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The Gospel according to Mark, Chapter 5ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΡΚΟΝ Ε′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ ἦλθον εἰς τὸ πέραν τῆς θαλάσσης εἰς τὴν χώραν τῶν Γερασηνῶν.

And they came to the other side of the sea, to the region of the Gerasenes.

Scene-settingΚαίThe signature Markan καί links to the storm-stilling of 4:35–41; the crossing lands them in Gentile territory east of the lake — the stage for the exorcism.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative)καί: the paratactic 'and' that drives Mark's narrative pace.
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; the plural includes the disciples who crossed with Jesus.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes πέραν)
πέρανother sideAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)πέραν: 'the far side, opposite shore'; the eastern, Gentile side of the Sea of Galilee.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivepartitive/possessive genitiveθάλασσα: 'sea'; Mark's term for the Lake of Galilee.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χώρανregionAccusativeobject of εἰς (apposition to πέραν)χώρα: 'region, country, territory'; the rural district belonging to a city.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ΓερασηνῶνGerasenesGenitivegenitive of relationship (inhabitants)Γερασηνός: inhabitant of Gerasa; the variants Γαδαρηνῶν / Γεργεσηνῶν reflect the puzzle of locating a town's territory at the lake's steep shore.
2

καὶ ἐξελθόντος αὐτοῦ ἐκ τοῦ πλοίου εὐθὺς ὑπήντησεν αὐτῷ ἐκ τῶν μνημείων ἄνθρωπος ἐν πνεύματι ἀκαθάρτῳ,

And when he had come out of the boat, immediately there met him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit,

EncounterκαίA genitive absolute sets the scene; the Markan εὐθύς ('immediately') signals the abrupt confrontation as Jesus steps ashore.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθόντοςhaving come outAor Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'come/go out'; the participle and pronoun form a genitive absolute, 'when he had come out.'
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πλοίουboatGenitiveobject of ἐκπλοῖον: 'boat, ship'; the same vessel of the storm-crossing (4:36).
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once, immediately'; Mark's signature connective, occurring some 40 times.
ὑπήντησενmetAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὑπαντάωmain verb→ ingressive aoristὑπαντάω: 'go to meet, encounter' (+ dative); a sudden confrontation.
αὐτῷhimDativedative complement of ὑπήντησεν
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
μνημείωνtombsGenitiveobject of ἐκμνημεῖον: 'tomb, memorial'; rock-cut sepulchres — an unclean dwelling, fitting the unclean spirit.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativesubject of ὑπήντησενἄνθρωπος: 'man, human being.'
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (attendant state)ἐν: here of accompanying condition — 'in/with [the grip of] an unclean spirit.'
πνεύματιspiritDativeobject of ἐν (state)πνεῦμα: 'spirit'; here a demonic spirit indwelling the man.
ἀκαθάρτῳuncleanDativeattributive adjectiveἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean, impure'; Mark's preferred designation for demons, charged with cultic defilement.
3

ὃς τὴν κατοίκησιν εἶχεν ἐν τοῖς μνήμασιν, καὶ οὐδὲ ἁλύσει οὐκέτι οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο αὐτὸν δῆσαι,

who had his dwelling among the tombs; and no one could bind him anymore, not even with a chain,

DescriptionὅςA relative clause begins a vivid catalogue of the man's plight; the piled-up negatives (οὐδέ … οὐκέτι οὐδείς) stress his utter unrestrainability.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κατοίκησινdwellingAccusativedirect object of εἶχενκατοίκησις: 'dwelling, habitation'; a NT hapax — his permanent abode was among the dead.
εἶχενhe hadImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (rel. clause)→ customary imperfectἔχω: 'have, hold'; the imperfect of habitual state.
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (place)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μνήμασινtombsDativedat. of placeμνῆμα: 'tomb, grave'; a synonym of μνημεῖον.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδὲnot evennegative adverb (ascensive)οὐδέ: 'not even'; heightens the impossibility.
ἁλύσειwith a chainDativedat. of meansἅλυσις: 'chain'; the strongest available restraint, yet futile.
οὐκέτιno longernegative adverb (time)οὐκέτι: 'no longer'; previous attempts had failed.
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubject of ἐδύνατοοὐδείς: 'no one'; the third negative piles on the impossibility.
ἐδύνατοwas ableImpf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ customary imperfectδύναμαι: 'be able, can'; repeated frustrated attempts.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of δῆσαι
δῆσαιto bindAor Act Inf · δέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristδέω: 'bind, tie'; the object of the failed attempts.
4

διὰ τὸ αὐτὸν πολλάκις πέδαις καὶ ἁλύσεσιν δεδέσθαι καὶ διεσπάσθαι ὑπ' αὐτοῦ τὰς ἁλύσεις καὶ τὰς πέδας συντετρῖφθαι, καὶ οὐδεὶς ἴσχυεν αὐτὸν δαμάσαι·

because he had often been bound with shackles and chains, and the chains had been torn apart by him and the shackles shattered, and no one was strong enough to subdue him;

GroundδιάAn articular-infinitive clause gives the reason no chain held: he repeatedly smashed every fetter. The perfect infinitives stress the settled, repeated outcome.
διὰbecausepreposition + acc. (cause, w/ articular inf.)διά + acc. + infinitive: a causal construction, 'because.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (nominalizes infinitives)
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitives
πολλάκιςoftenadverb (frequency)πολλάκις: 'often, many times'; the attempts were repeated.
πέδαιςwith shacklesDativedat. of meansπέδη: 'fetter, shackle' (for the feet).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἁλύσεσινchainsDativedat. of meansἅλυσις: 'chain' (for the hands).
δεδέσθαιto have been boundPerf Pass Inf · δέωarticular infinitive (cause)→ consummative perfectδέω: 'bind'; perfect — the binding had been done, with results.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διεσπάσθαιto have been torn apartPerf Pass Inf · διασπάωarticular infinitive (cause)→ consummative perfectδιασπάω: 'tear apart, wrench in two' (διά + σπάω); the chains pulled asunder.
ὑπ'bypreposition + genitive (agency)
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive of agency
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἁλύσειςchainsAccusativesubject (acc.) of διεσπάσθαι
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
πέδαςshacklesAccusativesubject (acc.) of συντετρῖφθαι
συντετρῖφθαιto have been shatteredPerf Pass Inf · συντρίβωarticular infinitive (cause)→ consummative perfectσυντρίβω: 'crush, shatter, break in pieces'; the iron fetters reduced to fragments.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubject of ἴσχυενοὐδείς: 'no one.'
ἴσχυενwas strong enoughImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἰσχύωmain verb→ customary imperfectἰσχύω: 'be strong, able'; here 'have the strength to.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of δαμάσαι
δαμάσαιto subdueAor Act Inf · δαμάζωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristδαμάζω: 'tame, subdue'; used of taming wild animals — the man was beyond mastery.
5

καὶ διὰ παντὸς νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας ἐν τοῖς μνήμασιν καὶ ἐν τοῖς ὄρεσιν ἦν κράζων καὶ κατακόπτων ἑαυτὸν λίθοις.

And always, night and day, among the tombs and in the mountains, he was crying out and gashing himself with stones.

DescriptionκαίThe portrait climaxes in ceaseless self-destruction; the periphrastic imperfects (ἦν + participles) depict continuous, unrelenting torment.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰthroughpreposition + gen. (in διὰ παντός idiom)διὰ παντός: idiom, 'continually, always.'
παντὸςallGenitiveobject of διά (idiom)
νυκτὸςnightGenitivegenitive of time (within which)νύξ: 'night'; genitive of time, 'by night.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of timeἡμέρα: 'day'; genitive of time, 'by day.'
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (place)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μνήμασινtombsDativedat. of place
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ὄρεσινmountainsDativedat. of placeὄρος: 'mountain, hill.'
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary (periphrastic imperfect)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: with the participles forms a periphrastic imperfect of unbroken action.
κράζωνcrying outPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κράζωparticiple (periphrastic w/ ἦν)→ durative presentκράζω: 'cry out, scream'; loud, animal-like shrieking.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατακόπτωνgashingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κατακόπτωparticiple (periphrastic w/ ἦν)→ durative presentκατακόπτω: 'cut/gash to pieces' (κατά intensive); self-mutilation.
ἑαυτὸνhimselfAccusativereflexive direct objectἑαυτόν: 'himself'; the spirit's destructive aim turned on its host.
λίθοιςwith stonesDativedat. of means/instrumentλίθος: 'stone'; jagged stones as instruments of self-harm.
6

καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ μακρόθεν ἔδραμεν καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτῷ,

And seeing Jesus from afar, he ran and fell down before him,

ActionκαίThe narrative resumes the main line: the demoniac races to Jesus and prostrates himself — a gesture of submission wrung from the spirit by Jesus' authority.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδὼνhaving seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωadverbial ptc. (temporal/attendant)→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see'; the sighting that prompts the running.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect object of ἰδώνἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + gen. (in ἀπὸ μακρόθεν idiom)
μακρόθενafaradverb (place); ἀπὸ μακρόθεν = 'from afar'μακρόθεν: 'from a distance'; the redundant ἀπό is common Koine.
ἔδραμενhe ranAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τρέχωmain verb→ ingressive aoristτρέχω: 'run'; he rushes toward Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσεκύνησενfell down beforeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσκυνέωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: 'bow down, do obeisance to' (+ dative); homage extorted by Jesus' presence, not true worship.
αὐτῷto himDativedative complement
7

καὶ κράξας φωνῇ μεγάλῃ λέγει· Τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί, Ἰησοῦ υἱὲ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου; ὁρκίζω σε τὸν θεόν, μή με βασανίσῃς.

and crying out with a loud voice he says, "What have you to do with me, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I adjure you by God, do not torment me!"

SpeechκαίMark's historic present λέγει heightens the drama. The demon's confession names Jesus precisely; the Semitic idiom 'what to me and to you' repels him, and it grotesquely tries to adjure the exorcist.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κράξαςcrying outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κράζωadverbial ptc. (manner/attendant)→ antecedent aoristκράζω: 'cry out, scream.'
φωνῇwith a voiceDativedat. of means/mannerφωνή: 'voice, sound.'
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, loud.'
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: 'say'; Markan historic present, vivifying the speech.
ΤίwhatNominativeinterrogative (idiom)τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί: Semitic idiom, 'what is there between you and me?' — a plea to be left alone.
ἐμοὶto meDativedative (idiom)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σοίto youDativedative (idiom)
ἸησοῦJesusVocativevocative of addressἸησοῦς: the demon names Jesus — knowing the name was thought to grant power, here vainly.
υἱὲSonVocativevocative in appositionυἱός: 'Son'; the demon supernaturally recognizes Jesus' identity.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of relationshipθεός: God.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ὑψίστουMost HighGenitiveattributive adjectiveὕψιστος: 'highest, Most High'; a title used on Gentile lips (cf. Gen 14, Dan), fitting this pagan setting.
ὁρκίζωI adjurePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁρκίζωmain verb→ performative presentὁρκίζω: 'put under oath, adjure'; the demon tries the exorcist's own weapon against him.
σεyouAccusativedirect object
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativeacc. of oath (double acc. w/ ὁρκίζω)θεός: 'by God' — the deity invoked in the adjuration.
μήnotnegative (w/ subjunctive)
μεmeAccusativedirect object
βασανίσῃςtormentAor Act Subj 2 Sg · βασανίζωprohibitive subjunctive→ ingressive aoristβασανίζω: 'torment, torture'; the demon dreads premature judgment (cf. Matt 8:29).
8

ἔλεγεν γὰρ αὐτῷ· Ἔξελθε τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἀκάθαρτον ἐκ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου.

For he had been saying to it, "Come out of the man, you unclean spirit!"

Explanation (flashback)γάρAn explanatory γάρ with the imperfect ἔλεγεν gives the cause of the outcry: Jesus had already (and perhaps repeatedly) commanded the spirit out.
ἔλεγενhe was sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (explanatory)→ iterative/pluperfective imperfectλέγω: imperfect, 'had been saying' — the command precedes and explains the demon's plea.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
αὐτῷto itDativeindirect object
Ἔξελθεcome outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιimperative (command)→ ingressive aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'come/go out'; the authoritative exorcistic command.
τὸtheVocativearticle (nom. form for vocative)
πνεῦμαspiritVocativevocative of address (nom. form)πνεῦμα: the demon addressed directly.
τὸtheVocativearticle
ἀκάθαρτονuncleanVocativeattributive adjective (address)ἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean.'
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουmanGenitiveobject of ἐκἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the human host to be freed.
9

καὶ ἐπηρώτα αὐτόν· Τί ὄνομά σοι; καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ· Λεγιὼν ὄνομά μοι, ὅτι πολλοί ἐσμεν.

And he asked it, "What is your name?" And it says to him, "Legion is my name, for we are many."

DialogueκαίJesus' question elicits the chilling self-name. Λεγιών, the Latin loanword for a Roman legion (c. 6,000 soldiers), reveals a vast plurality — confirmed by the shift to 'we … many.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπηρώταhe askedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπερωτάωmain verb→ inceptive/durative imperfectἐπερωτάω: 'question, ask' (ἐπί intensive).
αὐτόνitAccusativedirect object
ΤίwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)τίς: 'what?'
ὄνομάnameNominativesubject (verbless clause)ὄνομα: 'name.'
σοιto youDativedat. of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειit saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: Markan historic present.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΛεγιὼνLegionNominativepredicate nominative (the name)Λεγιών: Latin loanword (legio), a Roman legion of c. 6,000 men — the demons' overwhelming number, with menacing military overtones in occupied territory.
ὄνομάnameNominativesubject (verbless clause)
μοιto meDativedat. of possession
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
πολλοίmanyNominativepredicate nominativeπολύς: 'many'; the plural betrays the host within.
ἐσμενwe arePres Act Indic 1 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative presentεἰμί: the shift to first-person plural confirms the multitude of demons.
10

καὶ παρεκάλει αὐτὸν πολλὰ ἵνα μὴ αὐτὰ ἀποστείλῃ ἔξω τῆς χώρας.

And it kept begging him earnestly not to send them out of the region.

PetitionκαίThe imperfect παρεκάλει with adverbial πολλά ('much') marks repeated, urgent entreaty; the demons fear banishment from their familiar haunt.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρεκάλειit kept beggingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · παρακαλέωmain verb→ iterative imperfectπαρακαλέω: 'beseech, urge, beg'; the imperfect of insistent pleading.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
πολλὰearnestlyAccusativeadverbial accusative (degree)πολύς: neuter plural used adverbially, 'much, earnestly.'
ἵναthatconjunction (content of request)ἵνα: introduces the substance of the entreaty.
μὴnotnegative (w/ subjunctive)
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object of ἀποστείλῃαὐτά: neuter plural — the demons (πνεύματα).
ἀποστείλῃhe would sendAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send away, dispatch'; banishment from the region.
ἔξωout ofimproper preposition + genitiveἔξω: 'outside, out of.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
χώραςregionGenitiveobject of ἔξωχώρα: 'region'; the demons cling to their territory.
11

ἦν δὲ ἐκεῖ πρὸς τῷ ὄρει ἀγέλη χοίρων μεγάλη βοσκομένη·

Now there was there, near the mountain, a great herd of pigs feeding;

BackgroundδέA δέ clause supplies the scenic detail the next request depends on. The swine — unclean animals — mark the Gentile locale and supply the destination the demons crave.
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: existential 'there was.'
δὲnowtransitional conjunctionδέ: marks the background detail.
ἐκεῖthereadverb (place)ἐκεῖ: 'there.'
πρὸςnearpreposition + dative (proximity)πρός + dat.: 'at, near, by.'
τῷtheDativearticle
ὄρειmountainDativeobject of πρόςὄρος: 'mountain, hillside'; the steep slope above the lake.
ἀγέληherdNominativesubjectἀγέλη: 'herd, drove.'
χοίρωνof pigsGenitivegenitive of contentχοῖρος: 'pig, swine'; unclean (Lev 11:7), fitting a Gentile region and the unclean spirits.
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, large.'
βοσκομένηfeedingPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · βόσκωattributive participle→ durative presentβόσκω: 'feed, graze' (mid., of the animals grazing).
12

καὶ παρεκάλεσαν αὐτὸν λέγοντες· Πέμψον ἡμᾶς εἰς τοὺς χοίρους, ἵνα εἰς αὐτοὺς εἰσέλθωμεν.

And they begged him, saying, "Send us into the pigs, that we may enter them."

PetitionκαίThe aorist παρεκάλεσαν now states the specific request: rather than the abyss, the demons ask for the swine — a refuge they themselves choose, which becomes their undoing.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρεκάλεσανthey beggedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · παρακαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristπαρακαλέω: 'beg, beseech'; the plural now (the many demons).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant speech→ durative presentλέγω: 'saying'; redundant participle introducing direct speech (Semitic).
ΠέμψονsendAor Act Impv 2 Sg · πέμπωimperative (request)→ ingressive aoristπέμπω: 'send'; the demons' petition.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
χοίρουςpigsAccusativeobject of εἰςχοῖρος: 'pig.'
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of εἰς
εἰσέλθωμενwe may enterAor Act Subj 1 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιsubjunctive (ἵνα purpose)→ ingressive aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go into'; the demons seek a new host.
13

καὶ ἐπέτρεψεν αὐτοῖς. καὶ ἐξελθόντα τὰ πνεύματα τὰ ἀκάθαρτα εἰσῆλθον εἰς τοὺς χοίρους, καὶ ὥρμησεν ἡ ἀγέλη κατὰ τοῦ κρημνοῦ εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν, ὡς δισχίλιοι, καὶ ἐπνίγοντο ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ.

And he permitted them. And the unclean spirits came out and entered the pigs, and the herd rushed down the steep bank into the sea — about two thousand — and they were drowning in the sea.

OutcomeκαίJesus grants the request, and the result is catastrophe for the swine: the destructive intent of the unclean spirits is unmasked, the herd self-destructing as the man would have. The number underscores the scale of the bondage broken.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπέτρεψενhe permittedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτρέπωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιτρέπω: 'permit, allow' (+ dative); Jesus grants leave.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedative complement
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθόνταhaving come outAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · ἐξέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'come out'; the exorcism accomplished.
τὰtheNominativearticle
πνεύματαspiritsNominativesubjectπνεῦμα: 'spirit.'
τὰtheNominativearticle
ἀκάθαρταuncleanNominativeattributive adjectiveἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean'; pointedly entering unclean swine.
εἰσῆλθονenteredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
χοίρουςpigsAccusativeobject of εἰς
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὥρμησενrushedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁρμάωmain verb→ ingressive aoristὁρμάω: 'rush, charge headlong'; a stampede.
theNominativearticle
ἀγέληherdNominativesubjectἀγέλη: 'herd.'
κατὰdownpreposition + genitive (downward motion)κατά + gen.: 'down (from/along).'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κρημνοῦsteep bankGenitiveobject of κατάκρημνός: 'steep slope, precipice'; the bluff above the lake.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of εἰςθάλασσα: 'sea'; the demons' chosen refuge becomes their destruction.
ὡςaboutadverb (approximation)ὡς: 'about, approximately' (with numbers).
δισχίλιοιtwo thousandNominativeappositional nominative (number)δισχίλιοι: 'two thousand'; the herd's size, dramatizing the scale.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπνίγοντοthey were drowningImpf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Pl · πνίγωmain verb→ durative/dramatic imperfectπνίγω: 'choke, drown'; the imperfect lingers on the drowning.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
θαλάσσῃseaDativedat. of placeθάλασσα: 'sea.'
14

καὶ οἱ βόσκοντες αὐτοὺς ἔφυγον καὶ ἀπήγγειλαν εἰς τὴν πόλιν καὶ εἰς τοὺς ἀγρούς· καὶ ἦλθον ἰδεῖν τί ἐστιν τὸ γεγονός.

And those tending them fled and reported it in the town and in the countryside; and they came to see what it was that had happened.

AftermathκαίThe herdsmen's flight spreads the news; the townsfolk come out to investigate — the perfect participle τὸ γεγονός ('the thing that has happened') keeps the deed in focus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱthe (ones)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
βόσκοντεςtendingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · βόσκωsubstantival participle (subject)→ durative presentβόσκω: 'feed, tend'; here active, the herdsmen who pastured them.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ptc.
ἔφυγονfledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · φεύγωmain verb→ ingressive aoristφεύγω: 'flee'; in alarm.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπήγγειλανreportedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce.'
εἰςin/topreposition + accusative
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πόλινtownAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city, town.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰςin/topreposition + accusative
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀγρούςcountrysideAccusativeobject of εἰςἀγρός: 'field, countryside, farm.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; the townspeople come out.
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see'; purpose of their coming.
τίwhatNominativeinterrogative (indirect question)τίς: 'what?'
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (indir. question)→ stative presentεἰμί: copula.
τὸthe (thing)Nominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
γεγονόςthat had happenedPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · γίνομαιsubstantival participle (predicate)→ consummative perfectγίνομαι: 'happen'; the perfect — a settled, accomplished event with abiding result.
15

καὶ ἔρχονται πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν, καὶ θεωροῦσιν τὸν δαιμονιζόμενον καθήμενον ἱματισμένον καὶ σωφρονοῦντα, τὸν ἐσχηκότα τὸν λεγιῶνα, καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν.

And they come to Jesus and see the demon-possessed man sitting, clothed and in his right mind — the one who had had the legion — and they were afraid.

ReactionκαίTwo historic presents (ἔρχονται, θεωροῦσιν) freeze the scene. The triad sitting / clothed / sane reverses vv.3–5 entirely; yet the response is fear, not joy.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔρχονταιthey comePres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἔρχομαι: Markan historic present.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of πρόςἸησοῦς: Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θεωροῦσινthey seePres Act Indic 3 Pl · θεωρέωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentθεωρέω: 'observe, behold'; attentive looking.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
δαιμονιζόμενονdemon-possessedPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · δαιμονίζομαιsubstantival participle (object)→ durative present (as title)δαιμονίζομαι: 'be demon-possessed'; here all-but-a-name for the former state.
καθήμενονsittingPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · κάθημαιpredicate participle (complement)→ durative presentκάθημαι: 'sit'; calm repose, against the restless raving of v.5.
ἱματισμένονclothedPerf Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἱματίζωpredicate participle→ resultative perfectἱματίζω: 'clothe'; the naked wild man now dressed — a settled, restored state.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σωφρονοῦνταin his right mindPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · σωφρονέωpredicate participle→ durative presentσωφρονέω: 'be of sound mind, sane, self-controlled'; sanity restored.
τὸνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐσχηκόταwho had hadPerf Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἔχωattributive participle→ consummative perfectἔχω: 'have'; the perfect identifies him as the former host of the legion.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λεγιῶναlegionAccusativedirect object of ἐσχηκόταλεγιών: 'legion'; recalling v.9.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐφοβήθησανthey were afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · φοβέομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid'; awe and dread at the display of power.
16

καὶ διηγήσαντο αὐτοῖς οἱ ἰδόντες πῶς ἐγένετο τῷ δαιμονιζομένῳ καὶ περὶ τῶν χοίρων.

And those who had seen it described to them what had happened to the demon-possessed man, and about the pigs.

ReportκαίThe eyewitnesses retell both halves — the man's deliverance and the swine's loss; the latter, weighed against the former, governs the town's reaction in v.17.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διηγήσαντοdescribedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · διηγέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristδιηγέομαι: 'recount, narrate in full' (διά + ἡγέομαι).
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἰδόντεςwho had seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωsubstantival participle (subject)→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see'; the eyewitnesses.
πῶςwhat/howinterrogative adverb (indir. question)πῶς: 'how'; introduces the indirect report.
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (indir. question)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'happen, befall.'
τῷtheDativearticle
δαιμονιζομένῳdemon-possessed manPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · δαιμονίζομαιsubstantival participle (dat. of reference)→ durative present (as title)δαιμονίζομαι: 'be demon-possessed'; the man designated by his former plight.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (reference)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
χοίρωνpigsGenitiveobject of περίχοῖρος: 'pig'; the costly loss that colors the response.
17

καὶ ἤρξαντο παρακαλεῖν αὐτὸν ἀπελθεῖν ἀπὸ τῶν ὁρίων αὐτῶν.

And they began to beg him to depart from their region.

RejectionκαίThe same verb (παρακαλέω) used by the demons (vv.10, 12) is now used by the townsfolk — but to drive Jesus away. Fear of his power, and the economic loss, outweigh the miracle.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤρξαντοthey beganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb (ingressive idiom)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin' (+ inf.); a Markan favorite.
παρακαλεῖνto begPres Act Inf · παρακαλέωcomplementary infinitive→ durative presentπαρακαλέω: 'beg, urge'; pointedly the demons' verb now on human lips.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἀπελθεῖνto departAor Act Inf · ἀπέρχομαιinfinitive (content of request)→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ὁρίωνregionGenitiveobject of ἀπόὅριον: 'boundary'; plural 'territory, district.'
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
18

καὶ ἐμβαίνοντος αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸ πλοῖον παρεκάλει αὐτὸν ὁ δαιμονισθεὶς ἵνα μετ' αὐτοῦ ᾖ.

And as he was getting into the boat, the man who had been demon-possessed begged him that he might be with him.

RequestκαίA genitive absolute sets the departure; the healed man's request 'to be with him' (μετ' αὐτοῦ) echoes the calling of the Twelve (3:14) — true discipleship.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐμβαίνοντοςgetting inPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἐμβαίνωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ durative presentἐμβαίνω: 'step in, embark.'
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
εἰςintopreposition + accusative
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πλοῖονboatAccusativeobject of εἰςπλοῖον: 'boat.'
παρεκάλειkept beggingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · παρακαλέωmain verb→ iterative imperfectπαρακαλέω: 'beg, beseech'; the imperfect of earnest pleading.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
theNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
δαιμονισθεὶςwho had been demon-possessedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · δαιμονίζομαιsubstantival participle (subject)→ antecedent aoristδαιμονίζομαι: aorist passive — 'the formerly demonized,' now delivered.
ἵναthatconjunction (content of request)
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (association)μετά + gen.: 'with'; the language of discipleship (cf. 3:14).
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
he might bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the desire to remain in Jesus' company.
19

καὶ οὐκ ἀφῆκεν αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ λέγει αὐτῷ· Ὕπαγε εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου πρὸς τοὺς σούς, καὶ ἀπάγγειλον αὐτοῖς ὅσα ὁ κύριός σοι πεποίηκεν καὶ ἠλέησέν σε.

And he did not permit him, but says to him, "Go to your home, to your own people, and report to them how much the Lord has done for you, and that he had mercy on you."

CommissionκαίAgainst the usual secrecy motif, in Gentile territory Jesus commissions proclamation. 'The Lord' (ὁ κύριος) is left tantalizingly open — God, yet effectively Jesus, as v.20 makes plain.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative
ἀφῆκενhe permittedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'let, permit, allow'; Jesus declines the request.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: strong 'but.'
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: Markan historic present.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ὝπαγεgoPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ὑπάγωimperative (command)→ durative presentὑπάγω: 'go, depart.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκόνhomeAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house, household, home.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (substantizes σούς)
σούςyour own peopleAccusativepossessive adjective (substantival)σός: 'your (own)'; οἱ σοί = 'your folk, family.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπάγγειλονreportAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀπαγγέλλωimperative (command)→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ὅσαhow muchAccusativerelative pronoun (object of πεποίηκεν)ὅσος: 'as much/many as'; the full extent of what was done.
theNominativearticle
κύριόςLordNominativesubjectκύριος: 'Lord'; ambiguous between God and Jesus — v.20 resolves it toward Jesus.
σοιfor youDativedat. of advantage
πεποίηκενhas donePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (rel. clause)→ consummative perfectποιέω: 'do, make'; perfect — the deed stands done with lasting effect.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠλέησένhad mercyAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐλεέωmain verb→ constative aoristἐλεέω: 'have mercy, show compassion'; the deliverance interpreted as mercy.
σεyouAccusativedirect object
20

καὶ ἀπῆλθεν καὶ ἤρξατο κηρύσσειν ἐν τῇ Δεκαπόλει ὅσα ἐποίησεν αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς, καὶ πάντες ἐθαύμαζον.

And he went away and began to proclaim in the Decapolis how much Jesus had done for him, and everyone marveled.

ProclamationκαίThe man obeys — but where Jesus said 'the Lord,' he proclaims 'Jesus.' The first Gentile evangelist; ἐθαύμαζον leaves the response at amazement, short of faith.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπῆλθενhe went awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤρξατοhe beganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb (ingressive idiom)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin' (+ inf.).
κηρύσσεινto proclaimPres Act Inf · κηρύσσωcomplementary infinitive→ durative presentκηρύσσω: 'herald, proclaim publicly'; the verb of gospel preaching.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
ΔεκαπόλειDecapolisDativedat. of placeΔεκάπολις: 'Ten Cities'; the league of Hellenistic cities east of the Jordan — a Gentile mission field.
ὅσαhow muchAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐποίησεν)ὅσος: 'as much as.'
ἐποίησενhad doneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do.'
αὐτῷfor himDativedat. of advantage
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus — substituted for 'the Lord' of v.19, an implicit christology.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάντεςeveryoneNominativesubjectπᾶς: 'all, everyone.'
ἐθαύμαζονmarveledImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θαυμάζωmain verb→ durative imperfectθαυμάζω: 'wonder, marvel'; the imperfect of continued amazement — wonder, not yet faith.
21

Καὶ διαπεράσαντος τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ πάλιν εἰς τὸ πέραν συνήχθη ὄχλος πολὺς ἐπ' αὐτόν, καὶ ἦν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν.

And when Jesus had crossed over again in the boat to the other side, a great crowd gathered around him, and he was beside the sea.

Scene-transitionΚαίA genitive absolute returns Jesus to the Jewish western shore, beginning the intercalated Jairus/woman narrative; the great crowd will be the setting for the hidden touch.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διαπεράσαντοςhaving crossed overAor Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · διαπεράωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristδιαπεράω: 'cross over' (διά + περάω); the return voyage.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸησοῦJesusGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/place)
τῷtheDativearticle
πλοίῳboatDativedat. of means/placeπλοῖον: 'boat'; omitted by a few witnesses.
πάλινagainadverb (repetition)πάλιν: 'again'; back to the Jewish side.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πέρανother sideAccusativeobject of εἰςπέραν: 'the other side'; here the western shore.
συνήχθηgatheredAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωmain verb→ ingressive aoristσυνάγω: 'gather together'; passive, 'was gathered.'
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd, throng.'
πολὺςgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'much, great.'
ἐπ'aroundpreposition + accusative (toward)ἐπί + acc.: 'to, around, upon.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; locating him by the shore.
παρὰbesidepreposition + accusative (alongside)παρά + acc.: 'beside, alongside.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of παράθάλασσα: 'sea.'
22

καὶ ἔρχεται εἷς τῶν ἀρχισυναγώγων, ὀνόματι Ἰάϊρος, καὶ ἰδὼν αὐτὸν πίπτει πρὸς τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ,

And one of the synagogue rulers comes, Jairus by name, and seeing him he falls at his feet,

IntroductionκαίTwo historic presents (ἔρχεται, πίπτει) introduce Jairus, the named synagogue ruler. His public prostration before Jesus is a remarkable act for a man of standing.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔρχεταιcomesPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἔρχομαι: Markan historic present.
εἷςoneNominativesubject (numeral as substantive)εἷς: 'one'; here ≈ 'a certain.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀρχισυναγώγωνsynagogue rulersGenitivepartitive genitiveἀρχισυνάγωγος: 'ruler/president of a synagogue'; a leading layman who oversaw worship.
ὀνόματιby nameDativedat. of referenceὄνομα: 'name'; dat. of respect, 'by name.'
ἸάϊροςJairusNominativeapposition to εἷς (name)Ἰάϊρος: Jairus, from Heb. yāʾîr ('he will enlighten/awaken') — perhaps poignant given the raising to come.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδὼνseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἰδών
πίπτειfallsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentπίπτω: 'fall'; the prostration of a suppliant.
πρὸςatpreposition + accusative
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativeobject of πρόςπούς: 'foot'; falling at the feet — homage and entreaty.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
23

καὶ παρακαλεῖ αὐτὸν πολλὰ λέγων ὅτι Τὸ θυγάτριόν μου ἐσχάτως ἔχει, ἵνα ἐλθὼν ἐπιθῇς τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῇ ἵνα σωθῇ καὶ ζήσῃ.

and he begs him earnestly, saying, "My little daughter is at the point of death. Come and lay your hands on her, so that she may be saved and live."

PetitionκαίHistoric present παρακαλεῖ with adverbial πολλά conveys the desperate, repeated pleading; the diminutive θυγάτριον ('little daughter') and the double purpose 'be saved and live' set up the verbal echo with the woman's 'saving' faith.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρακαλεῖbegsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · παρακαλέωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentπαρακαλέω: 'beg, beseech.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
πολλὰearnestlyAccusativeadverbial accusativeπολύς: neut. pl. adverbial, 'much, earnestly.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant speech→ durative presentλέγω: redundant participle introducing direct speech.
ὅτιthatconjunction (ὅτι recitativum)ὅτι: marks direct speech (untranslated).
ΤὸtheNominativearticle
θυγάτριόνlittle daughterNominativesubjectθυγάτριον: 'little daughter'; diminutive of affection (she is twelve, v.42).
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἐσχάτωςat the point of deathadverb (idiom ἐσχάτως ἔχει)ἐσχάτως: 'at the last extremity'; ἐσχάτως ἔχει = 'is dying.'
ἔχειisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb (idiom of condition)→ stative presentἔχω: with adverb, 'is in [a] condition.'
ἵνα(come) thatconjunction (request as ἵνα clause)ἵνα: the petition's content; functions imperatively here.
ἐλθὼνcomingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιadverbial ptc. (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
ἐπιθῇςyou may layAor Act Subj 2 Sg · ἐπιτίθημιsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ constative aoristἐπιτίθημι: 'lay/place upon'; the laying-on of hands for healing.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect objectχείρ: 'hand.'
αὐτῇon herDativedat. of advantage/place
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)
σωθῇshe may be savedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · σῴζωsubjunctive (ἵνα purpose)→ constative aoristσῴζω: 'save, heal, make whole'; the chapter's keyword, spanning rescue and salvation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ζήσῃliveAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ζάωsubjunctive (ἵνα purpose)→ ingressive aoristζάω: 'live'; 'live' anticipates the raising from death.
24

καὶ ἀπῆλθεν μετ' αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ ὄχλος πολύς, καὶ συνέθλιβον αὐτόν.

And he went with him. And a great crowd was following him and pressing in on him.

TransitionκαίJesus sets off; the imperfects ἠκολούθει / συνέθλιβον depict the thronging crowd that creates the delay and the cover for the woman's approach.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπῆλθενhe wentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, go off.'
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠκολούθειwas followingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ durative imperfectἀκολουθέω: 'follow' (+ dative).
αὐτῷhimDativedative complement
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
πολύςgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'great.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνέθλιβονwere pressing inImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · συνθλίβωmain verb→ durative imperfectσυνθλίβω: 'press together, crush around' (σύν + θλίβω); the crowd jostling on every side.
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
25

καὶ γυνὴ οὖσα ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος δώδεκα ἔτη

And a woman who had been with a flow of blood for twelve years,

Intercalation (new subject)καίMark splices in the woman's story; a long participial chain (vv.25–27) suspends the main verb (ἥψατο, v.27) — heaping up her hopeless case. The twelve years match the girl's twelve years (v.42).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γυνὴa womanNominativesubject (of ἥψατο, v.27)γυνή: 'woman.'
οὖσαbeing/who had beenPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · εἰμίattributive participle→ durative presentεἰμί: 'be'; describing her chronic state.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (condition)
ῥύσειa flowDativeobject of ἐν (state)ῥύσις: 'flow, discharge'; a chronic hemorrhage rendering her ritually unclean (Lev 15:25).
αἵματοςof bloodGenitivegenitive of contentαἷμα: 'blood.'
δώδεκαtwelvenumeral (indeclinable, w/ ἔτη)δώδεκα: 'twelve'; the same span as the girl's age — a deliberate link.
ἔτηyearsAccusativeaccusative of durationἔτος: 'year'; accusative of extent of time.
26

καὶ πολλὰ παθοῦσα ὑπὸ πολλῶν ἰατρῶν καὶ δαπανήσασα τὰ παρ' αὐτῆς πάντα καὶ μηδὲν ὠφεληθεῖσα ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον εἰς τὸ χεῖρον ἐλθοῦσα,

and who had suffered much under many physicians and had spent all she had and was no better but rather grew worse,

Description (continued)καίFour more participles pile up her misery: suffering, bankruptcy, no benefit, deterioration — a clinical hopelessness that magnifies the instant cure to follow. (Luke, a physician, softens the doctors' role.)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πολλὰmuchAccusativeadverbial accusative (extent)πολύς: neut. pl., 'many things, much.'
παθοῦσαhaving sufferedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · πάσχωattributive participle→ constative aoristπάσχω: 'suffer, undergo'; the painful treatments.
ὑπὸunderpreposition + genitive (agency)
πολλῶνmanyGenitiveattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'many.'
ἰατρῶνphysiciansGenitivegenitive of agencyἰατρός: 'physician, healer.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δαπανήσασαhaving spentAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · δαπανάωattributive participle→ constative aoristδαπανάω: 'spend, use up'; her resources exhausted.
τὰthe (things)Accusativearticle (substantizes phrase)
παρ'frompreposition + genitive (source)παρά + gen.: 'from beside, belonging to.'
αὐτῆςherGenitiveobject of παρά
πάνταallAccusativedirect object of δαπανήσασαπᾶς: 'all'; 'all she had.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μηδὲνnothingAccusativeaccusative of respectμηδείς: 'no, nothing'; 'in nothing benefited.'
ὠφεληθεῖσαhaving been benefitedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ὠφελέωattributive participle→ constative aoristὠφελέω: 'help, profit, benefit.'
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but.'
μᾶλλονratheradverb (comparison)μᾶλλον: 'rather, more.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (result)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adj.)
χεῖρονworseAccusativecomparative adjective (substantival)χείρων: 'worse'; her condition deteriorated.
ἐλθοῦσαhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἔρχομαιattributive participle→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; 'come to a worse state.'
27

ἀκούσασα περὶ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ, ἐλθοῦσα ἐν τῷ ὄχλῳ ὄπισθεν ἥψατο τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ·

having heard about Jesus, she came up in the crowd behind him and touched his garment;

Main action (resolved)asyndetonThe long suspended sentence finally reaches its main verb, ἥψατο ('she touched'). She approaches from behind, hidden in the crowd — secrecy born of her uncleanness and shame.
ἀκούσασαhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἀκούωadverbial ptc. (cause/temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; report of Jesus prompts her approach.
περὶaboutpreposition + genitive (reference)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveobject of περίἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἐλθοῦσαhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἔρχομαιadverbial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; she presses in.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
ὄχλῳcrowdDativedat. of placeὄχλος: 'crowd'; her cover.
ὄπισθενbehindadverb (place)ὄπισθεν: 'from behind'; approaching unseen.
ἥψατοshe touchedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωmain verb (of the whole sentence)→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: 'touch, take hold of' (+ gen.); the decisive act of faith.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἱματίουgarmentGenitiveobject of ἥψατο (gen. of touched thing)ἱμάτιον: 'cloak, outer garment'; perhaps the tassel (cf. Matt 9:20).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
28

ἔλεγεν γὰρ ὅτι Ἐὰν ἅψωμαι κἂν τῶν ἱματίων αὐτοῦ σωθήσομαι.

for she kept saying, "If I touch even his garments, I will be saved."

Explanation (inner speech)γάρAn explanatory γάρ discloses her faith: the imperfect ἔλεγεν ('she kept saying [to herself]') reveals settled conviction; σωθήσομαι ('I will be saved/healed') carries the chapter's keyword.
ἔλεγενshe kept sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ iterative imperfectλέγω: imperfect of her repeated inward resolve.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ὅτιthatconjunction (ὅτι recitativum)ὅτι: marks direct speech.
Ἐὰνifconjunction (3rd-class condition)ἐάν: 'if'; with subjunctive, a real possibility.
ἅψωμαιI touchAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · ἅπτωsubjunctive (protasis)→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: 'touch.'
κἂνevencrasis (καὶ ἐάν), 'even if/even'κἄν: 'even, even if'; minimal contact will suffice.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἱματίωνgarmentsGenitiveobject of ἅψωμαιἱμάτιον: 'garment.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
σωθήσομαιI will be savedFut Pass Indic 1 Sg · σῴζωmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive futureσῴζω: 'save, heal'; her faith's confident expectation — the keyword again.
29

καὶ εὐθὺς ἐξηράνθη ἡ πηγὴ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτῆς, καὶ ἔγνω τῷ σώματι ὅτι ἴαται ἀπὸ τῆς μάστιγος.

And immediately the fountain of her blood was dried up, and she knew in her body that she was healed of her affliction.

ResultκαίThe Markan εὐθύς marks the instantaneous cure; she feels the change in her body. μάστιξ ('scourge') frames the disease as a flogging, intensifying the mercy of release.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once'; the Markan signature, the cure instantaneous.
ἐξηράνθηwas dried upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ξηραίνωmain verb→ ingressive aoristξηραίνω: 'dry up, wither'; the hemorrhage stanched.
theNominativearticle
πηγὴfountainNominativesubjectπηγή: 'spring, fountain, source'; vivid metaphor for the source of the flow.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
αἵματοςbloodGenitivegenitive of source/contentαἷμα: 'blood.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔγνωshe knewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γινώσκωmain verb→ ingressive aoristγινώσκω: 'know, perceive'; she sensed the change.
τῷtheDativearticle
σώματιin her bodyDativedat. of sphere/meansσῶμα: 'body'; she felt the healing physically.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of knowing)
ἴαταιshe was healedPerf Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἰάομαιmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ resultative perfectἰάομαι: 'heal, cure'; perfect — a settled, accomplished cure.
ἀπὸof/frompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
μάστιγοςafflictionGenitiveobject of ἀπόμάστιξ: lit. 'whip, scourge'; metaphor for a tormenting disease (cf. 3:10).
30

καὶ εὐθὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐπιγνοὺς ἐν ἑαυτῷ τὴν ἐξ αὐτοῦ δύναμιν ἐξελθοῦσαν ἐπιστραφεὶς ἐν τῷ ὄχλῳ ἔλεγεν· Τίς μου ἥψατο τῶν ἱματίων;

And immediately Jesus, perceiving in himself that power had gone out from him, turned around in the crowd and said, "Who touched my garments?"

RecognitionκαίJesus' instant awareness (εὐθύς … ἐπιγνούς) of power going out matches the woman's instant cure; the healing is no magic in the cloth but flows from his person. His question seeks the person behind the touch.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once'; Jesus' awareness as instantaneous as the cure.
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἐπιγνοὺςperceivingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιγινώσκωadverbial ptc. (temporal/causal)→ antecedent aoristἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize, perceive fully' (ἐπί intensive).
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ἑαυτῷhimselfDativereflexive (sphere of perception)ἑαυτοῦ: 'himself'; the awareness was inward.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἐξfrompreposition + genitive (source)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἐξ
δύναμινpowerAccusativedirect object of ἐπιγνούςδύναμις: 'power'; healing efficacy proceeding from Jesus' person.
ἐξελθοῦσανhaving gone outAor Act Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · ἐξέρχομαιpredicate participle (w/ δύναμιν)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the power's egress.
ἐπιστραφεὶςturning aroundAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιστρέφωadverbial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἐπιστρέφω: 'turn around, turn about.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
ὄχλῳcrowdDativedat. of placeὄχλος: 'crowd.'
ἔλεγενsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ inceptive imperfectλέγω: 'say'; he began to ask.
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)τίς: 'who?'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
ἥψατοtouchedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωmain verb (question)→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: 'touch.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἱματίωνgarmentsGenitiveobject of ἥψατοἱμάτιον: 'garment.'
31

καὶ ἔλεγον αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ· Βλέπεις τὸν ὄχλον συνθλίβοντά σε, καὶ λέγεις· Τίς μου ἥψατο;

And his disciples said to him, "You see the crowd pressing in on you, and you say, 'Who touched me?'"

ObjectionκαίThe disciples' incredulity (a Markan touch of human realism) sets off the difference between an accidental jostle and the deliberate touch of faith Jesus seeks.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλεγονsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ inceptive imperfectλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple, learner.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
Βλέπειςyou seePres Act Indic 2 Sg · βλέπωmain verb→ stative presentβλέπω: 'see, look at.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativedirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
συνθλίβοντάpressing in onPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · συνθλίβωpredicate participle (w/ ὄχλον)→ durative presentσυνθλίβω: 'press around, crush'; the jostling masses.
σεyouAccusativedirect object of ptc.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειςyou sayPres Act Indic 2 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ stative presentλέγω: 'say.'
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronounτίς: 'who?'
μουmeGenitivegenitive (object of ἥψατο)
ἥψατοtouchedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωmain verb (question)→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: 'touch.'
32

καὶ περιεβλέπετο ἰδεῖν τὴν τοῦτο ποιήσασαν.

And he was looking around to see the woman who had done this.

SearchκαίThe imperfect περιεβλέπετο depicts Jesus' sustained scanning of the crowd; the feminine participle (τὴν … ποιήσασαν) already discloses to the reader that it was a woman.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιεβλέπετοwas looking aroundImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · περιβλέπωmain verb→ durative imperfectπεριβλέπω: 'look around' (mid.); a characteristic Markan gesture of Jesus.
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Inf · ὁράωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
τὴνthe (one)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object of ptc.οὗτος: 'this.'
ποιήσασανwho had doneAor Act Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · ποιέωsubstantival participle (object)→ antecedent aoristποιέω: 'do'; feminine — the reader already knows it is the woman.
33

ἡ δὲ γυνὴ φοβηθεῖσα καὶ τρέμουσα, εἰδυῖα ὃ γέγονεν αὐτῇ, ἦλθεν καὶ προσέπεσεν αὐτῷ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν.

But the woman, frightened and trembling, knowing what had happened to her, came and fell down before him and told him the whole truth.

ConfessionδέThe δέ shifts to the woman; three participles (frightened, trembling, knowing) convey her awe at being summoned out of hiding. Like Jairus she falls down; her secret faith becomes open confession.
theNominativearticle
δὲbuttransitional conjunctionδέ: shifts focus to the woman.
γυνὴwomanNominativesubjectγυνή: 'woman.'
φοβηθεῖσαfrightenedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · φοβέομαιadverbial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τρέμουσαtremblingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · τρέμωadverbial ptc. (attendant)→ durative presentτρέμω: 'tremble, quake.'
εἰδυῖαknowingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · οἶδαadverbial ptc. (causal)→ stative perfectοἶδα: 'know'; she was aware of her cure.
whatNominativerelative pronoun (subject of γέγονεν)
γέγονενhad happenedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (rel. clause)→ resultative perfectγίνομαι: 'happen'; the perfect of an accomplished, abiding fact.
αὐτῇto herDativedat. of reference
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσέπεσενfell down beforeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσπίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσπίπτω: 'fall down before' (+ dat.); like Jairus (v.22), an act of homage.
αὐτῷbefore himDativedative complement
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενtoldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (εἶπον): 'say, tell.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
πᾶσανwholeAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all, whole.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀλήθειανtruthAccusativedirect objectἀλήθεια: 'truth'; her full, open confession.
34

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῇ· Θυγάτηρ, ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε· ὕπαγε εἰς εἰρήνην, καὶ ἴσθι ὑγιὴς ἀπὸ τῆς μάστιγός σου.

And he said to her, "Daughter, your faith has saved you; go in peace, and be well from your affliction."

PronouncementδέThe miracle's interpretive climax: not magic but faith (ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε) — the perfect σέσωκεν stresses an abiding cure. The tender 'Daughter' and the Hebraic 'go into peace' restore her to community.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲandtransitional conjunctionδέ: shifts back to Jesus.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (εἶπον): 'say.'
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object
ΘυγάτηρDaughterVocativevocative of addressθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; a tender address found only here on Jesus' lips, drawing her into the family of faith.
theNominativearticle
πίστιςfaithNominativesubjectπίστις: 'faith, trust'; the instrument, not the touch itself.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
σέσωκένhas savedPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · σῴζωmain verb→ resultative perfectσῴζω: 'save, heal, make whole'; the perfect — a saving with lasting effect, more than physical.
σεyouAccusativedirect object
ὕπαγεgoPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ὑπάγωimperative→ durative presentὑπάγω: 'go.'
εἰςin/intopreposition + accusative
εἰρήνηνpeaceAccusativeobject of εἰςεἰρήνη: 'peace'; ὕπαγε εἰς εἰρήνην renders the Heb. lᵉšālôm — 'go in/to peace, well-being.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἴσθιbePres Act Impv 2 Sg · εἰμίimperative→ durative presentεἰμί: 'be'; the imperative of εἰμί.
ὑγιὴςwellNominativepredicate nominative (w/ ἴσθι)ὑγιής: 'healthy, sound, whole.'
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
μάστιγόςafflictionGenitiveobject of ἀπόμάστιξ: 'scourge, affliction' (cf. v.29).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
35

Ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος ἔρχονται ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀρχισυναγώγου λέγοντες ὅτι Ἡ θυγάτηρ σου ἀπέθανεν· τί ἔτι σκύλλεις τὸν διδάσκαλον;

While he was still speaking, people come from the synagogue ruler's house, saying, "Your daughter has died; why do you still trouble the Teacher?"

CrisisasyndetonThe genitive absolute ('while he was still speaking') ties the resumed Jairus story to the delay just caused. The historic present ἔρχονται brings the fatal news; death seems to render Jesus' help pointless.
Ἔτιstilladverb (time)ἔτι: 'still, yet.'
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
λαλοῦντοςspeakingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · λαλέωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ durative presentλαλέω: 'speak, talk'; the delay overlaps the new crisis.
ἔρχονταιthey comePres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἔρχομαι: Markan historic present.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)ἀπό: 'from'; from the ruler's house.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀρχισυναγώγουsynagogue ruler('s house)Genitiveobject of ἀπόἀρχισυνάγωγος: 'synagogue ruler'; here metonymy for his household.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant speech→ durative presentλέγω: redundant participle of speech.
ὅτιthatconjunction (ὅτι recitativum)ὅτι: marks direct speech.
theNominativearticle
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubjectθυγάτηρ: 'daughter.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἀπέθανενhas diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die'; the dreaded finality.
τίwhyinterrogative adverbτί: 'why?'
ἔτιstilladverb (time)ἔτι: 'still'; further help seems futile.
σκύλλειςdo you troublePres Act Indic 2 Sg · σκύλλωmain verb (question)→ durative presentσκύλλω: 'bother, trouble, weary'; orig. 'flay' — 'why bother him further?'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
διδάσκαλονTeacherAccusativedirect objectδιδάσκαλος: 'teacher'; their estimate of Jesus — a teacher, not yet Lord of life.
36

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς παρακούσας τὸν λόγον λαλούμενον λέγει τῷ ἀρχισυναγώγῳ· Μὴ φοβοῦ, μόνον πίστευε.

But Jesus, overhearing the word that was spoken, says to the synagogue ruler, "Do not fear; only believe."

Reassuranceδέπαρακούσας ('overhearing/ignoring') is read here. The historic present λέγει introduces the pivotal command: faith against the evidence of death — set over against the messengers' despair.
theNominativearticle
δὲbuttransitional/adversative conjunctionδέ: 'but'; Jesus' response contrasts the despair.
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
παρακούσαςoverhearingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παρακούωadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristπαρακούω: 'overhear' or 'pay no heed to, ignore' — both senses fit; the variant ἀκούσας ('hearing') simplifies.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of ptc.λόγος: 'word, report'; the message of death.
λαλούμενονbeing spokenPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · λαλέωattributive participle (w/ λόγον)→ durative presentλαλέω: 'speak'; the report as it was being delivered.
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: Markan historic present.
τῷto theDativearticle
ἀρχισυναγώγῳsynagogue rulerDativeindirect objectἀρχισυνάγωγος: 'synagogue ruler' — Jairus.
Μὴnotnegative (w/ imperative)
φοβοῦfearPres Mid/Pass Impv 2 Sg · φοβέομαιprohibitive imperative→ durative present (stop/keep not fearing)φοβέομαι: 'fear'; μὴ φοβοῦ — 'stop being afraid.'
μόνονonlyadverb (limitation)μόνον: 'only'; the single thing required.
πίστευεbelievePres Act Impv 2 Sg · πιστεύωimperative→ durative present (keep believing)πιστεύω: 'believe, trust'; the present bids continued, persevering faith.
37

καὶ οὐκ ἀφῆκεν οὐδένα μετ' αὐτοῦ συνακολουθῆσαι εἰ μὴ τὸν Πέτρον καὶ Ἰάκωβον καὶ Ἰωάννην τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰακώβου.

And he did not allow anyone to follow along with him except Peter and James and John the brother of James.

RestrictionκαίJesus narrows the witnesses to the inner three — the same group at the Transfiguration and Gethsemane — reserving the raising for chosen eyes, in keeping with the secrecy of v.43.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative
ἀφῆκενhe allowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀφίημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'permit, let.'
οὐδέναanyoneAccusativedirect objectοὐδείς: 'no one'; with the negated verb, 'allowed no one.'
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
συνακολουθῆσαιto follow alongAor Act Inf · συνακολουθέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristσυνακολουθέω: 'accompany, follow with' (σύν + ἀκολουθέω).
εἰexceptconjunction (εἰ μή idiom)εἰ μή: 'except, unless.'
μὴnotnegative (in εἰ μή)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΠέτρονPeterAccusativeobject (exception)Πέτρος: Peter; first of the inner three.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸάκωβονJamesAccusativeobject (exception)Ἰάκωβος: James son of Zebedee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeobject (exception)Ἰωάννης: John.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀδελφὸνbrotherAccusativeapposition to Ἰωάννηνἀδελφός: 'brother.'
Ἰακώβουof JamesGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸάκωβος: James; distinguishing this John.
38

καὶ ἔρχονται εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ ἀρχισυναγώγου, καὶ θεωρεῖ θόρυβον καὶ κλαίοντας καὶ ἀλαλάζοντας πολλά,

And they come to the house of the synagogue ruler, and he sees a commotion and people weeping and wailing loudly,

ArrivalκαίTwo historic presents (ἔρχονται, θεωρεῖ). The noisy mourning — perhaps hired flute-players and wailers — establishes that the child is truly dead, against which Jesus' word in v.39 will jar.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔρχονταιthey comePres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἔρχομαι: Markan historic present.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀρχισυναγώγουsynagogue rulerGenitivegenitive of possessionἀρχισυνάγωγος: 'synagogue ruler.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θεωρεῖhe seesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · θεωρέωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentθεωρέω: 'observe, behold.'
θόρυβονcommotionAccusativedirect objectθόρυβος: 'uproar, commotion, tumult'; the din of mourning.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κλαίονταςweepingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · κλαίωsubstantival participle (object)→ durative presentκλαίω: 'weep, lament.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀλαλάζονταςwailingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἀλαλάζωsubstantival participle (object)→ durative presentἀλαλάζω: 'wail loudly, raise a shrill cry'; onomatopoeic, the ritual lament for the dead.
πολλάloudlyAccusativeadverbial accusative (degree)πολύς: neut. pl. adverbial, 'much, greatly, loudly.'
39

καὶ εἰσελθὼν λέγει αὐτοῖς· Τί θορυβεῖσθε καὶ κλαίετε; τὸ παιδίον οὐκ ἀπέθανεν ἀλλὰ καθεύδει.

And entering, he says to them, "Why are you making a commotion and weeping? The child has not died but is sleeping."

PronouncementκαίJesus reframes death as sleep — not denying its reality but declaring it reversible in his presence; 'sleep' becomes an early-Christian metaphor for the death of believers, from which there is an awakening.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσελθὼνenteringAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in.'
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: Markan historic present.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Τίwhyinterrogative adverbτί: 'why?'
θορυβεῖσθεare you making a commotionPres Mid/Pass Indic 2 Pl · θορυβέωmain verb (question)→ durative presentθορυβέω: 'make an uproar, be in tumult.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κλαίετεweepPres Act Indic 2 Pl · κλαίωmain verb (question)→ durative presentκλαίω: 'weep.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
παιδίονchildNominativesubjectπαιδίον: 'little child'; diminutive, tender.
οὐκnotnegative
ἀπέθανενhas diedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: 'die.'
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but.'
καθεύδειis sleepingPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καθεύδωmain verb→ durative presentκαθεύδω: 'sleep'; a metaphor for a death from which Jesus will awaken her.
40

καὶ κατεγέλων αὐτοῦ. αὐτὸς δὲ ἐκβαλὼν πάντας παραλαμβάνει τὸν πατέρα τοῦ παιδίου καὶ τὴν μητέρα καὶ τοὺς μετ' αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἰσπορεύεται ὅπου ἦν τὸ παιδίον.

And they laughed at him. But he, putting them all out, takes the child's father and mother and those with him, and goes in where the child was.

ActionκαίTheir derisive laughter (the imperfect κατεγέλων) attests the certainty of death. Jesus expels the mockers and admits only faith's witnesses; historic presents (παραλαμβάνει, εἰσπορεύεται) heighten the approach to the deathbed.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατεγέλωνthey laughed atImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · καταγελάωmain verb→ durative/inceptive imperfectκαταγελάω: 'laugh at, ridicule' (κατά + γελάω, + gen.); scornful mockery.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of καταγελάω
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (emphatic)αὐτός: 'he himself'; emphatic contrast with the mockers.
δὲbutadversative conjunctionδέ: 'but.'
ἐκβαλὼνputting outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐκβάλλωadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐκβάλλω: 'cast/drive out'; the same verb as for demons — here of the scoffers.
πάνταςallAccusativedirect object of ptc.πᾶς: 'all'; the unbelieving crowd.
παραλαμβάνειtakesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · παραλαμβάνωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentπαραλαμβάνω: 'take along, take with.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
πατέραfatherAccusativedirect objectπατήρ: 'father' — Jairus.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
παιδίουchildGenitivegenitive of relationshipπαιδίον: 'child.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μητέραmotherAccusativedirect objectμήτηρ: 'mother.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizes phrase)
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσπορεύεταιgoes inPres Mid/Pass Indic 3 Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentεἰσπορεύομαι: 'go in, enter.'
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (place)ὅπου: 'where.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (rel. clause)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
παιδίονchildNominativesubjectπαιδίον: 'child.'
41

καὶ κρατήσας τῆς χειρὸς τοῦ παιδίου λέγει αὐτῇ· Ταλιθα κουμ, ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον· Τὸ κοράσιον, σοὶ λέγω, ἔγειρε.

And taking the child's hand, he says to her, "Talitha koum," which means, "Little girl, I say to you, arise."

Miracle wordκαίThe narrative's heart: Jesus grasps the dead girl's hand (heedless of corpse-impurity) and speaks the retained Aramaic Ταλιθα κουμ, which Mark glosses for his Greek readers — preserving the very sound of Jesus' word of power.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κρατήσαςtaking hold ofAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κρατέωadverbial ptc. (temporal/means)→ antecedent aoristκρατέω: 'take hold of, grasp' (+ gen.); touching the corpse, Jesus conveys life rather than contracting impurity.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
χειρὸςhandGenitiveobject of κρατήσαςχείρ: 'hand.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
παιδίουchildGenitivegenitive of possessionπαιδίον: 'child.'
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: Markan historic present.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object
Ταλιθαlittle girltransliterated Aramaic (vocative)Aramaic address (vocative)Ταλιθα: transliterated Aramaic ṭalyəṯā, 'little girl, lamb' (fem. of ṭalyā). A foreign noun retained by Mark; tagged nominal-vocative as the nearest fit.
κουμarisetransliterated Aramaic (imperative)Aramaic imperative→ commandκουμ: transliterated Aramaic qûm(î), the imperative 'arise, stand up.' Some witnesses read κουμι (fem.); a foreign verb retained by Mark and tagged verbal as the nearest fit.
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς: 'which'; introduces Mark's translation formula.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'is'; ὅ ἐστιν μεθερμηνευόμενον = 'which, translated, means.'
μεθερμηνευόμενονtranslatedPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · μεθερμηνεύωpredicate participle (periphrastic)→ durative presentμεθερμηνεύω: 'translate, interpret'; Mark's habitual gloss of Aramaic for Gentile readers.
ΤὸtheVocativearticle (nom. form for vocative)
κοράσιονlittle girlVocativevocative of address (nom. form)κοράσιον: 'little girl, maiden'; diminutive, the Greek rendering of Ταλιθα.
σοὶto youDativeindirect object (emphatic)σύ: 'you'; emphatic — added in the Greek gloss, not the Aramaic.
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ performative presentλέγω: 'say'; the authoritative 'I say to you.'
ἔγειρεarisePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐγείρωimperative (command)→ durative presentἐγείρω: 'rise, get up, raise'; the Greek rendering of κουμ — the resurrection word.
42

καὶ εὐθὺς ἀνέστη τὸ κοράσιον καὶ περιεπάτει, ἦν γὰρ ἐτῶν δώδεκα. καὶ ἐξέστησαν εὐθὺς ἐκστάσει μεγάλῃ.

And immediately the little girl rose and began to walk — for she was twelve years old. And immediately they were utterly astounded with great amazement.

ResultκαίTwin εὐθύς frame the instant rising and the witnesses' astonishment. The parenthetical 'she was twelve' confirms her age (matching the woman's twelve years) and that she could walk; the cognate ἐκστάσει μεγάλῃ piles up the wonder.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once'; the rising instantaneous.
ἀνέστηroseAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνίστημιmain verb→ ingressive aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise, stand up'; the resurrection verb.
τὸtheNominativearticle
κοράσιονlittle girlNominativesubjectκοράσιον: 'little girl.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιεπάτειbegan to walkImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · περιπατέωmain verb→ inceptive imperfectπεριπατέω: 'walk about'; the inceptive imperfect, 'started walking' — proof of full restoration.
ἦνshe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (parenthetical)→ durative imperfectεἰμί: 'be'; explanatory aside.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for'; explains why she could walk.
ἐτῶνyearsGenitivegenitive of measure (age)ἔτος: 'year'; genitive of age, 'twelve years old.'
δώδεκαtwelvenumeral (indeclinable)δώδεκα: 'twelve'; matching the woman's twelve-year affliction (v.25).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξέστησανthey were astoundedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐξίστημιmain verb→ ingressive aoristἐξίστημι: 'be amazed, beside oneself' (lit. 'stand outside [oneself]').
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once'; the second of the verse's twin εὐθύς.
ἐκστάσειwith amazementDativecognate dat. (degree, w/ ἐξέστησαν)ἔκστασις: 'amazement, astonishment'; cognate with the verb — a Semitic intensifying construction.
μεγάλῃgreatDativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; the amazement overwhelming.
43

καὶ διεστείλατο αὐτοῖς πολλὰ ἵνα μηδεὶς γνοῖ τοῦτο, καὶ εἶπεν δοθῆναι αὐτῇ φαγεῖν.

And he charged them strictly that no one should know this, and said that something should be given her to eat.

ChargeκαίThe chapter closes on two notes: the Markan secrecy motif (strict charge to silence — impossible to keep, yet theologically deliberate) and a tender, realistic detail — feed the child — confirming she is truly, bodily alive.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διεστείλατοhe chargedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · διαστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristδιαστέλλω: 'order, charge strictly, command'; the verb of Jesus' secrecy injunctions.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
πολλὰstrictlyAccusativeadverbial accusative (degree)πολύς: neut. pl. adverbial, 'much, strictly, emphatically.'
ἵναthatconjunction (content of command)ἵνα: introduces the substance of the charge.
μηδεὶςno oneNominativesubject of γνοῖμηδείς: 'no one.'
γνοῖshould knowAor Act Subj 3 Sg · γινώσκωsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ ingressive aoristγινώσκω: 'know'; the secrecy command.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect objectοὗτος: 'this'; the raising.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (εἶπον): 'say, direct.'
δοθῆναιto be givenAor Pass Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive (indirect command)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; what he directed to be done.
αὐτῇherDativedat. of indirect object
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωepexegetical infinitive→ constative aoristἐσθίω (ἔφαγον): 'eat'; the homely proof of real, restored life.