀσκούς,content — predictive future — fermentation pressure against stiff leather
καὶ αὐτὸς ἐκχυθήσεταιcontent — the wine lost
καὶ οἱ ἀσκοὶ ἀπολοῦνται·content — the double loss complete — wine and vessel perish together
38
ἀλλὰ οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινοὺς βλητέον.content — βλητέον — a rare verbal adjective of necessity, NT hapax; the Byzantine addition 'and both are preserved' not read here
39
καὶ οὐδεὶς πιὼν παλαιὸν θέλει νέον·content — Luke's extra aphorism — omitted by D and part of the Old Latin, read by 𝔓⁴ ℵ B and printed here
λέγει γάρ·cause — the gnomic drinker's γάρ
Ὁ παλαιὸς χρηστός ἐστιν.content — χρηστός read where the harder χρηστότερος ('better') competes — the settled taste for the old, the resistance the parables diagnose
Analysis. Luke 5 rewrites Mark's opening Galilean cycle in Luke's own syntax, and the layout shows the difference at a glance: where Mark drummed flush-left καί-clauses, Luke opens his scenes with Septuagintal ἐγένετο-frames whose ἐν τῷ + infinitive temporal phrases lean forward, anchor-less, on the main verb below (vv. 1, 12, 17), and loads his sentences with preposed aorist participles that do the same (ἐμβὰς δέ and καθίσας δέ around the floating pulpit, ἰδὼν δὲ Σίμων Πέτρος before the collapse at the knees, μὴ εὑρόντες and ἀναβάντες before the descent through the tiles, καταλιπὼν πάντα before Levi follows). Speech hangs blue (cnt) under its verb of saying: the ἐπιστάτα-exchange under εἶπεν twice over, with Simon's night-toil participle leaning forward on οὐδὲν ἐλάβομεν and his obedience resting ἐπὶ τῷ ῥήματί σου; the leper-dialogue's protasis inside quoted speech (Κύριε, ἐὰν θέλῃς leaning on δύνασαι), answered word for word by Θέλω, καθαρίσθητι; the grumblers' questions under λέγοντες and Jesus' physician-proverb and mission-saying chained under εἶπεν. Verse 24 keeps the suspended pivot Luke inherits from Mark 2:10: ἵνα δὲ εἰδῆτε never reaches its governing verb — the layout hangs it (marked broken) inside the quoted speech under εἶπεν (v. 22) and lets the narrator's resumption εἶπεν τῷ παραλελυμένῳ sit flush-left, the healing completing the thought. The closing parables indent as in Mark: the twin elliptical εἰ δὲ μήγε protases lean one step above their apodoses, βλητέον carries the necessity in a single verbal adjective, and Luke's extra aphorism closes the chapter with its γάρ hanging beneath θέλει. Cruxes named, not solved: at v. 17 the best text's αὐτόν ('the power of the Lord was present for him to heal') stands where many witnesses read αὐτούς; at vv. 20 and 23 the Doric-Koine perfect ἀφέωνται declares a settled remission against the variant ἀφίενται; and v. 39, omitted by Codex Bezae and part of the Old Latin but read by 𝔓⁴ ℵ B and printed here, gives χρηστός where the harder χρηστότερος ('better') competes — the settled taste for the old that the whole chapter diagnoses.