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The Gospel according to Mark, Chapter 3ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΡΚΟΝ Γ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ εἰσῆλθεν πάλιν εἰς τὴν συναγωγήν, καὶ ἦν ἐκεῖ ἄνθρωπος ἐξηραμμένην ἔχων τὴν χεῖρα.

And he entered again into the synagogue, and a man was there who had a withered hand.

Scene-setting (narrative)ΚαίMark's paratactic καί opens a new Sabbath-synagogue scene; the man with the withered hand is introduced as the test case to come.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative parataxis)
εἰσῆλθενhe enteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'go/come into' (εἰς + ἔρχομαι); the entry that sets the synagogue scene.
πάλινagainadverb (repetition)πάλιν: 'again'; links back to earlier synagogue activity (cf. 1:21).
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
συναγωγήνsynagogueAccusativeobject of εἰςσυναγωγή: 'gathering, synagogue'; the assembly place — locus of Sabbath conflict.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative imperfect
ἐκεῖthereadverb (place)
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος: 'human being, man'; the anonymous figure whose healing provokes the plot.
ἐξηραμμένηνwitheredPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · ξηραίνωattributive participle (modifying χεῖρα)→ intensive perfect (settled condition)ξηραίνω: 'dry up, wither'; the perfect marks a fixed, lasting paralysis of the hand.
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωattributive participle (modifying ἄνθρωπος)→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; describes the man's chronic condition.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνχείρ: 'hand'; the afflicted member to be restored.
2

καὶ παρετήρουν αὐτὸν εἰ τοῖς σάββασιν θεραπεύσει αὐτόν, ἵνα κατηγορήσωσιν αὐτοῦ.

And they were watching him closely, to see whether he would heal him on the Sabbath, so that they might accuse him.

Antagonists' intentκαίThe opponents' hostile surveillance frames the healing as a trap; the iterative imperfect sets the scene of expectation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρετήρουνthey were watching closelyImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · παρατηρέωmain verb→ iterative/conative imperfectπαρατηρέω: 'watch closely, lie in wait' (παρά-intensive); the imperfect depicts their sustained, scheming scrutiny.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
εἰwhetherconjunction (indirect question)εἰ: here 'whether,' introducing the content of their watching.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
σάββασινon the SabbathDativedat. of timeσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; the plural form often denotes the single Sabbath day — the crux of the conflict.
θεραπεύσειhe would healFut Act Indic 3 Sg · θεραπεύωverb of the indirect question→ predictive futureθεραπεύω: 'heal, cure, serve'; the act they hoped to catch him performing.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
κατηγορήσωσινthey might accuseAor Act Subj 3 Pl · κατηγορέωverb of purpose clause→ constative aorist (subjunctive)κατηγορέω: 'accuse, bring charges against' (a legal term); their watching aimed at a formal accusation.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of κατηγορέω
3

καὶ λέγει τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τῷ τὴν ξηρὰν χεῖρα ἔχοντι· Ἔγειρε εἰς τὸ μέσον.

And he says to the man who had the withered hand, "Rise up into the midst."

Jesus' initiativeκαίThe historic present λέγει gives vividness; Jesus does not avoid the trap but stages the confrontation publicly, calling the man forward.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ historic present (vivid)λέγω: 'say, speak'; Mark's frequent historic present brings the scene into the foreground.
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativeindirect object (addressee)ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the one to be healed.
τῷthe (one)Dativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ξηρὰνwitheredAccusativeattributive adjectiveξηρός: 'dry, withered'; describes the paralyzed hand.
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἔχοντι
ἔχοντιhavingPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ἔχωattributive participle (modifying ἀνθρώπῳ)→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; identifies the man by his condition.
Ἔγειρεrise upPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐγείρωimperative (command)→ imperatival presentἐγείρω: 'rise, get up'; the call to stand forward in full view.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
μέσονmidstAccusativeobject of εἰς (place)μέσος: 'middle, midst'; 'into the middle' — public, before all witnesses.
4

καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Ἔξεστιν τοῖς σάββασιν ἀγαθὸν ποιῆσαι ἢ κακοποιῆσαι, ψυχὴν σῶσαι ἢ ἀποκτεῖναι; οἱ δὲ ἐσιώπων.

And he says to them, "Is it lawful on the Sabbath to do good or to do harm, to save a life or to kill?" But they kept silent.

Question / challengeκαίJesus reframes the Sabbath as a sphere for doing good and saving life; the antithesis exposes that to refuse good is itself harm. Their silence (imperfect) confesses defeat.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ historic present (vivid)λέγω: 'say'; the vivid present introduces the dilemma question.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Ἔξεστινis it lawfulPres Act Indic 3 Sg (impers.) · ἔξεστιmain verb (impersonal)→ stative presentἔξεστι: 'it is permitted/lawful'; the legal frame in which the Sabbath question is posed.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
σάββασινon the SabbathDativedat. of timeσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; the day whose right use is in dispute.
ἀγαθὸνgoodAccusativedirect object of ποιῆσαιἀγαθός: 'good'; substantival — 'a good deed.'
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (subject of ἔξεστιν)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make'; pairs with κακοποιῆσαι in the antithesis.
ordisjunctive conjunction
κακοποιῆσαιto do harmAor Act Inf · κακοποιέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristκακοποιέω: 'do evil/harm'; the opposite pole — to withhold healing is to harm.
ψυχὴνa lifeAccusativedirect object of σῶσαιψυχή: 'soul, life'; here a human life to be preserved.
σῶσαιto saveAor Act Inf · σῴζωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristσῴζω: 'save, rescue, heal'; deliverance of life — the Sabbath's true intent.
ordisjunctive conjunction
ἀποκτεῖναιto killAor Act Inf · ἀποκτείνωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill'; the deadly alternative — ironically what they are plotting (v.6).
οἱtheyNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲbutadversative/continuative conjunction
ἐσιώπωνkept silentImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · σιωπάωmain verb→ iterative/durative imperfectσιωπάω: 'be silent'; the imperfect depicts their persistent, sullen silence — no answer to give.
5

καὶ περιβλεψάμενος αὐτοὺς μετ’ ὀργῆς, συλλυπούμενος ἐπὶ τῇ πωρώσει τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν, λέγει τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ· Ἔκτεινον τὴν χεῖρα. καὶ ἐξέτεινεν, καὶ ἀπεκατεστάθη ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ.

And looking around at them with anger, grieved at the hardness of their heart, he says to the man, "Stretch out your hand." And he stretched it out, and his hand was restored.

Healing / resolutionκαίA rare Markan glimpse of Jesus' emotion — anger and grief at hardened hearts; the cure is wrought by bare word, no Sabbath 'work' but a command obeyed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιβλεψάμενοςlooking around atAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · περιβλέπωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/manner)→ constative aoristπεριβλέπω (mid.): 'look around at'; a characteristically Markan gesture (cf. 3:34; 10:23).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ptc.
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
ὀργῆςangerGenitiveobject of μετά (manner)ὀργή: 'anger, wrath'; Jesus' righteous indignation at callousness — preserved only by Mark.
συλλυπούμενοςbeing grievedPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · συλλυπέωcircumstantial ptc. (concurrent attitude)→ present (concurrent)συλλυπέω (mid./pass.): 'be grieved together/deeply'; the συν- intensifies — deep sorrow accompanying the anger.
ἐπὶatpreposition + dative (cause/ground)
τῇtheDativearticle
πωρώσειhardnessDativeobject of ἐπί (cause of grief)πώρωσις: 'hardening, callousness' (from πῶρος, a stone/callus); the petrified obstinacy of their hearts.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
καρδίαςheartGenitivegenitive (whole/possession)καρδία: 'heart'; the seat of will and understanding, here petrified against good.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ historic present (vivid)λέγω: 'say'; resumes the action after the participial buildup.
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀνθρώπῳmanDativeindirect object
Ἔκτεινονstretch outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐκτείνωimperative (command)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐκτείνω: 'stretch out, extend'; the command whose obedience is the healing.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξέτεινενhe stretched it outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκτείνωmain verb→ constative aoristἐκτείνω: 'stretch out'; the man's faith-act of obedience.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπεκατεστάθηwas restoredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκαθίστημιmain verb→ constative aorist (divine passive)ἀποκαθίστημι: 'restore to former state' (double-augmented form); the divine passive — God restores the hand.
theNominativearticle
χεὶρhandNominativesubjectχείρ: 'hand'; now whole.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
6

καὶ ἐξελθόντες οἱ Φαρισαῖοι εὐθὺς μετὰ τῶν Ἡρῳδιανῶν συμβούλιον ἐδίδουν κατ’ αὐτοῦ ὅπως αὐτὸν ἀπολέσωσιν.

And the Pharisees, having gone out, immediately took counsel with the Herodians against him, how they might destroy him.

Conspiracy (scene-closing)καίThe Sabbath of life-giving ends in a plot of death; Pharisees and Herodians — strange bedfellows — conspire, εὐθύς marking Mark's swift narrative pace. The opposition that will lead to the cross is now set.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθόντεςhaving gone outAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; they leave the synagogue to scheme.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubjectΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee' (the 'separated' ones); the legal-pietist party, here Jesus' chief opponents.
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'immediately, at once'; Mark's signature adverb driving the rapid narrative.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἩρῳδιανῶνHerodiansGenitiveobject of μετάἩρῳδιανοί: 'Herodians'; partisans of Herod Antipas — political enemies of the Pharisees, now allied against Jesus.
συμβούλιονcounsel/plotAccusativedirect objectσυμβούλιον: 'counsel, plan'; συμβούλιον διδόναι = 'take counsel, form a plot.'
ἐδίδουνthey took/were givingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (idiom w/ συμβούλιον)→ iterative imperfectδίδωμι: 'give'; in the idiom συμβούλιον ἐδίδουν, 'they began plotting / held counsel.'
κατ’againstpreposition + genitive (hostility)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of κατά
ὅπωςhow / so thatconjunction (purpose)ὅπως: 'in order that'; introduces the aim of the conspiracy.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἀπολέσωσιν
ἀπολέσωσινthey might destroyAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιverb of purpose clause→ constative aorist (subjunctive)ἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy, kill'; the deadly goal — already at ch. 3, the shadow of the cross.
7

Καὶ ὁ Ἰησοῦς μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ ἀνεχώρησεν πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν· καὶ πολὺ πλῆθος ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ἠκολούθησεν, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰουδαίας

And Jesus with his disciples withdrew to the sea, and a great multitude from Galilee followed, and from Judea

Scene transition (summary)ΚαίA Markan summary statement: Jesus withdraws from the plot to the sea, and crowds from all directions gather — the beginning of a catalogue of regions (vv.7–8) showing his pan-Israel and Gentile-fringe drawing power.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: 'Jesus' (Yeshua, 'YHWH saves'); the protagonist.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
μαθητῶνdisciplesGenitiveobject of μετάμαθητής: 'disciple, learner'; those accompanying him, soon to be narrowed to the Twelve (v.14).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἀνεχώρησενwithdrewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναχωρέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναχωρέω: 'withdraw, retire'; tactical retreat from the murderous plot.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of πρόςθάλασσα: 'sea'; the Sea of Galilee, a recurrent Markan setting.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πολὺgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'much, great'; the vastness of the crowd.
πλῆθοςmultitudeNominativesubjectπλῆθος: 'multitude, crowd'; the throng drawn from many regions.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ΓαλιλαίαςGalileeGenitiveobject of ἀπό (origin)Γαλιλαία: 'Galilee'; the northern home region of Jesus' ministry.
ἠκολούθησενfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow, accompany'; here of the crowd's pursuit (not yet discipleship in the full sense).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἸουδαίαςJudeaGenitiveobject of ἀπό (origin)Ἰουδαία: 'Judea'; the southern region — the crowd spans north and south.
8

καὶ ἀπὸ Ἱεροσολύμων καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰδουμαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ Ἰορδάνου καὶ περὶ Τύρον καὶ Σιδῶνα, πλῆθος πολύ, ἀκούοντες ὅσα ἐποίει ἦλθον πρὸς αὐτόν.

and from Jerusalem and from Idumea and beyond the Jordan and around Tyre and Sidon, a great multitude, hearing all that he was doing, came to him.

Catalogue of regions (continued)καίThe geographic catalogue completes a circle around the Holy Land — including Gentile-adjacent Tyre and Sidon — showing Jesus' fame radiating outward; what draws them is report of his deeds.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ἹεροσολύμωνJerusalemGenitiveobject of ἀπό (origin)Ἱεροσόλυμα: 'Jerusalem'; the holy city, whence also the opposition will come.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἸδουμαίαςIdumeaGenitiveobject of ἀπό (origin)Ἰδουμαία: 'Idumea'; the region south of Judea (ancient Edom).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πέρανbeyondimproper preposition + genitive (place)πέραν: 'beyond, across'; the Transjordan (Perea) region.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸορδάνουJordanGenitiveobject of πέρανἸορδάνης: 'Jordan'; the river marking the land's eastern edge.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περὶaroundpreposition + accusative (place)
ΤύρονTyreAccusativeobject of περίΤύρος: 'Tyre'; a Phoenician (Gentile) coastal city — the crowd reaches even pagan territory.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΣιδῶναSidonAccusativeobject of περίΣιδών: 'Sidon'; Tyre's sister Phoenician city.
πλῆθοςmultitudeNominativesubject (resumptive)πλῆθος: 'multitude'; resumes the subject after the regional catalogue.
πολύgreatNominativeattributive adjective
ἀκούοντεςhearingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial ptc. (causal; constructio ad sensum)→ present (concurrent)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the masc. plural participle agrees with the persons in the collective πλῆθος (sense-construction).
ὅσαall thatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίει)ὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the full extent of his deeds.
ἐποίειhe was doingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of relative clause→ iterative/customary imperfectποιέω: 'do, make'; the imperfect of his ongoing miracle-working.
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; the crowd's converging movement toward Jesus.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
9

καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ ἵνα πλοιάριον προσκαρτερῇ αὐτῷ διὰ τὸν ὄχλον, ἵνα μὴ θλίβωσιν αὐτόν·

And he told his disciples that a small boat should stand ready for him because of the crowd, so that they would not crush him;

PrecautionκαίThe crowd's pressure is so great that a boat must be kept at hand — a vivid touch of the throng's danger, and a foreshadowing of teaching from the boat (4:1).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενhe toldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (aor. εἶπεν): 'say, tell'; the instruction to the disciples.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativeindirect objectμαθητής: 'disciple'; his followers tasked with logistics.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἵναthatconjunction (content/object clause)ἵνα: here introduces the content of the command (object clause), not strict purpose.
πλοιάριονa small boatNominativesubject of προσκαρτερῇπλοιάριον: 'little boat' (diminutive of πλοῖον); a skiff kept ready offshore.
προσκαρτερῇshould stand readyPres Act Subj 3 Sg · προσκαρτερέωverb of the ἵνα clause→ present subjunctive (continuous readiness)προσκαρτερέω: 'attend constantly, stand ready'; the boat to be kept persistently at hand.
αὐτῷfor himDativedat. of advantage
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativeobject of διά (cause)ὄχλος: 'crowd, throng'; the pressing multitude.
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
μὴnotnegative particle
θλίβωσινthey might crushPres Act Subj 3 Pl · θλίβωverb of purpose clause→ present subjunctive (continuous)θλίβω: 'press, crush, afflict'; the throng's crushing pressure.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
10

πολλοὺς γὰρ ἐθεράπευσεν, ὥστε ἐπιπίπτειν αὐτῷ ἵνα αὐτοῦ ἅψωνται ὅσοι εἶχον μάστιγας.

for he had healed many, so that all who had afflictions pressed upon him to touch him.

Ground (explanation)γάρExplains the crushing pressure: his many healings drew the diseased to fall upon him in hope of mere touch — faith reduced almost to a magical reach for power.
πολλοὺςmanyAccusativedirect objectπολύς: 'many'; the great number already cured.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐθεράπευσενhe healedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θεραπεύωmain verb→ constative aoristθεραπεύω: 'heal, cure'; the cause of the crowd's eagerness.
ὥστεso thatconjunction (result)ὥστε: 'so that'; introduces the actual result (with infinitive).
ἐπιπίπτεινto fall/press uponPres Act Inf · ἐπιπίπτωinfinitive of result→ present (durative)ἐπιπίπτω: 'fall upon, press toward'; the crowd surging against him.
αὐτῷon himDativedat. complement of ἐπιπίπτειν
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἅψωνται
ἅψωνταιthey might touchAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · ἅπτωverb of purpose clause→ constative aorist (subjunctive)ἅπτομαι (mid.): 'touch, take hold of'; the touch through which healing power was sought (cf. 5:28).
ὅσοιas many asNominativesubject (relative pronoun)ὅσος: 'as many as'; all the afflicted.
εἶχονhadImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωverb of relative clause→ durative imperfectἔχω: 'have'; the chronically afflicted.
μάστιγαςafflictions/scourgesAccusativedirect objectμάστιξ: lit. 'whip, scourge,' metaphorically 'disease, affliction' — illnesses felt as scourging blows.
11

καὶ τὰ πνεύματα τὰ ἀκάθαρτα, ὅταν αὐτὸν ἐθεώρουν, προσέπιπτον αὐτῷ καὶ ἔκραζον λέγοντα ὅτι Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ.

And the unclean spirits, whenever they saw him, were falling down before him and crying out, saying, "You are the Son of God."

Demonic recognitionκαίThe iterative imperfects depict a recurring pattern: the demons, with supernatural insight, confess what humans do not yet grasp — Jesus' divine sonship; their cry is true but unwelcome on their lips.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheNominativearticle
πνεύματαspiritsNominativesubjectπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; here the demonic unclean spirits.
τὰtheNominativearticle (attributive)
ἀκάθαρταuncleanNominativeattributive adjectiveἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean, impure'; Mark's standard term for demonic spirits.
ὅτανwheneverconjunction (indefinite temporal)ὅταν: 'whenever'; with the imperfect, marks repeated occasions.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἐθεώρουν
ἐθεώρουνthey sawImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θεωρέωverb of temporal clause→ iterative imperfectθεωρέω: 'behold, observe'; their repeated catching sight of him.
προσέπιπτονthey were falling down beforeImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · προσπίπτωmain verb→ iterative imperfectπροσπίπτω: 'fall down before, prostrate'; the demons' forced submission before his presence.
αὐτῷbefore himDativedat. complement
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔκραζονthey were crying outImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · κράζωmain verb→ iterative imperfectκράζω: 'cry out, shriek'; the loud demonic outcry.
λέγονταsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · λέγωcircumstantial ptc. (manner; agreeing with πνεύματα)→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say'; the neuter plural agrees with τὰ πνεύματα, introducing direct speech.
ὅτιthatconjunction (ὅτι recitative — quotation marker)ὅτι: here recitative, marking the start of the direct quotation.
ΣὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)σύ: 'you'; emphatic — 'You yourself are...'
εἶarePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'Son'; the christological confession — true, yet on demonic lips, hence silenced.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationshipθεός: 'God'; 'Son of God' — the title Mark's narrative is unveiling (cf. 1:1, 11; 15:39).
12

καὶ πολλὰ ἐπετίμα αὐτοῖς ἵνα μὴ αὐτὸν φανερὸν ποιήσωσιν.

And he sternly charged them many times not to make him known.

Messianic secretκαίThe 'messianic secret' motif: Jesus silences the demons' true confession, refusing premature, distorted disclosure of his identity apart from the way of the cross.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πολλὰmany times/strictlyAccusativeadverbial accusativeπολύς: neut. pl. as adverb, 'much, repeatedly, strictly.'
ἐπετίμαhe was charging/rebukingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτιμάωmain verb→ iterative imperfectἐπιτιμάω: 'rebuke, charge sternly'; the imperfect of his repeated commanding silence.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedat. object of ἐπιτιμάω
ἵναthatconjunction (content of command)
μὴnotnegative particle
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ποιήσωσιν
φανερὸνknown/manifestAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement)φανερός: 'manifest, known'; 'make him manifest' — publicly disclose his identity.
ποιήσωσινthey might makeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ποιέωverb of the ἵνα clause→ constative aorist (subjunctive)ποιέω: 'make, do'; with φανερόν, 'make known.'
13

Καὶ ἀναβαίνει εἰς τὸ ὄρος καὶ προσκαλεῖται οὓς ἤθελεν αὐτός, καὶ ἀπῆλθον πρὸς αὐτόν.

And he goes up onto the mountain and summons those whom he himself wanted, and they came to him.

New scene (calling)ΚαίThe historic presents ἀναβαίνει/προσκαλεῖται open the appointing of the Twelve; the mountain evokes Sinai, and αὐτός stresses Jesus' sovereign initiative — he calls whom he wills.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀναβαίνειhe goes upPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ historic present (vivid)ἀναβαίνω: 'go up, ascend'; the mountain ascent — a place of revelation and election.
εἰςontopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄροςmountainAccusativeobject of εἰςὄρος: 'mountain, hill'; the mountain of appointment, evoking Moses and the twelve tribes.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσκαλεῖταιhe summonsPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσκαλέωmain verb→ historic present (vivid)προσκαλέω (mid.): 'call to oneself, summon'; the middle stresses Jesus' personal call to himself.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἤθελεν)
ἤθελενhe wantedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωverb of relative clause→ durative imperfectθέλω: 'will, wish, desire'; the choice rests on Jesus' own sovereign will.
αὐτόςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject emphasis)αὐτός: 'himself'; emphatic — the initiative is wholly his.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπῆλθονthey came/went offAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart (to)'; here they go off to him in response.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
14

καὶ ἐποίησεν δώδεκα, οὓς καὶ ἀποστόλους ὠνόμασεν, ἵνα ὦσιν μετ’ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἵνα ἀποστέλλῃ αὐτοὺς κηρύσσειν

And he appointed twelve, whom he also named apostles, that they might be with him and that he might send them out to preach,

Appointment & purposeκαίHe 'made' the Twelve — a creative, foundational act echoing the twelve tribes; their twofold purpose: communion ('be with him') and mission ('that he might send them'). The number twelve signals the renewal of Israel.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐποίησενhe appointed/madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make, appoint'; a Hebraic idiom for appointing to office (cf. 1 Sam 12:6) — and a creative 'making.'
δώδεκαtwelveAccusativedirect object (substantival numeral)δώδεκα: 'twelve' (indeclinable in form, here substantival/object); the number of the tribes — eschatological Israel reconstituted.
οὓςwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ὠνόμασεν)
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive conjunction
ἀποστόλουςapostlesAccusativeobject complement (double accusative)ἀπόστολος: 'one sent, envoy'; the title given to the commissioned Twelve.
ὠνόμασενhe namedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὀνομάζωverb of relative clause→ constative aoristὀνομάζω: 'name, call'; the naming as 'apostles' (read by the earliest witnesses).
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
ὦσινthey might bePres Act Subj 3 Pl · εἰμίverb of purpose clause→ present subjunctive (continuous)εἰμί: 'be'; the first purpose — abiding fellowship with Jesus.
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
ἀποστέλλῃhe might sendPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωverb of purpose clause→ present subjunctive (continuous/iterative)ἀποστέλλω: 'send out with commission'; the cognate of ἀπόστολος — the second purpose, mission.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
κηρύσσεινto preachPres Act Inf · κηρύσσωinfinitive of purpose→ present (durative)κηρύσσω: 'herald, proclaim'; the apostolic task — to announce the gospel.
15

καὶ ἔχειν ἐξουσίαν ἐκβάλλειν τὰ δαιμόνια·

and to have authority to cast out demons.

Mission (continued)καίThe mission is empowered: the apostles share Jesus' own ἐξουσία over demons — the kingdom's assault on Satan's realm (cf. v.27) is now extended through them.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔχεινto havePres Act Inf · ἔχωinfinitive (parallel to κηρύσσειν)→ present (durative)ἔχω: 'have, hold'; the granted possession of authority.
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativedirect object of ἔχεινἐξουσία: 'authority, power, right'; delegated dominion — the same word marking Jesus' own teaching (1:22, 27).
ἐκβάλλεινto cast outPres Act Inf · ἐκβάλλωepexegetical infinitive (content of authority)→ present (durative)ἐκβάλλω: 'cast out, drive out'; the exorcistic exercise of the authority.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativedirect object of ἐκβάλλεινδαιμόνιον: 'demon, evil spirit'; the powers to be expelled — directly relevant to the Beelzebul charge to come.
16

καὶ ἐποίησεν τοὺς δώδεκα, καὶ ἐπέθηκεν ὄνομα τῷ Σίμωνι Πέτρον,

And he appointed the twelve: and to Simon he gave the name Peter;

Roster (begun)καίThe roster opens with Simon, renamed Peter — the new name marking his foundational role. Mark resumes 'he appointed the twelve' (v.14) before listing the names.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐποίησενhe appointedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (resumptive)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make, appoint'; resumes v.14 to introduce the roster.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δώδεκαtwelveAccusativedirect object (substantival numeral)δώδεκα: 'twelve' (indeclinable in form, here substantival/object).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπέθηκενhe gave/laid onAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon, add'; ὄνομα ἐπιτίθημι = 'give a name.'
ὄνομαa nameAccusativedirect objectὄνομα: 'name'; the conferring of a new name signals a new role/identity.
τῷtoDativearticle
ΣίμωνιSimonDativeindirect object (recipient of the name)Σίμων: 'Simon'; the fisherman's original name, before the renaming.
ΠέτρονPeterAccusativeobject complement (the name given)Πέτρος: 'Peter,' 'rock' (cf. Aram. Cephas); the new name marking him as foundation-stone among the Twelve.
17

καὶ Ἰάκωβον τὸν τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου καὶ Ἰωάννην τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ Ἰακώβου, καὶ ἐπέθηκεν αὐτοῖς ὀνόματα Βοανηργές, ὅ ἐστιν Υἱοὶ Βροντῆς,

and James the son of Zebedee and John the brother of James — and he gave them the name Boanerges, that is, "Sons of Thunder" —

Roster (continued)καίThe Zebedee brothers, the second pair of the inner circle, receive a collective nickname Boanerges — a transliterated Aramaic phrase Mark glosses for his Greek readers, a typical Markan touch.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸάκωβονJamesAccusativeapposition to δώδεκα (roster item)Ἰάκωβος: 'James' (Jacob); son of Zebedee, of the inner three.
τὸνthe (son)Accusativearticle (with gen. = 'son of')
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ΖεβεδαίουZebedeeGenitivegenitive of relationship (sonship)Ζεβεδαῖος: 'Zebedee'; the father of James and John.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeapposition to δώδεκα (roster item)Ἰωάννης: 'John'; James' brother, of the inner three.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativeapposition to Ἰωάννηνἀδελφός: 'brother'; identifies John by kinship to James.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἸακώβουJamesGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπέθηκενhe gave/laid onAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτίθημι: 'place upon'; conferring a name, as with Peter.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
ὀνόματαthe nameAccusativedirect objectὄνομα: 'name'; plural perhaps because two persons share the one nickname.
ΒοανηργέςBoanergesAccusativeapposition (the name; indeclinable transliteration)Βοανηργές: 'Boanerges'; a transliterated Aramaic phrase (bĕnê regesh/rogez), here in syntactic apposition to ὀνόματα.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐστιν)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula, translation formula)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is'; Mark's gloss-formula 'which is.'
ΥἱοὶSonsNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'son'; in the translated nickname 'Sons of Thunder' — perhaps of their fiery zeal (cf. Luke 9:54).
Βροντῆςof ThunderGenitivegenitive (descriptive/quality)βροντή: 'thunder'; the Semitic genitive of quality.
18

καὶ Ἀνδρέαν καὶ Φίλιππον καὶ Βαρθολομαῖον καὶ Μαθθαῖον καὶ Θωμᾶν καὶ Ἰάκωβον τὸν τοῦ Ἁλφαίου καὶ Θαδδαῖον καὶ Σίμωνα τὸν Καναναῖον

and Andrew and Philip and Bartholomew and Matthew and Thomas and James the son of Alphaeus and Thaddaeus and Simon the Cananaean,

Roster (continued)καίThe remaining eight, joined by paratactic καί; the second Simon is distinguished as 'the Cananaean' (Aramaic 'zealot'), the second James as son of Alphaeus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἈνδρέανAndrewAccusativeroster item (apposition to δώδεκα)Ἀνδρέας: 'Andrew'; Peter's brother (cf. 1:16).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΦίλιππονPhilipAccusativeroster itemΦίλιππος: 'Philip'; from Bethsaida.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΒαρθολομαῖονBartholomewAccusativeroster itemΒαρθολομαῖος: 'Bartholomew' ('son of Tolmai'); often identified with Nathanael.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΜαθθαῖονMatthewAccusativeroster itemΜαθθαῖος: 'Matthew'; the tax-collector (cf. 2:14, where Mark names Levi).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΘωμᾶνThomasAccusativeroster itemΘωμᾶς: 'Thomas' ('twin'); the later doubter (John 20).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸάκωβονJamesAccusativeroster itemἸάκωβος: 'James'; the second James, son of Alphaeus.
τὸνthe (son)Accusativearticle (with gen. = 'son of')
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἉλφαίουAlphaeusGenitivegenitive of relationshipἉλφαῖος: 'Alphaeus'; father of the second James (cf. 2:14).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΘαδδαῖονThaddaeusAccusativeroster itemΘαδδαῖος: 'Thaddaeus'; perhaps = Judas son of James (Luke 6:16).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΣίμωναSimonAccusativeroster itemΣίμων: 'Simon'; the second Simon, distinguished as 'the Cananaean.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΚαναναῖονCananaeanAccusativeapposition (epithet)Καναναῖος: 'Cananaean' (Aram. qanʾan, 'zealot'); not 'of Cana' but a zealot-party designation.
19

καὶ Ἰούδαν Ἰσκαριώθ, ὃς καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτόν.

and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him.

Roster (closed)καίThe roster ends ominously with Judas, marked already as the betrayer — the shadow of treachery falling across the newly-formed Twelve.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸούδανJudasAccusativeroster item (apposition to δώδεκα)Ἰούδας: 'Judas' (Judah); the last-named apostle.
ἸσκαριώθIscariotAccusativeapposition (epithet, indeclinable)Ἰσκαριώθ: 'Iscariot' (perhaps 'man of Kerioth'); the indeclinable Markan form, here in syntactic apposition to Ἰούδαν.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive conjunction
παρέδωκενbetrayed/handed overAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιverb of relative clause→ constative aorist (proleptic)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over, betray'; the term running through the Passion — here anticipating Judas' treachery.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
20

Καὶ ἔρχεται εἰς οἶκον· καὶ συνέρχεται πάλιν ὁ ὄχλος, ὥστε μὴ δύνασθαι αὐτοὺς μηδὲ ἄρτον φαγεῖν.

And he comes into a house; and the crowd gathers again, so that they could not even eat bread.

Scene-setting (sandwich frame, part 1)ΚαίThe historic presents ἔρχεται/συνέρχεται open the first half of the intercalation; the crushing crowd leaves no time even to eat — the setting for the family's alarm (v.21).
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔρχεταιhe comesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ historic present (vivid)ἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; the vivid present opening the scene.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
οἶκονa houseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house, home'; probably his base in Capernaum.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνέρχεταιgathers/comes togetherPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · συνέρχομαιmain verb→ historic present (vivid)συνέρχομαι: 'come together, assemble'; the crowd reconvenes around him.
πάλινagainadverb (repetition)πάλιν: 'again'; the crowd, as ever, presses in.
theNominativearticle
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd, throng'; the pressing multitude.
ὥστεso thatconjunction (result)ὥστε: 'so that'; introducing the result with infinitive.
μὴnotnegative particle
δύνασθαιto be ablePres Mid Inf · δύναμαιinfinitive of result→ present (durative)δύναμαι: 'be able, can'; with the negative, their inability.
αὐτοὺςtheyAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
μηδὲnot evennegative adverb (ascensive)μηδέ: 'not even'; intensifies the deprivation.
ἄρτονbreadAccusativedirect object of φαγεῖνἄρτος: 'bread, food'; 'eat bread' = take a meal.
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωcomplementary infinitive (of δύνασθαι)→ constative aoristἐσθίω (aor. φαγεῖν): 'eat'; not even a meal was possible.
21

καὶ ἀκούσαντες οἱ παρ’ αὐτοῦ ἐξῆλθον κρατῆσαι αὐτόν, ἔλεγον γὰρ ὅτι ἐξέστη.

And when his family heard it, they went out to seize him, for they were saying, "He is out of his mind."

Family's alarm (sandwich frame, part 1)καίThe first half of the intercalation closes with the family's startling verdict — 'he is beside himself.' Their attempt to 'seize' him stands in pointed parallel to the scribes' charge that follows (vv.22ff.).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; on hearing the reports of his exhausting activity.
οἱthoseNominativesubject (substantival with prep. phrase)
παρ’with/frompreposition + genitive (association)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of παράοἱ παρ’ αὐτοῦ: idiom, 'those belonging to him' — his family/relatives (confirmed by v.31).
ἐξῆλθονthey went outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; they set out from home (Nazareth) toward him.
κρατῆσαιto seizeAor Act Inf · κρατέωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristκρατέω: 'seize, take hold of, restrain'; to take him into custody — the same verb used of arresting (cf. 14:1).
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
ἔλεγονthey were sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ iterative/inchoative imperfectλέγω: 'say'; the imperfect of what was being said about him.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative/content)
ἐξέστηhe is beside himselfAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξίστημιverb of the ὅτι clause→ constative aorist (perfective state)ἐξίστημι: 'be out of one's mind, lose one's senses' (lit. 'stand outside oneself'); the family fears he has gone mad — a verdict the chapter will overturn.
22

καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς οἱ ἀπὸ Ἱεροσολύμων καταβάντες ἔλεγον ὅτι Βεελζεβοὺλ ἔχει, καὶ ὅτι ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ δαιμόνια.

And the scribes who had come down from Jerusalem were saying, "He has Beelzebul," and, "By the ruler of the demons he casts out the demons."

Scribal charge (inserted controversy)καίThe inner panel of the sandwich: official opposition from Jerusalem. Two charges — possession ('he has Beelzebul') and collusion (he exorcises by the demon-prince) — which Jesus will dismantle in turn.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
γραμματεῖςscribesNominativesubjectγραμματεύς: 'scribe, scholar of the law'; the official theologians, here come from the capital.
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (attributive w/ prep. phrase)
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
ἹεροσολύμωνJerusalemGenitiveobject of ἀπό (origin)Ἱεροσόλυμα: 'Jerusalem'; the seat of authority — the gravity of an official delegation.
καταβάντεςhaving come downAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · καταβαίνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristκαταβαίνω: 'go/come down'; 'down' from Jerusalem (the elevated holy city) to Galilee.
ἔλεγονthey were sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ iterative/durative imperfectλέγω: 'say'; the imperfect of their repeated accusation.
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative)
ΒεελζεβοὺλBeelzebulAccusativedirect object of ἔχειΒεελζεβούλ: 'Beelzebul' (perhaps 'lord of the height' / 'lord of dung'); a name for Satan/the demon-prince — here the object of ἔχει ('has Beelzebul' = is possessed).
ἔχειhe hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of the ὅτι clause→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; 'to have Beelzebul' = to be possessed by him.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative)
ἐνbypreposition + dative (means/agency)
τῷtheDativearticle
ἄρχοντιrulerDativedat. of means (instrument)ἄρχων: 'ruler, prince'; the demon-prince (= Satan/Beelzebul) — the alleged source of his power.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
δαιμονίωνdemonsGenitivegenitive (subordination/rule)δαιμόνιον: 'demon'; the prince over them.
ἐκβάλλειhe casts outPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκβάλλωverb of the ὅτι clause→ customary presentἐκβάλλω: 'cast out, expel'; the exorcisms they cannot deny but malign.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativedirect objectδαιμόνιον: 'demon'; the objects of his exorcisms.
23

καὶ προσκαλεσάμενος αὐτοὺς ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν ἐκβάλλειν;

And summoning them to himself, he was speaking to them in parables: "How can Satan cast out Satan?

Jesus' rebuttal (rhetorical question)καίJesus answers in figures; the opening rhetorical question exposes the charge's absurdity — Satan does not war on himself. The 'parables' frame the kingdom-vs-kingdom logic that follows.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσκαλεσάμενοςsummoningAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσκαλέωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/attendant)→ antecedent aoristπροσκαλέω (mid.): 'call to oneself, summon'; Jesus calls the scribes near to answer them directly.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ptc.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (manner)
παραβολαῖςparablesDativedat. of mannerπαραβολή: 'parable, comparison, figure'; here proverb-like analogies (divided kingdom, strong man).
ἔλεγενhe was sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ durative/inchoative imperfectλέγω: 'say'; the imperfect of his discourse.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Πῶςhowinterrogative adverbπῶς: 'how?'; the rhetorical question expecting the answer 'he cannot.'
δύναταιcanPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ stative present (potential)δύναμαι: 'be able, can'; the question of possibility.
ΣατανᾶςSatanNominativesubjectΣατανᾶς: 'Satan' (Heb. 'adversary'); the demon-prince — to expel himself would be self-defeating.
ΣατανᾶνSatanAccusativedirect objectΣατανᾶς: 'Satan'; the same power as object — the self-contradiction laid bare.
ἐκβάλλεινto cast outPres Act Inf · ἐκβάλλωcomplementary infinitive (of δύναται)→ present (durative)ἐκβάλλω: 'cast out'; the impossible self-expulsion.
24

καὶ ἐὰν βασιλεία ἐφ’ ἑαυτὴν μερισθῇ, οὐ δύναται σταθῆναι ἡ βασιλεία ἐκείνη·

And if a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand;

Illustration 1 (kingdom)καίFirst proof from analogy: civil war destroys a realm. The conditional makes the general principle that exposes the charge's incoherence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐὰνifconjunction (3rd-class condition)ἐάν: 'if'; introduces the hypothetical case.
βασιλείαa kingdomNominativesubjectβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; the realm taken as analogy.
ἐφ’againstpreposition + accusative (opposition)
ἑαυτὴνitselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of ἐπί)ἑαυτοῦ: 'itself'; internal division.
μερισθῇis dividedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · μερίζωverb of the protasis→ constative aorist (subjunctive)μερίζω: 'divide, split'; the fatal internal split.
οὐnotnegative particle
δύναταιis ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (apodosis)→ stative present (potential)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the impossibility of survival.
σταθῆναιto standAor Pass Inf · ἵστημιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'stand, hold firm'; to endure, remain standing.
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject (of apodosis)βασιλεία: 'kingdom'; resumed for emphasis.
ἐκείνηthatNominativedemonstrative (attributive)ἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the divided kingdom in view.
25

καὶ ἐὰν οἰκία ἐφ’ ἑαυτὴν μερισθῇ, οὐ δυνήσεται ἡ οἰκία ἐκείνη σταθῆναι.

and if a house is divided against itself, that house will not be able to stand.

Illustration 2 (household)καίParallel proof on a smaller scale: a divided household collapses. Kingdom and house together press the same self-evident logic.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐὰνifconjunction (3rd-class condition)
οἰκίαa houseNominativesubjectοἰκία: 'house, household'; the family/domestic analogy.
ἐφ’againstpreposition + accusative (opposition)
ἑαυτὴνitselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of ἐπί)
μερισθῇis dividedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · μερίζωverb of the protasis→ constative aorist (subjunctive)μερίζω: 'divide'; the internal rupture.
οὐnotnegative particle
δυνήσεταιwill be ableFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive futureδύναμαι: 'be able'; the future of certain collapse.
theNominativearticle
οἰκίαhouseNominativesubject
ἐκείνηthatNominativedemonstrative (attributive)
σταθῆναιto standAor Pass Inf · ἵστημιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'stand, endure'; to remain standing.
26

καὶ εἰ ὁ Σατανᾶς ἀνέστη ἐφ’ ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἐμερίσθη, οὐ δύναται στῆναι ἀλλὰ τέλος ἔχει.

And if Satan has risen up against himself and is divided, he cannot stand but is coming to an end.

Application (conclusion of illustration)καίThe analogy is applied: were Satan exorcising Satan, his reign would be self-destructing and finished — 'he has an end.' The charge would mean Satan's own downfall.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰifconjunction (1st-class condition, for argument)εἰ: 'if'; assumed for the sake of argument.
theNominativearticle
ΣατανᾶςSatanNominativesubjectΣατανᾶς: 'Satan'; the adversary, hypothetically self-divided.
ἀνέστηhas risen upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιverb of the protasis→ constative aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise up, stand up against'; insurrection within his own domain.
ἐφ’againstpreposition + accusative (opposition)
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive pronoun (object of ἐπί)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐμερίσθηis dividedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · μερίζωverb of the protasis→ constative aoristμερίζω: 'divide'; the fatal split applied to Satan.
οὐnotnegative particle
δύναταιis ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (apodosis)→ stative present (potential)δύναμαι: 'be able'; he cannot survive.
στῆναιto standAor Act Inf · ἵστημιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἵστημι: 'stand, endure'; to hold his ground.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
τέλοςan endAccusativedirect objectτέλος: 'end, finish'; τέλος ἔχει = 'is finished, is done for' — his reign is over.
ἔχειhe hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (idiom w/ τέλος)→ stative presentἔχω: 'have'; in the idiom τέλος ἔχει, 'has an end.'
27

ἀλλ’ οὐ δύναται οὐδεὶς εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ ἰσχυροῦ εἰσελθὼν τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ διαρπάσαι ἐὰν μὴ πρῶτον τὸν ἰσχυρὸν δήσῃ, καὶ τότε τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ διαρπάσει.

But no one can enter the strong man's house and plunder his goods unless he first binds the strong man, and then he will plunder his house.

Counter-parable (the true explanation)ἀλλάThe positive counter-image: far from being Satan's ally, Jesus is the intruder who has bound the 'strong man' (Satan) and is plundering his house — the exorcisms are spoils of a victory already won over the evil one.
ἀλλ’butadversative conjunction
οὐnotnegative particle
δύναταιis ablePres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ stative present (potential)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the impossibility apart from binding.
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς: 'no one'; the universal negative.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκίανhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἰκία: 'house'; the strong man's domain — Satan's realm.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἰσχυροῦstrong manGenitivegenitive of possessionἰσχυρός: 'strong one'; the 'strong man' = Satan; cf. the 'stronger one' of 1:7.
εἰσελθὼνenteringAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/conditional)→ antecedent aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter'; the intruder's entry into the stronghold.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
σκεύηgoodsAccusativedirect object of διαρπάσαισκεῦος: 'vessel, goods, property'; the plunder — the captives freed by exorcism.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
διαρπάσαιto plunderAor Act Inf · διαρπάζωcomplementary infinitive (of δύναται)→ constative aoristδιαρπάζω: 'plunder thoroughly, ransack' (διά-intensive); to carry off the spoils.
ἐὰνunlessconjunction (3rd-class condition)ἐὰν μή: 'unless, except'; the necessary precondition.
μὴnotnegative particle
πρῶτονfirstadverb (sequence)πρῶτον: 'first'; the binding must precede the plundering.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἰσχυρὸνstrong manAccusativedirect object of δήσῃἰσχυρός: 'strong one'; the bound Satan.
δήσῃhe bindsAor Act Subj 3 Sg · δέωverb of the conditional clause→ constative aorist (subjunctive)δέω: 'bind, tie'; the decisive binding of the strong man — Jesus' victory over Satan.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τότεthenadverb (sequence)τότε: 'then'; only after binding.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκίανhouseAccusativedirect object of διαρπάσειοἰκία: 'house'; now ransacked.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
διαρπάσειhe will plunderFut Act Indic 3 Sg · διαρπάζωmain verb→ predictive futureδιαρπάζω: 'plunder'; the completed despoiling — the kingdom's triumph.
28

Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι πάντα ἀφεθήσεται τοῖς υἱοῖς τῶν ἀνθρώπων, τὰ ἁμαρτήματα καὶ αἱ βλασφημίαι ὅσα ἐὰν βλασφημήσωσιν·

Truly I say to you that all things will be forgiven the sons of men, the sins and the blasphemies, whatever they may blaspheme;

Solemn pronouncement (forgiveness affirmed)asyndetonThe Amen-saying first sweeps wide: every sin and blasphemy is forgivable. The breadth of the mercy sets up the single, terrible exception of v.29.
Ἀμὴνtrulyparticle (solemn affirmation, indeclinable)ἀμήν: 'truly, amen' (Heb.); Jesus' distinctive prefatory formula of authority.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ performative presentλέγω: 'say'; the authoritative pronouncement.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
πάνταall thingsNominativesubjectπᾶς: 'all, every'; the sweeping scope of forgiveness.
ἀφεθήσεταιwill be forgivenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb→ predictive future (divine passive)ἀφίημι: 'forgive, release, let go'; the divine passive — God will forgive.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
υἱοῖςsonsDativedat. of advantage (recipients)υἱός: 'son'; 'sons of men' = human beings (Semitic idiom).
τῶνofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπωνmenGenitivegenitive (of relationship)ἄνθρωπος: 'human being'; 'sons of men' — humanity generally.
τὰtheNominativearticle
ἁμαρτήματαsinsNominativeapposition to πάνταἁμάρτημα: 'sin, sinful deed'; concrete sins, specifying 'all things.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αἱtheNominativearticle
βλασφημίαιblasphemiesNominativeapposition to πάνταβλασφημία: 'slander, blasphemy'; even slanders against God — yet forgivable, except as v.29 specifies.
ὅσαwhateverAccusativerelative/correlative (adverbial accusative)ὅσος: 'as much/many as'; 'however much they blaspheme.'
ἐὰνeverparticle (with subj., generalizing)ἐάν: here generalizing ('whatever'), with ὅσα.
βλασφημήσωσινthey may blasphemeAor Act Subj 3 Pl · βλασφημέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (subjunctive)βλασφημέω: 'blaspheme, slander'; the cognate verb — all such utterances are forgivable in principle.
29

ὃς δ’ ἂν βλασφημήσῃ εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, οὐκ ἔχει ἄφεσιν εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, ἀλλὰ ἔνοχός ἐστιν αἰωνίου ἁμαρτήματος.

but whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness, but is guilty of an eternal sin" —

The one exception (warning)δέThe single, dreadful exception: to blaspheme the Holy Spirit — to name the Spirit's liberating work demonic (v.30) — is to close oneself against the only source of pardon; it is an 'eternal sin' with no forgiveness ever.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject; indefinite w/ ἄν)
δ’butadversative conjunctionδέ: 'but'; the sharp contrast to the universal forgiveness of v.28.
ἂνeverparticle (with subj., indefinite relative)ἄν: makes the relative indefinite — 'whoever.'
βλασφημήσῃblasphemesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · βλασφημέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (subjunctive)βλασφημέω: 'blaspheme, slander'; here against the Spirit — the unpardonable act.
εἰςagainstpreposition + accusative (hostility/direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πνεῦμαSpiritAccusativeobject of εἰςπνεῦμα: 'Spirit'; the Holy Spirit, by whose power Jesus acts (cf. v.30).
τὸtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
ἅγιονHolyAccusativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy'; the Holy Spirit — to call his work Satanic is the blasphemy.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ gnomic/stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; possesses no forgiveness.
ἄφεσινforgivenessAccusativedirect objectἄφεσις: 'release, forgiveness'; the pardon forfeited.
εἰςunto/forpreposition + accusative (extent of time)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
αἰῶναage/foreverAccusativeobject of εἰς (εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα = 'forever')αἰών: 'age, eternity'; εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα = 'forever, never' — no forgiveness ever.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
ἔνοχόςguilty/liableNominativepredicate nominativeἔνοχος: 'liable, guilty, subject to' (a legal term); held under the charge.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
αἰωνίουeternalGenitiveattributive adjectiveαἰώνιος: 'eternal, everlasting'; the sin's never-ending liability — an 'eternal sin.'
ἁμαρτήματοςsinGenitivegenitive (of the charge, after ἔνοχος)ἁμάρτημα: 'sin'; the reading of the best text (some witnesses read κρίσεως, 'judgment').
30

ὅτι ἔλεγον· Πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον ἔχει.

because they were saying, "He has an unclean spirit."

Ground of the warning (narrator's comment)ὅτιMark's explanatory aside fixes what the unforgivable blasphemy is: the scribes, by attributing the Spirit's work to an unclean spirit, called good evil — the very inversion the warning condemns.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because'; introduces the reason for the preceding warning.
ἔλεγονthey were sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ iterative/durative imperfectλέγω: 'say'; the imperfect of their persistent slander.
ΠνεῦμαspiritAccusativedirect object of ἔχειπνεῦμα: 'spirit'; here the unclean spirit they falsely attributed to him.
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanAccusativeattributive adjectiveἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean'; the blasphemous label set against τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον of v.29.
ἔχειhe hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of the quotation→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold'; 'has an unclean spirit' = is demon-possessed — the slander that is the unpardonable sin.
31

Καὶ ἔρχεται ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔξω στήκοντες ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτὸν καλοῦντες αὐτόν.

And his mother and his brothers come, and standing outside they sent to him, calling him.

Family arrives (sandwich frame, part 2)ΚαίThe second half of the intercalation resumes vv.20–21: the family arrives but stays 'outside,' sending in for him — their physical position mirroring their standing relative to the true family Jesus will define.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (sing. w/ compound subject)→ historic present (vivid)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the vivid present, agreeing with the nearest (first) subject.
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativesubjectμήτηρ: 'mother'; Mary, here among those seeking to restrain him (cf. v.21).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀδελφοὶbrothersNominativesubject (coordinate)ἀδελφός: 'brother'; Jesus' brothers (cf. 6:3).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔξωoutsideadverb (place)ἔξω: 'outside'; their position — physically and symbolically 'outside.'
στήκοντεςstandingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · στήκωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant circumstance)→ present (concurrent)στήκω: 'stand' (a late present formed from the perfect ἕστηκα); they remain standing outside.
ἀπέστειλανthey sentAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; they send a message in rather than enter.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
καλοῦντεςcallingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · καλέωcircumstantial ptc. (purpose/manner)→ present (concurrent)καλέω: 'call, summon'; summoning him out to them.
32

καὶ ἐκάθητο περὶ αὐτὸν ὄχλος, καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ· Ἰδοὺ ἡ μήτηρ σου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί σου ἔξω ζητοῦσίν σε.

And a crowd was sitting around him, and they say to him, "Look, your mother and your brothers are outside seeking you."

Report to JesusκαίThe crowd 'sitting around him' (the posture of disciples) is set against the family 'outside'; the message relayed sets up Jesus' redefinition of kinship.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκάθητοwas sittingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κάθημαιmain verb→ durative imperfectκάθημαι: 'sit'; sitting around a teacher is the disciple's posture (cf. v.34).
περὶaroundpreposition + accusative (place)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of περί
ὄχλοςa crowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd'; gathered close around him.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγουσινthey sayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ historic present (vivid)λέγω: 'say'; the vivid present relaying the message.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Ἰδοὺlookinterjection (demonstrative particle)ἰδού: 'behold, look'; a call to attention.
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativesubjectμήτηρ: 'mother'; his natural mother.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀδελφοίbrothersNominativesubject (coordinate)ἀδελφός: 'brother'; his natural brothers.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἔξωoutsideadverb (place)ἔξω: 'outside'; repeated — their standing 'outside' is thematic.
ζητοῦσίνare seekingPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ progressive presentζητέω: 'seek, look for'; they are searching for him.
σεyouAccusativedirect object
33

καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς αὐτοῖς λέγει· Τίς ἐστιν ἡ μήτηρ μου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί μου;

And answering them he says, "Who is my mother and my brothers?"

Counter-question (redefinition begun)καίJesus' startling counter-question reframes kinship away from blood; the answer will be given by gesture (v.34) and word (v.35).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial ptc. (Semitic 'answered and said')→ antecedent aorist (pleonastic)ἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply'; the redundant Semitic participle 'answering ... says.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedat. object of ptc.
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ historic present (vivid)λέγω: 'say'; the vivid present introducing the counter-question.
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)τίς: 'who?'; the question reframing kinship.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativesubjectμήτηρ: 'mother'; the term to be redefined.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀδελφοίbrothersNominativesubject (coordinate)ἀδελφός: 'brother'; likewise redefined.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
34

καὶ περιβλεψάμενος τοὺς περὶ αὐτὸν κύκλῳ καθημένους λέγει· Ἴδε ἡ μήτηρ μου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοί μου.

And looking around at those who were sitting around him in a circle, he says, "Behold my mother and my brothers!

Gesture of redefinitionκαίThe same Markan περιβλεψάμενος as v.5, now in warmth: with a sweeping look at the disciple-circle seated around him, Jesus enacts the answer — these are his kin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιβλεψάμενοςlooking around atAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · περιβλέπωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal/manner)→ antecedent aoristπεριβλέπω (mid.): 'look around at'; the sweeping gaze embracing the seated circle.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
περὶaroundpreposition + accusative (place)
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of περί
κύκλῳin a circleDativedat. of manner (adverbial)κύκλος: 'circle'; the dative κύκλῳ adverbial, 'round about, in a ring.'
καθημένουςsittingPres Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · κάθημαιattributive participle (the seated ones)→ present (concurrent)κάθημαι: 'sit'; the disciples' attentive posture — the true family encircling the teacher.
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ historic present (vivid)λέγω: 'say'; introducing the pronouncement.
ἼδεbeholdAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ὁράω (interjectional)interjection (frozen imperative)ἴδε: 'see! behold!'; the fixed interjectional form pointing to the circle.
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativepredicate/exclamationμήτηρ: 'mother'; now redefined — the disciples as his family.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀδελφοίbrothersNominativepredicate/exclamation (coordinate)ἀδελφός: 'brother'; the redefined kin.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
35

ὃς γὰρ ἂν ποιήσῃ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ, οὗτος ἀδελφός μου καὶ ἀδελφὴ καὶ μήτηρ ἐστίν.

For whoever does the will of God, this one is my brother and sister and mother."

Principle (redefinition stated)γάρThe climactic principle grounds the gesture: kinship to Jesus is constituted not by blood but by doing God's will. The triad 'brother, sister, mother' opens the family to all — and the addition of 'sister' embraces the women disciples.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject; indefinite w/ ἄν)
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἂνeverparticle (with subj., indefinite relative)ἄν: makes the relative general — 'whoever.'
ποιήσῃdoesAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ποιέωverb of the relative clause→ constative aorist (subjunctive)ποιέω: 'do, perform'; doing — not merely knowing — God's will is the mark of kinship.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
θέλημαwillAccusativedirect objectθέλημα: 'will, desire'; God's will — the defining bond of the new family.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivesubjective/possessive genitiveθεός: 'God'; whose will is to be done.
οὗτοςthis oneNominativedemonstrative (resumptive subject)οὗτος: 'this one'; resumes the relative with emphasis.
ἀδελφόςbrotherNominativepredicate nominativeἀδελφός: 'brother'; the first member of the kinship triad.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀδελφὴsisterNominativepredicate nominative (coordinate)ἀδελφή: 'sister'; notably added — women too belong to Jesus' family.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μήτηρmotherNominativepredicate nominative (coordinate)μήτηρ: 'mother'; the third member — the whole household of faith.
ἐστίνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ gnomic/stative present