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The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 8ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ Η′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ καθεξῆς καὶ αὐτὸς διώδευεν κατὰ πόλιν καὶ κώμην κηρύσσων καὶ εὐαγγελιζόμενος τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ οἱ δώδεκα σὺν αὐτῷ,

And it came about afterward that he himself was traveling through, city by city and village by village, preaching and proclaiming the good news of the kingdom of God, and the Twelve were with him,

Narrative onsetΚαίThe Lukan καὶ ἐγένετο formula opens a new itinerant phase; durative imperfect διώδευεν paints an ongoing preaching tour with the Twelve.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοit came aboutAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιimpersonal narrative verb (Septuagintal καὶ ἐγένετο)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'happen, come to pass'; Luke's Semitic narrative formula.
ἐνinpreposition + dative
τῷtheDativearticle (substantivizing adverb)
καθεξῆςafterwardadverb (temporal sequence)καθεξῆς: 'in order, next, afterward'; a Lukan word (1:3; Acts 3:24).
καὶandresumptive καί introducing apodosis
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive subjectαὐτός: intensive pronoun foregrounding Jesus.
διώδευενwas traveling throughImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διοδεύωmain verb→ durative imperfectδιοδεύω: 'travel through, journey'; the ongoing tour.
κατὰthroughoutpreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά + acc.: here distributive, 'city by city.'
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of κατά (distributive)πόλις: 'city.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κώμηνvillageAccusativeobject of κατά (distributive)κώμη: 'village.'
κηρύσσωνpreachingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κηρύσσωcircumstantial ptc. of manner→ durative presentκηρύσσω: 'proclaim, herald.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐαγγελιζόμενοςproclaiming good newsPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εὐαγγελίζωcircumstantial ptc. of manner→ durative presentεὐαγγελίζομαι: 'announce good news'; a Lukan favorite.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativedirect object of εὐαγγελιζόμενοςβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; the content of the proclamation.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός: 'God.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
δώδεκαTwelveNominativesubject (nominal, indeclinable numeral substantivized)δώδεκα: 'twelve'; here the apostolic band.
σὺνwithpreposition + dativeσύν: 'together with.'
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
2

καὶ γυναῖκές τινες αἳ ἦσαν τεθεραπευμέναι ἀπὸ πνευμάτων πονηρῶν καὶ ἀσθενειῶν, Μαρία ἡ καλουμένη Μαγδαληνή, ἀφ’ ἧς δαιμόνια ἑπτὰ ἐξεληλύθει,

and some women who had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities — Mary called Magdalene, from whom seven demons had gone out,

Continuation (the supporting women)καίPeriphrastic pluperfect ἦσαν τεθεραπευμέναι marks an accomplished, abiding cure; Magdalene heads the named list.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γυναῖκέςwomenNominativesubject (added to αὐτῷ company)γυνή: 'woman, wife.'
τινεςsomeNominativeindefinite pronoun modifying γυναῖκεςτις: indefinite, 'certain, some.'
αἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἦσαν)ὅς: relative pronoun.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic pluperfect→ periphrastic (with ptc.)εἰμί: 'be.'
τεθεραπευμέναιhealedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · θεραπεύωpredicate ptc. of periphrastic pluperfect→ perfect of accomplished stateθεραπεύω: 'heal, cure'; the cure stands as a settled fact.
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (separation)ἀπό: 'from'; here 'healed of.'
πνευμάτωνspiritsGenitiveobject of ἀπόπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; here malign spirits.
πονηρῶνevilGenitiveattributive adj. modifying πνευμάτωνπονηρός: 'evil, wicked.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀσθενειῶνinfirmitiesGenitiveobject of ἀπόἀσθένεια: 'weakness, illness.'
ΜαρίαMaryNominativeapposition to γυναῖκες (named)Μαρία: 'Mary,' the Greek form of Miriam.
the oneNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
καλουμένηcalledPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · καλέωattributive ptc.→ durative presentκαλέω: 'call, name.'
ΜαγδαληνήMagdaleneNominativepredicate name in appositionΜαγδαληνή: 'of Magdala,' a town on the Sea of Galilee.
ἀφ’frompreposition + genitive (elided ἀπό)ἀπό: 'from.'
ἧςwhomGenitiverelative pronoun, object of ἀπόὅς: relative pronoun.
δαιμόνιαdemonsNominativesubject of ἐξεληλύθειδαιμόνιον: 'demon, evil spirit.'
ἑπτὰsevenNominativenumeral modifying δαιμόνιαἑπτά: 'seven'; a totality of bondage now broken.
ἐξεληλύθειhad gone outPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb of relative clause→ pluperfect of completed deliveranceἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, come out'; the exorcism stands as past-completed.
3

καὶ Ἰωάννα γυνὴ Χουζᾶ ἐπιτρόπου Ἡρῴδου καὶ Σουσάννα καὶ ἕτεραι πολλαί, αἵτινες διηκόνουν αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐταῖς.

and Joanna the wife of Chuza, Herod's steward, and Susanna, and many others, who were supporting them out of their own means.

Continuation (named patronesses)καίImperfect διηκόνουν marks habitual support; αὐτοῖς (NA28) directs it to Jesus and the Twelve, ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων crediting the women's own resources.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸωάνναJoannaNominativeapposition to γυναῖκες (named)Ἰωάννα: 'Joanna'; named again at 24:10.
γυνὴwifeNominativeapposition to Ἰωάνναγυνή: 'wife, woman.'
Χουζᾶof ChuzaGenitivegenitive of relationshipΧουζᾶς: 'Chuza,' Herod Antipas's estate manager.
ἐπιτρόπουstewardGenitiveapposition to Χουζᾶἐπίτροπος: 'steward, manager.'
Ἡρῴδουof HerodGenitivegenitive of relationshipἩρῴδης: 'Herod' (Antipas), tetrarch of Galilee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΣουσάνναSusannaNominativeapposition to γυναῖκες (named)Σουσάννα: 'Susanna' (lit. 'lily'); named only here.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἕτεραιothersNominativeadj. substantivized, subjectἕτερος: 'other, another.'
πολλαίmanyNominativeadj. modifying ἕτεραιπολύς: 'many, much.'
αἵτινεςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative)ὅστις: 'who, such as'; characterizing relative.
διηκόνουνwere supportingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · διακονέωmain verb of relative clause→ habitual imperfectδιακονέω: 'serve, support, provide for'; ongoing provision.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object (beneficiary)αὐτός: 'them'; NA28 reads αὐτοῖς (Jesus and the Twelve); var. αὐτῷ ('him').
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: 'out of, from.'
τῶνthe thingsGenitivearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
ὑπαρχόντωνbelongingsPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Neut · ὑπάρχωsubstantival ptc., object of ἐκὑπάρχω: 'be, exist'; τὰ ὑπάρχοντα = 'possessions, means.'
αὐταῖςto themDativedative of possession (the women's own)αὐτός: 'their own'; stressing the women's resources.
4

Συνιόντος δὲ ὄχλου πολλοῦ καὶ τῶν κατὰ πόλιν ἐπιπορευομένων πρὸς αὐτὸν εἶπεν διὰ παραβολῆς·

And when a great crowd was gathering and people were coming to him from town after town, he spoke by a parable:

Scene shift (the parable's setting)δέTwo genitive absolutes set the crowded scene; διὰ παραβολῆς introduces the sower.
ΣυνιόντοςgatheringPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · σύνειμιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ durative presentσύνειμι (σύν+εἶμι): 'come together, assemble.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: mild continuation.
ὄχλουcrowdGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteὄχλος: 'crowd, throng.'
πολλοῦgreatGenitiveattributive adj. modifying ὄχλουπολύς: 'much, great.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῶνthoseGenitivearticle (substantivizing prep. phrase/ptc.)
κατὰthroughoutpreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά + acc.: distributive, 'town by town.'
πόλινtownAccusativeobject of κατά (distributive)πόλις: 'city, town.'
ἐπιπορευομένωνcomingPres Mid Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἐπιπορεύομαιsecond genitive absolute (with τῶν)→ durative presentἐπιπορεύομαι: 'travel to, journey toward.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (motion toward)πρός: 'to, toward.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say, speak.'
διὰbypreposition + genitive (means)διά + gen.: 'through, by means of.'
παραβολῆςa parableGenitiveobject of διά (means)παραβολή: 'parable, comparison.'
5

Ἐξῆλθεν ὁ σπείρων τοῦ σπεῖραι τὸν σπόρον αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἐν τῷ σπείρειν αὐτὸν ὃ μὲν ἔπεσεν παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν, καὶ κατεπατήθη καὶ τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κατέφαγεν αὐτό.

The sower went out to sow his seed. And as he sowed, some fell along the path and was trampled, and the birds of the sky devoured it.

Parable: the pathasyndetonThe parable proper opens asyndetically; the articular infinitive of purpose τοῦ σπεῖραι and ἐν τῷ σπείρειν frame the first of four fates.
Ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
theNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
σπείρωνsowerPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · σπείρωsubstantival ptc., subjectσπείρω: 'sow'; ὁ σπείρων = 'the sower.'
τοῦtoGenitivearticle with infinitive of purpose
σπεῖραιsowAor Act Inf · σπείρωarticular infinitive of purpose→ telic infinitiveσπείρω: 'sow.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
σπόρονseedAccusativedirect object of σπεῖραισπόρος: 'seed, what is sown.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal with inf.)ἐν τῷ + inf.: 'while, as.'
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
σπείρεινsowingPres Act Inf · σπείρωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ contemporaneousσπείρω: 'sow.'
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
someNominativerelative/demonstrative subject (ὃ μέν)ὅς ... μέν: 'one part ... '; partitive.
μὲνon the one handcorrelative particleμέν: anticipates following contrasts.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall.'
παρὰalongpreposition + accusative (alongside)παρά + acc.: 'beside, along.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὁδόνpathAccusativeobject of παράὁδός: 'way, road, path.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατεπατήθηwas trampledAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · καταπατέωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)καταπατέω: 'trample down.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheNominativearticle
πετεινὰbirdsNominativesubject of κατέφαγενπετεινόν: 'bird.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
οὐρανοῦskyGenitivegenitive of place/sourceοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
κατέφαγενdevouredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατεσθίωmain verb→ constative aoristκατεσθίω: 'eat up, devour.'
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object
6

καὶ ἕτερον κατέπεσεν ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν, καὶ φυὲν ἐξηράνθη διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν ἰκμάδα.

And other seed fell on the rock, and when it grew up it withered, because it had no moisture.

Parable: the rockκαίThe second soil; aorist ptc. φυέν and the articular infinitive διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν give cause.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἕτερονotherNominativeadj. substantivized, subjectἕτερος: 'another.'
κατέπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταπίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταπίπτω: 'fall down.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusativeἐπί + acc.: 'on, upon.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πέτρανrockAccusativeobject of ἐπίπέτρα: 'rock, bedrock.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φυὲνgrowing upAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · φύωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ ingressive aoristφύω: 'grow, sprout.'
ἐξηράνθηwitheredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ξηραίνωmain verb→ constative aoristξηραίνω: 'dry up, wither.'
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause, with inf.)διά + acc.: 'because of.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle with infinitive (causal)
μὴnotnegative with infinitiveμή: negates non-indicative.
ἔχεινto havePres Act Inf · ἔχωarticular infinitive (cause)→ causal infinitiveἔχω: 'have, hold.'
ἰκμάδαmoistureAccusativedirect object of ἔχεινἰκμάς: 'moisture, dampness.'
7

καὶ ἕτερον ἔπεσεν ἐν μέσῳ τῶν ἀκανθῶν, καὶ συμφυεῖσαι αἱ ἄκανθαι ἀπέπνιξαν αὐτό.

And other seed fell amid the thorns, and the thorns grew up with it and choked it.

Parable: the thornsκαίThe third soil; συμφυεῖσαι ('growing up together') stresses the simultaneous rivalry that chokes the seed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἕτερονotherNominativeadj. substantivized, subjectἕτερος: 'another.'
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall.'
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in, among.'
μέσῳthe midstDativeobject of ἐν (ἐν μέσῳ = amid)μέσος: 'middle, midst.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀκανθῶνthornsGenitivepartitive/descriptive genitiveἄκανθα: 'thorn-plant, thistle.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συμφυεῖσαιgrowing up with itAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · συμφύωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/manner)→ ingressive aoristσυμφύω: 'grow up together with.'
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἄκανθαιthornsNominativesubject of ἀπέπνιξανἄκανθα: 'thorn-plant.'
ἀπέπνιξανchokedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποπνίγωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποπνίγω: 'choke, strangle.'
αὐτόitAccusativedirect object
8

καὶ ἕτερον ἔπεσεν εἰς τὴν γῆν τὴν ἀγαθήν, καὶ φυὲν ἐποίησεν καρπὸν ἑκατονταπλασίονα. ταῦτα λέγων ἐφώνει· Ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω.

And other seed fell into the good soil, and when it grew it produced fruit a hundredfold. Saying these things, he called out: 'The one who has ears to hear, let him hear.'

Parable: the good soil + the call to hearκαίThe fruitful fourth soil climaxes the series; the imperatival call to hear (ἀκουέτω) presses the audience to interpret.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἕτερονotherNominativeadj. substantivized, subjectἕτερος: 'another.'
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνsoilAccusativeobject of εἰςγῆ: 'earth, ground, soil.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (second attributive position)
ἀγαθήνgoodAccusativeattributive adj. modifying γῆνἀγαθός: 'good.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φυὲνgrowingAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · φύωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ ingressive aoristφύω: 'grow, sprout.'
ἐποίησενproducedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make, produce.'
καρπὸνfruitAccusativedirect objectκαρπός: 'fruit, yield.'
ἑκατονταπλασίοναa hundredfoldAccusativeadj. modifying καρπόνἑκατονταπλασίων: 'a hundredfold.'
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of λέγωνοὗτος: 'this.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ἐφώνειhe called outImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · φωνέωmain verb→ iterative/inceptive imperfectφωνέω: 'call out, cry aloud.'
the oneNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantival ptc., subject→ durative presentἔχω: 'have, hold.'
ὦταearsAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνοὖς: 'ear.'
ἀκούεινto hearPres Act Inf · ἀκούωepexegetical infinitive→ epexegeticalἀκούω: 'hear.'
ἀκουέτωlet him hearPres Act Impv 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (3rd-person imperative)→ imperatival summonsἀκούω: 'hear, listen, heed.'
9

Ἐπηρώτων δὲ αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ τίς αὕτη εἴη ἡ παραβολή.

And his disciples were asking him what this parable might be.

Transition to interpretationδέImperfect ἐπηρώτων marks the disciples' inquiry; the optative εἴη in indirect question is a Lukan literary touch.
Ἐπηρώτωνwere askingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ durative imperfectἐπερωτάω: 'question, ask.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple, learner.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)τίς: interrogative, 'who, what.'
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative modifying παραβολήοὗτος: 'this.'
εἴηmight bePres Act Opt 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of indirect question (oblique optative)→ potential optativeεἰμί: 'be.'
theNominativearticle
παραβολήparableNominativesubject of indirect questionπαραβολή: 'parable.'
10

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· Ὑμῖν δέδοται γνῶναι τὰ μυστήρια τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ, τοῖς δὲ λοιποῖς ἐν παραβολαῖς, ἵνα βλέποντες μὴ βλέπωσιν καὶ ἀκούοντες μὴ συνιῶσιν.

And he said: 'To you it has been given to know the mysteries of the kingdom of God, but to the rest in parables, so that seeing they may not see and hearing they may not understand.'

Jesus' answer (the purpose of parables)δέPerfect δέδοται marks an abiding gift; the ἵνα-clause cites Isaiah 6:9, the Isaianic hardening of those outside.
heNominativearticle as pronoun (ὁ δέ = 'and he')
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
Ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object (emphatic, fronted)σύ: 'you' (pl.).
δέδοταιit has been givenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ perfect of standing giftδίδωμι: 'give'; divine passive.
γνῶναιto knowAor Act Inf · γινώσκωepexegetical/subject infinitive of δέδοται→ epexegeticalγινώσκω: 'know, perceive.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
μυστήριαmysteriesAccusativedirect object of γνῶναιμυστήριον: 'mystery, secret' once hidden, now revealed.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
βασιλείαςkingdomGenitivegenitive of referenceβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God.'
τοῖςto theDativearticle
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: adversative here.
λοιποῖςrestDativeadj. substantivized, indirect objectλοιπός: 'rest, remaining'; those outside.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)ἐν: 'in.'
παραβολαῖςparablesDativeobject of ἐν (manner, sc. 'it is given')παραβολή: 'parable.'
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purpose/result clauseἵνα: 'in order that'; here citing Isa 6:9.
βλέποντεςseeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βλέπωconcessive ptc.→ durative presentβλέπω: 'see, look.'
μὴnotnegative with subjunctiveμή: negates subjunctive.
βλέπωσινthey may seePres Act Subj 3 Pl · βλέπωsubjunctive of ἵνα-clause→ durative presentβλέπω: 'see.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκούοντεςhearingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωconcessive ptc.→ durative presentἀκούω: 'hear.'
μὴnotnegative with subjunctiveμή: negates subjunctive.
συνιῶσινthey may understandPres Act Subj 3 Pl · συνίημιsubjunctive of ἵνα-clause→ durative presentσυνίημι: 'understand, comprehend.'
11

Ἔστιν δὲ αὕτη ἡ παραβολή· Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ.

Now this is the parable: The seed is the word of God.

Interpretation: the seedδέThe decoding key: σπόρος = ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ, the master-equation of the explanation.
ἜστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
δὲnowdevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
αὕτηthisNominativedemonstrative subjectοὗτος: 'this.'
theNominativearticle
παραβολήparableNominativepredicate nominativeπαραβολή: 'parable.'
theNominativearticle
σπόροςseedNominativesubjectσπόρος: 'seed.'
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula (allegorical equation)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; 'represents.'
theNominativearticle
λόγοςwordNominativepredicate nominativeλόγος: 'word, message.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivesubjective/possessive genitiveθεός: 'God.'
12

οἱ δὲ παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν εἰσιν οἱ ἀκούσαντες, εἶτα ἔρχεται ὁ διάβολος καὶ αἴρει τὸν λόγον ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν, ἵνα μὴ πιστεύσαντες σωθῶσιν.

Those along the path are the ones who hear; then the devil comes and takes away the word from their heart, so that they may not believe and be saved.

Interpretation: the pathδέThe snatched-away hearers; ἵνα μὴ ... σωθῶσιν names the devil's design — to prevent saving faith.
οἱthoseNominativearticle substantivizing prep. phrase, subject
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
παρὰalongpreposition + accusativeπαρά + acc.: 'beside, along.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὁδόνpathAccusativeobject of παράὁδός: 'way, path.'
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
οἱthe onesNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
ἀκούσαντεςwho hearAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωsubstantival ptc., predicate→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
εἶταthentemporal adverbεἶτα: 'then, next.'
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ vivid presentἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
theNominativearticle
διάβολοςdevilNominativesubjectδιάβολος: 'slanderer, devil.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αἴρειtakes awayPres Act Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb→ vivid presentαἴρω: 'take up, take away.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect objectλόγος: 'word.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)ἀπό: 'from.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
καρδίαςheartGenitiveobject of ἀπόκαρδία: 'heart'; seat of will and understanding.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing negative purposeἵνα: 'in order that.'
μὴnotnegative with subjunctiveμή: negates subjunctive.
πιστεύσαντεςhaving believedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πιστεύωcircumstantial ptc. (means/condition)→ constative aoristπιστεύω: 'believe, trust.'
σωθῶσινthey be savedAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · σῴζωsubjunctive of ἵνα-clause→ constative aorist (divine passive)σῴζω: 'save, rescue.'
13

οἱ δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς πέτρας οἳ ὅταν ἀκούσωσιν μετὰ χαρᾶς δέχονται τὸν λόγον, καὶ οὗτοι ῥίζαν οὐκ ἔχουσιν, οἳ πρὸς καιρὸν πιστεύουσιν καὶ ἐν καιρῷ πειρασμοῦ ἀφίστανται.

Those on the rock are the ones who, when they hear, receive the word with joy; and these have no root, who believe for a while and in a time of testing fall away.

Interpretation: the rockδέThe rootless, transient believers; πρὸς καιρόν ... ἐν καιρῷ πειρασμοῦ frames a faith that does not survive trial.
οἱthoseNominativearticle substantivizing prep. phrase, subject
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitiveἐπί + gen.: 'on, upon.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
πέτραςrockGenitiveobject of ἐπίπέτρα: 'rock.'
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: relative pronoun.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction + subjunctiveὅταν: 'whenever, when.'
ἀκούσωσινthey hearAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀκούωsubjunctive of ὅταν-clause→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (manner)μετά + gen.: 'with.'
χαρᾶςjoyGenitiveobject of μετά (manner)χαρά: 'joy.'
δέχονταιreceivePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · δέχομαιmain verb of relative clause→ durative presentδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect objectλόγος: 'word.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative subjectοὗτος: 'this.'
ῥίζανrootAccusativedirect object of ἔχουσινῥίζα: 'root.'
οὐκnotnegative with indicativeοὐ: negates indicative.
ἔχουσινhavePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have.'
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: relative pronoun.
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative (duration)πρός + acc.: here 'for (a time).'
καιρὸνa whileAccusativeobject of πρός (extent of time)καιρός: 'time, season'; πρὸς καιρόν = 'for a season.'
πιστεύουσινbelievePres Act Indic 3 Pl · πιστεύωmain verb of relative clause→ durative presentπιστεύω: 'believe.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν: 'in.'
καιρῷa timeDativeobject of ἐν (temporal)καιρός: 'time, occasion.'
πειρασμοῦof testingGenitivedescriptive genitiveπειρασμός: 'testing, trial, temptation.'
ἀφίστανταιfall awayPres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίστημιmain verb→ durative presentἀφίστημι: 'withdraw, fall away, apostatize.'
14

τὸ δὲ εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας πεσόν, οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ ἀκούσαντες, καὶ ὑπὸ μεριμνῶν καὶ πλούτου καὶ ἡδονῶν τοῦ βίου πορευόμενοι συμπνίγονται καὶ οὐ τελεσφοροῦσιν.

And what fell among the thorns — these are the ones who hear, but as they go along they are choked by cares and riches and pleasures of life and bring no fruit to maturity.

Interpretation: the thornsδέThe choked hearers; the triple agent μέριμναι/πλοῦτος/ἡδοναί stifles the word so that οὐ τελεσφοροῦσιν.
τὸwhatNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
εἰςamongpreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into, among.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἀκάνθαςthornsAccusativeobject of εἰςἄκανθα: 'thorn-plant.'
πεσόνfellAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · πίπτωsubstantival ptc. (with τό)→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall.'
οὗτοίtheseNominativedemonstrative subject (resumptive)οὗτος: 'this.'
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
οἱthe onesNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
ἀκούσαντεςwho hearAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωsubstantival ptc., predicate→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent)ὑπό + gen.: 'by' (agent).
μεριμνῶνcaresGenitiveobject of ὑπό (agent)μέριμνα: 'anxiety, care.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πλούτουrichesGenitiveobject of ὑπό (agent)πλοῦτος: 'wealth, riches.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡδονῶνpleasuresGenitiveobject of ὑπό (agent)ἡδονή: 'pleasure.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
βίουlifeGenitivedescriptive/possessive genitiveβίος: 'life, livelihood.'
πορευόμενοιgoing alongPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · πορεύομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ durative presentπορεύομαι: 'go, proceed'; 'as they go through life.'
συμπνίγονταιare chokedPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · συμπνίγωmain verb→ durative present (passive)συμπνίγω: 'choke, crowd out.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐnotnegative with indicativeοὐ: negates indicative.
τελεσφοροῦσινbring to maturityPres Act Indic 3 Pl · τελεσφορέωmain verb→ durative presentτελεσφορέω: 'bring to maturity/ripeness'; bear no ripe fruit.
15

τὸ δὲ ἐν τῇ καλῇ γῇ, οὗτοί εἰσιν οἵτινες ἐν καρδίᾳ καλῇ καὶ ἀγαθῇ ἀκούσαντες τὸν λόγον κατέχουσιν καὶ καρποφοροῦσιν ἐν ὑπομονῇ.

But what is in the good soil — these are the ones who, having heard the word with a noble and good heart, hold it fast and bear fruit with endurance.

Interpretation: the good soilδέThe fruitful hearers; the climactic ἐν ὑπομονῇ ('with endurance') is Luke's distinctive addition, fruit borne over time.
τὸwhatNominativearticle (substantivizing prep. phrase)
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: adversative.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in.'
τῇtheDativearticle
καλῇgoodDativeattributive adj. modifying γῇκαλός: 'good, fine, noble.'
γῇsoilDativeobject of ἐνγῆ: 'soil, ground.'
οὗτοίtheseNominativedemonstrative subject (resumptive)οὗτος: 'this.'
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
οἵτινεςwhoNominativequalitative relative pronoun (subject)ὅστις: 'who, such as.'
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)ἐν: 'in, with.'
καρδίᾳa heartDativeobject of ἐν (manner/instrument)καρδία: 'heart.'
καλῇnobleDativeattributive adj. modifying καρδίᾳκαλός: 'good, noble.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀγαθῇgoodDativeattributive adj. modifying καρδίᾳἀγαθός: 'good.'
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/antecedent)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of ἀκούσαντες/κατέχουσινλόγος: 'word.'
κατέχουσινhold fastPres Act Indic 3 Pl · κατέχωmain verb→ durative presentκατέχω: 'hold fast, retain.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καρποφοροῦσινbear fruitPres Act Indic 3 Pl · καρποφορέωmain verb→ durative presentκαρποφορέω: 'bear fruit, be fruitful.'
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (manner)ἐν: 'in, with.'
ὑπομονῇenduranceDativeobject of ἐν (manner)ὑπομονή: 'endurance, steadfast perseverance'; Luke's distinctive note.
16

Οὐδεὶς δὲ λύχνον ἅψας καλύπτει αὐτὸν σκεύει ἢ ὑποκάτω κλίνης τίθησιν, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ λυχνίας τίθησιν, ἵνα οἱ εἰσπορευόμενοι βλέπωσιν τὸ φῶς.

No one, having lit a lamp, covers it with a vessel or puts it under a bed, but sets it on a lampstand, so that those who come in may see the light.

The lamp sayingδέA proverb applied to the revealed word: light is meant to be seen, not hidden — bearing on how one hears (v.18).
Οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς: 'no one, nobody.'
δὲnowdevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
λύχνονlampAccusativedirect object of ἅψαςλύχνος: 'lamp.'
ἅψαςhaving litAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἅπτωcircumstantial ptc. (antecedent)→ constative aoristἅπτω: 'kindle, light.'
καλύπτειcoversPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καλύπτωmain verb→ gnomic presentκαλύπτω: 'cover, hide.'
αὐτὸνitAccusativedirect object
σκεύειwith a vesselDativedative of instrumentσκεῦος: 'vessel, jar, container.'
ordisjunctive conjunctionἤ: 'or.'
ὑποκάτωunderimproper preposition + genitiveὑποκάτω: 'underneath, below.'
κλίνηςa bedGenitiveobject of ὑποκάτωκλίνη: 'bed, couch.'
τίθησινputsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ gnomic presentτίθημι: 'place, put, set.'
ἀλλ’butadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitiveἐπί + gen.: 'on.'
λυχνίαςa lampstandGenitiveobject of ἐπίλυχνία: 'lampstand.'
τίθησινsetsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · τίθημιmain verb→ gnomic presentτίθημι: 'set, place.'
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purposeἵνα: 'in order that.'
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
εἰσπορευόμενοιwho come inPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · εἰσπορεύομαιsubstantival ptc., subject of βλέπωσιν→ durative presentεἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter, come in.'
βλέπωσινmay seePres Act Subj 3 Pl · βλέπωsubjunctive of ἵνα-clause→ durative presentβλέπω: 'see.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
φῶςlightAccusativedirect object of βλέπωσινφῶς: 'light.'
17

οὐ γάρ ἐστιν κρυπτὸν ὃ οὐ φανερὸν γενήσεται, οὐδὲ ἀπόκρυφον ὃ οὐ μὴ γνωσθῇ καὶ εἰς φανερὸν ἔλθῃ.

For nothing is hidden that will not become manifest, nor secret that will not be known and come to light.

Ground for v.16γάργάρ grounds the lamp-saying: concealment is provisional — all will be disclosed; the double negative οὐ μή is emphatic.
οὐnotnegative with indicativeοὐ: negates indicative.
γάρforcausal/explanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ gnomic presentεἰμί: 'be.'
κρυπτὸνhiddenNominativepredicate adj. substantivized (subject)κρυπτός: 'hidden, secret.'
thatNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: relative pronoun.
οὐnotnegative with futureοὐ: negates indicative.
φανερὸνmanifestNominativepredicate adj.φανερός: 'manifest, visible.'
γενήσεταιwill becomeFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of relative clause→ predictive futureγίνομαι: 'become.'
οὐδὲnornegative coordinating conjunctionοὐδέ: 'nor, not even.'
ἀπόκρυφονsecretNominativepredicate adj. substantivizedἀπόκρυφος: 'hidden away, secret.'
thatNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: relative pronoun.
οὐnotemphatic negative (οὐ μή)οὐ μή: emphatic denial.
μὴby no meansemphatic negative with subjunctiveμή (with οὐ): strong negation.
γνωσθῇbe knownAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · γινώσκωsubjunctive of emphatic denial→ constative aorist (divine passive)γινώσκω: 'know.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into, to.'
φανερὸνlightAccusativeadj. substantivized, object of εἰς (εἰς φανερόν = 'into the open')φανερός: 'open, manifest.'
ἔλθῃcomeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιsubjunctive of emphatic denial→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
18

βλέπετε οὖν πῶς ἀκούετε· ὃς ἂν γὰρ ἔχῃ, δοθήσεται αὐτῷ, καὶ ὃς ἂν μὴ ἔχῃ, καὶ ὃ δοκεῖ ἔχειν ἀρθήσεται ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ.

Take heed, therefore, how you hear; for whoever has, to him more will be given, and whoever has not, even what he seems to have will be taken from him.

Application: how you hearοὖνοὖν draws the moral: hearing accrues or forfeits; the proverb of having/not-having governs responsiveness to the word.
βλέπετεtake heedPres Act Impv 2 Pl · βλέπωmain verb (imperative)→ imperatival warningβλέπω: 'see, watch, take care.'
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunctionοὖν: 'therefore.'
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (indirect)πῶς: 'how.'
ἀκούετεyou hearPres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀκούωverb of indirect question→ durative presentἀκούω: 'hear, listen.'
ὃςwhoeverNominativeindefinite relative (ὃς ἄν) subjectὅς: relative pronoun.
ἂν-evermodal particle with subjunctiveἄν: contingency particle.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
ἔχῃhasPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔχωsubjunctive of indefinite relative clause→ durative presentἔχω: 'have.'
δοθήσεταιwill be givenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive future (divine passive)δίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὃςwhoeverNominativeindefinite relative subjectὅς: relative pronoun.
ἂν-evermodal particle with subjunctiveἄν: contingency particle.
μὴnotnegative with subjunctiveμή: negates subjunctive.
ἔχῃhasPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ἔχωsubjunctive of indefinite relative clause→ durative presentἔχω: 'have.'
καὶevenadverbial/ascensive καίκαί: 'even.'
whatAccusativerelative pronoun, object of δοκεῖ ἔχεινὅς: relative pronoun.
δοκεῖhe seemsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δοκέωmain verb of relative clause→ durative presentδοκέω: 'seem, suppose.'
ἔχεινto havePres Act Inf · ἔχωcomplementary infinitive→ complementaryἔχω: 'have.'
ἀρθήσεταιwill be takenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb→ predictive future (divine passive)αἴρω: 'take away.'
ἀπ’frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided ἀπό)ἀπό: 'from.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἀπό
19

Παρεγένετο δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἡ μήτηρ καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἠδύναντο συντυχεῖν αὐτῷ διὰ τὸν ὄχλον.

And his mother and brothers came to him, but they could not reach him because of the crowd.

New episode: the family arrivesδέThe crowd that pressed to hear (vv.4, 40) now bars his kin, setting up the redefinition of family.
ΠαρεγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · παραγίνομαιmain verb (sg. with compound subject)→ constative aoristπαραγίνομαι: 'arrive, come, be present.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to, toward.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativesubjectμήτηρ: 'mother.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀδελφοὶbrothersNominativesubject (compound)ἀδελφός: 'brother.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (adversative here)
οὐκnotnegative with indicativeοὐ: negates indicative.
ἠδύναντοthey couldImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb→ durative imperfectδύναμαι: 'be able.'
συντυχεῖνto reachAor Act Inf · συντυγχάνωcomplementary infinitive→ complementaryσυντυγχάνω: 'meet with, reach, get to.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of συντυχεῖν
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)διά + acc.: 'because of.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativeobject of διάὄχλος: 'crowd.'
20

ἀπηγγέλη δὲ αὐτῷ· Ἡ μήτηρ σου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί σου ἑστήκασιν ἔξω ἰδεῖν θέλοντές σε.

And it was reported to him: 'Your mother and your brothers are standing outside, wishing to see you.'

The reportδέPerfect ἑστήκασιν ('have taken their stand, are standing') sets the family literally outside the circle of hearers.
ἀπηγγέληit was reportedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)ἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativesubjectμήτηρ: 'mother.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀδελφοίbrothersNominativesubject (compound)ἀδελφός: 'brother.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἑστήκασινare standingPerf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb (perfect with present sense)→ intensive perfect (stative)ἵστημι: 'stand'; perfect = 'are standing.'
ἔξωoutsideadverb of placeἔξω: 'outside.'
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωcomplementary infinitive of θέλοντες→ complementaryὁράω: 'see.'
θέλοντέςwishingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · θέλωcircumstantial ptc. (purpose/cause)→ durative presentθέλω: 'wish, want.'
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ἰδεῖν
21

ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Μήτηρ μου καὶ ἀδελφοί μου οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούοντες καὶ ποιοῦντες.

But he answered and said to them: 'My mother and my brothers are these — the ones who hear the word of God and do it.'

Jesus' redefinition of kinshipδέThe pronouncement: true family is constituted by hearing and doing God's word, recapping the good-soil hearers of v.15.
heNominativearticle as pronoun (ὁ δέ)
δὲbutdevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant, Semitic pleonasm)→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, respond.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ΜήτηρmotherNominativepredicate nominative (fronted)μήτηρ: 'mother.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀδελφοίbrothersNominativepredicate nominativeἀδελφός: 'brother.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
οὗτοίtheseNominativedemonstrative subjectοὗτος: 'this.'
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
οἱthe onesNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of ἀκούοντες/ποιοῦντεςλόγος: 'word.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός: 'God.'
ἀκούοντεςwho hearPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωsubstantival ptc., predicate→ durative presentἀκούω: 'hear.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ποιοῦντεςdo itPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ποιέωsubstantival ptc., predicate→ durative presentποιέω: 'do, perform.'
22

Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐνέβη εἰς πλοῖον καὶ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Διέλθωμεν εἰς τὸ πέραν τῆς λίμνης. καὶ ἀνήχθησαν.

Now it came about on one of those days that he got into a boat with his disciples, and he said to them, 'Let us cross over to the other side of the lake.' And they set out.

New episode: the crossingδέThe καὶ ἐγένετο formula opens the sea-crossing; hortatory Διέλθωμεν launches the voyage that the storm will threaten.
Ἐγένετοit came aboutAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιimpersonal narrative verb→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'happen, come to pass.'
δὲnowdevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν: 'in, on.'
μιᾷoneDativenumeral, object of ἐνεἷς: 'one.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivepartitive genitiveἡμέρα: 'day.'
καὶthatresumptive καί (Semitic, introducing main clause)
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive subjectαὐτός: intensive pronoun.
ἐνέβηgot intoAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐμβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἐμβαίνω: 'embark, step into.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
πλοῖονa boatAccusativeobject of εἰςπλοῖον: 'boat, ship.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject (added to αὐτός)μαθητής: 'disciple.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
Διέλθωμενlet us cross overAor Act Subj 1 Pl · διέρχομαιhortatory subjunctive→ hortatoryδιέρχομαι: 'go through, cross over.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'to.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantivizing adverb)
πέρανother sideAccusativeadverb substantivized, object of εἰςπέραν: 'across, the other side.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
λίμνηςlakeGenitivegenitive of referenceλίμνη: 'lake'; Luke's precise term for the Sea of Galilee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνήχθησανthey set outAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀνάγωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἀνάγω: (pass.) 'put out to sea, set sail.'
23

πλεόντων δὲ αὐτῶν ἀφύπνωσεν. καὶ κατέβη λαῖλαψ ἀνέμου εἰς τὴν λίμνην, καὶ συνεπληροῦντο καὶ ἐκινδύνευον.

And as they sailed he fell asleep. And a windstorm came down on the lake, and they were being swamped and were in danger.

The storm risesδέGenitive absolute and imperfects (συνεπληροῦντο, ἐκινδύνευον) paint the mounting peril against Jesus' sleep.
πλεόντωνsailingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · πλέωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ durative presentπλέω: 'sail.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
ἀφύπνωσενhe fell asleepAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφυπνόωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἀφυπνόω: 'fall asleep.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατέβηcame downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταβαίνω: 'come down, descend.'
λαῖλαψa windstormNominativesubjectλαῖλαψ: 'squall, violent gust.'
ἀνέμουof windGenitivedescriptive genitiveἄνεμος: 'wind.'
εἰςonpreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into, on.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
λίμνηνlakeAccusativeobject of εἰςλίμνη: 'lake.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνεπληροῦντοthey were being swampedImpf Pass Indic 3 Pl · συμπληρόωmain verb→ durative imperfect (passive)συμπληρόω: 'fill completely'; here of the boat filling with water.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκινδύνευονwere in dangerImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · κινδυνεύωmain verb→ durative imperfectκινδυνεύω: 'be in danger, be at risk.'
24

προσελθόντες δὲ διήγειραν αὐτὸν λέγοντες· Ἐπιστάτα ἐπιστάτα, ἀπολλύμεθα. ὁ δὲ διεγερθεὶς ἐπετίμησεν τῷ ἀνέμῳ καὶ τῷ κλύδωνι τοῦ ὕδατος· καὶ ἐπαύσαντο, καὶ ἐγένετο γαλήνη.

And they came and woke him, saying, 'Master, Master, we are perishing!' And he, having awakened, rebuked the wind and the raging water; and they ceased, and there was a calm.

The rebuke and calmδέThe doubled vocative Ἐπιστάτα conveys panic; ἐπετίμησεν ('rebuked') treats the elements like the demons he rebukes — and a great calm follows.
προσελθόντεςcomingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · προσέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come to, approach.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
διήγειρανwokeAor Act Indic 3 Pl · διεγείρωmain verb→ constative aoristδιεγείρω: 'wake up, rouse.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ἘπιστάταMasterVocativevocative of addressἐπιστάτης: 'master, chief'; a Lukan address for Jesus.
ἐπιστάταMasterVocativevocative (repeated for urgency)ἐπιστάτης: 'master.'
ἀπολλύμεθαwe are perishingPres Mid Indic 1 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb of speech→ progressive presentἀπόλλυμι: (mid.) 'perish, be destroyed.'
heNominativearticle as pronoun (ὁ δέ)
δὲbutdevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
διεγερθεὶςhaving awakenedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διεγείρωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ constative aoristδιεγείρω: 'awaken, rouse.'
ἐπετίμησενrebukedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτιμάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτιμάω: 'rebuke, command sternly.'
τῷtheDativearticle
ἀνέμῳwindDativedative object of ἐπετίμησενἄνεμος: 'wind.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷtheDativearticle
κλύδωνιragingDativedative object of ἐπετίμησενκλύδων: 'surge, raging waves.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ὕδατοςwaterGenitivedescriptive genitiveὕδωρ: 'water.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπαύσαντοthey ceasedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · παύωmain verb→ constative aoristπαύω: (mid.) 'cease, stop.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοthere wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: 'become, come to be.'
γαλήνηa calmNominativesubjectγαλήνη: 'calm, stillness.'
25

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς· Ποῦ ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν; φοβηθέντες δὲ ἐθαύμασαν, λέγοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλους· Τίς ἄρα οὗτός ἐστιν ὅτι καὶ τοῖς ἀνέμοις ἐπιτάσσει καὶ τῷ ὕδατι, καὶ ὑπακούουσιν αὐτῷ;

And he said to them, 'Where is your faith?' And being afraid, they marveled, saying to one another, 'Who then is this, that he commands even the winds and the water, and they obey him?'

Rebuke of fear; the disciples' wonderδέJesus' question exposes their failed faith; their awed Τίς ἄρα οὗτός raises the chapter's christological question — one who commands wind and sea.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Ποῦwhereinterrogative adverbποῦ: 'where.'
theNominativearticle
πίστιςfaithNominativesubjectπίστις: 'faith, trust.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivepossessive genitive
φοβηθέντεςbeing afraidAor Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · φοβέομαιcircumstantial ptc. (manner/cause)→ ingressive aoristφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
ἐθαύμασανthey marveledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θαυμάζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristθαυμάζω: 'marvel, wonder, be amazed.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
ἀλλήλουςone anotherAccusativereciprocal pronoun, object of πρόςἀλλήλων: 'one another.'
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)τίς: 'who.'
ἄραtheninferential particleἄρα: 'then, consequently.'
οὗτόςthisNominativedemonstrative subjectοὗτος: 'this.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (consecutive/explanatory)ὅτι: 'that, because.'
καὶevenascensive καίκαί: 'even.'
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἀνέμοιςwindsDativedative object of ἐπιτάσσειἄνεμος: 'wind.'
ἐπιτάσσειhe commandsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτάσσωmain verb→ gnomic/customary presentἐπιτάσσω: 'command, order.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῷtheDativearticle
ὕδατιwaterDativedative object of ἐπιτάσσειὕδωρ: 'water.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑπακούουσινthey obeyPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑπακούωmain verb→ gnomic/customary presentὑπακούω: 'obey, submit to.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of ὑπακούουσιν
26

Καὶ κατέπλευσαν εἰς τὴν χώραν τῶν Γερασηνῶν, ἥτις ἐστὶν ἀντιπέρα τῆς Γαλιλαίας.

And they sailed down to the country of the Gerasenes, which is opposite Galilee.

New episode: arrival in Gentile countryΚαίThe crossing lands them in Gentile territory; Γερασηνῶν is read here (var. Γαδαρηνῶν / Γεργεσηνῶν), ἀντιπέρα locating it across the lake from Galilee.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατέπλευσανthey sailed downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καταπλέωmain verb→ constative aoristκαταπλέω: 'sail down, put in to shore.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'to, into.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χώρανcountryAccusativeobject of εἰςχώρα: 'country, region.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ΓερασηνῶνGerasenesGenitivepossessive/descriptive genitive (proper name)Γερασηνός: 'Gerasene'; var. Γαδαρηνῶν / Γεργεσηνῶν.
ἥτιςwhichNominativequalitative relative pronoun (subject)ὅστις: 'which, such as.'
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
ἀντιπέραoppositeimproper preposition/adverb + genitiveἀντιπέρα: 'opposite, across from.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ΓαλιλαίαςGalileeGenitiveobject of ἀντιπέρα (proper name)Γαλιλαία: 'Galilee.'
27

ἐξελθόντι δὲ αὐτῷ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ὑπήντησεν ἀνήρ τις ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἔχων δαιμόνια· καὶ χρόνῳ ἱκανῷ οὐκ ἐνεδύσατο ἱμάτιον, καὶ ἐν οἰκίᾳ οὐκ ἔμενεν ἀλλ’ ἐν τοῖς μνήμασιν.

And as he stepped out onto the land, a man from the city who had demons met him; and for a long time he had worn no clothing and would not stay in a house but among the tombs.

The demoniac introducedδέA dative absolute (ἐξελθόντι αὐτῷ) frames the encounter; the imperfect ἔμενεν paints the man's habitual life among the tombs, dehumanized by possession.
ἐξελθόντιstepping outAor Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. agreeing with αὐτῷ (temporal)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, disembark.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
αὐτῷhimDativedative of association (with ὑπήντησεν) / ptc. agreement
ἐπὶontopreposition + accusativeἐπί + acc.: 'onto, upon.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνlandAccusativeobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'land, ground.'
ὑπήντησενmetAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπαντάωmain verb→ constative aoristὑπαντάω: 'meet, go to meet.'
ἀνήρa manNominativesubjectἀνήρ: 'man, male.'
τιςcertainNominativeindefinite pronoun modifying ἀνήρτις: indefinite, 'a certain.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: 'from, out of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
πόλεωςcityGenitiveobject of ἐκπόλις: 'city.'
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωattributive ptc. modifying ἀνήρ→ durative presentἔχω: 'have.'
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
χρόνῳfor a timeDativedative of time (duration)χρόνος: 'time.'
ἱκανῷlongDativeattributive adj. modifying χρόνῳἱκανός: 'considerable, long.'
οὐκnotnegative with indicativeοὐ: negates indicative.
ἐνεδύσατοhe had wornAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐνδύωmain verb→ constative aoristἐνδύω: (mid.) 'put on, wear.'
ἱμάτιονclothingAccusativedirect objectἱμάτιον: 'garment, clothing.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in.'
οἰκίᾳa houseDativeobject of ἐνοἰκία: 'house, home.'
οὐκnotnegative with indicativeοὐ: negates indicative.
ἔμενενwould stayImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · μένωmain verb→ customary imperfectμένω: 'remain, stay, dwell.'
ἀλλ’butadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but.'
ἐνamongpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in, among.'
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μνήμασινtombsDativeobject of ἐνμνῆμα: 'tomb, grave.'
28

ἰδὼν δὲ τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀνακράξας προσέπεσεν αὐτῷ καὶ φωνῇ μεγάλῃ εἶπεν· Τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί, Ἰησοῦ υἱὲ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου; δέομαί σου, μή με βασανίσῃς.

And seeing Jesus, he cried out and fell before him and said with a loud voice, 'What have I to do with you, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I beg you, do not torment me.'

The demon's outcryδέThe demoniac names Jesus as 'Son of the Most High God' — supernatural recognition; the Semitic idiom Τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί repels his approach, and μή ... βασανίσῃς is a prohibitive subjunctive.
ἰδὼνseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect object of ἰδώνἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
ἀνακράξαςcrying outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνακράζωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ ingressive aoristἀνακράζω: 'cry out, shriek.'
προσέπεσενfell beforeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσπίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσπίπτω: 'fall down before.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of προσέπεσεν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φωνῇwith a voiceDativedative of manner/instrumentφωνή: 'voice, sound.'
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adj. modifying φωνῇμέγας: 'great, loud.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ΤίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (idiomatic Τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί)τίς: 'what'; Semitic idiom 'what to me and to you?'
ἐμοὶto meDativedative of reference (idiom)ἐγώ: 'I, me.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σοίto youDativedative of reference (idiom)σύ: 'you.'
ἸησοῦJesusVocativevocative of addressἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
υἱὲSonVocativevocative in apposition to Ἰησοῦυἱός: 'son.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationshipθεός: 'God.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ὑψίστουMost HighGenitiveattributive adj. modifying θεοῦὕψιστος: 'highest, Most High'; LXX title for God.
δέομαίI begPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · δέομαιmain verb→ progressive presentδέομαι: 'beg, beseech, ask.'
σουyouGenitivegenitive object of δέομαι
μήnotnegative with prohibitive subjunctiveμή: negates non-indicative.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of βασανίσῃςἐγώ: 'me.'
βασανίσῃςtormentAor Act Subj 2 Sg · βασανίζωprohibitive subjunctive→ ingressive aorist (prohibition)βασανίζω: 'torment, torture.'
29

παρήγγειλεν γὰρ τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἀκαθάρτῳ ἐξελθεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. πολλοῖς γὰρ χρόνοις συνηρπάκει αὐτόν, καὶ ἐδεσμεύετο ἁλύσεσιν καὶ πέδαις φυλασσόμενος, καὶ διαρρήσσων τὰ δεσμὰ ἠλαύνετο ὑπὸ τοῦ δαιμονίου εἰς τὰς ἐρήμους.

For he had commanded the unclean spirit to come out of the man. For many times it had seized him, and he was kept bound with chains and shackles, yet breaking the bonds he was driven by the demon into the wilderness.

Explanatory flashbackγάρA double γάρ explains the outcry: Jesus' command had prompted it, and the man's violent bondage (pluperfect συνηρπάκει, imperfects ἐδεσμεύετο/ἠλαύνετο) shows the demon's grip.
παρήγγειλενhe had commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristπαραγγέλλω: 'command, charge, order.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
τῷtheDativearticle
πνεύματιspiritDativedative object of παρήγγειλενπνεῦμα: 'spirit.'
τῷtheDativearticle (second attributive)
ἀκαθάρτῳuncleanDativeattributive adj. modifying πνεύματιἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean, impure.'
ἐξελθεῖνto come outAor Act Inf · ἐξέρχομαιinfinitive of indirect command→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)ἀπό: 'from.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουmanGenitiveobject of ἀπόἄνθρωπος: 'man, human being.'
πολλοῖςmanyDativeattributive adj. modifying χρόνοιςπολύς: 'many.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
χρόνοιςtimesDativedative of timeχρόνος: 'time.'
συνηρπάκειhad seizedPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · συναρπάζωmain verb→ pluperfect of past stateσυναρπάζω: 'seize, grab violently.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδεσμεύετοhe was boundImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · δεσμεύωmain verb→ iterative imperfectδεσμεύω: 'bind, tie up.'
ἁλύσεσινwith chainsDativedative of instrumentἅλυσις: 'chain.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πέδαιςshacklesDativedative of instrumentπέδη: 'fetter, shackle.'
φυλασσόμενοςbeing guardedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · φυλάσσωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ durative presentφυλάσσω: 'guard, keep.'
καὶand yetcoordinating conjunction (concessive sense)
διαρρήσσωνbreakingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διαρρήσσωcircumstantial ptc. (concessive)→ durative presentδιαρρήσσω: 'tear apart, break.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δεσμὰbondsAccusativedirect object of διαρρήσσωνδεσμός: 'bond, fetter.'
ἠλαύνετοhe was drivenImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐλαύνωmain verb→ iterative imperfectἐλαύνω: 'drive, force.'
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent)ὑπό + gen.: 'by' (agent).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
δαιμονίουdemonGenitiveobject of ὑπό (agent)δαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἐρήμουςwildernessAccusativeadj. substantivized, object of εἰςἔρημος: 'desert, wilderness, desolate places.'
30

ἐπηρώτησεν δὲ αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Τί σοι ὄνομά ἐστιν; ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· Λεγιών, ὅτι εἰσῆλθεν δαιμόνια πολλὰ εἰς αὐτόν.

And Jesus asked him, 'What is your name?' And he said, 'Legion,' because many demons had entered into him.

The name extractedδέThe name Λεγιών (a Roman legion, c. 6,000) discloses the multitude of demons, explained by the ὅτι-clause.
ἐπηρώτησενaskedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπερωτάω: 'ask, question.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
ΤίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)τίς: 'what.'
σοιto youDativedative of possessionσύ: 'you.'
ὄνομάnameNominativesubjectὄνομα: 'name.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
heNominativearticle as pronoun (ὁ δέ)
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ΛεγιώνLegionNominativepredicate nominative (name)λεγιών: 'legion'; Latin loanword, a Roman army unit of c. 6,000.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because.'
εἰσῆλθενhad enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb of causal clause→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in.'
δαιμόνιαdemonsNominativesubjectδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
πολλὰmanyNominativeattributive adj. modifying δαιμόνιαπολύς: 'many.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of εἰς
31

καὶ παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν ἵνα μὴ ἐπιτάξῃ αὐτοῖς εἰς τὴν ἄβυσσον ἀπελθεῖν.

And they were begging him not to command them to depart into the abyss.

The demons' first pleaκαίImperfect παρεκάλουν marks repeated pleading; ἡ ἄβυσσος is the demonic prison-deep they dread.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρεκάλουνwere beggingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · παρακαλέωmain verb→ iterative imperfectπαρακαλέω: 'beg, urge, exhort.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἵναthatconjunction introducing object clauseἵνα: introduces content of request.
μὴnotnegative with subjunctiveμή: negates subjunctive.
ἐπιτάξῃhe commandAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπιτάσσωsubjunctive of ἵνα-clause→ constative aoristἐπιτάσσω: 'command, order.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐπιτάξῃ
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἄβυσσονabyssAccusativeobject of εἰςἄβυσσος: 'abyss, bottomless deep'; the place of demonic confinement.
ἀπελθεῖνto departAor Act Inf · ἀπέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive of ἐπιτάξῃ→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
32

ἦν δὲ ἐκεῖ ἀγέλη χοίρων ἱκανῶν βοσκομένη ἐν τῷ ὄρει· καὶ παρεκάλεσαν αὐτὸν ἵνα ἐπιτρέψῃ αὐτοῖς εἰς ἐκείνους εἰσελθεῖν· καὶ ἐπέτρεψεν αὐτοῖς.

Now a sizable herd of swine was feeding there on the hillside; and they begged him to permit them to enter those, and he permitted them.

The demons' second plea grantedδέThe swine mark Gentile territory; the demons' alternative request (into the herd) Jesus allows, setting up their self-destruction.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
δὲnowdevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of placeἐκεῖ: 'there.'
ἀγέληa herdNominativesubjectἀγέλη: 'herd, flock.'
χοίρωνof swineGenitivegenitive of contentχοῖρος: 'pig, swine'; unclean animals (Gentile setting).
ἱκανῶνsizableGenitiveattributive adj. modifying χοίρωνἱκανός: 'considerable, many.'
βοσκομένηfeedingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · βόσκωattributive ptc. modifying ἀγέλη→ durative presentβόσκω: (mid./pass.) 'feed, graze.'
ἐνonpreposition + dativeἐν: 'on, in.'
τῷtheDativearticle
ὄρειhillsideDativeobject of ἐνὄρος: 'mountain, hill.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρεκάλεσανthey beggedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρακαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristπαρακαλέω: 'beg, urge.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἵναthatconjunction introducing object clauseἵνα: introduces content of request.
ἐπιτρέψῃhe permitAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐπιτρέπωsubjunctive of ἵνα-clause→ constative aoristἐπιτρέπω: 'permit, allow.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object of ἐπιτρέψῃ
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
ἐκείνουςthoseAccusativedemonstrative, object of εἰς (the swine)ἐκεῖνος: 'that, those.'
εἰσελθεῖνto enterAor Act Inf · εἰσέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive of ἐπιτρέψῃ→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπέτρεψενhe permittedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτρέπωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτρέπω: 'permit.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative object
33

ἐξελθόντα δὲ τὰ δαιμόνια ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἰσῆλθον εἰς τοὺς χοίρους, καὶ ὥρμησεν ἡ ἀγέλη κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ εἰς τὴν λίμνην καὶ ἀπεπνίγη.

And the demons, coming out of the man, entered into the swine, and the herd rushed down the steep bank into the lake and was drowned.

The herd's destructionδέThe exorcism's visible proof: the demons' destructive intent turns on the swine, which drown — a Gentile loss attesting Jesus' power over Legion.
ἐξελθόνταcoming outAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
τὰtheNominativearticle
δαιμόνιαdemonsNominativesubjectδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)ἀπό: 'from.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουmanGenitiveobject of ἀπόἄνθρωπος: 'man.'
εἰσῆλθονenteredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
χοίρουςswineAccusativeobject of εἰςχοῖρος: 'pig, swine.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὥρμησενrushedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁρμάωmain verb→ constative aoristὁρμάω: 'rush, charge.'
theNominativearticle
ἀγέληherdNominativesubjectἀγέλη: 'herd.'
κατὰdownpreposition + genitive (downward motion)κατά + gen.: 'down from.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κρημνοῦsteep bankGenitiveobject of κατάκρημνός: 'steep bank, cliff, precipice.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
λίμνηνlakeAccusativeobject of εἰςλίμνη: 'lake.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπεπνίγηwas drownedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποπνίγωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)ἀποπνίγω: (pass.) 'be drowned, choked.'
34

ἰδόντες δὲ οἱ βόσκοντες τὸ γεγονὸς ἔφυγον καὶ ἀπήγγειλαν εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ εἰς τοὺς ἀγρούς.

And when those tending them saw what had happened, they fled and reported it in the city and in the countryside.

The herdsmen's reportδέThe witnesses flee and spread the news, drawing the townsfolk to the scene.
ἰδόντεςseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
βόσκοντεςtendingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βόσκωsubstantival ptc., subject→ durative presentβόσκω: 'feed, tend (animals)'; the herdsmen.
τὸwhatAccusativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
γεγονὸςhad happenedPerf Act Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · γίνομαιsubstantival ptc., object of ἰδόντες→ perfect of resultγίνομαι: 'happen.'
ἔφυγονthey fledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb→ constative aoristφεύγω: 'flee.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπήγγειλανreportedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce.'
εἰςinpreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into, in.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰςinpreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into, in.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀγρούςcountrysideAccusativeobject of εἰςἀγρός: 'field, countryside.'
35

ἐξῆλθον δὲ ἰδεῖν τὸ γεγονὸς καὶ ἦλθον πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν, καὶ εὗρον καθήμενον τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἀφ’ οὗ τὰ δαιμόνια ἐξῆλθεν ἱματισμένον καὶ σωφρονοῦντα παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τοῦ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν.

And they went out to see what had happened, and came to Jesus, and found the man from whom the demons had gone out sitting, clothed and in his right mind, at the feet of Jesus; and they were afraid.

The townsfolk find the man restoredδέThe transformed man — clothed, sane, at Jesus' feet (a disciple's posture) — contrasts his former state (v.27) and provokes fear.
ἐξῆλθονthey went outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose→ telic infinitiveὁράω: 'see.'
τὸwhatAccusativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
γεγονὸςhad happenedPerf Act Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · γίνομαιsubstantival ptc., object of ἰδεῖν→ perfect of resultγίνομαι: 'happen.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: 'to.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of πρόςἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὗρονfoundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ constative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
καθήμενονsittingPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · κάθημαιsupplementary ptc. with εὗρον→ durative presentκάθημαι: 'sit.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativedirect object of εὗρονἄνθρωπος: 'man.'
ἀφ’frompreposition + genitive (elided ἀπό)ἀπό: 'from.'
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun, object of ἀπόὅς: relative pronoun.
τὰtheNominativearticle
δαιμόνιαdemonsNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθενδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
ἐξῆλθενhad gone outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
ἱματισμένονclothedPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἱματίζωsupplementary ptc. with εὗρον→ perfect of stateἱματίζω: 'clothe, dress.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σωφρονοῦνταin his right mindPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · σωφρονέωsupplementary ptc. with εὗρον→ durative presentσωφρονέω: 'be of sound mind, sane.'
παρὰatpreposition + accusativeπαρά + acc.: 'beside, at.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativeobject of παράπούς: 'foot.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἸησοῦJesusGenitivepossessive genitiveἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐφοβήθησανthey were afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid.'
36

ἀπήγγειλαν δὲ αὐτοῖς οἱ ἰδόντες πῶς ἐσώθη ὁ δαιμονισθείς.

And those who had seen it reported to them how the demon-possessed man had been delivered.

The eyewitnesses confirm the cureδέThe verb ἐσώθη ('was saved/delivered') frames the exorcism as salvation; the substantival ptc. ὁ δαιμονισθείς labels the man by his former state.
ἀπήγγειλανreportedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
ἰδόντεςwho had seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωsubstantival ptc., subject→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (indirect)πῶς: 'how.'
ἐσώθηhad been deliveredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωverb of indirect question→ constative aorist (divine passive)σῴζω: 'save, deliver, heal.'
the oneNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
δαιμονισθείςdemon-possessedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · δαιμονίζομαιsubstantival ptc., subject→ constative aoristδαιμονίζομαι: 'be demon-possessed.'
37

καὶ ἠρώτησεν αὐτὸν ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος τῆς περιχώρου τῶν Γερασηνῶν ἀπελθεῖν ἀπ’ αὐτῶν, ὅτι φόβῳ μεγάλῳ συνείχοντο· αὐτὸς δὲ ἐμβὰς εἰς πλοῖον ὑπέστρεψεν.

And the whole multitude of the surrounding region of the Gerasenes asked him to depart from them, for they were gripped with great fear; and he got into a boat and returned.

The town's rejectionκαίFear, not faith, governs the response; the region asks Jesus to leave (var. place-name again), and he complies, recrossing the lake.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠρώτησενaskedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐρωτάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐρωτάω: 'ask, request.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἅπανwholeNominativeadj. modifying πλῆθοςἅπας: 'all, whole.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
πλῆθοςmultitudeNominativesubjectπλῆθος: 'multitude, crowd.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
περιχώρουsurrounding regionGenitivepartitive/descriptive genitiveπερίχωρος: 'surrounding region.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ΓερασηνῶνGerasenesGenitivedescriptive genitive (proper name)Γερασηνός: 'Gerasene'; var. Γαδαρηνῶν / Γεργεσηνῶν.
ἀπελθεῖνto departAor Act Inf · ἀπέρχομαιinfinitive of indirect request→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
ἀπ’frompreposition + genitive (elided ἀπό)ἀπό: 'from.'
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ἀπό
ὅτιforcausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because, for.'
φόβῳwith fearDativedative of cause/instrumentφόβος: 'fear.'
μεγάλῳgreatDativeattributive adj. modifying φόβῳμέγας: 'great.'
συνείχοντοthey were grippedImpf Pass Indic 3 Pl · συνέχωmain verb of causal clause→ durative imperfect (passive)συνέχω: 'hold together, grip, seize.'
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive subjectαὐτός: intensive pronoun.
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
ἐμβὰςgettingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐμβαίνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ constative aoristἐμβαίνω: 'embark, step into.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
πλοῖονa boatAccusativeobject of εἰςπλοῖον: 'boat.'
ὑπέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑποστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristὑποστρέφω: 'return, turn back.'
38

ἐδεῖτο δὲ αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀφ’ οὗ ἐξεληλύθει τὰ δαιμόνια εἶναι σὺν αὐτῷ· ἀπέλυσεν δὲ αὐτὸν λέγων·

And the man from whom the demons had gone out was begging to be with him; but he sent him away, saying:

The man's request to followδέThe healed man wishes to stay with Jesus (imperfect ἐδεῖτο); Jesus redirects him to mission at home.
ἐδεῖτοwas beggingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · δέομαιmain verb→ durative imperfectδέομαι: 'beg, ask.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐδεῖτο
theNominativearticle
ἀνὴρmanNominativesubjectἀνήρ: 'man.'
ἀφ’frompreposition + genitive (elided ἀπό)ἀπό: 'from.'
οὗwhomGenitiverelative pronoun, object of ἀπόὅς: relative pronoun.
ἐξεληλύθειhad gone outPlpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιverb of relative clause→ pluperfect of completed deliveranceἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
τὰtheNominativearticle
δαιμόνιαdemonsNominativesubject of ἐξεληλύθειδαιμόνιον: 'demon.'
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive of ἐδεῖτο→ complementaryεἰμί: 'be.'
σὺνwithpreposition + dativeσύν: 'with.'
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
ἀπέλυσενhe sent awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπολύωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπολύω: 'release, send away, dismiss.'
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: adversative.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say.'
39

Ὑπόστρεφε εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου, καὶ διηγοῦ ὅσα σοι ἐποίησεν ὁ θεός. καὶ ἀπῆλθεν καθ’ ὅλην τὴν πόλιν κηρύσσων ὅσα ἐποίησεν αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς.

'Return to your house and tell all that God has done for you.' And he went away, proclaiming throughout the whole city all that Jesus had done for him.

The commission and its fulfillmentasyndetonJesus' charge (ὅσα ... ὁ θεός) and the man's report (ὅσα ... ὁ Ἰησοῦς) silently identify Jesus' work with God's — the Gentile becomes the first herald in his region.
ὙπόστρεφεreturnPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ὑποστρέφωmain verb (imperative)→ imperatival commandὑποστρέφω: 'return.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'to.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκόνhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house, home.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διηγοῦtellPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · διηγέομαιmain verb (imperative)→ imperatival commandδιηγέομαι: 'narrate, tell in full.'
ὅσαall thatAccusativerelative pronoun, object of διηγοῦὅσος: 'as much as, all that.'
σοιfor youDativedative of advantageσύ: 'you.'
ἐποίησενhas doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make.'
theNominativearticle
θεόςGodNominativesubjectθεός: 'God.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπῆλθενhe went awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away.'
καθ’throughoutpreposition + accusative (extent, elided κατά)κατά + acc.: 'throughout.'
ὅληνwholeAccusativeadj. modifying πόλινὅλος: 'whole, entire.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of κατάπόλις: 'city.'
κηρύσσωνproclaimingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κηρύσσωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ durative presentκηρύσσω: 'proclaim, herald.'
ὅσαall thatAccusativerelative pronoun, object of κηρύσσωνὅσος: 'all that.'
ἐποίησενhad doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do.'
αὐτῷfor himDativedative of advantage
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
40

Ἐν δὲ τῷ ὑποστρέφειν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπεδέξατο αὐτὸν ὁ ὄχλος, ἦσαν γὰρ πάντες προσδοκῶντες αὐτόν.

Now when Jesus returned, the crowd welcomed him, for they were all waiting for him.

Return to Galilee; new episodeδέThe articular infinitive ἐν τῷ ὑποστρέφειν marks the crossing back; the welcoming crowd contrasts the Gerasenes' dismissal.
Ἐνwhenpreposition + dative (temporal, with inf.)ἐν τῷ + inf.: 'while, when.'
δὲnowdevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
ὑποστρέφεινreturningPres Act Inf · ὑποστρέφωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ contemporaneousὑποστρέφω: 'return.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitiveἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
ἀπεδέξατοwelcomedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποδέχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποδέχομαι: 'welcome, receive gladly.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
theNominativearticle
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίauxiliary of periphrastic imperfect→ periphrastic (with ptc.)εἰμί: 'be.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
πάντεςallNominativeadj. substantivized, subjectπᾶς: 'all.'
προσδοκῶντεςwaiting forPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · προσδοκάωpredicate ptc. of periphrastic imperfect→ durative presentπροσδοκάω: 'wait for, expect.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object of προσδοκῶντες
41

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἦλθεν ἀνὴρ ᾧ ὄνομα Ἰάϊρος, καὶ οὗτος ἄρχων τῆς συναγωγῆς ὑπῆρχεν, καὶ πεσὼν παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τοῦ Ἰησοῦ παρεκάλει αὐτὸν εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ,

And behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was a ruler of the synagogue; and falling at the feet of Jesus, he was begging him to come into his house,

Jairus's appealκαίThe Lukan ἰδού introduces Jairus; his rank (ἄρχων τῆς συναγωγῆς) and prostration frame the urgent appeal that the hemorrhage episode will interrupt.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού: 'behold, look'; Lukan attention-marker.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubjectἀνήρ: 'man.'
whoseDativedative of possession (relative)ὅς: relative pronoun.
ὄνομαnameNominativenominative in name-formula (ᾧ ὄνομα)ὄνομα: 'name.'
ἸάϊροςJairusNominativenominative in apposition (proper name)Ἰάϊρος: 'Jairus' (Heb. 'he will enlighten/awaken').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὗτοςheNominativedemonstrative subjectοὗτος: 'this one.'
ἄρχωνa rulerNominativepredicate nominativeἄρχων: 'ruler, official.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
συναγωγῆςsynagogueGenitivegenitive of subordinationσυναγωγή: 'synagogue, assembly.'
ὑπῆρχενwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπάρχωcopula-equivalent→ durative imperfectὑπάρχω: 'be, exist'; often = εἰμί.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πεσὼνfallingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πίπτωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ constative aoristπίπτω: 'fall.'
παρὰatpreposition + accusativeπαρά + acc.: 'beside, at.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativeobject of παράπούς: 'foot.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἸησοῦJesusGenitivepossessive genitiveἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
παρεκάλειwas beggingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · παρακαλέωmain verb→ durative imperfectπαρακαλέω: 'beg, urge.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
εἰσελθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · εἰσέρχομαιinfinitive of indirect request→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, come in.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'into.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
42

ὅτι θυγάτηρ μονογενὴς ἦν αὐτῷ ὡς ἐτῶν δώδεκα καὶ αὐτὴ ἀπέθνῃσκεν. Ἐν δὲ τῷ ὑπάγειν αὐτὸν οἱ ὄχλοι συνέπνιγον αὐτόν.

because he had an only daughter, about twelve years old, and she was dying. And as he went, the crowds were pressing in on him.

The daughter's plight; the crush of the crowdὅτιμονογενής ('only') heightens pathos (cf. 7:12; 9:38); the imperfect ἀπέθνῃσκεν and the thronging crowd (συνέπνιγον) build suspense for the delay.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because.'
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubjectθυγάτηρ: 'daughter.'
μονογενὴςonlyNominativeattributive adj. modifying θυγάτηρμονογενής: 'only, only-begotten, unique.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (possession with dative)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
αὐτῷto himDativedative of possession
ὡςaboutadverb of approximationὡς: 'about, approximately.'
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (age)ἔτος: 'year.'
δώδεκαtwelveGenitivenumeral modifying ἐτῶνδώδεκα: 'twelve.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὴsheNominativeintensive pronoun subjectαὐτός: 'she herself.'
ἀπέθνῃσκενwas dyingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ durative imperfectἀποθνῄσκω: 'die.'
Ἐνaspreposition + dative (temporal, with inf.)ἐν τῷ + inf.: 'while, as.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
τῷtheDativearticle with infinitive
ὑπάγεινgoingPres Act Inf · ὑπάγωarticular infinitive (temporal)→ contemporaneousὑπάγω: 'go, depart.'
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
οἱtheNominativearticle
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
συνέπνιγονwere pressingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · συμπνίγωmain verb→ durative imperfectσυμπνίγω: 'press in, crush, throng.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
43

καὶ γυνὴ οὖσα ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος ἀπὸ ἐτῶν δώδεκα, ἥτις ἰατροῖς προσαναλώσασα ὅλον τὸν βίον οὐκ ἴσχυσεν ἀπ’ οὐδενὸς θεραπευθῆναι,

And a woman who had been in a flow of blood for twelve years, who, having spent her whole living on physicians, could not be healed by anyone,

The hemorrhaging woman introducedκαίThe twelve-year flow (matching the girl's age) renders her perpetually unclean; the clause ἰατροῖς ... βίον is text-critically disputed (see note).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γυνὴa womanNominativesubject (resumed by ἥτις)γυνή: 'woman.'
οὖσαbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · εἰμίattributive ptc. modifying γυνή→ durative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: 'in.'
ῥύσειa flowDativeobject of ἐνῥύσις: 'flow, discharge.'
αἵματοςof bloodGenitivegenitive of contentαἷμα: 'blood.'
ἀπὸforpreposition + genitive (temporal)ἀπό: 'from, for (a duration).'
ἐτῶνyearsGenitiveobject of ἀπό (duration)ἔτος: 'year.'
δώδεκαtwelveGenitivenumeral modifying ἐτῶνδώδεκα: 'twelve.'
ἥτιςwhoNominativequalitative relative pronoun (subject)ὅστις: 'who, such as.'
ἰατροῖςon physiciansDativedative of recipient/disadvantageἰατρός: 'physician, doctor.'
προσαναλώσασαhaving spentAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · προσαναλίσκωcircumstantial ptc. (concessive)→ constative aoristπροσαναλίσκω: 'spend besides, expend.'
ὅλονwholeAccusativeadj. modifying βίονὅλος: 'whole, entire.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
βίονlivingAccusativedirect object of προσαναλώσασαβίος: 'livelihood, means of life.'
οὐκnotnegative with indicativeοὐ: negates indicative.
ἴσχυσενcouldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἰσχύωmain verb of relative clause→ constative aoristἰσχύω: 'be able, be strong enough.'
ἀπ’bypreposition + genitive (agent, elided ἀπό)ἀπό: 'from, by.'
οὐδενὸςanyoneGenitiveobject of ἀπό (negated agent)οὐδείς: 'no one.'
θεραπευθῆναιto be healedAor Pass Inf · θεραπεύωcomplementary infinitive of ἴσχυσεν→ constative aorist (passive)θεραπεύω: 'heal, cure.'
44

προσελθοῦσα ὄπισθεν ἥψατο τοῦ κρασπέδου τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ, καὶ παραχρῆμα ἔστη ἡ ῥύσις τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῆς.

came up behind and touched the fringe of his garment, and immediately her flow of blood stopped.

The secret touch and instant cureasyndetonAsyndeton sustains the relative-clause description; παραχρῆμα ('immediately'), a Lukan word, marks the instantaneous healing at the touch of the κράσπεδον.
προσελθοῦσαcoming upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · προσέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'approach, come to.'
ὄπισθενbehindadverb of placeὄπισθεν: 'behind, from behind.'
ἥψατοtouchedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωmain verb→ constative aoristἅπτω: (mid.) 'touch, take hold of.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κρασπέδουfringeGenitivegenitive object of ἥψατοκράσπεδον: 'fringe, tassel' (the Jewish ṣiṣit).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἱματίουgarmentGenitivepossessive/partitive genitiveἱμάτιον: 'garment, cloak.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παραχρῆμαimmediatelytemporal adverbπαραχρῆμα: 'at once, immediately'; a Lukan word.
ἔστηstoppedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (intransitive aorist)→ ingressive aoristἵστημι: (intrans.) 'stand, stop, cease.'
theNominativearticle
ῥύσιςflowNominativesubjectῥύσις: 'flow, discharge.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive of contentαἷμα: 'blood.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
45

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Τίς ὁ ἁψάμενός μου; ἀρνουμένων δὲ πάντων εἶπεν ὁ Πέτρος καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ· Ἐπιστάτα, οἱ ὄχλοι συνέχουσίν σε καὶ ἀποθλίβουσιν.

And Jesus said, 'Who is the one who touched me?' When all denied it, Peter and those with him said, 'Master, the crowds surround you and press upon you.'

Jesus' question; Peter's protestκαίJesus distinguishes the deliberate touch of faith from the jostling crowd; καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ is read with the majority (see note).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)τίς: 'who.'
the oneNominativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
ἁψάμενόςwho touchedAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἅπτωsubstantival ptc., subject→ constative aoristἅπτω: (mid.) 'touch.'
μουmeGenitivegenitive object of ἁψάμενοςἐγώ: 'me.'
ἀρνουμένωνdenyingPres Mid Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀρνέομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ durative presentἀρνέομαι: 'deny, disclaim.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
πάντωνallGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteπᾶς: 'all.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος: 'Peter.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱthoseNominativearticle substantivizing prep. phrase (compound subject)
σὺνwithpreposition + dativeσύν: 'with.'
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
ἘπιστάταMasterVocativevocative of addressἐπιστάτης: 'master.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
συνέχουσίνsurroundPres Act Indic 3 Pl · συνέχωmain verb→ durative presentσυνέχω: 'press together, hem in, surround.'
σεyouAccusativedirect objectσύ: 'you.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποθλίβουσινpress upon youPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποθλίβωmain verb→ durative presentἀποθλίβω: 'press hard, crush against.'
46

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν· Ἥψατό μού τις, ἐγὼ γὰρ ἔγνων δύναμιν ἐξεληλυθυῖαν ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ.

But Jesus said, 'Someone touched me, for I perceived that power had gone out from me.'

Jesus insists on the touch of faithδέJesus distinguishes the faith-touch from the throng; the perfect ptc. ἐξεληλυθυῖαν marks power that has gone forth and accomplished its effect.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: adversative.
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ἭψατόtouchedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωmain verb of speech→ constative aoristἅπτω: (mid.) 'touch.'
μούmeGenitivegenitive object of ἥψατοἐγώ: 'me.'
τιςsomeoneNominativeindefinite pronoun subjectτις: 'someone.'
ἐγὼINominativeemphatic pronoun subjectἐγώ: 'I.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
ἔγνωνperceivedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb→ constative aoristγινώσκω: 'know, perceive.'
δύναμινpowerAccusativedirect object (with ptc. in indirect discourse)δύναμις: 'power, might.'
ἐξεληλυθυῖανhad gone outPerf Act Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · ἐξέρχομαιsupplementary ptc. (indirect discourse with ἔγνων)→ perfect of accomplished effectἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
ἀπ’frompreposition + genitive (separation, elided ἀπό)ἀπό: 'from.'
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of ἀπόἐγώ: 'me.'
47

ἰδοῦσα δὲ ἡ γυνὴ ὅτι οὐκ ἔλαθεν τρέμουσα ἦλθεν καὶ προσπεσοῦσα αὐτῷ δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἥψατο αὐτοῦ ἀπήγγειλεν ἐνώπιον παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ ὡς ἰάθη παραχρῆμα.

And the woman, seeing that she had not escaped notice, came trembling and fell down before him and declared in the presence of all the people why she had touched him and how she had been healed immediately.

The woman's public confessionδέDrawn out of hiding, the woman confesses publicly; the aorist passive ἰάθη ('was healed') credits the cure to divine action, παραχρῆμα stressing its instancy.
ἰδοῦσαseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ὁράωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/causal)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
theNominativearticle
γυνὴwomanNominativesubjectγυνή: 'woman.'
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing object clauseὅτι: 'that.'
οὐκnotnegative with indicativeοὐ: negates indicative.
ἔλαθενshe had escaped noticeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λανθάνωverb of object clause→ constative aoristλανθάνω: 'escape notice, be hidden.'
τρέμουσαtremblingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · τρέμωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ durative presentτρέμω: 'tremble.'
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσπεσοῦσαfalling down beforeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · προσπίπτωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ constative aoristπροσπίπτω: 'fall down before.'
αὐτῷhimDativedative object of προσπεσοῦσα
δι’forpreposition + accusative (cause, elided διά)διά + acc.: 'because of'; δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν = 'for what reason.'
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun modifying αἰτίανὅς: relative pronoun.
αἰτίανreasonAccusativeobject of διάαἰτία: 'cause, reason.'
ἥψατοshe had touchedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristἅπτω: (mid.) 'touch.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἥψατο
ἀπήγγειλενdeclaredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, declare.'
ἐνώπιονin the presence ofimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: 'before, in the presence of.'
παντὸςallGenitiveadj. modifying λαοῦπᾶς: 'all.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
λαοῦpeopleGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονλαός: 'people.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὡςhowconjunction (indirect manner)ὡς: 'how, that.'
ἰάθηshe had been healedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἰάομαιverb of object clause→ constative aorist (divine passive)ἰάομαι: 'heal, cure.'
παραχρῆμαimmediatelytemporal adverbπαραχρῆμα: 'at once, immediately.'
48

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῇ· Θυγάτηρ, ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε· πορεύου εἰς εἰρήνην.

And he said to her, 'Daughter, your faith has saved you; go in peace.'

Jesus' verdict over the womanδέThe perfect σέσωκέν declares an accomplished, abiding rescue (cf. 7:50; 17:19; 18:42); the address Θυγάτηρ and benediction πορεύου εἰς εἰρήνην restore her to community.
heNominativearticle as pronoun (ὁ δέ)
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object
ΘυγάτηρDaughterVocativevocative of address (nom. form for voc.)θυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; tender address.
theNominativearticle
πίστιςfaithNominativesubjectπίστις: 'faith, trust.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
σέσωκένhas savedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb→ perfect of abiding resultσῴζω: 'save, heal, make whole.'
σεyouAccusativedirect objectσύ: 'you.'
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb (imperative)→ imperatival benedictionπορεύομαι: 'go, proceed.'
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (Semitic 'in peace')εἰς: 'into, in.'
εἰρήνηνpeaceAccusativeobject of εἰςεἰρήνη: 'peace'; Semitic šālôm-blessing.
49

Ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος ἔρχεταί τις παρὰ τοῦ ἀρχισυναγώγου λέγων ὅτι Τέθνηκεν ἡ θυγάτηρ σου· μηκέτι σκύλλε τὸν διδάσκαλον.

While he was still speaking, someone came from the synagogue ruler's house, saying, 'Your daughter has died; trouble the Teacher no longer.'

News of the daughter's deathasyndetonThe genitive absolute ties the delay to the woman's healing; the perfect Τέθνηκεν ('has died') states a settled fact that the message treats as hopeless.
Ἔτιstilltemporal adverbἔτι: 'still, yet.'
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
λαλοῦντοςspeakingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · λαλέωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ durative presentλαλέω: 'speak, talk.'
ἔρχεταίcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ vivid presentἔρχομαι: 'come.'
τιςsomeoneNominativeindefinite pronoun subjectτις: 'someone.'
παρὰfrompreposition + genitive (source/agent)παρά + gen.: 'from (the side of).'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀρχισυναγώγουsynagogue rulerGenitiveobject of παράἀρχισυνάγωγος: 'synagogue ruler' (Jairus).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative, introducing direct speech)ὅτι: recitative 'that.'
Τέθνηκενhas diedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · θνῄσκωmain verb of speech→ perfect of settled stateθνῄσκω: 'die'; perfect = 'is dead.'
theNominativearticle
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubjectθυγάτηρ: 'daughter.'
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
μηκέτιno longernegative adverb with imperativeμηκέτι: 'no longer.'
σκύλλεtroublePres Act Impv 2 Sg · σκύλλωmain verb (prohibition)→ imperatival prohibitionσκύλλω: 'trouble, bother, weary.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
διδάσκαλονTeacherAccusativedirect objectδιδάσκαλος: 'teacher, master.'
50

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἀκούσας ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ· Μὴ φοβοῦ· μόνον πίστευσον, καὶ σωθήσεται.

But Jesus, having heard, answered him, 'Do not fear; only believe, and she will be saved.'

Jesus' summons to faithδέJesus overrides the report with a call to faith; the present prohibition Μὴ φοβοῦ and aorist πίστευσον set fear against trust, σωθήσεται promising rescue.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: adversative.
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: 'Jesus.'
ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
ἀπεκρίθηansweredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκρίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
Μὴnotnegative with imperativeμή: negates imperative.
φοβοῦfearPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb (prohibition)→ imperatival prohibition (cease/do not)φοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid.'
μόνονonlyadverbμόνον: 'only.'
πίστευσονbelieveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πιστεύωmain verb (imperative)→ ingressive aorist (decisive)πιστεύω: 'believe, trust.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
σωθήσεταιshe will be savedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb→ predictive future (divine passive)σῴζω: 'save, make whole, heal.'
51

ἐλθὼν δὲ εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν οὐκ ἀφῆκεν εἰσελθεῖν τινα σὺν αὐτῷ εἰ μὴ Πέτρον καὶ Ἰωάννην καὶ Ἰάκωβον καὶ τὸν πατέρα τῆς παιδὸς καὶ τὴν μητέρα.

And coming to the house, he allowed no one to enter with him except Peter and John and James and the child's father and mother.

The inner circle admittedδέJesus restricts witnesses to the three and the parents — the same trio as the transfiguration and Gethsemane — privacy for the raising.
ἐλθὼνcomingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: 'to, into.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἰκία: 'house.'
οὐκnotnegative with indicativeοὐ: negates indicative.
ἀφῆκενhe allowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'let, allow, permit.'
εἰσελθεῖνto enterAor Act Inf · εἰσέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
τιναanyoneAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitiveτις: 'anyone.'
σὺνwithpreposition + dativeσύν: 'with.'
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
εἰexceptconjunction (εἰ μή = 'except')εἰ μή: 'except, unless.'
μὴnotnegative (with εἰ)μή: with εἰ, 'except.'
ΠέτρονPeterAccusativeaccusative of exceptionΠέτρος: 'Peter.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeaccusative of exceptionἸωάννης: 'John.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸάκωβονJamesAccusativeaccusative of exceptionἸάκωβος: 'James.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραfatherAccusativeaccusative of exceptionπατήρ: 'father.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
παιδὸςchildGenitivegenitive of relationshipπαῖς: 'child, boy/girl.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μητέραmotherAccusativeaccusative of exceptionμήτηρ: 'mother.'
52

ἔκλαιον δὲ πάντες καὶ ἐκόπτοντο αὐτήν. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· Μὴ κλαίετε, οὐ γὰρ ἀπέθανεν ἀλλὰ καθεύδει.

And they were all weeping and mourning for her. But he said, 'Do not weep; she has not died but is sleeping.'

Mourning interruptedδέThe imperfects ἔκλαιον/ἐκόπτοντο depict ongoing lament; Jesus' καθεύδει ('she sleeps') reframes death as sleep — provoking the scorn of v.53.
ἔκλαιονwere weepingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · κλαίωmain verb→ durative imperfectκλαίω: 'weep, wail.'
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: continuation.
πάντεςallNominativeadj. substantivized, subjectπᾶς: 'all.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκόπτοντοwere mourningImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · κόπτωmain verb→ durative imperfectκόπτω: (mid.) 'beat the breast, mourn, lament.'
αὐτήνfor herAccusativeaccusative of reference (object of mourning)
heNominativearticle as pronoun (ὁ δέ)
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: adversative.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
Μὴnotnegative with imperativeμή: negates imperative.
κλαίετεweepPres Act Impv 2 Pl · κλαίωmain verb (prohibition)→ imperatival prohibition (cease)κλαίω: 'weep.'
οὐnotnegative with indicativeοὐ: negates indicative.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
ἀπέθανενshe has diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die.'
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but.'
καθεύδειis sleepingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καθεύδωmain verb→ durative presentκαθεύδω: 'sleep'; a metaphor for death from Jesus' standpoint.
53

καὶ κατεγέλων αὐτοῦ, εἰδότες ὅτι ἀπέθανεν.

And they laughed at him, knowing that she had died.

The mourners' scornκαίThe imperfect κατεγέλων conveys derisive laughter; their certainty (εἰδότες ὅτι ἀπέθανεν) underscores the reality of death the miracle will reverse.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατεγέλωνlaughed atImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · καταγελάωmain verb→ iterative imperfectκαταγελάω: 'laugh at, ridicule, deride.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of καταγελάω
εἰδότεςknowingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · οἶδαcircumstantial ptc. (causal)→ perfect with present senseοἶδα: 'know'; perfect with present meaning.
ὅτιthatconjunction introducing object clauseὅτι: 'that.'
ἀπέθανενshe had diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωverb of object clause→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die.'
54

αὐτὸς δὲ κρατήσας τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῆς ἐφώνησεν λέγων· Ἡ παῖς, ἔγειρε.

But he, taking hold of her hand, called out, saying, 'Child, arise.'

The raising commandδέJesus touches the corpse — incurring no defilement but giving life; the address Ἡ παῖς and ἔγειρε ('arise') effect the resurrection (the shorter text omits 'casting all out,' see note).
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive subjectαὐτός: intensive pronoun.
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: adversative.
κρατήσαςtaking hold ofAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κρατέωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ constative aoristκρατέω: 'grasp, take hold of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
χειρὸςhandGenitivegenitive object of κρατήσαςχείρ: 'hand.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐφώνησενcalled outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φωνέωmain verb→ constative aoristφωνέω: 'call out, summon.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ durative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ONominativearticle used for vocative (nom. of address)
παῖςChildNominativenominative of address (vocatival)παῖς: 'child.'
ἔγειρεarisePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb (imperative)→ imperatival commandἐγείρω: 'rise, get up, awaken.'
55

καὶ ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτῆς, καὶ ἀνέστη παραχρῆμα, καὶ διέταξεν αὐτῇ δοθῆναι φαγεῖν.

And her spirit returned, and she rose up immediately, and he directed that something be given her to eat.

The girl restored to lifeκαίThe return of her πνεῦμα and instant rising (παραχρῆμα) prove the resurrection; the command to feed her confirms bodily reality (cf. 24:41-43).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπέστρεψενreturnedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιστρέφωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'return, turn back.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
πνεῦμαspiritNominativesubjectπνεῦμα: 'spirit, life-breath.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέστηshe rose upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb (intransitive aorist)→ ingressive aoristἀνίστημι: (intrans.) 'rise, stand up.'
παραχρῆμαimmediatelytemporal adverbπαραχρῆμα: 'at once, immediately.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διέταξενhe directedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διατάσσωmain verb→ constative aoristδιατάσσω: 'order, direct, command.'
αὐτῇherDativedative of advantage
δοθῆναιbe givenAor Pass Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive of indirect command→ constative aorist (passive)δίδωμι: 'give.'
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωepexegetical/complementary infinitive (object of δοθῆναι)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat'; here 'something to eat.'
56

καὶ ἐξέστησαν οἱ γονεῖς αὐτῆς· ὁ δὲ παρήγγειλεν αὐτοῖς μηδενὶ εἰπεῖν τὸ γεγονός.

And her parents were astonished; but he charged them to tell no one what had happened.

Astonishment and the charge to silenceκαίThe chapter closes on amazement and a command of secrecy — a recurring Lukan motif guarding against a merely sensational reception of Jesus' power.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξέστησανwere astonishedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξίστημιmain verb (intransitive aorist)→ ingressive aoristἐξίστημι: (intrans.) 'be amazed, be beside oneself.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
γονεῖςparentsNominativesubjectγονεύς: 'parent.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
heNominativearticle as pronoun (ὁ δέ)
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: adversative.
παρήγγειλενchargedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristπαραγγέλλω: 'command, charge, order.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
μηδενὶno oneDativedative indirect object of εἰπεῖνμηδείς: 'no one.'
εἰπεῖνto tellAor Act Inf · λέγωinfinitive of indirect command→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον: 'say, tell.'
τὸwhatAccusativearticle (substantivizing ptc.)
γεγονόςhad happenedPerf Act Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · γίνομαιsubstantival ptc., object of εἰπεῖν→ perfect of resultγίνομαι: 'happen.'