Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 7ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ Ζ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Ἐπειδὴ ἐπλήρωσεν πάντα τὰ ῥήματα αὐτοῦ εἰς τὰς ἀκοὰς τοῦ λαοῦ, εἰσῆλθεν εἰς Καφαρναούμ.

When he had completed all his sayings in the hearing of the people, he entered Capernaum.

Temporal transitionἘπειδήA summarizing clause closes the Sermon on the Plain (6:20–49) and relocates the scene to Capernaum, the stage for the centurion's faith.
Ἐπειδὴwhentemporal/causal conjunctionἐπειδή: 'when, since'; here temporal, marking the close of the discourse.
ἐπλήρωσενhe completedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πληρόωverb of the temporal clause→ constative aoristπληρόω: 'fill, complete, finish'; here of bringing his teaching to an end.
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adj. modifying ῥήματαπᾶς: 'all, every.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ῥήματαsayingsAccusativedirect object of ἐπλήρωσενῥῆμα: 'word, saying, utterance'; the body of his spoken teaching.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
εἰςintopreposition + accusative
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἀκοὰςhearingAccusativeobject of εἰς (sphere)ἀκοή: 'hearing, ears'; 'into the hearing of' = within earshot of.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
λαοῦpeopleGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveλαός: 'people'; in Luke often the people of Israel as God's people.
εἰσῆλθενhe enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
ΚαφαρναούμCapernaumAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal); indeclinable proper noun in accusative functionΚαφαρναούμ: town on the NW shore of the Lake of Galilee, hub of Jesus' ministry.
2

Ἑκατοντάρχου δέ τινος δοῦλος κακῶς ἔχων ἤμελλεν τελευτᾶν, ὃς ἦν αὐτῷ ἔντιμος.

Now a certain centurion's servant, who was dear to him, was sick and about to die.

Scene introductionδέδέ introduces the new episode and its principals: a Gentile officer and his valued, dying slave.
Ἑκατοντάρχουof a centurionGenitivepossessive genitive (modifying δοῦλος)ἑκατοντάρχης: 'centurion,' commander of a hundred; here a Gentile, likely in Herod Antipas's service.
δέnowtransitional conjunctionδέ: mild continuative.
τινοςa certainGenitiveindefinite pronoun modifying ἑκατοντάρχουτις: 'someone, a certain.'
δοῦλοςservantNominativesubject of ἤμελλενδοῦλος: 'slave, bondservant.'
κακῶςbadlyadverb with ἔχωνκακῶς: 'badly, ill'; κακῶς ἔχειν is idiom for 'to be sick.'
ἔχωνhaving / beingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωadverbial/circumstantial participle (manner)→ imperfectiveἔχω with κακῶς: idiom 'to be ill.'
ἤμελλενwas aboutImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλλωmain verb→ imperfect of impending actionμέλλω: 'be about to, be on the point of.'
τελευτᾶνto diePres Act Inf · τελευτάωcomplementary infinitive with ἤμελλεν→ imperfectiveτελευτάω: 'come to an end, die.'
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun, subject of ἦνὅς: relative pronoun.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative imperfectεἰμί: 'to be.'
αὐτῷto himDativedative of reference/relation
ἔντιμοςvaluedNominativepredicate adjectiveἔντιμος: 'honored, prized, dear'; the slave was precious to him.
3

ἀκούσας δὲ περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἀπέστειλεν πρὸς αὐτὸν πρεσβυτέρους τῶν Ἰουδαίων, ἐρωτῶν αὐτὸν ὅπως ἐλθὼν διασώσῃ τὸν δοῦλον αὐτοῦ.

And having heard about Jesus, he sent to him elders of the Jews, asking him to come and save his servant.

DevelopmentδέThe centurion's first embassy: Jewish elders as intermediaries, asking Jesus to come and heal.
ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle (temporal/causal)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitiveπερί + gen.: 'concerning, about.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveobject of περίἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
ἀπέστειλενhe sentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send (with a commission).'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός + acc.: 'to, toward.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
πρεσβυτέρουςeldersAccusativedirect object of ἀπέστειλενπρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; here the leading men of the Jewish community.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἸουδαίωνJewsGenitivepartitive/relationship genitiveἸουδαῖος: 'Jew, Judean.'
ἐρωτῶνaskingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐρωτάωcircumstantial participle (purpose/manner)→ imperfectiveἐρωτάω: 'ask, request.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ἐρωτῶν
ὅπωςthatconjunction introducing object/purpose clauseὅπως: 'that, in order that.'
ἐλθὼνhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
διασώσῃhe might saveAor Act Subj 3 Sg · διασῴζωsubjunctive in ὅπως clause→ ingressive/effective aoristδιασῴζω: 'bring safely through, rescue, cure'; the intensive διά- of complete recovery.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δοῦλονservantAccusativedirect object of διασώσῃδοῦλος: 'slave, servant.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
4

οἱ δὲ παραγενόμενοι πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν σπουδαίως, λέγοντες ὅτι Ἄξιός ἐστιν ᾧ παρέξῃ τοῦτο,

And when they came to Jesus, they pleaded with him earnestly, saying, "He is worthy for you to grant him this,

DevelopmentδέThe elders press the centurion's case: he is ἄξιος — worthy — beginning the verse's irony, later overturned by the centurion's own οὐ ἱκανός (v.6).
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle substantizing the participle
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
παραγενόμενοιhaving arrivedAor Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παραγίνομαιsubstantival/circumstantial participle (temporal), subject→ antecedent aoristπαραγίνομαι: 'come, arrive, be present.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of πρόςἸησοῦς.
παρεκάλουνthey were pleading withImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · παρακαλέωmain verb→ imperfect of repeated/insistent actionπαρακαλέω: 'urge, beseech, exhort.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
σπουδαίωςearnestlyadverb of mannerσπουδαίως: 'earnestly, diligently.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech introducing direct discourse→ imperfectiveλέγω: 'say.'
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτι (introduces direct quotation)ὅτι: here recitative, like opening quotation marks.
ἌξιόςworthyNominativepredicate adjectiveἄξιος: 'worthy, deserving.'
ἐστινhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί.
for whomDativerelative pronoun, dative of advantageὅς: relative; 'for whom you will grant.'
παρέξῃyou will grantFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · παρέχωverb of relative clause→ predictive futureπαρέχω: 'offer, grant, provide.'
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object of παρέξῃοὗτος: 'this'; i.e. the healing requested.
5

ἀγαπᾷ γὰρ τὸ ἔθνος ἡμῶν καὶ τὴν συναγωγὴν αὐτὸς ᾠκοδόμησεν ἡμῖν.

for he loves our nation, and he himself built us the synagogue."

Groundγάργάρ grounds his worthiness: love for the nation and the building of the synagogue — civic benefaction, the elders' measure of merit.
ἀγαπᾷhe lovesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀγαπάωmain verb (causal clause)→ stative/customary presentἀγαπάω: 'love.'
γὰρforcausal conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ἔθνοςnationAccusativedirect object of ἀγαπᾷἔθνος: 'nation, people'; here the Jewish nation.
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
συναγωγὴνsynagogueAccusativedirect object of ᾠκοδόμησενσυναγωγή: 'synagogue, assembly'; the meeting house.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)αὐτός: intensive, 'himself'; he personally funded it.
ᾠκοδόμησενbuiltAor Act Indic 3 Sg · οἰκοδομέωmain verb→ constative aoristοἰκοδομέω: 'build, erect.'
ἡμῖνfor usDativedative of advantage
6

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἐπορεύετο σὺν αὐτοῖς. ἤδη δὲ αὐτοῦ οὐ μακρὰν ἀπέχοντος ἀπὸ τῆς οἰκίας ἔπεμψεν φίλους ὁ ἑκατοντάρχης λέγων αὐτῷ· Κύριε, μὴ σκύλλου, οὐ γὰρ ἱκανός εἰμι ἵνα ὑπὸ τὴν στέγην μου εἰσέλθῃς·

And Jesus went with them. But when he was already not far from the house, the centurion sent friends, saying to him, "Lord, do not trouble yourself, for I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof;

DevelopmentδέThe second embassy reverses the elders' verdict: the centurion calls himself οὐ ἱκανός (not worthy), the genitive absolute setting the scene at the threshold.
theNominativearticle
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of ἐπορεύετοἸησοῦς.
ἐπορεύετοwas goingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ progressive imperfectπορεύομαι: 'go, proceed.'
σὺνwithpreposition + dativeσύν + dat.: 'with.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of σύν
ἤδηalreadytemporal adverbἤδη: 'already, now.'
δὲbutconjunctionδέ.
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
οὐnotnegative with μακράνοὐ.
μακρὰνfaradverb (distance)μακράν: 'far away'; adverbial accusative used adverbially.
ἀπέχοντοςbeing distantPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἀπέχωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ imperfectiveἀπέχω: 'be distant, be away.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitiveἀπό + gen.: 'from.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
οἰκίαςhouseGenitiveobject of ἀπόοἰκία: 'house, home.'
ἔπεμψενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πέμπωmain verb→ constative aoristπέμπω: 'send.'
φίλουςfriendsAccusativedirect object of ἔπεμψενφίλος: 'friend.'
theNominativearticle
ἑκατοντάρχηςcenturionNominativesubject of ἔπεμψενἑκατοντάρχης: 'centurion.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (the message)→ imperfectiveλέγω.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord, sir'; respectful address, here with weight.
μὴnotnegative with imperativeμή.
σκύλλουtrouble yourselfPres Mid/Pass Impv 2 Sg · σκύλλωprohibition (present imperative)→ imperfective prohibitionσκύλλω: 'trouble, bother, weary'; mid./pass. 'put oneself out.'
οὐnotnegative with ἱκανόςοὐ.
γὰρforcausal conjunctionγάρ.
ἱκανόςworthyNominativepredicate adjectiveἱκανός: 'sufficient, fit, worthy.'
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί.
ἵναthatconjunction (epexegetic/result clause)ἵνα: here defining 'worthy that...'
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusativeὑπό + acc.: 'under.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
στέγηνroofAccusativeobject of ὑπόστέγη: 'roof'; 'under my roof' = into my home.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
εἰσέλθῃςyou should enterAor Act Subj 2 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιsubjunctive in ἵνα clause→ ingressive aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
7

διὸ οὐδὲ ἐμαυτὸν ἠξίωσα πρὸς σὲ ἐλθεῖν· ἀλλὰ εἰπὲ λόγῳ, καὶ ἰαθήτω ὁ παῖς μου.

therefore I did not consider even myself worthy to come to you; but say a word, and let my servant be healed.

Inferenceδιόδιό draws the conclusion: he did not presume even to come in person; the imperative-plus-imperative ('say a word, and let him be healed') voices his confidence in Jesus' authoritative word.
διὸthereforeinferential conjunctionδιό: 'therefore, for which reason.'
οὐδὲnot evennegative adverb (ascensive)οὐδέ: 'not even.'
ἐμαυτὸνmyselfAccusativeobject of ἠξίωσαἐμαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun, 'myself.'
ἠξίωσαI deemed worthyAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀξιόωmain verb→ constative aoristἀξιόω: 'count worthy, deem fit.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός + acc.
σὲyouAccusativeobject of πρόςσύ.
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιcomplementary infinitive with ἠξίωσα→ aoristicἔρχομαι.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά.
εἰπὲsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωimperative (request)→ aorist imperativeλέγω/εἶπον: 'speak, say.'
λόγῳwith a wordDativedative of means/instrumentλόγος: 'word'; 'by a word' alone the cure will come.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)καί.
ἰαθήτωlet be healedAor Pass Impv 3 Sg · ἰάομαιthird-person imperative (result of the word)→ effective aoristἰάομαι: 'heal, cure.'
theNominativearticle
παῖςservantNominativesubject of ἰαθήτωπαῖς: 'boy, servant'; here the slave (cf. δοῦλος).
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
8

καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ ἄνθρωπός εἰμι ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος, ἔχων ὑπ’ ἐμαυτὸν στρατιώτας, καὶ λέγω τούτῳ· Πορεύθητι, καὶ πορεύεται, καὶ ἄλλῳ· Ἔρχου, καὶ ἔρχεται, καὶ τῷ δούλῳ μου· Ποίησον τοῦτο, καὶ ποιεῖ.

For I too am a man set under authority, having soldiers under myself, and I say to this one, 'Go,' and he goes, and to another, 'Come,' and he comes, and to my servant, 'Do this,' and he does it."

GroundγάρThe centurion's analogy from the chain of command: as his word commands subordinates, so Jesus' word commands the sickness — he reasons from delegated authority to divine.
καὶalso/foradverbial καί (ascensive)καί.
γὰρforcausal conjunctionγάρ; καὶ γάρ: 'for indeed.'
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic subject pronounἐγώ.
ἄνθρωπόςa manNominativepredicate nominativeἄνθρωπος: 'man, human.'
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + accusativeὑπό + acc.: 'under.'
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativeobject of ὑπόἐξουσία: 'authority, power.'
τασσόμενοςbeing placedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · τάσσωattributive/circumstantial participle with ἄνθρωπος→ imperfectiveτάσσω: 'appoint, station, set in order.'
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωcircumstantial participle (concomitant)→ imperfectiveἔχω: 'have.'
ὑπ’underpreposition + accusativeὑπό + acc.
ἐμαυτὸνmyselfAccusativeobject of ὑπόἐμαυτοῦ: reflexive.
στρατιώταςsoldiersAccusativeobject of ἔχωνστρατιώτης: 'soldier.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ customary presentλέγω.
τούτῳto this oneDativeindirect objectοὗτος.
ΠορεύθητιgoAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιimperative (command quoted)→ aorist imperativeπορεύομαι: 'go.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
πορεύεταιhe goesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ customary presentπορεύομαι.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἄλλῳto anotherDativeindirect objectἄλλος: 'another.'
ἜρχουcomePres Mid Impv 2 Sg · ἔρχομαιimperative (command quoted)→ imperfective imperativeἔρχομαι.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἔρχεταιhe comesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ customary presentἔρχομαι.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
τῷto theDativearticle
δούλῳservantDativeindirect objectδοῦλος.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
ΠοίησονdoAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ποιέωimperative (command quoted)→ aorist imperativeποιέω: 'do, make.'
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect objectοὗτος.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ποιεῖhe does itPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ customary presentποιέω.
9

ἀκούσας δὲ ταῦτα ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐθαύμασεν αὐτόν, καὶ στραφεὶς τῷ ἀκολουθοῦντι αὐτῷ ὄχλῳ εἶπεν· Λέγω ὑμῖν, οὐδὲ ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ τοσαύτην πίστιν εὗρον.

And hearing these things Jesus marveled at him, and turning to the crowd following him he said, "I tell you, not even in Israel have I found such faith."

ClimaxδέThe episode's climax: Jesus marvels (a rare reaction) and pronounces the Gentile's faith unmatched in Israel — the saying the chapter centers on.
ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω.
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of ἀκούσαςοὗτος.
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς.
ἐθαύμασενmarveledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θαυμάζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristθαυμάζω: 'wonder, marvel'; of Jesus only here and at Mark 6:6.
αὐτόνat himAccusativedirect object (object of wonder)
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
στραφεὶςhaving turnedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · στρέφωcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristστρέφω: 'turn.'
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀκολουθοῦντιfollowingPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ἀκολουθέωattributive participle modifying ὄχλῳ→ imperfectiveἀκολουθέω: 'follow.'
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἀκολουθοῦντι
ὄχλῳcrowdDativeindirect object of εἶπενὄχλος: 'crowd.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
ΛέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb of saying→ performative presentλέγω.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
οὐδὲnot evennegative adverb (ascensive)οὐδέ.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν.
τῷtheDativearticle
ἸσραὴλIsraelDativeobject of ἐν (indeclinable proper noun in dative function)Ἰσραήλ: 'Israel,' the covenant people.
τοσαύτηνsuch greatAccusativeattributive adj. modifying πίστιντοσοῦτος: 'so great, such.'
πίστινfaithAccusativedirect object of εὗρονπίστις: 'faith, trust.'
εὗρονI foundAor Act Indic 1 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb of the quotation→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
10

καὶ ὑποστρέψαντες εἰς τὸν οἶκον οἱ πεμφθέντες εὗρον τὸν δοῦλον ὑγιαίνοντα.

And when those who had been sent returned to the house, they found the servant well.

ResolutionκαίThe narrative resolution: the cure is confirmed at a distance — ὑγιαίνοντα, 'in health,' vindicating the word-only faith.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)καί.
ὑποστρέψαντεςhaving returnedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὑποστρέφωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristὑποστρέφω: 'return, turn back.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house, household.'
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle substantizing the participle
πεμφθέντεςhaving been sentAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πέμπωsubstantival participle (subject of εὗρον)→ antecedent aoristπέμπω: 'send.'
εὗρονfoundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δοῦλονservantAccusativedirect object of εὗρονδοῦλος.
ὑγιαίνονταbeing wellPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ὑγιαίνωpredicate (object-complement) participle→ imperfectiveὑγιαίνω: 'be healthy, be well.'
11

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἑξῆς ἐπορεύθη εἰς πόλιν καλουμένην Ναΐν, καὶ συνεπορεύοντο αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ὄχλος πολύς.

And it came to pass soon afterward that he went to a town called Nain, and his disciples and a large crowd went with him.

Scene transitionκαίLukan καὶ ἐγένετο opens a new scene; the great crowd is poised to meet another, the funeral procession of v.12.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἐγένετοit came to passAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιnarrative formula (Septuagintal)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, happen'; καὶ ἐγένετο renders Hebrew wayehî.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν.
τῷtheDativearticle substantizing ἑξῆς
ἑξῆςnext (time)adverb substantized ('the next [day/while]')ἑξῆς: 'next, afterward'; ἐν τῷ ἑξῆς 'soon afterward.'
ἐπορεύθηhe wentAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπορεύομαι: 'go, journey.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς.
πόλινa townAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city, town.'
καλουμένηνcalledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · καλέωattributive participle modifying πόλιν→ imperfectiveκαλέω: 'call, name.'
ΝαΐνNainAccusativeapposition to πόλιν (indeclinable proper noun, accusative function)Ναΐν: a village in Galilee SE of Nazareth, named only here in the NT.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
συνεπορεύοντοwere traveling withImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · συμπορεύομαιmain verb→ progressive imperfectσυμπορεύομαι: 'go along with, travel together.'
αὐτῷwith himDativedative of accompaniment (with συν- verb)
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple, learner.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubject (compound)ὄχλος: 'crowd.'
πολύςlargeNominativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'much, many, large.'
12

ὡς δὲ ἤγγισεν τῇ πύλῃ τῆς πόλεως, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐξεκομίζετο τεθνηκὼς μονογενὴς υἱὸς τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ αὐτὴ ἦν χήρα, καὶ ὄχλος τῆς πόλεως ἱκανὸς ἦν σὺν αὐτῇ.

As he drew near to the gate of the town, behold, a dead man was being carried out, the only son of his mother, and she was a widow; and a considerable crowd of the town was with her.

SettingδέThe pathos is piled up: only son, mother already a widow, large mourning crowd — heightening the reversal Jesus is about to work.
ὡςastemporal conjunctionὡς: 'as, when.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
ἤγγισενhe drew nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωverb of temporal clause→ ingressive aoristἐγγίζω: 'come near, approach.'
τῇto theDativearticle
πύλῃgateDativedative complement of ἤγγισενπύλη: 'gate.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
πόλεωςtownGenitivepossessive genitiveπόλις.
καὶandapodotic καί (after temporal clause)καί.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού: 'behold, look'; marks vivid attention.
ἐξεκομίζετοwas being carried outImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκομίζωmain verb→ progressive imperfectἐκκομίζω: 'carry out (for burial).'
τεθνηκὼςhaving diedPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · θνῄσκωattributive participle ('a dead man')→ stative perfect (settled state of death)θνῄσκω: 'die'; perfect = 'be dead.'
μονογενὴςonly-begottenNominativeattributive adjectiveμονογενής: 'only, unique'; the sole son — total loss for the widow.
υἱὸςsonNominativesubject of ἐξεκομίζετουἱός: 'son.'
τῇto theDativearticle
μητρὶmotherDativedative of relationship/possessionμήτηρ: 'mother.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
αὐτὴsheNominativesubject pronoun (emphatic)αὐτός.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative imperfectεἰμί.
χήραa widowNominativepredicate nominativeχήρα: 'widow'; bereft and without support.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
πόλεωςtownGenitivepartitive/possessive genitiveπόλις.
ἱκανὸςconsiderableNominativeattributive adjectiveἱκανός: 'sufficient, considerable, large.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative imperfectεἰμί.
σὺνwithpreposition + dativeσύν.
αὐτῇherDativeobject of σύν
13

καὶ ἰδὼν αὐτὴν ὁ κύριος ἐσπλαγχνίσθη ἐπ’ αὐτῇ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῇ· Μὴ κλαῖε.

And when the Lord saw her, he had compassion on her and said to her, "Do not weep."

ResponseκαίLuke calls Jesus ὁ κύριος in narrative; ἐσπλαγχνίσθη names the visceral compassion that motivates the miracle — unsought, springing from mercy.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἰδὼνhaving seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial participle (temporal/causal)→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see.'
αὐτὴνherAccusativeobject of ἰδών
theNominativearticle
κύριοςLordNominativesubjectκύριος: 'Lord'; Luke's narrative title for the risen one, used even in his earthly ministry.
ἐσπλαγχνίσθηhad compassionAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σπλαγχνίζομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristσπλαγχνίζομαι: 'be moved with compassion'; from σπλάγχνα, the inward parts.
ἐπ’uponpreposition + dativeἐπί + dat.: 'over, upon.'
αὐτῇherDativeobject of ἐπί (object of compassion)
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object
Μὴnotnegative with imperativeμή.
κλαῖεweepPres Act Impv 2 Sg · κλαίωprohibition (present imperative)→ imperfective prohibition ('stop weeping')κλαίω: 'weep, wail.'
14

καὶ προσελθὼν ἥψατο τῆς σοροῦ, οἱ δὲ βαστάζοντες ἔστησαν, καὶ εἶπεν· Νεανίσκε, σοὶ λέγω, ἐγέρθητι.

And coming up he touched the bier, and the bearers stood still, and he said, "Young man, I say to you, arise."

ActionκαίJesus touches the bier — ritually defiling, yet here life-giving — and addresses the corpse directly: σοὶ λέγω, ἐγέρθητι, a sovereign word over death.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
προσελθὼνhaving approachedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come to, approach.'
ἥψατοhe touchedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωmain verb→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: 'touch, take hold of' (+ gen.).
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
σοροῦbierGenitivegenitive object of ἥψατοσορός: 'bier, coffin'; the open litter on which the body was carried.
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle substantizing participle
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
βαστάζοντεςbearersPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βαστάζωsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfectiveβαστάζω: 'carry, bear.'
ἔστησανstood stillAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb→ ingressive aoristἵστημι: intransitive aorist 'stood, halted.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
Νεανίσκεyoung manVocativevocative of addressνεανίσκος: 'young man, youth.'
σοὶto youDativeindirect object (emphatic)σύ.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb of saying→ performative presentλέγω.
ἐγέρθητιariseAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · ἐγείρωimperative (command of resurrection)→ effective aoristἐγείρω: 'raise (up), rise'; pass. 'be raised.'
15

καὶ ἀνεκάθισεν ὁ νεκρὸς καὶ ἤρξατο λαλεῖν, καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὸν τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ.

And the dead man sat up and began to speak, and he gave him to his mother.

ResultκαίThe immediate effect: the corpse sits up and speaks (proof of life), and Jesus 'gave him to his mother' — verbal echo of Elijah at Zarephath (1 Kgs 17:23 LXX).
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἀνεκάθισενsat upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνακαθίζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἀνακαθίζω: 'sit up (from a reclining position).'
theNominativearticle
νεκρὸςdead manNominativesubjectνεκρός: 'dead'; substantival, 'the dead man.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἤρξατοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin' (+ inf.).
λαλεῖνto speakPres Act Inf · λαλέωcomplementary infinitive with ἤρξατο→ imperfectiveλαλέω: 'speak, talk.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἔδωκενhe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
τῇto theDativearticle
μητρὶmotherDativeindirect objectμήτηρ.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
16

ἔλαβεν δὲ φόβος πάντας, καὶ ἐδόξαζον τὸν θεὸν λέγοντες ὅτι Προφήτης μέγας ἠγέρθη ἐν ἡμῖν, καὶ ὅτι Ἐπεσκέψατο ὁ θεὸς τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ.

Fear seized them all, and they glorified God, saying, "A great prophet has risen among us," and, "God has visited his people."

ReactionδέThe crowd's twofold cry interprets the sign: a great prophet (Elijah/Elisha typology) and the divine visitation (ἐπισκέπτομαι, Luke's salvation-vocabulary, cf. 1:68).
ἔλαβενseizedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ ingressive aoristλαμβάνω: 'take, seize'; here 'fear took hold of.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
φόβοςfearNominativesubjectφόβος: 'fear, awe'; numinous reverence.
πάνταςallAccusativedirect objectπᾶς.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἐδόξαζονthey were glorifyingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · δοξάζωmain verb→ inceptive/iterative imperfectδοξάζω: 'glorify, praise.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect objectθεός: 'God.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ imperfectiveλέγω.
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτιὅτι.
ΠροφήτηςprophetNominativesubject of ἠγέρθηπροφήτης: 'prophet.'
μέγαςgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great.'
ἠγέρθηhas risenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb of the quotation→ constative aoristἐγείρω: 'raise up'; pass. 'has been raised up / has arisen.'
ἐνamongpreposition + dativeἐν.
ἡμῖνusDativeobject of ἐν
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτιὅτι.
Ἐπεσκέψατοhas visitedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπισκέπτομαιmain verb of second quotation→ constative aoristἐπισκέπτομαι: 'look upon, visit (to help)'; the gracious visitation of God (cf. Lk 1:68, 78).
theNominativearticle
θεὸςGodNominativesubjectθεός.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λαὸνpeopleAccusativedirect objectλαός: 'people'; Israel as God's people.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
17

καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὁ λόγος οὗτος ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ περὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ πάσῃ τῇ περιχώρῳ.

And this report about him went out in all Judea and in all the surrounding region.

SummaryκαίA summarizing notice of spreading fame links the miracle to the next scene, where John hears 'all these things' (v.18).
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, spread.'
theNominativearticle
λόγοςreportNominativesubjectλόγος: here 'report, word, news.'
οὗτοςthisNominativedemonstrative modifying λόγοςοὗτος.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν.
ὅλῃallDativeattributive adjectiveὅλος: 'whole, all.'
τῇtheDativearticle
ἸουδαίᾳJudeaDativeobject of ἐνἸουδαία: 'Judea'; here in the broad sense of the land of the Jews.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitiveπερί + gen.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of περί
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
πάσῃallDativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς.
τῇtheDativearticle
περιχώρῳsurrounding regionDativeobject of ἐν (shared)περίχωρος: 'surrounding region, neighborhood.'
18

Καὶ ἀπήγγειλαν Ἰωάννῃ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ περὶ πάντων τούτων. καὶ προσκαλεσάμενος δύο τινὰς τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ ὁ Ἰωάννης

And John's disciples reported to him about all these things. And summoning two of his disciples, John

Scene transitionκαίThe reports reach John in prison (cf. 3:20); he commissions two disciples — the legal pair of witnesses — to put the decisive question.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἀπήγγειλανreportedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce.'
Ἰωάννῃto JohnDativeindirect objectἸωάννης: John the Baptist.
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
περὶaboutpreposition + genitiveπερί + gen.
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς.
τούτωνthese thingsGenitiveobject of περίοὗτος.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
προσκαλεσάμενοςhaving summonedAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσκαλέωcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristπροσκαλέομαι: 'call to oneself, summon.'
δύοtwonumeral (indeclinable) modifying τινάςδύο: 'two.'
τινὰςcertainAccusativeobject of προσκαλεσάμενοςτις: indefinite, 'some, certain.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
μαθητῶνdisciplesGenitivepartitive genitiveμαθητής.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
theNominativearticle
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubject of ἔπεμψεν (v.19)Ἰωάννης: John the Baptist.
19

ἔπεμψεν πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν λέγων· Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἢ ἄλλον προσδοκῶμεν;

sent to Jesus, saying, "Are you the Coming One, or shall we look for another?"

ContinuationasyndetonJohn's question (asyndetic continuation of v.18): ὁ ἐρχόμενος, 'the Coming One,' is a messianic title (Ps 118:26; Mal 3:1); John's deeds-and-judgment expectation seeks confirmation.
ἔπεμψενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πέμπωmain verb→ constative aoristπέμπω: 'send.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός + acc.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of πρόςἸησοῦς.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech→ imperfectiveλέγω.
ΣὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronounσύ.
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula (question)→ stative presentεἰμί.
theNominativearticle
ἐρχόμενοςComing OnePres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιsubstantival participle (predicate nom.)→ imperfectiveἔρχομαι: ὁ ἐρχόμενος, 'the Coming One,' a messianic designation.
ordisjunctive conjunctionἤ: 'or.'
ἄλλονanotherAccusativedirect object of προσδοκῶμενἄλλος: 'another.'
προσδοκῶμενshall we look forPres Act Subj/Indic 1 Pl · προσδοκάωdeliberative subjunctive (or pres. indic.)→ deliberativeπροσδοκάω: 'wait for, expect, look for.'
20

παραγενόμενοι δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν οἱ ἄνδρες εἶπαν· Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστὴς ἀπέστειλεν ἡμᾶς πρὸς σὲ λέγων· Σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἢ ἄλλον προσδοκῶμεν;

And when the men had come to him, they said, "John the Baptist has sent us to you, saying, 'Are you the Coming One, or shall we look for another?'"

DeliveryδέThe messengers relay the question verbatim, doubling it for emphasis — a Lukan touch underlining the gravity of John's inquiry.
παραγενόμενοιhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · παραγίνομαιcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristπαραγίνομαι: 'arrive, come.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός + acc.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubjectἀνήρ: 'man (male), husband.'
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubject of ἀπέστειλενἸωάννης.
theNominativearticle
βαπτιστὴςBaptistNominativeapposition to Ἰωάννηςβαπτιστής: 'baptizer, Baptist.'
ἀπέστειλενsentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb of quotation→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect objectἐγώ (pl.).
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός + acc.
σὲyouAccusativeobject of πρόςσύ.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (John's words)→ imperfectiveλέγω.
ΣὺyouNominativeemphatic subject pronounσύ.
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula (question)→ stative presentεἰμί.
theNominativearticle
ἐρχόμενοςComing OnePres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιsubstantival participle (predicate nom.)→ imperfectiveἔρχομαι: ὁ ἐρχόμενος.
ordisjunctive conjunctionἤ.
ἄλλονanotherAccusativedirect object of προσδοκῶμενἄλλος.
προσδοκῶμενshall we look forPres Act Subj/Indic 1 Pl · προσδοκάωdeliberative subjunctive→ deliberativeπροσδοκάω.
21

ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ ἐθεράπευσεν πολλοὺς ἀπὸ νόσων καὶ μαστίγων καὶ πνευμάτων πονηρῶν, καὶ τυφλοῖς πολλοῖς ἐχαρίσατο βλέπειν.

In that hour he healed many of diseases and afflictions and evil spirits, and to many who were blind he granted sight.

DemonstrationasyndetonBefore answering in words, Jesus answers in deeds: a salvo of healings that the messengers witness — the works become the reply of vv.22–23.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν.
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative modifying ὥρᾳἐκεῖνος: 'that.'
τῇtheDativearticle
ὥρᾳhourDativedative of timeὥρα: 'hour, time.'
ἐθεράπευσενhe healedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θεραπεύωmain verb→ constative aoristθεραπεύω: 'heal, cure, serve.'
πολλοὺςmanyAccusativedirect objectπολύς.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)ἀπό + gen.
νόσωνdiseasesGenitiveobject of ἀπόνόσος: 'disease, illness.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
μαστίγωνafflictionsGenitiveobject of ἀπόμάστιξ: lit. 'scourge, whip'; metaphorically 'painful affliction.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
πνευμάτωνspiritsGenitiveobject of ἀπόπνεῦμα: 'spirit.'
πονηρῶνevilGenitiveattributive adjectiveπονηρός: 'evil, wicked.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
τυφλοῖςto blind onesDativeindirect object of ἐχαρίσατοτυφλός: 'blind.'
πολλοῖςmanyDativeattributive adjectiveπολύς.
ἐχαρίσατοhe grantedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · χαρίζομαιmain verb→ constative aoristχαρίζομαι: 'give freely, grant as a favor.'
βλέπεινto seePres Act Inf · βλέπωinfinitive as direct object of ἐχαρίσατο→ imperfectiveβλέπω: 'see, look.'
22

καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Πορευθέντες ἀπαγγείλατε Ἰωάννῃ ἃ εἴδετε καὶ ἠκούσατε· τυφλοὶ ἀναβλέπουσιν, χωλοὶ περιπατοῦσιν, λεπροὶ καθαρίζονται καὶ κωφοὶ ἀκούουσιν, νεκροὶ ἐγείρονται, πτωχοὶ εὐαγγελίζονται·

And answering he said to them, "Go and report to John what you have seen and heard: the blind see again, the lame walk, lepers are cleansed and the deaf hear, the dead are raised, the poor have good news preached to them;

AnswerκαίJesus answers with a tapestry of Isaiah (35:5–6; 61:1): the signs of the messianic age, climaxing in good news to the poor — the works define his identity.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial participle (pleonastic, Semitic)→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Πορευθέντεςhaving goneAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristπορεύομαι: 'go.'
ἀπαγγείλατεreportAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωimperative (command)→ aorist imperativeἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce.'
Ἰωάννῃto JohnDativeindirect objectἸωάννης.
what thingsAccusativerelative pronoun, object of ἀπαγγείλατεὅς: relative.
εἴδετεyou sawAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ὁράωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἠκούσατεyou heardAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀκούωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἀκούω.
τυφλοὶblindNominativesubjectτυφλός.
ἀναβλέπουσινsee againPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβλέπωmain verb→ gnomic/durative presentἀναβλέπω: 'look up, recover sight.'
χωλοὶlameNominativesubjectχωλός: 'lame.'
περιπατοῦσινwalkPres Act Indic 3 Pl · περιπατέωmain verb→ durative presentπεριπατέω: 'walk about.'
λεπροὶlepersNominativesubjectλεπρός: 'leprous, a leper.'
καθαρίζονταιare cleansedPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · καθαρίζωmain verb→ durative presentκαθαρίζω: 'cleanse, purify.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
κωφοὶdeafNominativesubjectκωφός: 'deaf (also dumb).'
ἀκούουσινhearPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb→ durative presentἀκούω.
νεκροὶdeadNominativesubjectνεκρός: 'dead.'
ἐγείρονταιare raisedPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐγείρωmain verb→ durative presentἐγείρω: 'raise.'
πτωχοὶpoorNominativesubjectπτωχός: 'poor, destitute.'
εὐαγγελίζονταιhave good news preachedPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · εὐαγγελίζωmain verb→ durative presentεὐαγγελίζομαι: 'preach good news'; pass. 'have the gospel preached to.'
23

καὶ μακάριός ἐστιν ὃς ἐὰν μὴ σκανδαλισθῇ ἐν ἐμοί.

and blessed is whoever is not offended at me."

BeatitudeκαίA beatitude gently addresses John's perplexity: blessed is the one who is not 'tripped up' by Jesus' unexpected, non-judgmental messiahship.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
μακάριόςblessedNominativepredicate adjectiveμακάριος: 'blessed, happy.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ gnomic presentεἰμί.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject of subordinate clause)ὅς: with ἐάν, indefinite 'whoever.'
ἐὰνif (ever)conditional particle (with relative)ἐάν: generalizing particle.
μὴnotnegative with subjunctiveμή.
σκανδαλισθῇis offendedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · σκανδαλίζωsubjunctive in indefinite relative clause→ effective aoristσκανδαλίζω: 'cause to stumble, give offense'; pass. 'be made to stumble.'
ἐνatpreposition + dative (cause/occasion)ἐν: here 'over, at.'
ἐμοίmeDativeobject of ἐνἐγώ.
24

Ἀπελθόντων δὲ τῶν ἀγγέλων Ἰωάννου ἤρξατο λέγειν πρὸς τοὺς ὄχλους περὶ Ἰωάννου· Τί ἐξήλθατε εἰς τὴν ἔρημον θεάσασθαι; κάλαμον ὑπὸ ἀνέμου σαλευόμενον;

And when the messengers of John had departed, he began to speak to the crowds about John: "What did you go out into the wilderness to behold? A reed shaken by the wind?

Discourse openingδέWith John's men gone, Jesus turns to defend John to the crowds; the threefold 'what did you go out to see' (24–26) builds to 'more than a prophet.'
Ἀπελθόντωνhaving departedAor Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀπέρχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἀγγέλωνmessengersGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteἄγγελος: 'messenger, angel'; here human messengers.
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivepossessive genitiveἸωάννης.
ἤρξατοhe beganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin.'
λέγεινto speakPres Act Inf · λέγωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfectiveλέγω.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός + acc.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλουςcrowdsAccusativeobject of πρόςὄχλος.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitiveπερί + gen.
ἸωάννουJohnGenitiveobject of περίἸωάννης.
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun, object of θεάσασθαιτίς: interrogative.
ἐξήλθατεdid you go outAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (question)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeobject of εἰςἔρημος: 'wilderness, desert'; John's domain.
θεάσασθαιto beholdAor Mid Inf · θεάομαιinfinitive of purpose→ aoristicθεάομαι: 'behold, gaze at.'
κάλαμονa reedAccusativeobject (implied θεάσασθαι)κάλαμος: 'reed'; image of a wavering, unstable man.
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent)ὑπό + gen.: agency.
ἀνέμουwindGenitivegenitive of agentἄνεμος: 'wind.'
σαλευόμενονbeing shakenPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · σαλεύωattributive participle modifying κάλαμον→ imperfectiveσαλεύω: 'shake, agitate.'
25

ἀλλὰ τί ἐξήλθατε ἰδεῖν; ἄνθρωπον ἐν μαλακοῖς ἱματίοις ἠμφιεσμένον; ἰδοὺ οἱ ἐν ἱματισμῷ ἐνδόξῳ καὶ τρυφῇ ὑπάρχοντες ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις εἰσίν.

But what did you go out to see? A man dressed in soft garments? Behold, those who are in splendid clothing and luxury are in royal palaces.

ContrastἀλλάThe second foil: not a courtier in soft robes. John's austerity marks him as a prophet of the wilderness, not a denizen of palaces.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun, object of ἰδεῖντίς.
ἐξήλθατεdid you go outAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (question)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι.
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose→ aoristicὁράω.
ἄνθρωπονa manAccusativeobject (implied ἰδεῖν)ἄνθρωπος.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν.
μαλακοῖςsoftDativeattributive adjectiveμαλακός: 'soft, delicate.'
ἱματίοιςgarmentsDativeobject of ἐνἱμάτιον: 'garment, cloak.'
ἠμφιεσμένονclothedPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἀμφιέννυμιattributive participle modifying ἄνθρωπον→ stative perfectἀμφιέννυμι: 'clothe, dress.'
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού.
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle substantizing ὑπάρχοντες
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν.
ἱματισμῷclothingDativeobject of ἐνἱματισμός: 'clothing, apparel.'
ἐνδόξῳsplendidDativeattributive adjectiveἔνδοξος: 'glorious, splendid.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
τρυφῇluxuryDativeobject of ἐντρυφή: 'luxury, indulgence.'
ὑπάρχοντεςbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὑπάρχωsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfectiveὑπάρχω: 'exist, be (in a state).'
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
βασιλείοιςroyal palacesDativeobject of ἐνβασίλειον: 'palace, royal residence.'
εἰσίνarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb→ stative presentεἰμί.
26

ἀλλὰ τί ἐξήλθατε ἰδεῖν; προφήτην; ναί, λέγω ὑμῖν, καὶ περισσότερον προφήτου.

But what did you go out to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and more than a prophet.

ClimaxἀλλάThe third question is answered and surpassed: John is a prophet — and περισσότερον, 'more than,' the forerunner himself, grounded in v.27's citation.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun, object of ἰδεῖντίς.
ἐξήλθατεdid you go outAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (question)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι.
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose→ aoristicὁράω.
προφήτηνa prophetAccusativeobject (implied ἰδεῖν)προφήτης.
ναίyesaffirmative particleναί: 'yes, indeed.'
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb of saying→ performative presentλέγω.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
καὶandascensive καί ('even')καί.
περισσότερονmore thanAccusativecomparative adjective (object, implied 'you saw')περισσότερος: 'more, greater'; 'more than a prophet.'
προφήτουa prophetGenitivegenitive of comparisonπροφήτης.
27

οὗτός ἐστιν περὶ οὗ γέγραπται· Ἰδοὺ ἀποστέλλω τὸν ἄγγελόν μου πρὸ προσώπου σου, ὃς κατασκευάσει τὴν ὁδόν σου ἔμπροσθέν σου.

This is the one about whom it is written, 'Behold, I send my messenger before your face, who will prepare your way before you.'

Scriptural groundasyndetonThe citation (Mal 3:1 with Exod 23:20 coloring) identifies John as the eschatological forerunner; the perfect γέγραπται marks abiding Scriptural authority.
οὗτόςthisNominativedemonstrative subjectοὗτος.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitiveπερί + gen.
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun, object of περίὅς.
γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (citation formula)→ perfect of abiding stateγράφω: 'write'; γέγραπται, 'it stands written.'
Ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού.
ἀποστέλλωI sendPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (quotation)→ futuristic/dramatic presentἀποστέλλω.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἄγγελόνmessengerAccusativedirect objectἄγγελος: 'messenger.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
πρὸbeforepreposition + genitiveπρό + gen.: 'before.'
προσώπουfaceGenitiveobject of πρόπρόσωπον: 'face'; πρὸ προσώπου, Semitic 'before.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun, subject of κατασκευάσειὅς.
κατασκευάσειwill prepareFut Act Indic 3 Sg · κατασκευάζωverb of relative clause→ predictive futureκατασκευάζω: 'prepare, make ready, construct.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὁδόνwayAccusativedirect objectὁδός: 'way, road.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἔμπροσθένbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἔμπροσθεν: 'before, in front of.'
σουyouGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθεν
28

λέγω ὑμῖν, μείζων ἐν γεννητοῖς γυναικῶν Ἰωάννου οὐδείς ἐστιν· ὁ δὲ μικρότερος ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ μείζων αὐτοῦ ἐστιν.

I tell you, among those born of women none is greater than John; yet the least in the kingdom of God is greater than he.

ParadoxasyndetonJohn's superlative standing in the old order is matched against the surpassing privilege of the kingdom: the least insider exceeds the greatest forerunner.
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb of saying→ performative presentλέγω.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
μείζωνgreaterNominativepredicate adjective (comparative)μέγας/μείζων: 'greater.'
ἐνamongpreposition + dativeἐν.
γεννητοῖςthose bornDativeobject of ἐνγεννητός: 'born, begotten'; verbal adj.
γυναικῶνof womenGenitivegenitive of sourceγυνή: 'woman.'
Ἰωάννουthan JohnGenitivegenitive of comparisonἸωάννης.
οὐδείςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς: 'no one.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί.
theNominativearticle
δὲyetadversative conjunctionδέ.
μικρότεροςleastNominativesubject (comparative for superlative)μικρός/μικρότερος: 'smaller, least.'
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν.
τῇtheDativearticle
βασιλείᾳkingdomDativeobject of ἐνβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός.
μείζωνgreaterNominativepredicate adjective (comparative)μείζων.
αὐτοῦthan heGenitivegenitive of comparison
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί.
29

Καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ἀκούσας καὶ οἱ τελῶναι ἐδικαίωσαν τὸν θεόν, βαπτισθέντες τὸ βάπτισμα Ἰωάννου·

(And all the people, when they heard, and the tax collectors, declared God just, having been baptized with the baptism of John;

Narrative asideκαίA parenthetical evaluation (Luke's, or Jesus' continued comment): the baptized 'justified God,' acknowledging his saving rightness — contrasted with the leaders in v.30.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς.
theNominativearticle
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubjectλαός.
ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
οἱtheNominativearticle
τελῶναιtax collectorsNominativesubject (compound)τελώνης: 'tax collector, publican.'
ἐδικαίωσανdeclared justAor Act Indic 3 Pl · δικαιόωmain verb→ constative aoristδικαιόω: 'justify, declare/acknowledge righteous'; here 'acknowledged God's righteousness.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativedirect objectθεός.
βαπτισθέντεςhaving been baptizedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βαπτίζωcircumstantial participle (means/cause)→ antecedent aoristβαπτίζω: 'baptize, immerse.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (cognate accusative)
βάπτισμαbaptismAccusativecognate accusative with βαπτισθέντεςβάπτισμα: 'baptism.'
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivegenitive of source/originἸωάννης.
30

οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι καὶ οἱ νομικοὶ τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ἠθέτησαν εἰς ἑαυτούς, μὴ βαπτισθέντες ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ.

but the Pharisees and the lawyers rejected God's purpose for themselves, not having been baptized by him.)

ContrastδέThe dark counterpart: by refusing John's baptism the leaders 'set aside' (ἀθετέω) God's saving plan — εἰς ἑαυτούς, 'as it concerned themselves,' to their own loss.
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ.
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubjectΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
οἱtheNominativearticle
νομικοὶlawyersNominativesubject (compound)νομικός: 'lawyer, expert in the law.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
βουλὴνpurposeAccusativedirect objectβουλή: 'counsel, purpose, will.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός.
ἠθέτησανrejectedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀθετέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀθετέω: 'set aside, reject, nullify.'
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (reference)εἰς: here 'with respect to, for.'
ἑαυτούςthemselvesAccusativereflexive pronoun, object of εἰςἑαυτοῦ: reflexive.
μὴnotnegative with participleμή.
βαπτισθέντεςhaving been baptizedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βαπτίζωcircumstantial participle (cause/means, negated)→ antecedent aoristβαπτίζω.
ὑπ’bypreposition + genitive (agent)ὑπό + gen.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of agent
31

Τίνι οὖν ὁμοιώσω τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης, καὶ τίνι εἰσὶν ὅμοιοι;

To what then shall I compare the people of this generation, and what are they like?

Transition to parableοὖνA double rhetorical question introduces the parable of the children — οὖν drawing the inference from the divided response of vv.29–30.
Τίνιto whatDativeinterrogative pronoun, dative complement of ὁμοιώσωτίς: interrogative.
οὖνtheninferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore, then.'
ὁμοιώσωshall I compareFut Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁμοιόωdeliberative future (main verb)→ deliberative futureὁμοιόω: 'liken, compare.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleAccusativedirect objectἄνθρωπος: 'man, person.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
γενεᾶςgenerationGenitivepossessive genitiveγενεά: 'generation.'
ταύτηςthisGenitivedemonstrative modifying γενεᾶςοὗτος.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
τίνιwhatDativeinterrogative pronoun, dative with ὅμοιοιτίς.
εἰσὶνare theyPres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί.
ὅμοιοιlikeNominativepredicate adjectiveὅμοιος: 'like, similar' (+ dat.).
32

ὅμοιοί εἰσιν παιδίοις τοῖς ἐν ἀγορᾷ καθημένοις καὶ προσφωνοῦσιν ἀλλήλοις, ἃ λέγει· Ηὐλήσαμεν ὑμῖν καὶ οὐκ ὠρχήσασθε· ἐθρηνήσαμεν καὶ οὐκ ἐκλαύσατε.

They are like children sitting in the marketplace and calling to one another, who say, 'We played the flute for you, and you did not dance; we sang a dirge, and you did not weep.'

ParableasyndetonThe parable: a peevish 'generation' refuses every tune — neither John's dirge nor Jesus' flute will satisfy. The complaint is the children's, and 'this generation' is cast as the unappeasable players.
ὅμοιοίlikeNominativepredicate adjectiveὅμοιος.
εἰσινthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί.
παιδίοιςchildrenDativedative complement of ὅμοιοιπαιδίον: 'little child.'
τοῖςthe (ones)Dativearticle (attributive)
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν.
ἀγορᾷmarketplaceDativeobject of ἐνἀγορά: 'marketplace, public square.'
καθημένοιςsittingPres Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Neut · κάθημαιattributive participle modifying παιδίοις→ imperfectiveκάθημαι: 'sit.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
προσφωνοῦσινcalling outPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Neut · προσφωνέωattributive participle modifying παιδίοις→ imperfectiveπροσφωνέω: 'call to, address.'
ἀλλήλοιςone anotherDativereciprocal pronoun, object of προσφωνοῦσινἀλλήλων: 'one another.'
whoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of λέγει)ὅς.
λέγειsayPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of relative clause (neut. pl. subject + sg. verb)→ durative presentλέγω.
Ηὐλήσαμενwe pipedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · αὐλέωmain verb (quotation)→ constative aoristαὐλέω: 'play the flute/pipe.'
ὑμῖνfor youDativedative of advantage
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
οὐκnotnegativeοὐ.
ὠρχήσασθεyou dancedAor Mid Indic 2 Pl · ὀρχέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristὀρχέομαι: 'dance.'
ἐθρηνήσαμενwe mournedAor Act Indic 1 Pl · θρηνέωmain verb→ constative aoristθρηνέω: 'mourn, sing a dirge.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
οὐκnotnegativeοὐ.
ἐκλαύσατεyou weptAor Act Indic 2 Pl · κλαίωmain verb→ constative aoristκλαίω: 'weep.'
33

ἐλήλυθεν γὰρ Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστὴς μὴ ἐσθίων ἄρτον μήτε πίνων οἶνον, καὶ λέγετε· Δαιμόνιον ἔχει.

For John the Baptist has come neither eating bread nor drinking wine, and you say, 'He has a demon.'

Application (1)γάρThe first half of the application: John's ascetic 'dirge' is dismissed as demon-possession. The perfect ἐλήλυθεν frames his coming as an abiding fact of history.
ἐλήλυθενhas comePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ perfect of abiding resultἔρχομαι: 'come.'
γὰρforcausal conjunctionγάρ.
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubjectἸωάννης.
theNominativearticle
βαπτιστὴςBaptistNominativeapposition to Ἰωάννηςβαπτιστής.
μὴnotnegative with participleμή.
ἐσθίωνeatingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐσθίωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ imperfectiveἐσθίω: 'eat.'
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of ἐσθίωνἄρτος: 'bread, food.'
μήτεnornegative correlative conjunctionμήτε: 'and not, nor.'
πίνωνdrinkingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πίνωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ imperfectiveπίνω: 'drink.'
οἶνονwineAccusativedirect object of πίνωνοἶνος: 'wine.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
λέγετεyou sayPres Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ durative presentλέγω.
Δαιμόνιονa demonAccusativedirect object of ἔχειδαιμόνιον: 'demon, evil spirit.'
ἔχειhe hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (quotation)→ stative presentἔχω.
34

ἐλήλυθεν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐσθίων καὶ πίνων, καὶ λέγετε· Ἰδοὺ ἄνθρωπος φάγος καὶ οἰνοπότης, φίλος τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν.

The Son of Man has come eating and drinking, and you say, 'Behold, a glutton and a drunkard, a friend of tax collectors and sinners!'

Application (2)asyndetonThe second half: Jesus' 'flute' of table-fellowship is slandered as gluttony. The title ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου stands beside John's name as the matched pair both rejected.
ἐλήλυθενhas comePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ perfect of abiding resultἔρχομαι.
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, Jesus' self-designation.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (title)ἄνθρωπος; 'of Man,' the Danielic figure (Dan 7:13).
ἐσθίωνeatingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐσθίωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ imperfectiveἐσθίω.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
πίνωνdrinkingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πίνωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ imperfectiveπίνω.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
λέγετεyou sayPres Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ durative presentλέγω.
Ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativenominative of exclamationἄνθρωπος.
φάγοςgluttonNominativeapposition (predicate)φάγος: 'glutton.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
οἰνοπότηςdrunkardNominativeapposition (predicate)οἰνοπότης: 'wine-drinker, drunkard.'
φίλοςfriendNominativeapposition (predicate)φίλος: 'friend.'
τελωνῶνof tax collectorsGenitiveobjective genitiveτελώνης.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἁμαρτωλῶνof sinnersGenitiveobjective genitiveἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner.'
35

καὶ ἐδικαιώθη ἡ σοφία ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν τέκνων αὐτῆς.

Yet wisdom is justified by all her children."

Aphorism / conclusionκαίThe proverb closes the section: divine Wisdom (perhaps personified, behind both John and Jesus) is vindicated ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν τέκνων — by all who receive her, against the carping generation.
καὶand yetcoordinating conjunction (adversative nuance)καί.
ἐδικαιώθηwas justifiedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δικαιόωmain verb→ gnomic aoristδικαιόω: 'justify, vindicate, prove right'; gnomic aorist of a timeless truth.
theNominativearticle
σοφίαwisdomNominativesubjectσοφία: 'wisdom'; perhaps personified divine Wisdom (cf. Prov 8).
ἀπὸbypreposition + genitive (source/agent)ἀπό + gen.: here marking agency/source.
πάντωνallGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
τέκνωνchildrenGenitiveobject of ἀπό (agent)τέκνον: 'child'; Wisdom's 'children' = those who heed her.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
36

Ἠρώτα δέ τις αὐτὸν τῶν Φαρισαίων ἵνα φάγῃ μετ’ αὐτοῦ· καὶ εἰσελθὼν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Φαρισαίου κατεκλίθη.

Now one of the Pharisees asked him to eat with him, and entering the Pharisee's house he reclined at table.

Scene introductionδέA new episode at a Pharisee's table — the setting for the contrast between cold host and loving sinner. κατεκλίθη ('reclined') sets up the woman's access to his feet.
Ἠρώταwas askingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐρωτάωmain verb→ inceptive/customary imperfectἐρωτάω: 'ask, request.'
δέnowtransitional conjunctionδέ.
τιςa certain oneNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)τις.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ΦαρισαίωνPhariseesGenitivepartitive genitiveΦαρισαῖος.
ἵναthatconjunction (content of request)ἵνα.
φάγῃhe might eatAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐσθίωsubjunctive in ἵνα clause→ ingressive aoristἐσθίω: 'eat.'
μετ’withpreposition + genitiveμετά + gen.: 'with.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
εἰσελθὼνhaving enteredAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ΦαρισαίουPhariseeGenitivepossessive genitiveΦαρισαῖος.
κατεκλίθηhe reclinedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κατακλίνωmain verb→ ingressive aoristκατακλίνω: 'recline (at table)'; pass. 'take one's place.'
37

καὶ ἰδοὺ γυνὴ ἥτις ἦν ἐν τῇ πόλει ἁμαρτωλός, καὶ ἐπιγνοῦσα ὅτι κατάκειται ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ τοῦ Φαρισαίου, κομίσασα ἀλάβαστρον μύρου

And behold, a woman of the town who was a sinner, when she learned that he was reclining at table in the Pharisee's house, brought an alabaster flask of ointment,

Entranceκαίἰδού spotlights the dramatic entrance: a known 'sinner' (likely a prostitute) crashes the meal with costly μύρον, an act of stunning boldness and devotion.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού.
γυνὴa womanNominativesubject (of κομίσασα clause)γυνή: 'woman.'
ἥτιςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἦν)ὅστις: 'who, which (of a kind).'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative imperfectεἰμί.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν.
τῇtheDativearticle
πόλειtownDativeobject of ἐνπόλις.
ἁμαρτωλόςa sinnerNominativepredicate nominativeἁμαρτωλός: 'sinful, a sinner'; here of notorious public sin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἐπιγνοῦσαhaving learnedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἐπιγινώσκωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize, learn, find out.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (object clause)ὅτι.
κατάκειταιhe is recliningPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · κατάκειμαιverb of object clause→ durative presentκατάκειμαι: 'recline, be at table.'
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν.
τῇtheDativearticle
οἰκίᾳhouseDativeobject of ἐνοἰκία.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ΦαρισαίουPhariseeGenitivepossessive genitiveΦαρισαῖος.
κομίσασαhaving broughtAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · κομίζωcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristκομίζω: 'bring, carry'; mid. 'obtain.'
ἀλάβαστρονalabaster flaskAccusativedirect object of κομίσασαἀλάβαστρον: 'alabaster jar' for perfume.
μύρουof ointmentGenitivegenitive of contentμύρον: 'perfumed ointment, myrrh-oil.'
38

καὶ στᾶσα ὀπίσω παρὰ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ κλαίουσα, τοῖς δάκρυσιν ἤρξατο βρέχειν τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ καὶ ταῖς θριξὶν τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτῆς ἐξέμασσεν, καὶ κατεφίλει τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ καὶ ἤλειφεν τῷ μύρῳ.

and standing behind at his feet, weeping, she began to wet his feet with her tears and wiped them with the hair of her head, and she kissed his feet and anointed them with the ointment.

ActionκαίA cascade of intimate acts — tears, hair, kisses, ointment — each a gesture of lavish, humble love that the host failed to offer (vv.44–46).
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
στᾶσαhaving stoodAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἵστημιcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristἵστημι: intrans. 'stand.'
ὀπίσωbehindadverb of placeὀπίσω: 'behind, after'; at the foot of the couch.
παρὰatpreposition + accusativeπαρά + acc.: 'beside, at.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativeobject of παράπούς: 'foot.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
κλαίουσαweepingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · κλαίωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ imperfectiveκλαίω: 'weep.'
τοῖςwith theDativearticle
δάκρυσινtearsDativedative of meansδάκρυον: 'tear.'
ἤρξατοshe beganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin.'
βρέχεινto wetPres Act Inf · βρέχωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfectiveβρέχω: 'wet, rain upon, drench.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativeobject of βρέχεινπούς.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ταῖςwith theDativearticle
θριξὶνhairDativedative of meansθρίξ: 'hair.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
κεφαλῆςheadGenitivepossessive genitiveκεφαλή: 'head.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐξέμασσενshe was wipingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκμάσσωmain verb→ iterative imperfectἐκμάσσω: 'wipe off, wipe dry.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
κατεφίλειshe was kissingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · καταφιλέωmain verb→ iterative imperfectκαταφιλέω: 'kiss fervently, kiss repeatedly.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativedirect objectπούς.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἤλειφενshe was anointingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀλείφωmain verb→ iterative imperfectἀλείφω: 'anoint, rub with oil.'
τῷwith theDativearticle
μύρῳointmentDativedative of meansμύρον.
39

ἰδὼν δὲ ὁ Φαρισαῖος ὁ καλέσας αὐτὸν εἶπεν ἐν ἑαυτῷ λέγων· Οὗτος εἰ ἦν προφήτης, ἐγίνωσκεν ἂν τίς καὶ ποταπὴ ἡ γυνὴ ἥτις ἅπτεται αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ἁμαρτωλός ἐστιν.

Now when the Pharisee who had invited him saw it, he said to himself, "If this man were a prophet, he would know who and what sort of woman this is who is touching him, for she is a sinner."

ObjectionδέSimon's inward syllogism: a true prophet would know — and so avoid — her defiling touch. The contrary-to-fact condition (εἰ + impf., ἂν + impf.) doubts Jesus' prophetic standing.
ἰδὼνhaving seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristὁράω.
δὲnowcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
theNominativearticle
ΦαρισαῖοςPhariseeNominativesubjectΦαρισαῖος.
the (one)Nominativearticle substantizing participle
καλέσαςhaving invitedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καλέωattributive participle modifying Φαρισαῖος→ antecedent aoristκαλέω: 'call, invite.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of καλέσας
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν.
ἑαυτῷhimselfDativereflexive (ἐν ἑαυτῷ = 'to himself')ἑαυτοῦ.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωpleonastic participle of speech→ imperfectiveλέγω.
Οὗτοςthis manNominativedemonstrative subject (emphatic, slightly disparaging)οὗτος.
εἰifconditional particle (contrary to fact)εἰ.
ἦνwereImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of protasis (2nd-class condition)→ stative imperfectεἰμί.
προφήτηςa prophetNominativepredicate nominativeπροφήτης.
ἐγίνωσκενhe would knowImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωverb of apodosis (with ἄν)→ imperfect (unreal)γινώσκω: 'know.'
ἂνwouldmodal particle (contingency)ἄν: marks the apodosis as contingent/unreal.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (indirect question)τίς.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ποταπὴwhat sortNominativeinterrogative adjective (predicate)ποταπός: 'of what kind, what sort.'
theNominativearticle
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject of indirect questionγυνή.
ἥτιςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἅπτεται)ὅστις.
ἅπτεταιtouchesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωverb of relative clause→ durative presentἅπτομαι: 'touch' (+ gen.); a defiling touch in Simon's eyes.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἅπτεται
ὅτιforcausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because, for.'
ἁμαρτωλόςa sinnerNominativepredicate nominativeἁμαρτωλός.
ἐστινshe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί.
40

καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν· Σίμων, ἔχω σοί τι εἰπεῖν. ὁ δέ· Διδάσκαλε, εἰπέ, φησίν.

And Jesus answering said to him, "Simon, I have something to say to you." And he said, "Teacher, say it."

ReplyκαίJesus answers the unspoken thought — itself a prophetic act — and names the host Σίμων; the courteous exchange sets up the parable.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic circumstantial participle→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι.
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός + acc.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
ΣίμωνSimonVocativevocative of addressΣίμων: the host's name (a different Simon from Peter).
ἔχωI havePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω.
σοίto youDativeindirect object (of εἰπεῖν)σύ.
τιsomethingAccusativeobject of εἰπεῖντις.
εἰπεῖνto sayAor Act Inf · λέγωcomplementary infinitive with ἔχω→ aoristicλέγω/εἶπον.
the (one)Nominativearticle as pronoun (ὁ δέ = 'and he')
δέandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
ΔιδάσκαλεTeacherVocativevocative of addressδιδάσκαλος: 'teacher.'
εἰπέsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωimperative (invitation)→ aorist imperativeλέγω/εἶπον.
φησίνhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίverb of speech (historic present)→ vivid presentφημί: 'say, affirm.'
41

δύο χρεοφειλέται ἦσαν δανειστῇ τινι· ὁ εἷς ὤφειλεν δηνάρια πεντακόσια, ὁ δὲ ἕτερος πεντήκοντα.

"A certain moneylender had two debtors: the one owed five hundred denarii, and the other fifty.

ParableasyndetonThe parable proper: two debtors, a tenfold disparity (500 vs. 50 denarii), the same gracious cancellation — the frame for measuring love by forgiveness.
δύοtwonumeral (indeclinable)δύο.
χρεοφειλέταιdebtorsNominativesubjectχρεοφειλέτης: 'debtor.'
ἦσανthere wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative imperfectεἰμί.
δανειστῇto a moneylenderDativedative of possessionδανειστής: 'moneylender, creditor.'
τινιa certainDativeindefinite pronoun modifying δανειστῇτις.
theNominativearticle
εἷςoneNominativesubject (ὁ εἷς, 'the one')εἷς: 'one.'
ὤφειλενowedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀφείλωmain verb→ stative imperfectὀφείλω: 'owe, be indebted.'
δηνάριαdenariiAccusativedirect objectδηνάριον: 'denarius,' a day's wage.
πεντακόσιαfive hundredAccusativenumeral adjectiveπεντακόσιοι: 'five hundred.'
theNominativearticle
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
ἕτεροςotherNominativesubject (ὁ ἕτερος, 'the other')ἕτερος: 'other (of two).'
πεντήκονταfiftynumeral (indeclinable), object of implied ὤφειλενπεντήκοντα: 'fifty.'
42

μὴ ἐχόντων αὐτῶν ἀποδοῦναι ἀμφοτέροις ἐχαρίσατο. τίς οὖν αὐτῶν πλεῖον ἀγαπήσει αὐτόν;

When they could not repay, he forgave them both. Now which of them will love him more?"

QuestionasyndetonThe free cancellation (ἐχαρίσατο, the grace-verb) precedes the test question: forgiveness, not merit, generates love — the principle Jesus will apply to the woman.
μὴnotnegative with participleμή.
ἐχόντωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἔχωgenitive absolute (causal/temporal)→ imperfectiveἔχω: here 'have the means.'
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
ἀποδοῦναιto repayAor Act Inf · ἀποδίδωμιcomplementary infinitive with ἐχόντων→ aoristicἀποδίδωμι: 'give back, repay.'
ἀμφοτέροιςto bothDativeindirect object of ἐχαρίσατοἀμφότεροι: 'both.'
ἐχαρίσατοhe forgaveAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · χαρίζομαιmain verb→ constative aoristχαρίζομαι: 'forgive (a debt), cancel as a favor'; from χάρις.
τίςwhichNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)τίς.
οὖνtheninferential conjunctionοὖν.
αὐτῶνof themGenitivepartitive genitive
πλεῖονmorecomparative adverb (accusative used adverbially)πλείων: 'more'; adverbial 'to a greater degree.'
ἀγαπήσειwill loveFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀγαπάωmain verb (question)→ predictive/gnomic futureἀγαπάω: 'love.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
43

ἀποκριθεὶς Σίμων εἶπεν· Ὑπολαμβάνω ὅτι ᾧ τὸ πλεῖον ἐχαρίσατο. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ὀρθῶς ἔκρινας.

Simon answered, "I suppose the one to whom he forgave more." And he said to him, "You have judged rightly."

AnswerasyndetonSimon's cautious 'I suppose' yields the correct verdict, which Jesus affirms (Ὀρθῶς ἔκρινας) — turning the parable's logic back on its judge in vv.44–47.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic circumstantial participle→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι.
ΣίμωνSimonNominativesubjectΣίμων.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
ὙπολαμβάνωI supposePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ὑπολαμβάνωmain verb of opinion→ stative presentὑπολαμβάνω: 'suppose, assume, take up.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (object clause)ὅτι.
to whomDativerelative pronoun, indirect object of ἐχαρίσατοὅς.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizing πλεῖον)
πλεῖονmoreAccusativedirect object of ἐχαρίσατοπλείων: 'more.'
ἐχαρίσατοhe forgaveAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · χαρίζομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristχαρίζομαι.
the (one)Nominativearticle as pronoun (ὁ δέ)
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Ὀρθῶςrightlyadverb of mannerὀρθῶς: 'rightly, correctly.'
ἔκριναςyou have judgedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · κρίνωmain verb→ constative aoristκρίνω: 'judge, decide.'
44

καὶ στραφεὶς πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα τῷ Σίμωνι ἔφη· Βλέπεις ταύτην τὴν γυναῖκα; εἰσῆλθόν σου εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν, ὕδωρ μοι ἐπὶ πόδας οὐκ ἔδωκας· αὕτη δὲ τοῖς δάκρυσιν ἔβρεξέν μου τοὺς πόδας καὶ ταῖς θριξὶν αὐτῆς ἐξέμαξεν.

And turning to the woman he said to Simon, "Do you see this woman? I entered your house; you gave me no water for my feet, but she has wet my feet with her tears and wiped them with her hair.

Application (1)καίThe first of three contrasts: no water vs. tears and hair. Jesus reads the woman's lavish acts against Simon's omitted courtesies.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
στραφεὶςhaving turnedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · στρέφωcircumstantial participle (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristστρέφω: 'turn.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός + acc.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativeobject of πρόςγυνή.
τῷtoDativearticle
ΣίμωνιSimonDativeindirect object of ἔφηΣίμων.
ἔφηhe saidImpf/Aor Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίmain verb of speech→ constativeφημί: 'say, affirm.'
Βλέπειςdo you seePres Act Indic 2 Sg · βλέπωmain verb (question)→ durative presentβλέπω: 'see, look at.'
ταύτηνthisAccusativedemonstrative modifying γυναῖκαοὗτος.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativedirect object of Βλέπειςγυνή.
εἰσῆλθόνI enteredAor Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitiveσύ.
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἰκία.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκαςὕδωρ: 'water'; foot-washing was basic hospitality.
μοιto meDativeindirect objectἐγώ.
ἐπὶforpreposition + accusativeἐπί + acc.: 'on, for.'
πόδαςfeetAccusativeobject of ἐπίπούς.
οὐκnotnegativeοὐ.
ἔδωκαςyou gaveAor Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι.
αὕτηsheNominativedemonstrative subject (emphatic)οὗτος.
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ.
τοῖςwith theDativearticle
δάκρυσινtearsDativedative of meansδάκρυον.
ἔβρεξένshe wetAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βρέχωmain verb→ constative aoristβρέχω.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativedirect objectπούς.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ταῖςwith theDativearticle
θριξὶνhairDativedative of meansθρίξ.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐξέμαξενshe wipedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκμάσσωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκμάσσω: 'wipe off.'
45

φίλημά μοι οὐκ ἔδωκας· αὕτη δὲ ἀφ’ ἧς εἰσῆλθον οὐ διέλιπεν καταφιλοῦσά μου τοὺς πόδας.

You gave me no kiss, but from the time I came in she has not ceased to kiss my feet.

Application (2)asyndetonThe second contrast: no greeting-kiss vs. ceaseless kissing of his feet — the diminutive courtesy magnified by the woman's humility.
φίλημάa kissAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκαςφίλημα: 'kiss'; the customary greeting.
μοιto meDativeindirect objectἐγώ.
οὐκnotnegativeοὐ.
ἔδωκαςyou gaveAor Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι.
αὕτηsheNominativedemonstrative subject (emphatic)οὗτος.
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ.
ἀφ’frompreposition + genitive (time)ἀπό + gen.
ἧςwhich (time)Genitiverelative pronoun (ἀφ’ ἧς, 'since')ὅς.
εἰσῆλθονI came inAor Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι.
οὐnotnegativeοὐ.
διέλιπενceasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διαλείπωmain verb→ constative aoristδιαλείπω: 'leave off, cease, stop.'
καταφιλοῦσάkissingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · καταφιλέωsupplementary participle with διέλιπεν→ imperfectiveκαταφιλέω: 'kiss fervently/repeatedly.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativeobject of καταφιλοῦσαπούς.
46

ἐλαίῳ τὴν κεφαλήν μου οὐκ ἤλειψας· αὕτη δὲ μύρῳ ἤλειψεν τοὺς πόδας μου.

You did not anoint my head with oil, but she has anointed my feet with ointment.

Application (3)asyndetonThe third contrast: ordinary oil for the head (omitted) vs. costly μύρον for the feet — each contrast escalating the disparity between host and sinner.
ἐλαίῳwith oilDativedative of meansἔλαιον: 'olive oil'; ordinary, vs. costly μύρον.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλήνheadAccusativedirect object of ἤλειψαςκεφαλή.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
οὐκnotnegativeοὐ.
ἤλειψαςyou anointedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ἀλείφωmain verb→ constative aoristἀλείφω: 'anoint.'
αὕτηsheNominativedemonstrative subject (emphatic)οὗτος.
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ.
μύρῳwith ointmentDativedative of meansμύρον: costly perfume.
ἤλειψενshe anointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀλείφωmain verb→ constative aoristἀλείφω.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativedirect objectπούς.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
47

οὗ χάριν, λέγω σοι, ἀφέωνται αἱ ἁμαρτίαι αὐτῆς αἱ πολλαί, ὅτι ἠγάπησεν πολύ· ᾧ δὲ ὀλίγον ἀφίεται, ὀλίγον ἀγαπᾷ.

Therefore I tell you, her sins, which are many, are forgiven — for she loved much; but he who is forgiven little, loves little."

VerdictasyndetonThe crux verse. ὅτι ('for/because') is evidential, not causal in the sense of merit: her great love is the proof, not the price, of her forgiveness — as the parable (more forgiven → more love) and v.50 (faith saves) require. The perfect ἀφέωνται marks a forgiveness already standing.
οὗof whichGenitiverelative pronoun with χάριν ('for which reason')ὅς.
χάρινfor the sakeimproper preposition (οὗ χάριν = 'therefore')χάριν: 'for the sake of'; οὗ χάριν, 'wherefore.'
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb of saying→ performative presentλέγω.
σοιyouDativeindirect objectσύ.
ἀφέωνταιare forgivenPerf Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίημιmain verb→ perfect of abiding state (already-and-still forgiven)ἀφίημι: 'forgive, let go, release.'
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἁμαρτίαιsinsNominativesubjectἁμαρτία: 'sin.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
αἱtheNominativearticle (attributive)
πολλαίmanyNominativeattributive adjective ('which are many')πολύς.
ὅτιforconjunction (causal/evidential)ὅτι: here best taken as evidential ('as is shown by the fact that').
ἠγάπησενshe lovedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀγαπάωverb of ὅτι clause→ constative aoristἀγαπάω.
πολύmuchadverbial accusative (degree)πολύς: adverbial 'much, greatly.'
to whomDativerelative pronoun, dative (indir. obj. of ἀφίεται)ὅς.
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ.
ὀλίγονlittleadverbial accusative (degree)ὀλίγος: 'little, small.'
ἀφίεταιis forgivenPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιverb of relative clause→ gnomic presentἀφίημι.
ὀλίγονlittleadverbial accusative (degree)ὀλίγος.
ἀγαπᾷhe lovesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀγαπάωmain verb→ gnomic presentἀγαπάω.
48

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῇ· Ἀφέωνταί σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι.

And he said to her, "Your sins are forgiven."

PronouncementδέNow spoken directly to her: the perfect ἀφέωνται declares an accomplished, abiding pardon — a divine prerogative that scandalizes the guests (v.49).
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object
Ἀφέωνταίare forgivenPerf Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίημιmain verb (pronouncement)→ perfect of abiding stateἀφίημι: 'forgive.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitiveσύ.
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἁμαρτίαιsinsNominativesubjectἁμαρτία.
49

καὶ ἤρξαντο οἱ συνανακείμενοι λέγειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς· Τίς οὗτός ἐστιν ὃς καὶ ἁμαρτίας ἀφίησιν;

And those who were reclining at table with him began to say among themselves, "Who is this, who even forgives sins?"

ReactionκαίThe guests' question echoes 5:21 — only God forgives sins. The Christological 'Who is this?' is left hanging, answered implicitly by Jesus' authority.
καὶandcoordinating conjunctionκαί.
ἤρξαντοthey beganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin.'
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle substantizing participle
συνανακείμενοιreclining togetherPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · συνανάκειμαιsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfectiveσυνανάκειμαι: 'recline at table with, be a fellow guest.'
λέγεινto sayPres Act Inf · λέγωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfectiveλέγω.
ἐνamongpreposition + dativeἐν.
ἑαυτοῖςthemselvesDativereflexive pronoun (ἐν ἑαυτοῖς)ἑαυτοῦ.
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)τίς.
οὗτόςthisNominativedemonstrative subjectοὗτος.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἀφίησιν)ὅς.
καὶevenascensive καίκαί: 'even.'
ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object of ἀφίησινἁμαρτία.
ἀφίησινforgivesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιverb of relative clause→ durative/customary presentἀφίημι.
50

εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα· Ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε· πορεύου εἰς εἰρήνην.

And he said to the woman, "Your faith has saved you; go in peace."

DismissalδέThe closing word ignores the guests and addresses her: it is faith, not love itself, that saves — sealing the episode with the Lukan benediction πορεύου εἰς εἰρήνην.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον.
δὲandcontinuative conjunctionδέ.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός + acc.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativeobject of πρόςγυνή.
theNominativearticle
πίστιςfaithNominativesubjectπίστις: 'faith, trust.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitiveσύ.
σέσωκένhas savedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb→ perfect of abiding resultσῴζω: 'save, rescue, make whole.'
σεyouAccusativedirect objectσύ.
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιimperative (dismissal)→ imperfective imperativeπορεύομαι: 'go.'
εἰςin/intopreposition + accusativeεἰς; εἰς εἰρήνην, Semitic 'in peace.'
εἰρήνηνpeaceAccusativeobject of εἰςεἰρήνη: 'peace, well-being'; Hebrew shalom.