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The Gospel according to Mark, Chapter 2ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΡΚΟΝ Β′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ εἰσελθὼν πάλιν εἰς Καφαρναοὺμ δι' ἡμερῶν ἠκούσθη ὅτι ἐν οἴκῳ ἐστίν.

And when he had entered Capernaum again after some days, it was heard that he was at home.

Scene-settingΚαὶThe paratactic καί opens the controversy cycle; Jesus is back in Capernaum, his Galilean base, and word spreads that he is 'at home.'
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (Markan parataxis)
εἰσελθὼνhaving enteredAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιtemporal/circumstantial participle (subject = Jesus)→ antecedent aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go/come into'; the participle sets the temporal frame for the main verb.
πάλινagainadverb (recurrence)πάλιν: 'again'; recalls 1:21 — Capernaum is the recurring home base.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (motion toward)
ΚαφαρναοὺμCapernaumAccusativeobject of εἰς (indeclinable place-name with syntactic case)Καφαρναούμ: Capernaum, a fishing town on the NW shore of the Sea of Galilee.
δι'afterpreposition + genitive (interval of time)διά + gen. of time = 'after an interval of.'
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitiveobject of διά (temporal interval)ἡμέρα: 'day'; δι' ἡμερῶν = 'after some days.'
ἠκούσθηit was heardAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (impersonal passive)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; impersonal passive — 'the report went round.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
ἐνin/atpreposition + dative (place)
οἴκῳhouseDativedat. of place (ἐν οἴκῳ = 'at home')οἶκος: 'house, home'; the anarthrous phrase is idiomatic for 'at home' (perhaps Peter's house).
ἐστίνhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (content clause; retained present)→ stative present
2

καὶ συνήχθησαν πολλοὶ ὥστε μηκέτι χωρεῖν μηδὲ τὰ πρὸς τὴν θύραν, καὶ ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς τὸν λόγον.

And many gathered together, so that there was no longer room, not even at the door, and he was speaking the word to them.

Scene-setting (continuation)καὶThe packed house, with no room even at the door, sets up the obstacle the four men must overcome; Jesus' teaching ('the word') frames the healing.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνήχθησανgatheredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · συνάγωmain verb→ ingressive aoristσυνάγω: 'gather together'; the passive depicts a crowd assembling.
πολλοὶmanyNominativesubject (substantival adjective)πολύς: 'many'; the crowd characteristic of Mark's Galilee.
ὥστεso thatconjunction (result, + infinitive)ὥστε: introduces actual result, here with the infinitive χωρεῖν.
μηκέτιno longeradverb (negation of time)μηκέτι: 'no longer' (μή + ἔτι).
χωρεῖνto have roomPres Act Inf · χωρέωinfinitive of result (impersonal)→ present (stative)χωρέω: 'make room, contain'; impersonal — 'there was no room.'
μηδὲnot evenconjunction (ascensive negative)μηδέ: 'not even.'
τὰthe (places)Accusativearticle substantizing the prep. phrase ('the area at the door')
πρὸςat/towardpreposition + accusative (location)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θύρανdoorAccusativeobject of πρόςθύρα: 'door, doorway'; even the space outside the entrance was jammed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐλάλειhe was speakingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ imperfect (ongoing background action)λαλέω: 'speak'; the imperfect frames Jesus' teaching as the scene's backdrop.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect objectλόγος: 'word'; 'the word' = the gospel message, Markan shorthand for Jesus' proclamation.
3

καὶ ἔρχονται φέροντες πρὸς αὐτὸν παραλυτικὸν αἰρόμενον ὑπὸ τεσσάρων.

And they come, bringing to him a paralytic carried by four men.

Action (introduces the petitioners)καὶTwo historic presents (ἔρχονται) and a string of participles bring the four bearers and the paralytic onto the stage with cinematic immediacy.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔρχονταιthey comePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid narration)ἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; Mark's signature historic present dramatizes the arrival.
φέροντεςbringingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · φέρωcircumstantial participle (manner/attendant)→ present (concurrent)φέρω: 'carry, bring'; describes the manner of their coming.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
παραλυτικὸνa paralyticAccusativedirect object of φέροντεςπαραλυτικός: 'paralytic, lame'; the man unable to move under his own power.
αἰρόμενονbeing carriedPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · αἴρωattributive participle (modifies παραλυτικόν)→ present (concurrent passive)αἴρω: 'lift, carry'; the man is borne by others.
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τεσσάρωνfourGenitivegenitive of agency (the four bearers)τέσσαρες: 'four'; the vivid detail of the four men is unique to Mark.
4

καὶ μὴ δυνάμενοι προσενέγκαι αὐτῷ διὰ τὸν ὄχλον ἀπεστέγασαν τὴν στέγην ὅπου ἦν, καὶ ἐξορύξαντες χαλῶσι τὸν κράβαττον ὅπου ὁ παραλυτικὸς κατέκειτο.

And being unable to bring him to him because of the crowd, they removed the roof where he was, and having dug through it, they lower the pallet on which the paralytic was lying.

Action (the obstacle and the remedy)καὶThe crowd-obstacle of v.2 is overcome by extraordinary effort: they unroof the house and lower the man — the historic present χαλῶσι keeps the action immediate. Their persistence is the 'faith' Jesus will see in v.5.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative (with participle)
δυνάμενοιbeing ablePres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · δύναμαιcausal/concessive participle (negated)→ present (concurrent)δύναμαι: 'be able'; μὴ δυνάμενοι = 'since they could not.'
προσενέγκαιto bring nearAor Act Inf · προσφέρωcomplementary infinitive (of δυνάμενοι)→ constative aoristπροσφέρω: 'bring to, present'; the failed direct approach.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativeobject of διά (cause)ὄχλος: 'crowd'; the obstacle that forces the rooftop strategy.
ἀπεστέγασανthey removed the roofAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστεγάζωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστεγάζω: 'unroof' (ἀπό + στέγη); to strip off the roofing of a flat-roofed Palestinian house.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
στέγηνroofAccusativedirect objectστέγη: 'roof'; a flat roof of beams, branches, and packed earth, reachable by an outside stair.
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (place)
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the relative clause→ imperfect (background)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξορύξαντεςhaving dug throughAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐξορύσσωtemporal participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristἐξορύσσω: 'dig out, gouge through' (ἐκ + ὀρύσσω); they broke an opening in the packed-earth roof.
χαλῶσιthey lowerPres Act Indic 3 Pl · χαλάωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)χαλάω: 'let down, lower'; the present makes the lowering vivid.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κράβαττονpalletAccusativedirect objectκράβαττος: 'mat, pallet'; a poor man's bedroll — a colloquial (Latinate) word Matthew/Luke tend to refine.
ὅπουon whichrelative adverb (place)
theNominativearticle
παραλυτικὸςparalyticNominativesubject of the relative clauseπαραλυτικός: 'paralytic.'
κατέκειτοwas lyingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κατάκειμαιverb of the relative clause→ imperfect (durative)κατάκειμαι: 'lie down, recline'; the man's helpless posture.
5

καὶ ἰδὼν ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν πίστιν αὐτῶν λέγει τῷ παραλυτικῷ· Τέκνον, ἀφίενταί σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι.

And seeing their faith, Jesus says to the paralytic, "Child, your sins are forgiven."

Pronouncement (the offense begins)καὶJesus reads the bearers' persistence as faith and, instead of healing, pronounces forgiveness — the surprising word that triggers the controversy. λέγει is a historic present introducing direct speech.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδὼνhaving seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωtemporal/causal participle→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see, perceive'; Jesus discerns the faith embodied in their action.
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πίστινfaithAccusativedirect object of ἰδώνπίστις: 'faith, trust'; here a faith visible in deeds — the bearers' (and the man's) confidence.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession (the bearers and the man)
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (introduces speech)λέγω: 'say'; the present propels us to Jesus' words.
τῷto theDativearticle
παραλυτικῷparalyticDativeindirect objectπαραλυτικός: 'paralytic.'
ΤέκνονChildVocativevocative of addressτέκνον: 'child'; an affectionate address signaling tender authority.
ἀφίενταίare forgivenPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίημιmain verb (direct speech)→ present (effective, perhaps divine passive)ἀφίημι: 'send away, forgive, remit'; the passive implies God as the agent — yet Jesus is the one declaring it, hence the offense.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἁμαρτίαιsinsNominativesubject of ἀφίενταιἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the deeper need addressed before the bodily one.
6

ἦσαν δέ τινες τῶν γραμματέων ἐκεῖ καθήμενοι καὶ διαλογιζόμενοι ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν·

But some of the scribes were sitting there and reasoning in their hearts:

Objection (interior)δέδέ marks the shift to the antagonists. The periphrastic imperfect (ἦσαν … καθήμενοι … διαλογιζόμενοι) pictures the scribes brooding inwardly — the charge is unspoken, which makes Jesus' insight in v.8 the more striking.
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (auxiliary of periphrasis)→ imperfect (background)
δέbut/nowconjunction (mild adversative/transition)
τινεςsomeNominativesubject (indefinite pronoun)τις: 'some, certain'; introduces the scribal contingent.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
γραμματέωνscribesGenitivepartitive genitiveγραμματεύς: 'scribe'; expert in the Law, the recognized theological authority — and so the natural challenger.
ἐκεῖthereadverb (place)
καθήμενοιsittingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κάθημαιparticiple of periphrastic imperfect (with ἦσαν)→ present (durative)κάθημαι: 'sit'; their settled, watching presence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διαλογιζόμενοιreasoningPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · διαλογίζομαιparticiple of periphrastic imperfect (with ἦσαν)→ present (durative)διαλογίζομαι: 'reason, deliberate'; an inward debate, in Mark often hostile or obtuse.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
καρδίαιςheartsDativedat. of sphere (locus of thought)καρδία: 'heart'; the inner seat of thought and will — the secret place Jesus reads.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
7

Τί οὗτος οὕτως λαλεῖ; βλασφημεῖ· τίς δύναται ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας εἰ μὴ εἷς ὁ θεός;

"Why does this man speak thus? He blasphemes! Who can forgive sins but God alone?"

Objection (content)asyndetonThe scribes' inward charge, asyndetic and indignant: to pronounce forgiveness is to usurp a divine prerogative — hence blasphemy. Their premise ('God alone forgives') is sound; their christology is not.
Τίwhyinterrogative (adverbial accusative of cause)τί: 'why?'; the indignant question.
οὗτοςthis manNominativesubject (demonstrative, contemptuous)οὗτος: 'this one'; the dismissive 'this fellow.'
οὕτωςthusadverb (manner)οὕτως: 'in this way'; i.e. so presumptuously.
λαλεῖspeaksPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (question)→ descriptive presentλαλέω: 'speak.'
βλασφημεῖhe blasphemesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βλασφημέωmain verb (asyndetic verdict)→ descriptive presentβλασφημέω: 'blaspheme, slander'; to arrogate God's prerogative is, on their view, an affront to God.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)τίς: 'who?'
δύναταιis ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (rhetorical question)→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able.'
ἀφιέναιto forgivePres Act Inf · ἀφίημιcomplementary infinitive→ present (general)ἀφίημι: 'forgive, remit.'
ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object of ἀφιέναιἁμαρτία: 'sin.'
εἰifconjunction (part of εἰ μή idiom)
μὴnotnegative (εἰ μή = 'except')εἰ μή: 'except, but only.'
εἷςone/aloneNominativepredicate/appositional ('one,' i.e. alone)εἷς: 'one'; here 'God alone' — an echo of the Shema's monotheism.
theNominativearticle
θεόςGodNominativesubject (in apposition to εἷς)θεός: God; the sole agent of forgiveness in Jewish conviction.
8

καὶ εὐθὺς ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πνεύματι αὐτοῦ ὅτι οὕτως διαλογίζονται ἐν ἑαυτοῖς λέγει αὐτοῖς· Τί ταῦτα διαλογίζεσθε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν;

And immediately Jesus, perceiving in his spirit that they were reasoning thus within themselves, says to them, "Why do you reason these things in your hearts?

Counter (Jesus' insight)καὶεὐθύς ('immediately') and ἐπιγνούς ('perceiving') show Jesus reading their secret thoughts — itself a quietly superhuman claim that frames the demonstration to follow. λέγει is again the historic present.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once'; Mark's characteristic adverb of urgency, here marking instant insight.
ἐπιγνοὺςhaving perceivedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιγινώσκωtemporal/causal participle→ antecedent aoristἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize, perceive fully' (ἐπί-intensive); Jesus' immediate, complete discernment.
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
τῷin theDativearticle
πνεύματιspiritDativedat. of means/sphere (inner faculty)πνεῦμα: here Jesus' own spirit — the inward faculty by which he discerns.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
οὕτωςthusadverb (manner)
διαλογίζονταιthey reasonPres Mid Indic 3 Pl · διαλογίζομαιverb of content clause→ descriptive presentδιαλογίζομαι: 'reason, deliberate.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ἑαυτοῖςthemselvesDativereflexive pronoun (object of ἐν)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive 'themselves'; the debate was private, unvoiced.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (introduces speech)λέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Τίwhyinterrogative (adverbial accusative)τί: 'why?'
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object (demonstrative)οὗτος: 'these things' — their objections.
διαλογίζεσθεdo you reasonPres Mid Indic 2 Pl · διαλογίζομαιmain verb (question)→ descriptive presentδιαλογίζομαι: 'reason, debate.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
καρδίαιςheartsDativedat. of sphereκαρδία: 'heart'; the verbal echo of v.6 underscores that Jesus reads what they only thought.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
9

τί ἐστιν εὐκοπώτερον, εἰπεῖν τῷ παραλυτικῷ· Ἀφίενταί σου αἱ ἁμαρτίαι, ἢ εἰπεῖν· Ἔγειρε καὶ ἆρον τὸν κράβαττόν σου καὶ περιπάτει;

Which is easier, to say to the paralytic, 'Your sins are forgiven,' or to say, 'Rise, take up your pallet, and walk'?

Counter (the dilemma)asyndetonThe rabbinic-style 'easier' question: pronouncing forgiveness is unverifiable (easy to say), but commanding a paralytic to walk is testable. Jesus will do the harder, visible thing to authenticate the invisible.
τίwhichNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)τί: 'what/which?'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
εὐκοπώτερονeasierNominativepredicate nominative (comparative adj.)εὔκοπος: 'easy' (lit. 'with little labor'); comparative 'easier.'
εἰπεῖνto sayAor Act Inf · λέγωepexegetical/subject infinitive→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον: 'say.'
τῷto theDativearticle
παραλυτικῷparalyticDativeindirect objectπαραλυτικός: 'paralytic.'
Ἀφίενταίare forgivenPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίημιverb of the quoted clause→ present (effective)ἀφίημι: 'forgive.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἁμαρτίαιsinsNominativesubject of ἀφίενταιἁμαρτία: 'sin.'
ordisjunctive conjunction
εἰπεῖνto sayAor Act Inf · λέγωepexegetical infinitive (second alternative)→ constative aorist
ἜγειρεrisePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐγείρωimperative (command)→ present imperative (immediate)ἐγείρω: 'rise, get up'; the testable command.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἆρονtake upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · αἴρωimperative (command)→ aorist imperative (specific act)αἴρω: 'lift, take up.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κράβαττόνpalletAccusativedirect objectκράβαττος: 'mat, pallet.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιπάτειwalkPres Act Impv 2 Sg · περιπατέωimperative (command)→ present imperative (durative)περιπατέω: 'walk about'; the public, verifiable proof.
10

ἵνα δὲ εἰδῆτε ὅτι ἐξουσίαν ἔχει ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς — λέγει τῷ παραλυτικῷ·

But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins" — he says to the paralytic,

Purpose (the thesis)δὲThe chapter's first great pronouncement: the healing is performed 'so that you may know' the Son of Man's authority to forgive. The sentence breaks off (anacoluthon) as Mark turns from the crowd to the man — the narrator's dash.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)ἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the purpose of the coming miracle.
δὲbutconjunction (transition)
εἰδῆτεyou may knowPerf Act Subj 2 Pl · οἶδαsubjunctive (purpose clause)→ perfect-as-present (settled knowledge)οἶδα: 'know'; the perfect with present sense — that you may come to know with certainty.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativedirect object of ἔχει (fronted for emphasis)ἐξουσία: 'authority, right'; the key word of the controversy cycle — Jesus' rightful power.
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of content clause→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold.'
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'Son'; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, 'the Son of Man,' Jesus' self-designation (cf. Dan 7:13) — its first occurrence in Mark.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (of the title 'Son of Man')ἄνθρωπος: 'man, human'; in the title, the apocalyptic 'one like a son of man' of Daniel 7 invested with authority.
ἀφιέναιto forgivePres Act Inf · ἀφίημιepexegetical infinitive (defines ἐξουσίαν)→ present (general)ἀφίημι: 'forgive.'
ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object of ἀφιέναιἁμαρτία: 'sin.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπί (locus of authority)γῆ: 'earth'; the Son of Man exercises here-and-now the forgiveness reserved to heaven.
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (narrator's resumption; historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: 'say'; the narrator breaks back in to direct Jesus' command to the man.
τῷto theDativearticle
παραλυτικῷparalyticDativeindirect objectπαραλυτικός: 'paralytic.'
11

Σοὶ λέγω, ἔγειρε ἆρον τὸν κράβαττόν σου καὶ ὕπαγε εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου.

"I say to you, rise, take up your pallet, and go to your house."

Command (the demonstration)asyndetonThe emphatic σοί λέγω ('to you I say') performs the 'harder' word of v.9; three commands send the man up, out, and home — the visible proof of the invisible pardon.
Σοὶto youDativeindirect object (emphatic, fronted)σύ: 'you'; the emphatic position singles out the man.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (performative)→ instantaneous presentλέγω: 'say'; the authoritative declaration.
ἔγειρεrisePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐγείρωimperative (command)→ present imperativeἐγείρω: 'rise, get up.'
ἆρονtake upAor Act Impv 2 Sg · αἴρωimperative (asyndetic command)→ aorist imperativeαἴρω: 'lift, take up.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κράβαττόνpalletAccusativedirect objectκράβαττος: 'mat, pallet.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὕπαγεgoPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ὑπάγωimperative (command)→ present imperativeὑπάγω: 'go away, depart.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκόνhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house, home.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
12

καὶ ἠγέρθη καὶ εὐθὺς ἄρας τὸν κράβαττον ἐξῆλθεν ἔμπροσθεν πάντων, ὥστε ἐξίστασθαι πάντας καὶ δοξάζειν τὸν θεὸν λέγοντας ὅτι Οὕτως οὐδέποτε εἴδομεν.

And he rose, and immediately, taking up the pallet, he went out before them all, so that all were amazed and glorified God, saying, "We never saw anything like this!"

Resolution (proof and response)καὶThe instant obedience (εὐθύς) verifies the claim; the crowd's amazement and praise close the scene (a Markan choral response), the visible cure vouching for the unseen forgiveness.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠγέρθηhe roseAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἐγείρω: 'rise'; passive 'was raised'/'got up' — instant compliance.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once'; the cure is instantaneous and complete.
ἄραςhaving taken upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · αἴρωtemporal participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristαἴρω: 'lift, take up.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
κράβαττονpalletAccusativedirect object of ἄραςκράβαττος: 'mat, pallet'; what carried him he now carries.
ἐξῆλθενhe went outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, depart.'
ἔμπροσθενbeforepreposition + genitive (in front of)ἔμπροσθεν: 'in front of, before.'
πάντωνallGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθενπᾶς: 'all'; the cure is public, witnessed by everyone.
ὥστεso thatconjunction (result, + infinitive)
ἐξίστασθαιwere amazedPres Mid Inf · ἐξίστημιinfinitive of result→ present (durative)ἐξίστημι: 'be astounded, beside oneself'; the awe-struck reaction.
πάνταςallAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitiveπᾶς: 'all.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δοξάζεινto glorifyPres Act Inf · δοξάζωinfinitive of result (coordinate)→ present (durative)δοξάζω: 'glorify, praise'; the proper response is praise to God.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect object of δοξάζεινθεός: God.
λέγονταςsayingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · λέγωcircumstantial participle (agrees with πάντας)→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say.'
ὅτι(that)conjunction (recitative ὅτι, introduces direct speech)ὅτι: here recitative, marking the quotation.
Οὕτωςthus / like thisadverb (manner, fronted for emphasis)οὕτως: 'in this way'; 'never have we seen the like.'
οὐδέποτεneveradverb (negation of time)οὐδέποτε: 'never.'
εἴδομενwe sawAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (direct speech)→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
13

Καὶ ἐξῆλθεν πάλιν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν· καὶ πᾶς ὁ ὄχλος ἤρχετο πρὸς αὐτόν, καὶ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτούς.

And he went out again beside the sea; and all the crowd came to him, and he was teaching them.

Scene-setting (new episode)ΚαὶA transitional summary by the sea (πάλιν links to recurring lakeside scenes), with the crowd and teaching as backdrop (imperfects ἤρχετο, ἐδίδασκεν) for the call of Levi.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξῆλθενhe went outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
πάλινagainadverb (recurrence)πάλιν: 'again'; the lakeside is a recurring locus.
παρὰbesidepreposition + accusative (alongside)παρά + acc.: 'beside, along.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of παράθάλασσα: 'sea'; the Sea (Lake) of Galilee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πᾶςallNominativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, whole.'
theNominativearticle
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
ἤρχετοwas comingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ imperfect (iterative/durative)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the imperfect pictures the crowd streaming to him.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδίδασκενhe was teachingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διδάσκωmain verb→ imperfect (customary/durative)διδάσκω: 'teach'; the imperfect frames Jesus' ongoing instruction.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
14

καὶ παράγων εἶδεν Λευὶν τὸν τοῦ Ἁλφαίου καθήμενον ἐπὶ τὸ τελώνιον, καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ· Ἀκολούθει μοι. καὶ ἀναστὰς ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ.

And as he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus sitting at the tax booth, and he says to him, "Follow me." And rising, he followed him.

Call narrativeκαὶThe terse call-form (see → command 'follow me' → instant response) matches 1:16–20. Levi, a despised toll-collector, is summoned mid-trade; his immediate rising (ἀναστάς) sets up the table-fellowship controversy. λέγει is a historic present.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παράγωνpassing byPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παράγωtemporal participle (concurrent)→ present (concurrent)παράγω: 'pass by, go alongside.'
εἶδενhe sawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
ΛευὶνLeviAccusativedirect object (proper name, accusative)Λευί: Levi, the tax collector (called Matthew in Matt 9:9); a proper name declined to the accusative here.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantizes the genitive phrase)
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἉλφαίουAlphaeusGenitivegenitive of relationship ('son of Alphaeus')Ἁλφαῖος: Alphaeus; Levi's father. A proper name in the genitive of filiation.
καθήμενονsittingPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · κάθημαιattributive/circumstantial participle (modifies Λευίν)→ present (concurrent)κάθημαι: 'sit'; Levi at his post.
ἐπὶatpreposition + accusative (at/by)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
τελώνιονtax boothAccusativeobject of ἐπίτελώνιον: 'toll booth, customs office'; the collection station for taxes/tolls — a place of social and religious stigma.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (introduces speech)λέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἈκολούθειfollowPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀκολουθέωimperative (call to discipleship)→ present imperative (ongoing summons)ἀκολουθέω: 'follow, accompany'; the technical verb of discipleship — to follow as a disciple follows a master.
μοιmeDativedat. with ἀκολουθέω (the one followed)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀναστὰςhaving risenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιtemporal participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise, stand up'; the decisive break from his post.
ἠκολούθησενhe followedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; the immediate, total obedience of the call-form.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. with ἀκολουθέω
15

Καὶ γίνεται κατακεῖσθαι αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ, καὶ πολλοὶ τελῶναι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοὶ συνανέκειντο τῷ Ἰησοῦ καὶ τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ· ἦσαν γὰρ πολλοὶ καὶ ἠκολούθουν αὐτῷ.

And it happens that he reclines at table in his house, and many tax collectors and sinners were reclining with Jesus and his disciples; for there were many, and they were following him.

Scene-setting (the offending meal)ΚαὶThe shocking table-fellowship: Jesus reclines with toll-collectors and 'sinners' — a society of the religiously outcast. γίνεται is a historic present; the closing γάρ explains the size of the following.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γίνεταιit happensPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (historic present, impersonal)→ historic presentγίνομαι: 'come to be, happen'; a Semitic-flavored 'and it came to pass.'
κατακεῖσθαιto reclinePres Mid Inf · κατάκειμαιinfinitive (subject of γίνεται)→ present (durative)κατάκειμαι: 'recline at table' — the posture for a meal.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
οἰκίᾳhouseDativedat. of placeοἰκία: 'house'; probably Levi's home (αὐτοῦ ambiguous — Levi's or Jesus').
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πολλοὶmanyNominativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'many.'
τελῶναιtax collectorsNominativesubject (coordinate)τελώνης: 'tax/toll collector'; despised as collaborators and extortioners, ritually suspect.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἁμαρτωλοὶsinnersNominativesubject (coordinate)ἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner'; those outside the bounds of pious observance, the 'people of the land.'
συνανέκειντοwere reclining togetherImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · συνανάκειμαιmain verb→ imperfect (durative)συνανάκειμαι: 'recline at table with'; shared table = shared fellowship — the scandal.
τῷwithDativearticle
ἸησοῦJesusDativedat. of association (with συν-)Ἰησοῦς: Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativedat. of association (coordinate)μαθητής: 'disciple, learner.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἦσανthere wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (explanatory)→ imperfect (background)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
πολλοὶmanyNominativepredicate nominativeπολύς: 'many'; the explanatory note on the size of the company.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠκολούθουνwere followingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ imperfect (durative/iterative)ἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; many of these outsiders had attached themselves to Jesus.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. with ἀκολουθέω (the one followed)
16

καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς τῶν Φαρισαίων ἰδόντες ὅτι ἐσθίει μετὰ τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν καὶ τελωνῶν ἔλεγον τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ· Ὅτι μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ἐσθίει;

And the scribes of the Pharisees, seeing that he was eating with the sinners and tax collectors, said to his disciples, "Why does he eat with tax collectors and sinners?"

ObjectionκαὶThe Pharisaic scribes voice their complaint to the disciples (not Jesus directly): table-fellowship implies acceptance, defiling the pious. (Some editions read 'the scribes and the Pharisees'; the text-note flags the variant.)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
γραμματεῖςscribesNominativesubjectγραμματεύς: 'scribe'; the legal experts.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ΦαρισαίωνPhariseesGenitivegenitive (partitive/relationship: 'scribes belonging to the Pharisees')Φαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee' (lit. 'separated one'); the lay movement zealous for the Law and purity.
ἰδόντεςhaving seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωtemporal/causal participle→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see, observe.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (content clause)
ἐσθίειhe eatsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωverb of content clause→ descriptive presentἐσθίω: 'eat'; sharing a meal = social and covenantal solidarity.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἁμαρτωλῶνsinnersGenitiveobject of μετάἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τελωνῶνtax collectorsGenitiveobject of μετά (coordinate)τελώνης: 'tax/toll collector.'
ἔλεγονthey saidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ imperfect (inceptive/iterative)λέγω: 'say'; the imperfect of repeated or sustained complaint.
τοῖςto theDativearticle
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativeindirect objectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
Ὅτιwhyinterrogative ('why?'; here = διὰ τί)ὅτι: here interrogative 'why?' (some editions read τί); the reproachful question.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
τελωνῶνtax collectorsGenitiveobject of μετάτελώνης: 'tax collector.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἁμαρτωλῶνsinnersGenitiveobject of μετά (coordinate)ἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner.'
ἐσθίειdoes he eatPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb (question)→ descriptive presentἐσθίω: 'eat.'
17

καὶ ἀκούσας ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει αὐτοῖς ὅτι Οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσιν οἱ ἰσχύοντες ἰατροῦ ἀλλ' οἱ κακῶς ἔχοντες· οὐκ ἦλθον καλέσαι δικαίους ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλούς.

And hearing it, Jesus says to them, "Those who are strong have no need of a physician, but those who are sick. I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners."

Pronouncement (vindication)καὶJesus answers with a proverb and a mission-statement: the physician seeks the sick. His coming (ἦλθον) targets sinners — the very company that scandalizes the pious is the point of his mission. λέγει is a historic present.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωtemporal participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; Jesus overhears the complaint.
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (introduces speech)λέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ὅτι(that)recitative ὅτι (introduces direct speech)
Οὐnotnegative
χρείανneedAccusativedirect object (χρείαν ἔχω = 'have need')χρεία: 'need'; in the idiom χρείαν ἔχω, 'to have need of.'
ἔχουσινhavePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb (proverb)→ gnomic presentἔχω: 'have, hold.'
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἰσχύοντεςbeing strongPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἰσχύωsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (general)ἰσχύω: 'be strong, healthy'; 'the well.'
ἰατροῦof a physicianGenitivegenitive (object of χρείαν, 'need of')ἰατρός: 'physician, doctor.'
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but'; strong contrast.
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κακῶςbadly/illadverb (modifies ἔχοντες)κακῶς: 'badly'; κακῶς ἔχω = 'to be ill.'
ἔχοντεςbeing (ill)Pres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle ('the sick')→ present (general)ἔχω: with κακῶς, 'to be sick'; 'the sick.'
οὐκnotnegative
ἦλθονI cameAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (mission statement)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the 'I came' formula declaring the purpose of his coming.
καλέσαιto callAor Act Inf · καλέωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, invite'; to summon to the kingdom (perhaps with a banquet-invitation nuance).
δικαίουςrighteousAccusativedirect object of καλέσαιδίκαιος: 'righteous'; ironic — those who reckon themselves righteous.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but.'
ἁμαρτωλούςsinnersAccusativedirect object (the true objects of the call)ἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner'; the ones who know their need.
18

Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάννου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες. καὶ ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ· Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάννου καὶ οἱ μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν, οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ νηστεύουσιν;

Now John's disciples and the Pharisees were fasting. And they come and say to him, "Why do John's disciples and the disciples of the Pharisees fast, but your disciples do not fast?"

Question (the fasting controversy)ΚαὶA new controversy: the conspicuous non-fasting of Jesus' disciples against the pious practice of John's followers and the Pharisees. ἔρχονται/λέγουσιν are historic presents framing the challenge.
Καὶand/nowcoordinating conjunction
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (auxiliary of periphrasis)→ imperfect (background)
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸωάννης: John (the Baptist); his ascetic movement observed fasts.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubject (coordinate)Φαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee'; observers of regular voluntary fasts (cf. Luke 18:12).
νηστεύοντεςfastingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · νηστεύωparticiple of periphrastic imperfect (with ἦσαν)→ present (durative/customary)νηστεύω: 'fast'; abstinence from food as a religious discipline of mourning or devotion.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔρχονταιthey comePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)ἔρχομαι: 'come.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγουσινthey sayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (introduces speech)λέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Διὰbecause ofpreposition (in διὰ τί = 'why')
τίwhyinterrogative (διὰ τί = 'why?')διὰ τί: 'why?', 'for what reason?'
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject (coordinate)μαθητής: 'disciple.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ΦαρισαίωνPhariseesGenitivegenitive of relationshipΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
νηστεύουσινfastPres Act Indic 3 Pl · νηστεύωmain verb (question)→ customary presentνηστεύω: 'fast.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
σοὶyourNominativepossessive adjective (attributive)σός: 'your'; the emphatic 'your own disciples.'
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
οὐnotnegative
νηστεύουσινfastPres Act Indic 3 Pl · νηστεύωmain verb (question)→ customary presentνηστεύω: 'fast.'
19

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Μὴ δύνανται οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος ἐν ᾧ ὁ νυμφίος μετ' αὐτῶν ἐστιν νηστεύειν; ὅσον χρόνον ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ' αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται νηστεύειν.

And Jesus said to them, "Can the wedding guests fast while the bridegroom is with them? As long as they have the bridegroom with them, they cannot fast.

Answer (the bridegroom parable)καὶJesus replies with a wedding image: fasting belongs to mourning, but his presence is a wedding feast. The rhetorical question (μή expecting 'no') makes fasting now as incongruous as gloom at a wedding.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω/εἶπον: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
Μὴnot (surely not?)interrogative negative (expects 'no')μή: introduces a question anticipating a negative answer — 'surely they cannot?'
δύνανταιare ablePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (rhetorical question)→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
υἱοὶsonsNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son'; οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος, a Semitic idiom = 'the wedding guests / groomsmen.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
νυμφῶνοςbridal chamber/weddingGenitiveattributive genitive (idiom)νυμφών: 'bridal hall, wedding'; 'sons of the bridechamber' = the wedding party.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (temporal: 'while')ἐν ᾧ: 'while, during the time that.'
whichDativerelative pronoun (object of ἐν; temporal)
theNominativearticle
νυμφίοςbridegroomNominativesubject of the relative clauseνυμφίος: 'bridegroom'; an image Jesus quietly applies to himself (cf. the OT bridegroom-God motif).
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the relative clause→ stative present
νηστεύεινto fastPres Act Inf · νηστεύωcomplementary infinitive (of δύνανται)→ present (general)νηστεύω: 'fast.'
ὅσονas long asAccusativerelative adjective (accusative of duration, with χρόνον)ὅσος: 'as much/long as'; ὅσον χρόνον = 'for as long a time as.'
χρόνονtimeAccusativeaccusative of duration of timeχρόνος: 'time, period.'
ἔχουσινthey havePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωverb of the temporal clause→ durative presentἔχω: 'have.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
νυμφίονbridegroomAccusativedirect object of ἔχουσιννυμφίος: 'bridegroom.'
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά
οὐnotnegative
δύνανταιthey are ablePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able.'
νηστεύεινto fastPres Act Inf · νηστεύωcomplementary infinitive→ present (general)νηστεύω: 'fast.'
20

ἐλεύσονται δὲ ἡμέραι ὅταν ἀπαρθῇ ἀπ' αὐτῶν ὁ νυμφίος, καὶ τότε νηστεύσουσιν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ.

But days will come when the bridegroom is taken away from them, and then they will fast in that day.

Answer (the coming sorrow)δὲThe future turn: the bridegroom will be 'taken away' (ἀπαρθῇ — an ominous passive foreshadowing the passion); then fasting will fit. The first veiled passion-prediction in Mark.
ἐλεύσονταιwill comeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureἔρχομαι: 'come'; the coming days of the bridegroom's absence.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubjectἡμέρα: 'day'; 'days will come' — a prophetic-sounding formula.
ὅτανwhenconjunction (indefinite temporal, + subjunctive)ὅταν: 'whenever, when.'
ἀπαρθῇis taken awayAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἀπαίρωsubjunctive (temporal clause)→ aorist (punctiliar)ἀπαίρω: 'take away, remove'; the passive hints at a violent removal — the cross.
ἀπ'frompreposition + genitive (separation)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ἀπό
theNominativearticle
νυμφίοςbridegroomNominativesubject of ἀπαρθῇνυμφίος: 'bridegroom'; Jesus himself, to be removed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τότεthenadverb (time)τότε: 'then, at that time.'
νηστεύσουσινthey will fastFut Act Indic 3 Pl · νηστεύωmain verb→ predictive futureνηστεύω: 'fast'; fasting will then be fitting — mourning the absent bridegroom.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (time)
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjectiveἐκεῖνος: 'that.'
τῇtheDativearticle
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedat. of timeἡμέρα: 'day'; 'in that day' — the time of his absence.
21

οὐδεὶς ἐπίβλημα ῥάκους ἀγνάφου ἐπιράπτει ἐπὶ ἱμάτιον παλαιόν· εἰ δὲ μή, αἴρει τὸ πλήρωμα ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τὸ καινὸν τοῦ παλαιοῦ, καὶ χεῖρον σχίσμα γίνεται.

No one sews a patch of unshrunk cloth on an old garment; otherwise the patch tears away from it, the new from the old, and a worse tear results.

Parable (the patch)asyndetonFirst of two paired similitudes on incompatibility: an unshrunk patch shrinks and rips the old cloak. The new thing Jesus brings cannot be sewn onto the old order.
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubject (negative pronoun)οὐδείς: 'no one.'
ἐπίβλημαpatchAccusativedirect objectἐπίβλημα: 'patch, piece sewn on.'
ῥάκουςof clothGenitivegenitive of materialῥάκος: 'piece of cloth, rag.'
ἀγνάφουunshrunkGenitiveattributive adjectiveἄγναφος: 'unshrunk, new (cloth)' — not yet fulled, so it shrinks when wet.
ἐπιράπτειsews onPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιράπτωmain verb (gnomic)→ gnomic presentἐπιράπτω: 'sew on' (ἐπί + ῥάπτω).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (onto)
ἱμάτιονgarmentAccusativeobject of ἐπίἱμάτιον: 'cloak, outer garment.'
παλαιόνoldAccusativeattributive adjectiveπαλαιός: 'old, worn.'
εἰifconjunction (in εἰ δὲ μή idiom)
δὲbutconjunction (εἰ δὲ μή = 'otherwise')
μήnotnegative (εἰ δὲ μή = 'if not, otherwise')εἰ δὲ μή: 'otherwise.'
αἴρειtakes away/tears awayPres Act Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb (gnomic)→ gnomic presentαἴρω: 'lift, take away'; here 'pulls away' as it shrinks.
τὸtheNominativearticle
πλήρωμαfilling/patchNominativesubject of αἴρειπλήρωμα: 'that which fills up'; here the patch filling the hole.
ἀπ'frompreposition + genitive (separation)
αὐτοῦitGenitiveobject of ἀπό (the garment)
τὸtheNominativearticle
καινὸνnewNominativeappositional/substantival ('the new [from]')καινός: 'new (in quality), fresh'; the new piece.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
παλαιοῦoldGenitivegenitive of separation ('from the old')παλαιός: 'old.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
χεῖρονworseNominativeattributive adjective (comparative)χείρων: 'worse'; the comparative of κακός.
σχίσμαtearNominativesubject (predicate of γίνεται)σχίσμα: 'tear, split, rent' (whence 'schism').
γίνεταιresultsPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ gnomic presentγίνομαι: 'come to be, happen.'
22

καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς· εἰ δὲ μή, ῥήξει ὁ οἶνος τοὺς ἀσκούς, καὶ ὁ οἶνος ἀπόλλυται καὶ οἱ ἀσκοί· ἀλλὰ οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς.

And no one puts new wine into old wineskins; otherwise the wine will burst the skins, and the wine is destroyed, and the skins too. But new wine is for fresh wineskins.

Parable (the wineskins)καὶThe companion image: fermenting new wine bursts brittle old skins; both are lost. The kingdom's new vitality demands new forms — old fasting-piety cannot contain it.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubject (negative pronoun)οὐδείς: 'no one.'
βάλλειputsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (gnomic)→ gnomic presentβάλλω: 'throw, put.'
οἶνονwineAccusativedirect objectοἶνος: 'wine.'
νέονnewAccusativeattributive adjectiveνέος: 'new (in time), young'; freshly pressed, still fermenting.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (into)
ἀσκοὺςwineskinsAccusativeobject of εἰςἀσκός: 'wineskin'; a leather bottle that loses elasticity with age.
παλαιούςoldAccusativeattributive adjectiveπαλαιός: 'old, worn'; brittle, unable to stretch.
εἰifconjunction (εἰ δὲ μή)
δὲbutconjunction (εἰ δὲ μή = 'otherwise')
μήnotnegative (εἰ δὲ μή)εἰ δὲ μή: 'otherwise.'
ῥήξειwill burstFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ῥήγνυμιmain verb→ predictive futureῥήγνυμι: 'burst, tear'; fermentation pressure splits the skins.
theNominativearticle
οἶνοςwineNominativesubject of ῥήξειοἶνος: 'wine.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀσκούςwineskinsAccusativedirect objectἀσκός: 'wineskin.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
οἶνοςwineNominativesubjectοἶνος: 'wine.'
ἀπόλλυταιis destroyedPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb→ present (resultative)ἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy, lose'; the wine is wasted.
καὶand (also)coordinating conjunction (ascensive)
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀσκοίwineskinsNominativesubject (the skins perish too)ἀσκός: 'wineskin.'
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but'; the positive resolution (verb 'must be put' implied).
οἶνονwineAccusativeobject (of an understood verb)οἶνος: 'wine.'
νέονnewAccusativeattributive adjectiveνέος: 'new, young.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative
ἀσκοὺςwineskinsAccusativeobject of εἰςἀσκός: 'wineskin.'
καινούςfreshAccusativeattributive adjectiveκαινός: 'new (in quality), fresh'; elastic, able to expand with the wine — the new vessel for the new age.
23

Καὶ ἐγένετο αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς σάββασιν παραπορεύεσθαι διὰ τῶν σπορίμων, καὶ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἤρξαντο ὁδὸν ποιεῖν τίλλοντες τοὺς στάχυας.

And it happened that he was passing through the grainfields on the Sabbath, and his disciples began to make their way, plucking the heads of grain.

Scene-setting (the Sabbath controversy)ΚαὶThe Semitic ἐγένετο opens the final controversy. The disciples' plucking of grain on the Sabbath (a permitted gleaning, Deut 23:25, but here on the day of rest) provokes the charge.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (impersonal, 'it came to pass')→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become, happen'; a Septuagintal narrative formula.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
ἐνonpreposition + dative (time)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
σάββασινSabbathDativedat. of timeσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; the plural form here denotes the single Sabbath day.
παραπορεύεσθαιto pass throughPres Mid Inf · παραπορεύομαιinfinitive (subject of ἐγένετο)→ present (durative)παραπορεύομαι: 'pass along/through.'
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (through)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
σπορίμωνgrainfieldsGenitiveobject of διάσπόριμα: 'sown fields, standing grain.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἤρξαντοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin'; with the complementary infinitive.
ὁδὸνa wayAccusativedirect object of ποιεῖν (idiom 'make their way')ὁδός: 'way, road'; ὁδὸν ποιεῖν = 'to make one's way, journey along.'
ποιεῖνto makePres Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (of ἤρξαντο)→ present (durative)ποιέω: 'make, do.'
τίλλοντεςpluckingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · τίλλωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ present (concurrent)τίλλω: 'pluck, pick'; rubbing out the grain — counted as 'reaping/threshing' by strict Sabbath halakhah.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
στάχυαςheads of grainAccusativedirect object of τίλλοντεςστάχυς: 'head/ear of grain.'
24

καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον αὐτῷ· Ἴδε τί ποιοῦσιν τοῖς σάββασιν ὃ οὐκ ἔξεστιν;

And the Pharisees said to him, "Look, why are they doing on the Sabbath what is not lawful?"

ObjectionκαὶThe Pharisees frame plucking as forbidden Sabbath work. The accusation (Ἴδε, 'look!') puts the burden on Jesus to defend his disciples — and so himself.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubjectΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
ἔλεγονsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ imperfect (inceptive)λέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἼδεlookAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὁράωinterjectional imperative ('see!')→ aorist imperative (attention-getter)ἴδε: 'look! see!'; a frozen imperative used as an interjection.
τίwhyinterrogative ('why'; or 'what')τί: 'why?' / 'what?'
ποιοῦσινare they doingPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (question)→ descriptive presentποιέω: 'do, make.'
τοῖςon theDativearticle
σάββασινSabbathDativedat. of timeσάββατον: 'Sabbath.'
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object: 'that which')
οὐκnotnegative
ἔξεστινis lawfulPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔξεστι(ν)impersonal verb ('it is permitted')→ stative presentἔξεστιν: 'it is lawful/permitted'; the legal keyword of the Sabbath dispute.
25

καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Οὐδέποτε ἀνέγνωτε τί ἐποίησεν Δαυὶδ ὅτε χρείαν ἔσχεν καὶ ἐπείνασεν αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ μετ' αὐτοῦ;

And he says to them, "Have you never read what David did when he was in need and was hungry, he and those with him,

Counter (scriptural precedent)καὶJesus answers from Scripture: David's example of necessity overriding cultic regulation. The reproach 'have you never read?' turns their own expertise against them. λέγει is a historic present.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (introduces speech)λέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Οὐδέποτεneveradverb (negation of time)οὐδέποτε: 'never.'
ἀνέγνωτεhave you readAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ἀναγινώσκωmain verb (question)→ constative aoristἀναγινώσκω: 'read (aloud)'; 'have you never read?' — a standard rabbinic appeal to Scripture.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative (object of ἐποίησεν, indirect question)τί: 'what?'
ἐποίησενdidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of indirect question→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make.'
ΔαυὶδDavidNominativesubject (proper name, nominative)Δαυίδ: David; the precedent (1 Sam 21:1–6). A proper name in the nominative.
ὅτεwhenconjunction (temporal)ὅτε: 'when.'
χρείανneedAccusativedirect object (χρείαν ἔσχεν = 'had need')χρεία: 'need'; the principle of necessity.
ἔσχενhadAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of temporal clause→ ingressive aoristἔχω: 'have'; χρείαν ἔσχεν = 'came to be in need.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπείνασενwas hungryAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πεινάωverb of temporal clause→ ingressive aoristπεινάω: 'be hungry.'
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (in apposition to David)αὐτός: 'he himself.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes prep. phrase)
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
26

πῶς εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ ἐπὶ Ἀβιαθὰρ ἀρχιερέως καὶ τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως ἔφαγεν, οὓς οὐκ ἔξεστιν φαγεῖν εἰ μὴ τοὺς ἱερεῖς, καὶ ἔδωκεν καὶ τοῖς σὺν αὐτῷ οὖσιν;

how he entered the house of God, in the time of Abiathar the high priest, and ate the bread of the Presence, which it is not lawful to eat except for the priests, and gave it also to those who were with him?"

Counter (the precedent unfolded)asyndetonThe crux: 'in the time of Abiathar the high priest' — 1 Sam 21 actually names Ahimelech (Abiathar's father); the phrase is variously construed as 'in the section/days of Abiathar' (the text-note flags it). The legal point: even sacred bread yields to human need.
πῶςhowinterrogative adverb (indirect question)πῶς: 'how.'
εἰσῆλθενhe enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιverb of indirect question→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (into)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house'; ὁ οἶκος τοῦ θεοῦ = the sanctuary at Nob.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of possessionθεός: God.
ἐπὶin the time ofpreposition + genitive (temporal: 'in the time/section of')ἐπί + gen. of person = 'in the time of, under.'
ἈβιαθὰρAbiatharGenitivegenitive (object of ἐπί; the dating crux)Ἀβιαθάρ: Abiathar; 1 Sam 21 names his father Ahimelech as priest — hence the famous difficulty (see text-note). A proper name in the genitive.
ἀρχιερέωςhigh priestGenitivegenitive in apposition to Ἀβιαθάρἀρχιερεύς: 'high priest, chief priest.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect object of ἔφαγενἄρτος: 'bread, loaf.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
προθέσεωςof the PresenceGenitiveattributive genitiveπρόθεσις: 'setting forth'; οἱ ἄρτοι τῆς προθέσεως = the showbread / 'bread of the Presence' (Exod 25:30; Lev 24:5–9).
ἔφαγενateAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐσθίωmain verb of the indirect question (coordinate)→ constative aoristἐσθίω/ἔφαγον: 'eat.'
οὓςwhichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of φαγεῖν)
οὐκnotnegative
ἔξεστινis lawfulPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔξεστι(ν)impersonal verb (rel. clause)→ stative presentἔξεστιν: 'it is lawful'; the same keyword as v.24 — even here the law yields to need.
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωcomplementary infinitive (of ἔξεστιν)→ constative aoristἐσθίω/ἔφαγον: 'eat.'
εἰifconjunction (εἰ μή = 'except')
μὴnotnegative (εἰ μή = 'except')εἰ μή: 'except.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἱερεῖςpriestsAccusativeaccusative (subject of φαγεῖν after εἰ μή)ἱερεύς: 'priest'; the only ones permitted the showbread.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (coordinate)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; David even shared it with his men.
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive 'also')
τοῖςto thoseDativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
σὺνwithpreposition + dative (accompaniment)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
οὖσινbeingPres Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · εἰμίsubstantival participle ('those who were with him')→ present (concurrent)εἰμί: 'be.'
27

καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Τὸ σάββατον διὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐγένετο καὶ οὐχ ὁ ἄνθρωπος διὰ τὸ σάββατον·

And he said to them, "The Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath;

Pronouncement (the principle)καὶThe chiastic maxim states the Sabbath's God-given purpose: it serves human welfare, not the reverse. Mark alone preserves this saying. The imperfect ἔλεγεν introduces the weighty teaching.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλεγενhe saidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ imperfect (introducing teaching)λέγω: 'say'; the imperfect ('he went on to say') marks added, weighty instruction.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ΤὸtheNominativearticle
σάββατονSabbathNominativesubjectσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; the day of rest, God's gift.
διὰforpreposition + accusative (purpose/benefit)διά + acc. = 'for the sake of, on account of.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἄνθρωπονmanAccusativeobject of διά (the beneficiary)ἄνθρωπος: 'man, humankind'; the Sabbath's intended beneficiary.
ἐγένετοwas madeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'come to be, be made'; the Sabbath was instituted (at creation) for man's good.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐχnotnegative
theNominativearticle
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject (of implied ἐγένετο)ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the chiastic reversal — man was not made for the Sabbath.
διὰforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σάββατονSabbathAccusativeobject of διάσάββατον: 'Sabbath.'
28

ὥστε κύριός ἐστιν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καὶ τοῦ σαββάτου.

so that the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath."

Conclusion (the christological clinch)ὥστεThe inference (ὥστε) crowns the cycle: if the Sabbath serves man, the Son of Man — its Lord — has authority to interpret it. The chapter's controversies close, as they opened (v.10), on the Son of Man's ἐξουσία.
ὥστεso thatconjunction (inferential result, + indicative)ὥστε: here drawing the conclusion — 'so then, consequently.'
κύριόςlordNominativepredicate nominative (fronted for emphasis)κύριος: 'lord, master'; the Son of Man's sovereignty even over the Sabbath.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'Son'; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, 'the Son of Man' — the title bracketing the chapter (v.10, v.28).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (of the title)ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; in the title 'Son of Man.'
καὶevenadverbial (ascensive 'even')καί: here ascensive, 'even.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
σαββάτουSabbathGenitivegenitive (object of κύριος, 'lord of')σάββατον: 'Sabbath'; even the holy day falls under his lordship.