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The Gospel according to Mark, Chapter 6ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΡΚΟΝ Ϛ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἐκεῖθεν, καὶ ἔρχεται εἰς τὴν πατρίδα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσιν αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ.

And he went out from there and came to his hometown, and his disciples followed him.

Scene-settingΚαὶMark's paratactic καί opens the Nazareth episode; the historic presents ἔρχεται and ἀκολουθοῦσιν give the arrival narrative immediacy.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (paratactic)καί: Mark's pervasive narrative connector, stringing scenes in parataxis.
ἐξῆλθενhe went outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, depart'; he leaves the previous locale (Capernaum region).
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb (source)ἐκεῖθεν: 'from that place.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔρχεταιhe comesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid past)ἔρχομαι: 'come, go'; Mark's historic present narrates the arrival as if before our eyes.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πατρίδαhometownAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)πατρίς: 'fatherland, native place'; here Nazareth (cf. 1:9, 24).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκολουθοῦσινthey followPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἀκολουθέω: 'follow, accompany' (+ dative); discipleship term.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. complement of ἀκολουθοῦσιν
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'learner, disciple'; the followers Jesus has called.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
2

καὶ γενομένου σαββάτου ἤρξατο διδάσκειν ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ· καὶ πολλοὶ ἀκούοντες ἐξεπλήσσοντο λέγοντες· Πόθεν τούτῳ ταῦτα, καὶ τίς ἡ σοφία ἡ δοθεῖσα τούτῳ καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις τοιαῦται διὰ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ γινόμεναι;

And when the Sabbath came, he began to teach in the synagogue; and many hearing him were astonished, saying, "Where did this man get these things? And what is the wisdom given to him? And such mighty works being done through his hands!"

Teaching and reactionκαὶA genitive absolute sets the Sabbath; the crowd's astonishment is voiced in a barrage of incredulous questions — the seed of offense.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γενομένουhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Neut · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: here of time arriving — 'when the Sabbath came.'
σαββάτουSabbathGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteσάββατον: 'Sabbath'; the day of synagogue teaching.
ἤρξατοhe beganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχομαιmain verb (+ inf.)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin'; Mark's frequent ἤρξατο + infinitive.
διδάσκεινto teachPres Act Inf · διδάσκωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfective (durative)διδάσκω: 'teach'; Jesus' characteristic synagogue activity.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
συναγωγῇsynagogueDativedat. of placeσυναγωγή: 'gathering, synagogue'; the local assembly-house.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πολλοὶmanyNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πολύς: 'many'; the bulk of the congregation.
ἀκούοντεςhearingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωadverbial ptc. (temporal/circumstantial)→ present (concurrent)ἀκούω: 'hear, listen.'
ἐξεπλήσσοντοwere astonishedImpf Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἐκπλήσσωmain verb→ imperfect (ongoing reaction)ἐκπλήσσω: 'strike out (of one's senses), amaze'; a powerful astonishment, not yet faith.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωadverbial ptc. (manner)→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say.'
Πόθενfrom whereinterrogative adverb (source)πόθεν: 'whence?'; the incredulous question of origin.
τούτῳto this manDativedat. of possession/advantageοὗτος: 'this (one)'; slightly dismissive deixis — 'this fellow.'
ταῦταthese thingsNominativesubject (verbless clause)οὗτος: neuter plural — Jesus' teaching and works.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τίςwhatNominativeinterrogative pronoun (predicate)τίς: 'who/what?'
theNominativearticle
σοφίαwisdomNominativesubjectσοφία: 'wisdom'; the source of his teaching is in question.
theNominativearticle (attributive ptc.)
δοθεῖσαgivenAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · δίδωμιattributive participle→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; passive hints (unwittingly) at a divine giver.
τούτῳto this manDativedat. indirect object (of δοθεῖσα)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αἱtheNominativearticle
δυνάμειςmighty worksNominativesubjectδύναμις: 'power, mighty deed, miracle.'
τοιαῦταιsuchNominativepredicate/attributive adjectiveτοιοῦτος: 'of such a kind.'
διὰthroughpreposition + genitive (means)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
χειρῶνhandsGenitiveobject of διά (means)χείρ: 'hand'; the instrument of his miracles.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
γινόμεναιbeing donePres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Fem · γίνομαιattributive participle (w/ δυνάμεις)→ present (ongoing)γίνομαι: 'come about, happen'; the works coming to pass through his hands.
3

οὐχ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τέκτων, ὁ υἱὸς τῆς Μαρίας καὶ ἀδελφὸς Ἰακώβου καὶ Ἰωσῆτος καὶ Ἰούδα καὶ Σίμωνος; καὶ οὐκ εἰσὶν αἱ ἀδελφαὶ αὐτοῦ ὧδε πρὸς ἡμᾶς; καὶ ἐσκανδαλίζοντο ἐν αὐτῷ.

Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon? And are not his sisters here with us?" And they were offended at him.

Offense crystallizedasyndetonThe naming of his family reduces Jesus to the familiar; 'son of Mary' (not 'of Joseph') is striking. The verb ἐσκανδαλίζοντο names the failure: they stumbled over him.
οὐχnotnegative (expecting 'yes' answer)οὐ: negative; οὐχ … ; expects an affirmative reply — 'this IS the carpenter, isn't it?'
οὗτόςthisNominativesubject (demonstrative)οὗτος: 'this one'; the dismissive deixis continues.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
τέκτωνcarpenterNominativepredicate nominativeτέκτων: 'craftsman, carpenter/builder' (wood or stone); the printed text calls Jesus himself the τέκτων (variant: 'son of the carpenter').
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςsonNominativeapposition to οὗτοςυἱός: 'son'; 'son of Mary' — naming the mother, not the father, is unusual and possibly pointed.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
Μαρίαςof MaryGenitivegenitive of relationshipΜαρία: Mary, the mother of Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀδελφὸςbrotherNominativeappositionἀδελφός: 'brother.'
Ἰακώβουof JamesGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸάκωβος: James, brother of Jesus (later leader of the Jerusalem church).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
Ἰωσῆτοςof JosesGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸωσῆς: Joses (a form of Joseph); spelling varies in the witnesses.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
Ἰούδαof JudasGenitivegenitive of relationshipἸούδας: Judas/Jude, brother of Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
Σίμωνοςof SimonGenitivegenitive of relationshipΣίμων: Simon, brother of Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative (expecting 'yes')
εἰσὶνarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἀδελφαὶsistersNominativesubjectἀδελφή: 'sister.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ὧδεhereadverb (place)ὧδε: 'here.'
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (association)πρός + acc.: here 'with/among us.'
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of πρός
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐσκανδαλίζοντοthey were offendedImpf Pass Indic 3 Pl · σκανδαλίζωmain verb→ imperfect (developing reaction)σκανδαλίζω: 'cause to stumble, give offense'; they tripped over the ordinary origins of the extraordinary man.
ἐνatpreposition + dative (cause/occasion)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐν (occasion of offense)
4

καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὅτι Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τοῖς συγγενεῦσιν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ.

And Jesus said to them, "A prophet is not without honor except in his hometown and among his relatives and in his own household."

Proverbial responseκαὶJesus answers offense with a proverb: the nearer the kin, the deeper the dishonor; three concentric circles — town, kin, house.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλεγενhe saidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ imperfect (of speaking)λέγω: Mark's habitual ἔλεγεν introducing sayings.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ὅτιthatconjunction (ὅτι recitativum)ὅτι: introduces direct speech (untranslated quotation mark).
Οὐκnotnegative
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ gnomic present
προφήτηςprophetNominativesubjectπροφήτης: 'prophet'; Jesus implicitly classes himself among the rejected prophets.
ἄτιμοςwithout honorNominativepredicate adjectiveἄτιμος: 'dishonored, unhonored' (ἀ- + τιμή).
εἰifconjunction (εἰ μή = except)
μὴnotnegative (εἰ μή idiom)εἰ μή: 'except, unless.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
πατρίδιhometownDativedat. of placeπατρίς: 'native place.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνamongpreposition + dative
τοῖςtheDativearticle
συγγενεῦσινrelativesDativedat. of place/associationσυγγενής: 'kinsman, relative.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
οἰκίᾳhouseholdDativedat. of placeοἰκία: 'house, household'; the innermost circle of dishonor.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
5

καὶ οὐκ ἐδύνατο ἐκεῖ ποιῆσαι οὐδεμίαν δύναμιν, εἰ μὴ ὀλίγοις ἀρρώστοις ἐπιθεὶς τὰς χεῖρας ἐθεράπευσεν.

And he could do no mighty work there, except that he laid his hands on a few sick people and healed them.

Result of unbeliefκαὶTheir unbelief 'could' constrain his power — not absolutely (a few are healed), but the great works are withheld where faith is absent.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative
ἐδύνατοhe was ableImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (+ inf.)→ imperfect (of capacity)δύναμαι: 'be able'; the bold οὐκ ἐδύνατο — 'he could not' — softened by the following exception.
ἐκεῖthereadverb (place)ἐκεῖ: 'there' — in Nazareth.
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do, make.'
οὐδεμίανnoAccusativeattributive adjective (emphatic neg.)οὐδείς: 'no, none.'
δύναμινmighty workAccusativedirect objectδύναμις: 'mighty work, miracle.'
εἰifconjunction (εἰ μή = except)
μὴnotnegative (εἰ μή idiom)εἰ μή: 'except.'
ὀλίγοιςa fewDativeattributive adjectiveὀλίγος: 'few, little.'
ἀρρώστοιςsick peopleDativedat. (recipients; obj. of ἐπιθείς)ἄρρωστος: 'sick, infirm' (lit. 'without strength').
ἐπιθεὶςhaving laid onAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιτίθημιadverbial ptc. (means/manner)→ antecedent aoristἐπιτίθημι: 'lay/place upon'; the gesture of healing.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραςhandsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιθείςχείρ: 'hand.'
ἐθεράπευσενhe healedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θεραπεύωmain verb (apodosis of εἰ μή)→ constative aoristθεραπεύω: 'heal, cure, serve.'
6

καὶ ἐθαύμαζεν διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν. Καὶ περιῆγεν τὰς κώμας κύκλῳ διδάσκων.

And he marveled because of their unbelief. And he went around the villages in a circuit, teaching.

Closing reaction / transitionκαὶJesus' marvel at unbelief closes scene A (6a); the second clause (6b) pivots to the village circuit that frames the sending of the Twelve.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐθαύμαζενhe marveledImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θαυμάζωmain verb→ imperfect (ongoing wonder)θαυμάζω: 'wonder, marvel'; one of only two places Jesus marvels (here at unbelief; in Luke 7:9 at faith).
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀπιστίανunbeliefAccusativeobject of διά (cause)ἀπιστία: 'unbelief, faithlessness' (ἀ- + πίστις); the root of the Nazareth failure.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (new scene)
περιῆγενhe went aroundImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · περιάγωmain verb→ imperfect (itinerant)περιάγω: 'go around, travel about'; a circuit ministry.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
κώμαςvillagesAccusativeaccusative of place traversed (object)κώμη: 'village.'
κύκλῳin a circuitDativedat. used adverbially (manner)κύκλῳ: 'round about, in a circle'; the dative serves as an adverb.
διδάσκωνteachingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διδάσκωadverbial ptc. (manner/attendant)→ present (concurrent)διδάσκω: 'teach'; teaching remains his chief activity.
7

καὶ προσκαλεῖται τοὺς δώδεκα, καὶ ἤρξατο αὐτοὺς ἀποστέλλειν δύο δύο, καὶ ἐδίδου αὐτοῖς ἐξουσίαν τῶν πνευμάτων τῶν ἀκαθάρτων,

And he summoned the Twelve, and began to send them out two by two, and gave them authority over the unclean spirits.

CommissioningκαὶHistoric present προσκαλεῖται foregrounds the call; the Semitic δύο δύο ('two by two') and the grant of authority equip the mission.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσκαλεῖταιhe summonsPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · προσκαλέομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentπροσκαλέομαι: 'call to oneself, summon.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δώδεκαtwelveAccusativedirect object (indeclinable numeral)δώδεκα: 'twelve'; the appointed apostolic band (3:14).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤρξατοhe beganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχομαιmain verb (+ inf.)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ἀποστέλλεινto send outPres Act Inf · ἀποστέλλωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfectiveἀποστέλλω: 'send with a commission'; the verb behind ἀπόστολος.
δύοtwonumeral (distributive, indeclinable)δύο δύο: Semitic distributive — 'two by two,' for mutual support and valid witness (cf. Deut 19:15).
δύοtwonumeral (distributive)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδίδουhe was givingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ imperfect (durative grant)δίδωμι: 'give'; the imperfect suits an ongoing distribution of authority.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativedirect objectἐξουσία: 'authority, power-to-act'; delegated from Jesus.
τῶνover theGenitivearticle
πνευμάτωνspiritsGenitiveobjective genitive (authority over)πνεῦμα: 'spirit'; here the unclean spirits subject to their authority.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἀκαθάρτωνuncleanGenitiveattributive adjectiveἀκάθαρτος: 'unclean, impure'; Mark's standard term for demons.
8

καὶ παρήγγειλεν αὐτοῖς ἵνα μηδὲν αἴρωσιν εἰς ὁδὸν εἰ μὴ ῥάβδον μόνον, μὴ ἄρτον, μὴ πήραν, μὴ εἰς τὴν ζώνην χαλκόν,

And he charged them to take nothing for the journey except a staff only — no bread, no bag, no money in their belt —

Travel instructionsκαὶThe radical simplicity of the mission: dependence on God and on hospitality. The staff (and sandals, v.9) is permitted; everything else is renounced.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρήγγειλενhe chargedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραγγέλλωmain verb (+ ἵνα)→ constative aoristπαραγγέλλω: 'command, instruct, give orders.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
ἵναthatconjunction (content/indir. command)ἵνα: here introduces the substance of the charge.
μηδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object (emphatic neg.)μηδείς: 'no one, nothing.'
αἴρωσινthey should takePres Act Subj 3 Pl · αἴρωsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ imperfectiveαἴρω: 'lift, take up, carry.'
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
ὁδὸνthe journeyAccusativeobject of εἰςὁδός: 'road, way, journey.'
εἰifconjunction (εἰ μή = except)
μὴnotnegative (εἰ μή idiom)εἰ μή: 'except.'
ῥάβδονstaffAccusativeaccusative (exception to μηδέν)ῥάβδος: 'staff, rod'; Mark alone permits it (contrast Matt 10:10 / Luke 9:3).
μόνονonlyadverb (restriction)μόνον: 'only.'
μὴnonegative
ἄρτονbreadAccusativeaccusative (in negated list)ἄρτος: 'bread, loaf.'
μὴnonegative
πήρανbagAccusativeaccusative (negated list)πήρα: 'traveler's bag, knapsack' (perhaps a beggar's bag).
μὴnonegative
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ζώνηνbeltAccusativeobject of εἰςζώνη: 'belt, girdle'; coins were carried folded in the belt.
χαλκόνcopper moneyAccusativeaccusative (negated list)χαλκός: 'copper, bronze'; by extension small change, money.
9

ἀλλὰ ὑποδεδεμένους σανδάλια, καὶ μὴ ἐνδύσησθε δύο χιτῶνας.

but to wear sandals and not to put on two tunics.

Permitted vs. forbiddenἀλλὰA grammatical shift (ptc. → finite subjunctive ἐνδύσησθε) marks Mark's loose syntax: sandals allowed, a spare tunic forbidden.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: strong 'but,' contrasting permission with prohibition.
ὑποδεδεμένουςhaving shodPerf Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ὑποδέομαιptc. (continuing the indir. command)→ perfect (state of being shod)ὑποδέομαι: 'bind under, put on (footwear)'; perfect = the settled state of wearing them.
σανδάλιαsandalsAccusativedirect object of ὑποδεδεμένουςσανδάλιον: 'sandal.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative (prohibition)
ἐνδύσησθεput onAor Mid Subj 2 Pl · ἐνδύωprohibitive subjunctive (shift to direct address)→ ingressive aorist (prohibition)ἐνδύω: 'clothe, put on'; Mark slides into direct second-person speech.
δύοtwoAccusativeattributive numeralδύο: 'two.'
χιτῶναςtunicsAccusativedirect objectχιτών: 'tunic, undergarment'; a spare one would signal self-provision.
10

καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Ὅπου ἐὰν εἰσέλθητε εἰς οἰκίαν, ἐκεῖ μένετε ἕως ἂν ἐξέλθητε ἐκεῖθεν.

And he said to them, "Wherever you enter a house, stay there until you leave that place."

Lodging ruleκαὶOne host per town: no upgrading to better hospitality; the missionaries are not to shop for comfort.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλεγενhe saidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ imperfect (of speaking)λέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Ὅπουwhereverrelative adverb (place)ὅπου: 'where'; with ἐάν = 'wherever.'
ἐὰνeverparticle (generalizing)ἐάν: with ὅπου, indefinite — 'wherever.'
εἰσέλθητεyou enterAor Act Subj 2 Pl · εἰσέρχομαιsubjunctive (indefinite rel. clause)→ constative aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
οἰκίανa houseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἰκία: 'house.'
ἐκεῖthereadverb (place)ἐκεῖ: 'there.'
μένετεremainPres Act Impv 2 Pl · μένωimperative→ imperfective (durative command)μένω: 'remain, stay, abide.'
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal)ἕως: 'until.'
ἂνeverparticle (contingency)ἄν: marks the indefinite temporal clause.
ἐξέλθητεyou departAor Act Subj 2 Pl · ἐξέρχομαιsubjunctive (temporal clause)→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, depart.'
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb (source)ἐκεῖθεν: 'from that place.'
11

καὶ ὃς ἂν τόπος μὴ δέξηται ὑμᾶς μηδὲ ἀκούσωσιν ὑμῶν, ἐκπορευόμενοι ἐκεῖθεν ἐκτινάξατε τὸν χοῦν τὸν ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν ὑμῶν εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς.

And whatever place will not receive you nor listen to you, as you leave there, shake off the dust that is under your feet as a testimony against them.

Rejection ruleκαὶShaking off the dust — a Jewish gesture severing fellowship with Gentile soil — turns rejection into a witness that leaves the town responsible.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὃςwhateverNominativerelative pronoun (indefinite)ὅς: relative; with ἄν, indefinite.
ἂνeverparticle (indefinite)
τόποςplaceNominativesubject (attracted into rel. clause)τόπος: 'place, locality.'
μὴnotnegative
δέξηταιreceivesAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · δέχομαιsubjunctive (indefinite rel. clause)→ constative aoristδέχομαι: 'receive, welcome.'
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativedirect object
μηδὲnornegative conjunctionμηδέ: 'and not, nor.'
ἀκούσωσινthey listenAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀκούωsubjunctive (constructio ad sensum, plural)→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear, heed' (+ gen. of person).
ὑμῶνto youGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούσωσιν
ἐκπορευόμενοιgoing outPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐκπορεύομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ present (concurrent)ἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out, depart.'
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb (source)ἐκεῖθεν: 'from that place.'
ἐκτινάξατεshake offAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐκτινάσσωimperative→ constative aorist (command)ἐκτινάσσω: 'shake off, shake out' (cf. Acts 13:51).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
χοῦνdustAccusativedirect objectχοῦς: 'dust, soil.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
ὑποκάτωunderimproper preposition + genitiveὑποκάτω: 'underneath, below.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ποδῶνfeetGenitiveobject of ὑποκάτωπούς: 'foot.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (purpose)
μαρτύριονa testimonyAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)μαρτύριον: 'testimony, witness'; here a witness against the town.
αὐτοῖςagainst themDativedat. of disadvantage
12

Καὶ ἐξελθόντες ἐκήρυξαν ἵνα μετανοῶσιν,

And they went out and preached that people should repent,

Mission carried outΚαὶThe Twelve execute the commission; their message echoes Jesus' own (1:15) and John's — repentance.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθόντεςhaving gone outAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐξέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal/attendant)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, set out.'
ἐκήρυξανthey preachedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κηρύσσωmain verb→ constative aoristκηρύσσω: 'proclaim, herald, preach.'
ἵναthatconjunction (content of preaching)ἵνα: introduces the content/purport.
μετανοῶσινthey should repentPres Act Subj 3 Pl · μετανοέωsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ imperfective (ongoing turning)μετανοέω: 'repent, change one's mind/direction.'
13

καὶ δαιμόνια πολλὰ ἐξέβαλλον, καὶ ἤλειφον ἐλαίῳ πολλοὺς ἀρρώστους καὶ ἐθεράπευον.

and they cast out many demons, and anointed with oil many who were sick and healed them.

Mission resultsκαὶThree imperfects (ἐξέβαλλον, ἤλειφον, ἐθεράπευον) paint the recurring ministry; anointing with oil is unique to Mark here (cf. Jas 5:14).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δαιμόνιαdemonsAccusativedirect objectδαιμόνιον: 'demon, evil spirit.'
πολλὰmanyAccusativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'many.'
ἐξέβαλλονthey cast outImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκβάλλωmain verb→ imperfect (customary)ἐκβάλλω: 'cast out, drive out.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤλειφονthey anointedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀλείφωmain verb→ imperfect (customary)ἀλείφω: 'anoint, rub with oil'; here a medicinal/symbolic accompaniment to healing.
ἐλαίῳwith oilDativedat. of means/instrumentἔλαιον: 'olive oil.'
πολλοὺςmanyAccusativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'many.'
ἀρρώστουςsickAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)ἄρρωστος: 'sick, infirm.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐθεράπευονthey healedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · θεραπεύωmain verb→ imperfect (customary)θεραπεύω: 'heal, cure.'
14

Καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἡρῴδης, φανερὸν γὰρ ἐγένετο τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτίζων ἐγήγερται ἐκ νεκρῶν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐνεργοῦσιν αἱ δυνάμεις ἐν αὐτῷ.

And King Herod heard of it, for his name had become known. And people were saying, "John the baptizer has been raised from the dead; that is why these powers are at work in him."

Herod's reportΚαὶJesus' fame triggers the John flashback. The guilty rumor — John raised — sets up Herod's dread and the grim retrospective of vv.17–29.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; Herod hears the reports.
theNominativearticle
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubjectβασιλεύς: 'king'; a courtesy title — Herod Antipas was technically tetrarch.
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativeapposition to βασιλεύςἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea.
φανερὸνknownNominativepredicate adjectiveφανερός: 'manifest, well-known.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: gives the reason Herod heard.
ἐγένετοhad becomeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (γάρ clause)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
ὄνομαnameNominativesubjectὄνομα: 'name, reputation.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλεγονthey were sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (impersonal 'people')→ imperfect (rumor circulating)λέγω: 3rd pl. as 'people were saying'; the plural reading is printed (var. ἔλεγεν).
ὅτιthatconjunction (ὅτι recitativum)ὅτι: introduces direct speech.
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubjectἸωάννης: John the Baptist.
theNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
βαπτίζωνbaptizerPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · βαπτίζωsubstantival participle (title)→ present (characteristic)βαπτίζω: 'baptize, dip'; 'the baptizing one' as a title.
ἐγήγερταιhas been raisedPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb (rumored claim)→ perfect (abiding result)ἐγείρω: 'raise up'; perfect = 'is risen and so now alive.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)
νεκρῶνthe deadGenitiveobject of ἐκ (separation)νεκρός: 'dead one.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (causal)οὗτος: 'this'; 'for this reason.'
ἐνεργοῦσινare at workPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐνεργέωmain verb→ present (ongoing)ἐνεργέω: 'work, be operative, be effective.'
αἱtheNominativearticle
δυνάμειςpowersNominativesubjectδύναμις: 'power, miracle.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐν
15

ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἠλίας ἐστίν· ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον ὅτι προφήτης ὡς εἷς τῶν προφητῶν.

But others were saying, "He is Elijah." And others were saying, "He is a prophet, like one of the prophets."

Alternative opinionsδὲA survey of the popular christologies — Elijah (the eschatological forerunner) or a prophet like the old prophets — all falling short of the truth.
ἄλλοιothersNominativesubject (substantival adj.)ἄλλος: 'other.'
δὲbutconjunction (contrast)δέ: mild adversative/connective.
ἔλεγονwere sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ imperfect (recurring opinion)λέγω: 'say.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (ὅτι recitativum)
ἨλίαςElijahNominativepredicate nominativeἨλίας: Elijah, expected to return before the Day of the Lord (Mal 4:5).
ἐστίνhe isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ἄλλοιothersNominativesubjectἄλλος: 'other.'
δὲbutconjunction (contrast)
ἔλεγονwere sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ imperfect
ὅτιthatconjunction (ὅτι recitativum)
προφήτηςa prophetNominativepredicate nominativeπροφήτης: 'prophet.'
ὡςlikecomparative particleὡς: 'as, like.'
εἷςoneNominativepredicate (apposition)εἷς: 'one.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
προφητῶνprophetsGenitivepartitive genitiveπροφήτης: 'prophet'; like the classical prophets of old.
16

ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ Ἡρῴδης ἔλεγεν· Ὃν ἐγὼ ἀπεκεφάλισα Ἰωάννην, οὗτος ἠγέρθη.

But when Herod heard of it, he said, "John, whom I beheaded — he has been raised."

Herod's verdictδὲHerod's guilty conscience fixes on the worst option: the man he beheaded is back. ἐγώ is emphatic — self-incrimination.
ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
δὲbutconjunction (transition)
theNominativearticle
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubjectἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas.
ἔλεγενsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ imperfect (of speaking)λέγω: 'say.'
ὋνwhomAccusativerelative pronoun (object, fronted)ὅς: relative pronoun.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)ἐγώ: emphatic 'I' — Herod owns the deed.
ἀπεκεφάλισαbeheadedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποκεφαλίζωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristἀποκεφαλίζω: 'behead, decapitate.'
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeappositive to ὅν (object)Ἰωάννης: John the Baptist.
οὗτοςthis oneNominativesubject (resumptive demonstrative)οὗτος: 'this'; resumes the fronted relative.
ἠγέρθηhas been raisedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)ἐγείρω: 'raise.'
17

Αὐτὸς γὰρ ὁ Ἡρῴδης ἀποστείλας ἐκράτησεν τὸν Ἰωάννην καὶ ἔδησεν αὐτὸν ἐν φυλακῇ διὰ Ἡρῳδιάδα τὴν γυναῖκα Φιλίππου τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅτι αὐτὴν ἐγάμησεν·

For Herod himself had sent and seized John and bound him in prison on account of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife, because he had married her.

Flashback (cause)γὰργάρ launches the explanatory flashback. The aorists narrate the prior arrest; the cause is Herod's unlawful marriage to his brother's wife.
ΑὐτὸςhimselfNominativeintensive pronoun (w/ subject)αὐτός: intensive — 'Herod himself.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: introduces the flashback explanation.
theNominativearticle
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubjectἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas.
ἀποστείλαςhaving sentAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποστέλλωadverbial ptc. (attendant circumstance)→ antecedent aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send'; sent (soldiers) to arrest.
ἐκράτησενseizedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κρατέωmain verb→ constative aoristκρατέω: 'seize, take hold of, arrest.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativedirect objectἸωάννης: John the Baptist.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔδησενboundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δέωmain verb→ constative aoristδέω: 'bind, tie.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
φυλακῇprisonDativedat. of placeφυλακή: 'prison, guard'; per Josephus, at Machaerus.
διὰon account ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
ἩρῳδιάδαHerodiasAccusativeobject of διά (cause)Ἡρῳδιάς: Herodias, granddaughter of Herod the Great, formerly wife of Philip.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeapposition to Ἡρῳδιάδαγυνή: 'woman, wife.'
Φιλίππουof PhilipGenitivegenitive of relationshipΦίλιππος: Philip, Herod's (half-)brother.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitiveapposition (genitive)ἀδελφός: 'brother.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because.'
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object
ἐγάμησενhe had marriedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · γαμέωmain verb (causal clause)→ constative aoristγαμέω: 'marry.'
18

ἔλεγεν γὰρ ὁ Ἰωάννης τῷ Ἡρῴδῃ ὅτι Οὐκ ἔξεστίν σοι ἔχειν τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου.

For John had been saying to Herod, "It is not lawful for you to have your brother's wife."

Ground of the arrestγὰρThe iterative imperfect ἔλεγεν: John repeatedly confronted Herod. The marriage violated Lev 18:16; 20:21 — the prophet's fatal candor.
ἔλεγενwas sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ iterative imperfect (repeatedly)λέγω: imperfect = John kept telling Herod.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubjectἸωάννης: John the Baptist.
τῷtoDativearticle
ἩρῴδῃHerodDativeindirect objectἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas.
ὅτιthatconjunction (ὅτι recitativum)
Οὐκnotnegative
ἔξεστίνit is lawfulPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔξεστιimpersonal main verb→ stative presentἔξεστι(ν): 'it is permitted/lawful.'
σοιfor youDativedat. of reference
ἔχεινto havePres Act Inf · ἔχωsubject infinitive (of ἔξεστιν)→ imperfectiveἔχω: 'have, hold'; here of having as wife.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativedirect object of ἔχεινγυνή: 'wife.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitivegenitive of relationshipἀδελφός: 'brother.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
19

ἡ δὲ Ἡρῳδιὰς ἐνεῖχεν αὐτῷ καὶ ἤθελεν αὐτὸν ἀποκτεῖναι, καὶ οὐκ ἠδύνατο·

And Herodias had a grudge against him and wanted to kill him, but she could not,

Herodias' enmityδὲHerodias is the active malice; Herod the reluctant restraint. The imperfects sustain her settled hostility against John.
theNominativearticle
δὲandconjunction (transition)
ἩρῳδιὰςHerodiasNominativesubjectἩρῳδιάς: Herodias.
ἐνεῖχενhad a grudge againstImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐνέχωmain verb→ imperfect (sustained)ἐνέχω: 'have it in for, hold a grudge against' (+ dat.); lit. 'hold within.'
αὐτῷhimDativedat. complement
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤθελενwantedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb (+ inf.)→ imperfect (ongoing desire)θέλω: 'will, wish, want.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative object of infinitive
ἀποκτεῖναιto killAor Act Inf · ἀποκτείνωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill, put to death.'
καὶbutcoordinating conjunction (adversative sense)
οὐκnotnegative
ἠδύνατοshe couldImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ imperfect (of capacity)δύναμαι: 'be able'; Herod's protection blocked her.
20

ὁ γὰρ Ἡρῴδης ἐφοβεῖτο τὸν Ἰωάννην, εἰδὼς αὐτὸν ἄνδρα δίκαιον καὶ ἅγιον, καὶ συνετήρει αὐτόν, καὶ ἀκούσας αὐτοῦ πολλὰ ἠπόρει, καὶ ἡδέως αὐτοῦ ἤκουεν.

for Herod feared John, knowing that he was a righteous and holy man, and he kept him safe. And when he heard him, he was greatly perplexed, and yet he heard him gladly.

Herod's divided heartγὰρThe explanation of why Herodias could not act: Herod's awe of John. The printed πολλὰ ἠπόρει ('greatly perplexed,' the harder reading) over πολλὰ ἐποίει ('did many things') captures his torn conscience — drawn yet disturbed.
theNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubjectἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas.
ἐφοβεῖτοfearedImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb→ imperfect (sustained)φοβέομαι: 'fear, reverence'; here awe mixed with dread.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativedirect objectἸωάννης: John the Baptist.
εἰδὼςknowingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · οἶδαadverbial ptc. (causal)→ perfect (stative 'know')οἶδα: 'know'; perfect-with-present-sense.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of implied 'to be'
ἄνδραa manAccusativepredicate accusativeἀνήρ: 'man.'
δίκαιονrighteousAccusativeattributive adjectiveδίκαιος: 'righteous, just.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἅγιονholyAccusativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνετήρειhe kept safeImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · συντηρέωmain verb→ imperfect (protective)συντηρέω: 'keep safe, protect, preserve.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἀκούσας
πολλὰgreatlyadverbial accusative (neut. pl.)πολλά: 'much, greatly' (adverbial).
ἠπόρειhe was perplexedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπορέωmain verb→ imperfect (recurring)ἀπορέω: 'be at a loss, perplexed' (the harder, better-attested reading; var. ἐποίει 'he did [many things]').
καὶand yetcoordinating conjunction (concessive sense)
ἡδέωςgladlyadverb (manner)ἡδέως: 'gladly, with pleasure.'
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουεν
ἤκουενhe heardImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ iterative imperfectἀκούω: 'listen to'; Herod kept listening despite his unease.
21

Καὶ γενομένης ἡμέρας εὐκαίρου ὅτε Ἡρῴδης τοῖς γενεσίοις αὐτοῦ δεῖπνον ἐποίησεν τοῖς μεγιστᾶσιν αὐτοῦ καὶ τοῖς χιλιάρχοις καὶ τοῖς πρώτοις τῆς Γαλιλαίας,

But an opportune day came, when Herod on his birthday gave a banquet for his nobles and the military commanders and the leading men of Galilee.

The fatal occasionΚαὶεὐκαίρου ('opportune') is sinister — Herodias' chance. The genitive absolute and the guest-list build the courtly setting for the murder.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γενομένηςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'come, arrive' (of a day).
ἡμέραςa dayGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteἡμέρα: 'day.'
εὐκαίρουopportuneGenitiveattributive adjectiveεὔκαιρος: 'well-timed, opportune'; for Herodias' plot.
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunctionὅτε: 'when.'
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubjectἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas.
τοῖςon theDativearticle
γενεσίοιςbirthday feastDativedat. of timeγενέσια: 'birthday celebration.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
δεῖπνονa banquetAccusativedirect objectδεῖπνον: 'dinner, banquet.'
ἐποίησενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make'; δεῖπνον ποιέω = 'give a banquet.'
τοῖςfor theDativearticle
μεγιστᾶσινnoblesDativedat. of advantage (guests)μεγιστάν: 'great man, magnate, courtier.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle
χιλιάρχοιςcommandersDativedat. (guests)χιλίαρχος: 'commander of a thousand,' military tribune.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle
πρώτοιςleading menDativedat. (substantival adj., guests)πρῶτος: 'first, foremost'; the leading men.
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ΓαλιλαίαςGalileeGenitivepartitive/possessive genitiveΓαλιλαία: Galilee.
22

καὶ εἰσελθούσης τῆς θυγατρὸς αὐτοῦ Ἡρῳδιάδος καὶ ὀρχησαμένης, ἤρεσεν τῷ Ἡρῴδῃ καὶ τοῖς συνανακειμένοις. εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τῷ κορασίῳ· Αἴτησόν με ὃ ἐὰν θέλῃς, καὶ δώσω σοι·

And when his daughter Herodias came in and danced, she pleased Herod and his dinner guests. The king said to the girl, "Ask me for whatever you wish, and I will give it to you."

The dance and the rash offerκαὶA textual crux: the printed αὐτοῦ Ἡρῳδιάδος reads 'his [own] daughter Herodias'; translators commonly emend to 'the daughter of Herodias herself' (Salome). The dance prompts Herod's reckless open-ended promise.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσελθούσηςhaving come inAor Act Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · εἰσέρχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
θυγατρὸςdaughterGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteθυγάτηρ: 'daughter.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive (textual crux; see note)the printed text's αὐτοῦ ('his') makes her Herod's own daughter; the variant αὐτῆς τῆς Ἡρῳδιάδος yields 'the daughter of Herodias herself.'
ἩρῳδιάδοςHerodiasGenitiveapposition / genitive of relationship (crux)Ἡρῳδιάς: here named as the girl (so the harder reading); traditionally identified with Salome, daughter of Herodias.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὀρχησαμένηςhaving dancedAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · ὀρχέομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristὀρχέομαι: 'dance.'
ἤρεσενshe pleasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρέσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀρέσκω: 'please' (+ dat.).
τῷtheDativearticle
ἩρῴδῃHerodDativedat. complement of ἤρεσενἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
συνανακειμένοιςdinner guestsPres Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · συνανάκειμαιsubstantival participle (dat. complement)→ present (state)συνανάκειμαι: 'recline together (at table)'; the fellow-banqueters.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (εἶπον): 'say.'
theNominativearticle
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubjectβασιλεύς: 'king.'
τῷto theDativearticle
κορασίῳgirlDativeindirect objectκοράσιον: 'little girl, maiden' (diminutive).
ΑἴτησόνaskAor Act Impv 2 Sg · αἰτέωimperative→ ingressive aorist (command)αἰτέω: 'ask, request.'
μεmeAccusativedirect object
whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object)ὅς: with ἐάν, indefinite — 'whatever.'
ἐὰνeverparticle (generalizing)ἐάν: indefinite particle.
θέλῃςyou wishPres Act Subj 2 Sg · θέλωsubjunctive (indefinite rel. clause)→ imperfectiveθέλω: 'wish, want.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give.'
σοιto youDativeindirect object
23

καὶ ὤμοσεν αὐτῇ· Ὅ τι ἐάν με αἰτήσῃς δώσω σοι ἕως ἡμίσους τῆς βασιλείας μου.

And he swore to her, "Whatever you ask me I will give you, up to half of my kingdom."

The oathκαὶThe reckless oath escalates the promise — 'half my kingdom' echoes Ahasuerus to Esther (Esth 5:3); the vow becomes the trap that snares Herod.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὤμοσενhe sworeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὄμνυμιmain verb→ constative aoristὄμνυμι: 'swear an oath.'
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object)ὅστις (ὅ τι): 'whatever.'
τιeverAccusativeindefinite (part of ὅ τι)
ἐάνeverparticle (generalizing)ἐάν: indefinite.
μεmeAccusativedirect object of αἰτήσῃς
αἰτήσῃςyou askAor Act Subj 2 Sg · αἰτέωsubjunctive (indefinite rel. clause)→ constative aoristαἰτέω: 'ask.'
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give.'
σοιto youDativeindirect object
ἕωςup toimproper preposition + genitiveἕως: 'as far as, up to.'
ἡμίσουςhalfGenitiveobject of ἕως (substantival adj.)ἥμισυς: 'half.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
βασιλείαςkingdomGenitivepartitive genitiveβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; an extravagant (and empty) offer.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
24

καὶ ἐξελθοῦσα εἶπεν τῇ μητρὶ αὐτῆς· Τί αἰτήσωμαι; ἡ δὲ εἶπεν· Τὴν κεφαλὴν Ἰωάννου τοῦ βαπτίζοντος.

And she went out and said to her mother, "What should I ask for?" And she said, "The head of John the baptizer."

The mother's demandκαὶHerodias' grudge (v.19) now strikes: the deliberative subjunctive of the girl meets the cold, immediate demand for John's head.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθοῦσαhaving gone outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἐξέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (εἶπον): 'say.'
τῇto theDativearticle
μητρὶmotherDativeindirect objectμήτηρ: 'mother.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship
ΤίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object)τίς: 'what?'
αἰτήσωμαιshould I askAor Mid Subj 1 Sg · αἰτέωdeliberative subjunctive→ deliberative aoristαἰτέω: middle, 'ask for oneself.'
sheNominativesubject (article as pronoun)ἡ δέ: 'and she' — the article used pronominally.
δὲandconjunction (transition)
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ΤὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativedirect object (elliptical request)κεφαλή: 'head.'
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivegenitive of possessionἸωάννης: John the Baptist.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle (substantizes ptc.)
βαπτίζοντοςbaptizerPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · βαπτίζωsubstantival participle (title)→ present (characteristic)βαπτίζω: 'baptize'; 'the baptizing one.'
25

καὶ εἰσελθοῦσα εὐθὺς μετὰ σπουδῆς πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα ᾐτήσατο λέγουσα· Θέλω ἵνα ἐξαυτῆς δῷς μοι ἐπὶ πίνακι τὴν κεφαλὴν Ἰωάννου τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ.

And she came in immediately with haste to the king and asked, saying, "I want you to give me at once the head of John the Baptist on a platter."

The demand deliveredκαὶMark's εὐθύς plus μετὰ σπουδῆς ('with haste') and ἐξαυτῆς ('at once') stack urgency; the gruesome detail 'on a platter' turns the banquet into a horror.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἰσελθοῦσαhaving come inAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · εἰσέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter.'
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: Mark's signature 'at once, immediately.'
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (manner)
σπουδῆςhasteGenitiveobject of μετά (manner)σπουδή: 'haste, eagerness.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
βασιλέαkingAccusativeobject of πρόςβασιλεύς: 'king.'
ᾐτήσατοaskedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · αἰτέωmain verb→ constative aoristαἰτέω: middle, 'request for oneself.'
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · λέγωadverbial ptc. (manner)→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say.'
ΘέλωI wantPres Act Indic 1 Sg · θέλωmain verb (+ ἵνα)→ present (volitional)θέλω: 'wish, want.'
ἵναthatconjunction (object clause)ἵνα: introduces the content of the wish.
ἐξαυτῆςat onceadverb (time)ἐξαυτῆς: 'immediately, on the spot.'
δῷςyou giveAor Act Subj 2 Sg · δίδωμιsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
μοιto meDativeindirect object
ἐπὶonpreposition + dative (place)
πίνακιa platterDativedat. of place (object of ἐπί)πίναξ: 'platter, dish, plate.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativedirect object of δῷςκεφαλή: 'head.'
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivegenitive of possessionἸωάννης: John.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
βαπτιστοῦBaptistGenitiveapposition (title)βαπτιστής: 'the Baptist'; the noun-title.
26

καὶ περίλυπος γενόμενος ὁ βασιλεὺς διὰ τοὺς ὅρκους καὶ τοὺς ἀνακειμένους οὐκ ἠθέλησεν ἀθετῆσαι αὐτήν·

And the king became deeply grieved, but because of his oaths and his guests he did not want to refuse her.

Herod trappedκαὶHerod's grief is real but impotent; honor before the guests and the sworn oaths override conscience — the classic tragedy of pride.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περίλυποςdeeply grievedNominativepredicate adjectiveπερίλυπος: 'very sorrowful, deeply grieved' (περί-intensive); same word as Gethsemane (14:34).
γενόμενοςhaving becomeAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · γίνομαιadverbial ptc. (concessive)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'become.'
theNominativearticle
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubjectβασιλεύς: 'king.'
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὅρκουςoathsAccusativeobject of διά (cause)ὅρκος: 'oath'; plural perhaps for the repeated/solemn swearing.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀνακειμένουςguestsPres Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἀνάκειμαιsubstantival participle (obj. of διά)→ present (state)ἀνάκειμαι: 'recline (at table)'; the dinner guests.
οὐκnotnegative
ἠθέλησενhe wantedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb (+ inf.)→ constative aoristθέλω: 'wish, will.'
ἀθετῆσαιto refuseAor Act Inf · ἀθετέωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἀθετέω: 'set aside, reject, break faith with.'
αὐτήνherAccusativedirect object
27

καὶ εὐθὺς ἀποστείλας ὁ βασιλεὺς σπεκουλάτορα ἐπέταξεν ἐνέγκαι τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἀπελθὼν ἀπεκεφάλισεν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ

And immediately the king sent an executioner and commanded him to bring his head. And he went and beheaded him in the prison

The executionκαὶεὐθύς speeds the grim deed. The Latin loanword σπεκουλάτωρ (speculator, 'executioner') marks the Roman military setting of Herod's court.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once.'
ἀποστείλαςhaving sentAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποστέλλωadverbial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send.'
theNominativearticle
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubjectβασιλεύς: 'king.'
σπεκουλάτοραan executionerAccusativedirect object of ἀποστείλαςσπεκουλάτωρ: Latin loanword (speculator), 'scout/guard,' here 'executioner.'
ἐπέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτάσσωmain verb (+ inf.)→ constative aoristἐπιτάσσω: 'order, command.'
ἐνέγκαιto bringAor Act Inf · φέρωcomplementary infinitive (indir. command)→ constative aoristφέρω: 'bring, carry.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativedirect object of ἐνέγκαικεφαλή: 'head.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπελθὼνhaving gone awayAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
ἀπεκεφάλισενbeheadedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκεφαλίζωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποκεφαλίζω: 'behead.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
φυλακῇprisonDativedat. of placeφυλακή: 'prison.'
28

καὶ ἤνεγκεν τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ πίνακι καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὴν τῷ κορασίῳ, καὶ τὸ κοράσιον ἔδωκεν αὐτὴν τῇ μητρὶ αὐτῆς.

and brought his head on a platter and gave it to the girl, and the girl gave it to her mother.

The head deliveredκαὶThe head passes down the chain — executioner to girl to mother — each handoff underscoring the cold machinery of Herodias' revenge.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤνεγκενbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb→ constative aoristφέρω: 'bring, carry.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativedirect objectκεφαλή: 'head.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπὶonpreposition + dative (place)
πίνακιa platterDativedat. of placeπίναξ: 'platter.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object
τῷto theDativearticle
κορασίῳgirlDativeindirect objectκοράσιον: 'girl.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle
κοράσιονgirlNominativesubjectκοράσιον: 'girl.'
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object
τῇto theDativearticle
μητρὶmotherDativeindirect objectμήτηρ: 'mother.'
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship
29

καὶ ἀκούσαντες οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἦλθον καὶ ἦραν τὸ πτῶμα αὐτοῦ καὶ ἔθηκαν αὐτὸ ἐν μνημείῳ.

And when his disciples heard of it, they came and took his body and laid it in a tomb.

Burial (close of flashback)καὶJohn's disciples bury his body — a quiet, dignified close that foreshadows Jesus' own burial; the flashback ends and the narrative returns.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple'; John's own followers.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἦλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦρανtookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'take up, carry away.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πτῶμαbodyAccusativedirect objectπτῶμα: 'fallen body, corpse.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔθηκανlaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · τίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'put, place, lay.'
αὐτὸitAccusativedirect object
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
μνημείῳa tombDativedat. of placeμνημεῖον: 'tomb, monument.'
30

Καὶ συνάγονται οἱ ἀπόστολοι πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν, καὶ ἀπήγγειλαν αὐτῷ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησαν καὶ ὅσα ἐδίδαξαν.

And the apostles gathered together to Jesus and reported to him all that they had done and taught.

Return of the TwelveΚαὶThe mission frame closes: the only Markan use of ἀπόστολοι ('sent ones') in its full sense. Their report resumes the thread broken by the John flashback.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνάγονταιgather togetherPres Pass Indic 3 Pl · συνάγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentσυνάγω: 'gather, assemble.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀπόστολοιapostlesNominativesubjectἀπόστολος: 'sent one, apostle'; the Twelve as commissioned envoys returned.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of πρόςἸησοῦς: Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπήγγειλανreportedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce back.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
πάνταallAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)πᾶς: 'all.'
ὅσαthatAccusativerelative pronoun (object)ὅσος: 'as much/many as, whatever.'
ἐποίησανthey had doneAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅσαthatAccusativerelative pronoun (object)ὅσος: 'whatever.'
ἐδίδαξανthey had taughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · διδάσκωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristδιδάσκω: 'teach.'
31

καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Δεῦτε ὑμεῖς αὐτοὶ κατ' ἰδίαν εἰς ἔρημον τόπον καὶ ἀναπαύσασθε ὀλίγον. ἦσαν γὰρ οἱ ἐρχόμενοι καὶ οἱ ὑπάγοντες πολλοί, καὶ οὐδὲ φαγεῖν εὐκαίρουν.

And he said to them, "Come away by yourselves to a deserted place and rest a while." For many were coming and going, and they had no leisure even to eat.

Call to restκαὶHistoric present λέγει introduces the invitation to retreat; the γάρ explains — the press of the crowds leaves no time even to eat.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Δεῦτεcomeadverb used as imperative (pl.)δεῦτε: 'come!' (hortatory adverb).
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)ὑμεῖς: emphatic 'you.'
αὐτοὶyourselvesNominativeintensive pronounαὐτός: intensive, 'you yourselves.'
κατ'bypreposition + accusative (idiom)κατ' ἰδίαν: 'privately, by oneself.'
ἰδίανyourselvesAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom)ἴδιος: 'one's own'; in the idiom 'apart, privately.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἔρημονdesertedAccusativeattributive adjectiveἔρημος: 'deserted, lonely, wilderness.'
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of εἰςτόπος: 'place.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀναπαύσασθεrestAor Mid Impv 2 Pl · ἀναπαύωimperative→ ingressive aorist (command)ἀναπαύω: 'give rest'; middle, 'take rest, refresh oneself.'
ὀλίγονa whileadverbial accusative (extent of time)ὀλίγον: 'a little (while).'
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic-like)→ imperfect (state)εἰμί: 'be.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: gives the reason for the retreat.
οἱtheNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἐρχόμενοιcomingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔρχομαιsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (ongoing)ἔρχομαι: 'come.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ὑπάγοντεςgoingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὑπάγωsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (ongoing)ὑπάγω: 'go away, depart.'
πολλοίmanyNominativepredicate adjectiveπολύς: 'many.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδὲnot evennegative adverbοὐδέ: 'not even.'
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωepexegetical infinitive→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat.'
εὐκαίρουνthey had leisureImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εὐκαιρέωmain verb→ imperfect (ongoing lack)εὐκαιρέω: 'have opportunity/leisure.'
32

καὶ ἀπῆλθον ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ εἰς ἔρημον τόπον κατ' ἰδίαν.

And they went away in the boat to a deserted place by themselves.

WithdrawalκαὶThe retreat is attempted by boat; but the privacy will prove short-lived (v.33).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπῆλθονthey went awayAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/place)
τῷtheDativearticle
πλοίῳboatDativedat. of means (object of ἐν)πλοῖον: 'boat, ship.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἔρημονdesertedAccusativeattributive adjectiveἔρημος: 'deserted.'
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of εἰςτόπος: 'place.'
κατ'bypreposition + accusative (idiom)κατ' ἰδίαν: 'privately, by themselves.'
ἰδίανthemselvesAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom)ἴδιος: 'one's own.'
33

καὶ εἶδον αὐτοὺς ὑπάγοντας καὶ ἐπέγνωσαν πολλοί, καὶ πεζῇ ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν πόλεων συνέδραμον ἐκεῖ καὶ προῆλθον αὐτούς.

Now many saw them going and recognized them, and they ran there on foot from all the towns and got there ahead of them.

The crowd outruns themκαὶThe hoped-for solitude collapses; the crowd, on foot, beats the boat to the spot — the eager, shepherdless throng of v.34.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶδονsawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω (εἶδον): 'see.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
ὑπάγονταςgoingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ὑπάγωptc. complement (of perception)→ present (concurrent)ὑπάγω: 'go, depart.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπέγνωσανrecognizedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιγινώσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize, know fully.'
πολλοίmanyNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πολύς: 'many.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πεζῇon footDativedat. used adverbially (manner)πεζῇ: 'on foot, by land' (adverbial dative).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
πασῶνallGenitiveattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
πόλεωνtownsGenitiveobject of ἀπό (source)πόλις: 'city, town.'
συνέδραμονran togetherAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συντρέχωmain verb→ constative aoristσυντρέχω: 'run together, flock.'
ἐκεῖthereadverb (place)ἐκεῖ: 'there.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προῆλθονgot there ahead ofAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπροέρχομαι: 'go before, arrive ahead.'
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
34

καὶ ἐξελθὼν εἶδεν πολὺν ὄχλον, καὶ ἐσπλαγχνίσθη ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ὅτι ἦσαν ὡς πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα, καὶ ἤρξατο διδάσκειν αὐτοὺς πολλά.

And when he came ashore, he saw a great crowd, and he had compassion on them, because they were like sheep without a shepherd. And he began to teach them many things.

Compassion and teachingκαὶἐσπλαγχνίσθη — compassion from the 'inward parts.' The 'sheep without a shepherd' (Num 27:17; Ezek 34) casts Jesus as the true shepherd, contra Herod.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθὼνhaving come ashoreAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; here disembarking.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
πολὺνgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'much, great.'
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativedirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd, multitude.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐσπλαγχνίσθηhad compassionAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σπλαγχνίζομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristσπλαγχνίζομαι: 'be moved with compassion' (from σπλάγχνα, 'inward parts').
ἐπ'onpreposition + accusative (object of emotion)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of ἐπί
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because.'
ἦσανthey wereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ imperfect (state)εἰμί: 'be.'
ὡςlikecomparative particleὡς: 'as, like.'
πρόβαταsheepNominativepredicate nominativeπρόβατον: 'sheep.'
μὴnotnegative (w/ ptc.)
ἔχονταhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · ἔχωattributive participle→ present (state)ἔχω: 'have.'
ποιμέναa shepherdAccusativedirect object of ἔχονταποιμήν: 'shepherd.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤρξατοhe beganAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχομαιmain verb (+ inf.)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin.'
διδάσκεινto teachPres Act Inf · διδάσκωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfectiveδιδάσκω: 'teach'; the shepherd feeds first with the word.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of διδάσκειν
πολλάmany thingsAccusativedirect object (neut. pl. substantival)πολύς: 'many things.'
35

Καὶ ἤδη ὥρας πολλῆς γενομένης προσελθόντες αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἔρημός ἐστιν ὁ τόπος, καὶ ἤδη ὥρα πολλή·

And when it was already a late hour, his disciples came to him and said, "This is a deserted place, and the hour is already late."

The disciples' concernΚαὶA genitive absolute marks the lateness; the disciples' practical objection (deserted place, late hour) sets up Jesus' surprising command in v.37.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤδηalreadyadverb (time)ἤδη: 'already, now.'
ὥραςhourGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteὥρα: 'hour, time.'
πολλῆςlateGenitiveattributive adjective ('much/late')πολύς: with ὥρα, 'a late hour.'
γενομένηςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'come, become.'
προσελθόντεςhaving come toAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · προσέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'approach, come to.'
αὐτῷhimDativedat. complement of προσελθόντες
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἔλεγονsaidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ imperfect (of speaking)λέγω: 'say.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (ὅτι recitativum)
ἜρημόςdesertedNominativepredicate adjectiveἔρημος: 'deserted, lonely.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
τόποςplaceNominativesubjectτόπος: 'place.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤδηalreadyadverb (time)ἤδη: 'already.'
ὥραthe hourNominativesubject (verbless)ὥρα: 'hour.'
πολλήis lateNominativepredicate adjectiveπολύς: 'late' (of the hour).
36

ἀπόλυσον αὐτούς, ἵνα ἀπελθόντες εἰς τοὺς κύκλῳ ἀγροὺς καὶ κώμας ἀγοράσωσιν ἑαυτοῖς τί φάγωσιν.

"Send them away, so that they may go into the surrounding countryside and villages and buy themselves something to eat."

The disciples' proposalasyndetonTheir solution is dispersal — let the crowd fend for itself; Jesus will instead make them the agents of provision.
ἀπόλυσονsend awayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀπολύωimperative→ ingressive aorist (command)ἀπολύω: 'release, dismiss, send away.'
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)ἵνα: 'in order that.'
ἀπελθόντεςhaving goneAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀπέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
κύκλῳsurroundingDativeadverbial dative (attributive position)κύκλῳ: 'round about, surrounding.'
ἀγροὺςcountrysideAccusativeobject of εἰςἀγρός: 'field, countryside, farm.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κώμαςvillagesAccusativeobject of εἰς (coordinate)κώμη: 'village.'
ἀγοράσωσινthey may buyAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀγοράζωsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ constative aoristἀγοράζω: 'buy (at market).'
ἑαυτοῖςthemselvesDativedat. of advantage (reflexive)ἑαυτοῦ: 'oneself.'
τίsomethingAccusativeindefinite/interrogative objectτις/τί: 'something (to eat).'
φάγωσινto eatAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἐσθίωdeliberative subjunctive (indir. question)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat.'
37

ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Δότε αὐτοῖς ὑμεῖς φαγεῖν. καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ· Ἀπελθόντες ἀγοράσωμεν δηναρίων διακοσίων ἄρτους καὶ δώσομεν αὐτοῖς φαγεῖν;

But he answered them, "You give them something to eat." And they said to him, "Shall we go and buy two hundred denarii worth of bread and give it to them to eat?"

The command and the protestδὲEmphatic ὑμεῖς throws the burden on the disciples. Their incredulous reply — 200 denarii (eight months' wages) — measures the impossibility by human means.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)ὁ δέ: 'but he.'
δὲbutconjunction (contrast)
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιadverbial ptc. (redundant, Semitic)→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply'; the Semitic 'answering... said.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω (εἶπον): 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ΔότεgiveAor Act Impv 2 Pl · δίδωμιimperative→ ingressive aorist (command)δίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)ὑμεῖς: emphatic 'you (yourselves).'
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωepexegetical infinitive→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγουσινthey sayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Ἀπελθόντεςhaving goneAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀπέρχομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away.'
ἀγοράσωμενshall we buyAor Act Subj 1 Pl · ἀγοράζωdeliberative subjunctive→ deliberative aoristἀγοράζω: 'buy.'
δηναρίωνdenariiGenitivegenitive of priceδηνάριον: 'denarius'; a day's wage for a laborer.
διακοσίωνtwo hundredGenitiveattributive numeralδιακόσιοι: 'two hundred.'
ἄρτουςloaves of breadAccusativedirect objectἄρτος: 'bread, loaf.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δώσομενshall we giveFut Act Indic 1 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (deliberative future)→ deliberative futureδίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωepexegetical infinitive→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat.'
38

ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Πόσους ἄρτους ἔχετε; ὑπάγετε ἴδετε. καὶ γνόντες λέγουσιν· Πέντε, καὶ δύο ἰχθύας.

And he said to them, "How many loaves do you have? Go and see." And when they had found out, they said, "Five, and two fish."

InventoryδὲTwo historic presents (λέγει, λέγουσιν) frame the exchange; the meager inventory — five loaves, two fish — is the raw material of the sign.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)ὁ δέ: 'and he.'
δὲandconjunction (transition)
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Πόσουςhow manyAccusativeinterrogative adjectiveπόσος: 'how many/much?'
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect objectἄρτος: 'loaf, bread.'
ἔχετεdo you havePres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ present (state)ἔχω: 'have.'
ὑπάγετεgoPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ὑπάγωimperative→ imperfective (command)ὑπάγω: 'go.'
ἴδετεseeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ὁράωimperative→ ingressive aorist (command)ὁράω (ἴδετε): 'see, look.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γνόντεςhaving found outAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · γινώσκωadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristγινώσκω: 'know, ascertain.'
λέγουσινthey sayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: 'say.'
Πέντεfivenumeral (indeclinable, elliptical)πέντε: 'five.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δύοtwoAccusativeattributive numeralδύο: 'two.'
ἰχθύαςfishAccusativedirect object (elliptical 'we have')ἰχθύς: 'fish.'
39

καὶ ἐπέταξεν αὐτοῖς ἀνακλῖναι πάντας συμπόσια συμπόσια ἐπὶ τῷ χλωρῷ χόρτῳ.

And he commanded them all to recline in groups on the green grass.

Ordering the crowdκαὶσυμπόσια συμπόσια (Semitic distributive, 'group by group') and 'green grass' (springtime, near Passover) give the orderly, banquet-like arrangement.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπέταξενhe commandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτάσσωmain verb (+ inf.)→ constative aoristἐπιτάσσω: 'order, command.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedat. (those commanded)
ἀνακλῖναιto reclineAor Act Inf · ἀνακλίνωcomplementary infinitive (indir. command)→ constative aoristἀνακλίνω: 'cause to recline (at table).'
πάνταςallAccusativeaccusative object of ἀνακλῖναιπᾶς: 'all.'
συμπόσιαgroupAccusativedouble accusative (distributive)συμπόσιον: 'drinking-party, dining-group'; doubled = 'group by group.'
συμπόσιαby groupAccusativedistributive repetition (Semitic)συμπόσιον: repeated for distribution.
ἐπὶonpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
χλωρῷgreenDativeattributive adjectiveχλωρός: 'green, verdant'; a springtime detail.
χόρτῳgrassDativedat. of placeχόρτος: 'grass, hay.'
40

καὶ ἀνέπεσαν πρασιαὶ πρασιαὶ κατὰ ἑκατὸν καὶ κατὰ πεντήκοντα.

And they sat down in groups, by hundreds and by fifties.

The companiesκαὶπρασιαὶ πρασιαί ('garden-plots,' i.e. orderly rows) and the hundreds-and-fifties recall the wilderness camp of Israel (Exod 18:21), Jesus marshalling the new flock.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέπεσανthey sat downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναπίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναπίπτω: 'recline, sit down (to eat).'
πρασιαὶin groupsNominativenominative in apposition (distributive)πρασιά: 'garden-bed, plot'; doubled = orderly rows/groups.
πρασιαὶby groupsNominativedistributive repetition (Semitic)πρασιά: repeated for distribution.
κατὰbypreposition + accusative (distributive)κατά + acc.: distributive, 'by.'
ἑκατὸνhundredAccusativeobject of κατά (numeral)ἑκατόν: 'hundred.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατὰbypreposition + accusative (distributive)
πεντήκονταfiftyAccusativeobject of κατά (numeral)πεντήκοντα: 'fifty.'
41

καὶ λαβὼν τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους καὶ τοὺς δύο ἰχθύας ἀναβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν εὐλόγησεν καὶ κατέκλασεν τοὺς ἄρτους καὶ ἐδίδου τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ ἵνα παρατιθῶσιν αὐτοῖς, καὶ τοὺς δύο ἰχθύας ἐμέρισεν πᾶσιν.

And taking the five loaves and the two fish, he looked up to heaven and blessed and broke the loaves and kept giving them to his disciples to set before the people; and he divided the two fish among them all.

The miracle properκαὶThe fourfold eucharistic pattern (took, blessed, broke, gave) anticipates the Last Supper (14:22). The imperfect ἐδίδου pictures the ceaseless multiplying handout.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λαβὼνhaving takenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωadverbial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristλαμβάνω: 'take.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πέντεfiveAccusativeattributive numeralπέντε: 'five.'
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect object of λαβώνἄρτος: 'loaf.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δύοtwoAccusativeattributive numeralδύο: 'two.'
ἰχθύαςfishAccusativedirect object (coordinate)ἰχθύς: 'fish.'
ἀναβλέψαςhaving looked upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβλέπωadverbial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἀναβλέπω: 'look up'; the posture of prayer toward heaven.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of εἰςοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky.'
εὐλόγησενhe blessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb→ constative aoristεὐλογέω: 'bless, give thanks'; the Jewish berakah over bread.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατέκλασενbrokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κατακλάωmain verb→ constative aoristκατακλάω: 'break in pieces.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect objectἄρτος: 'loaf.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδίδουhe kept givingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ iterative imperfectδίδωμι: 'give'; imperfect of the continuous distribution.
τοῖςto theDativearticle
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativeindirect objectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose)ἵνα: 'in order that.'
παρατιθῶσινthey might set beforePres Act Subj 3 Pl · παρατίθημιsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ imperfectiveπαρατίθημι: 'set before, serve.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δύοtwoAccusativeattributive numeralδύο: 'two.'
ἰχθύαςfishAccusativedirect objectἰχθύς: 'fish.'
ἐμέρισενhe dividedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · μερίζωmain verb→ constative aoristμερίζω: 'divide, distribute.'
πᾶσινamong allDativedat. of advantageπᾶς: 'all.'
42

καὶ ἔφαγον πάντες καὶ ἐχορτάσθησαν,

And they all ate and were satisfied.

Abundanceκαὶἐχορτάσθησαν ('were satisfied,' lit. 'fed like grazing animals to the full') signals the messianic abundance — every need met.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔφαγονateAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ constative aoristἐσθίω (ἔφαγον): 'eat.'
πάντεςallNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πᾶς: 'all.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐχορτάσθησανwere satisfiedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · χορτάζωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)χορτάζω: 'feed, satisfy to the full' (orig. of fodder, χόρτος).
43

καὶ ἦραν κλάσματα δώδεκα κοφίνων πληρώματα καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἰχθύων.

And they took up twelve baskets full of broken pieces and of the fish.

The surplusκαὶTwelve baskets (κόφινοι, Jewish provision-baskets) — one per disciple, perhaps evoking the twelve tribes — measure the overflow that exceeds the original supply.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦρανthey took upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'take up, gather.'
κλάσματαbroken piecesAccusativedirect objectκλάσμα: 'fragment, broken piece.'
δώδεκαtwelveGenitiveattributive numeral (w/ κοφίνων)δώδεκα: 'twelve.'
κοφίνωνbasketsGenitivegenitive (of measure/content)κόφινος: 'basket' (a wicker provision-basket).
πληρώματαfullAccusativeaccusative in apposition to κλάσματαπλήρωμα: 'fullness, that which fills'; 'twelve basketfuls.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπὸofpreposition + genitive (partitive)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἰχθύωνfishGenitiveobject of ἀπό (partitive)ἰχθύς: 'fish.'
44

καὶ ἦσαν οἱ φαγόντες τοὺς ἄρτους πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες.

And those who ate the loaves were five thousand men.

The countκαὶThe tally caps the sign: five thousand ἄνδρες ('men,' males) — the count of the fed underscores the scale of the provision.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ imperfect (state)εἰμί: 'be.'
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
φαγόντεςwho ateAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐσθίωsubstantival participle (subject)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect object of φαγόντεςἄρτος: 'loaf, bread.'
πεντακισχίλιοιfive thousandNominativepredicate (numeral)πεντακισχίλιοι: 'five thousand.'
ἄνδρεςmenNominativepredicate nominativeἀνήρ: 'man' (male, not counting women and children).
45

Καὶ εὐθὺς ἠνάγκασεν τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ ἐμβῆναι εἰς τὸ πλοῖον καὶ προάγειν εἰς τὸ πέραν πρὸς Βηθσαϊδάν, ἕως αὐτὸς ἀπολύει τὸν ὄχλον.

And immediately he made his disciples get into the boat and go ahead to the other side, to Bethsaida, while he himself dismissed the crowd.

Sending the disciples aheadΚαὶεὐθύς and the strong ἠνάγκασεν ('compelled') hint at urgency (cf. John 6:15, the crowd's messianic fervor). Jesus separates himself to pray (v.46).
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once.'
ἠνάγκασενhe compelledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγκάζωmain verb (+ inf.)→ constative aoristἀναγκάζω: 'compel, force, urge strongly.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitivesμαθητής: 'disciple.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἐμβῆναιto get inAor Act Inf · ἐμβαίνωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἐμβαίνω: 'embark, get into.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πλοῖονboatAccusativeobject of εἰςπλοῖον: 'boat.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προάγεινto go aheadPres Act Inf · προάγωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfectiveπροάγω: 'go before, precede.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adv.)
πέρανother sideAccusativeobject of εἰς (substantival adv.)πέραν: 'the other side, across.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ΒηθσαϊδάνBethsaidaAccusativeobject of πρόςΒηθσαϊδά: Bethsaida, a fishing town on the north shore of the lake.
ἕωςwhileconjunction (temporal)ἕως: here 'while, until.'
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)αὐτός: intensive 'he himself.'
ἀπολύειdismissesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπολύωmain verb (historic present in temporal clause)→ historic presentἀπολύω: 'dismiss, send away.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativedirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
46

καὶ ἀποταξάμενος αὐτοῖς ἀπῆλθεν εἰς τὸ ὄρος προσεύξασθαι.

And after he had taken leave of them, he went up on the mountain to pray.

Withdrawal to prayerκαὶThe second of Mark's three solitary prayers (cf. 1:35; 14:35). The mountain and prayer recall Moses; the Shepherd communes with the Father before the sea-epiphany.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποταξάμενοςhaving taken leaveAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποτάσσομαιadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀποτάσσομαι: 'say farewell, take leave of' (+ dat.).
αὐτοῖςthemDativedat. complement
ἀπῆλθενhe went awayAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄροςmountainAccusativeobject of εἰςὄρος: 'mountain, hill.'
προσεύξασθαιto prayAor Mid Inf · προσεύχομαιinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristπροσεύχομαι: 'pray.'
47

καὶ ὀψίας γενομένης ἦν τὸ πλοῖον ἐν μέσῳ τῆς θαλάσσης, καὶ αὐτὸς μόνος ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

And when evening came, the boat was in the middle of the sea, and he was alone on the land.

Scene-setting (separation)καὶA genitive absolute marks nightfall; the spatial gap — boat mid-sea, Jesus alone on land — heightens the disciples' isolation and the wonder to come.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὀψίαςeveningGenitivesubject of genitive absoluteὀψία: 'evening.'
γενομένηςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'come, become.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ imperfect (state)εἰμί: 'be.'
τὸtheNominativearticle
πλοῖονboatNominativesubjectπλοῖον: 'boat.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
μέσῳthe middleDativedat. of place (substantival adj.)μέσος: 'middle, midst.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivepartitive genitiveθάλασσα: 'sea, lake' (the Sea of Galilee).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (pronoun)αὐτός: 'he.'
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjectiveμόνος: 'alone, only.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςlandGenitiveobject of ἐπί (place)γῆ: 'earth, land.'
48

καὶ ἰδὼν αὐτοὺς βασανιζομένους ἐν τῷ ἐλαύνειν, ἦν γὰρ ὁ ἄνεμος ἐναντίος αὐτοῖς, περὶ τετάρτην φυλακὴν τῆς νυκτὸς ἔρχεται πρὸς αὐτοὺς περιπατῶν ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης· καὶ ἤθελεν παρελθεῖν αὐτούς.

And seeing them straining at the oars, for the wind was against them, about the fourth watch of the night he came to them, walking on the sea. And he meant to pass by them.

The epiphany on the waterκαὶHistoric present ἔρχεται frames the theophany. Walking on the sea evokes God treading the waves (Job 9:8; Ps 77:19); 'meant to pass by them' echoes God 'passing by' Moses/Elijah (Exod 33:22; 1 Kgs 19:11).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδὼνhaving seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωadverbial ptc. (temporal/causal)→ antecedent aoristὁράω (ἰδών): 'see.'
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἰδών
βασανιζομένουςstrainingPres Pass Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · βασανίζωptc. complement (of perception)→ present (ongoing)βασανίζω: 'torment, harass'; here of being hard-pressed rowing.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (articular inf.)
τῷtheDativearticle (w/ infinitive)
ἐλαύνεινrowingPres Act Inf · ἐλαύνωarticular infinitive (temporal/means)→ imperfectiveἐλαύνω: 'drive, row.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (γάρ clause)→ imperfect (state)εἰμί: 'be.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: gives the reason for their struggle.
theNominativearticle
ἄνεμοςwindNominativesubjectἄνεμος: 'wind.'
ἐναντίοςagainstNominativepredicate adjectiveἐναντίος: 'contrary, opposed.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedat. of disadvantage
περὶaboutpreposition + accusative (approximate time)
τετάρτηνfourthAccusativeattributive numeralτέταρτος: 'fourth'; the watch from 3 to 6 a.m. (Roman reckoning).
φυλακὴνwatchAccusativeobject of περί (time)φυλακή: here 'watch (of the night).'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
νυκτὸςnightGenitivepartitive/temporal genitiveνύξ: 'night.'
ἔρχεταιhe comesPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentἔρχομαι: 'come.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
περιπατῶνwalkingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · περιπατέωadverbial ptc. (manner)→ present (concurrent)περιπατέω: 'walk about.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
θαλάσσηςseaGenitiveobject of ἐπίθάλασσα: 'sea.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤθελενhe meantImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb (+ inf.)→ imperfect (intent)θέλω: 'wish, intend'; here 'was about to / meant to.'
παρελθεῖνto pass byAor Act Inf · παρέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristπαρέρχομαι: 'pass by'; the theophanic 'passing by' (cf. Exod 33:19–23).
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
49

οἱ δὲ ἰδόντες αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης περιπατοῦντα ἔδοξαν ὅτι φάντασμά ἐστιν, καὶ ἀνέκραξαν·

But when they saw him walking on the sea, they thought it was a ghost, and they cried out;

TerrorδὲThe disciples' misperception (φάντασμα, 'ghost/apparition') shows their failure to recognize the divine presence — a thread that closes in v.52.
οἱtheyNominativesubject (article as pronoun)οἱ δέ: 'but they.'
δὲbutconjunction (contrast)
ἰδόντεςhaving seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of ἰδόντες
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
θαλάσσηςseaGenitiveobject of ἐπίθάλασσα: 'sea.'
περιπατοῦνταwalkingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · περιπατέωptc. complement (of perception)→ present (concurrent)περιπατέω: 'walk.'
ἔδοξανthey thoughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · δοκέωmain verb (+ ὅτι)→ constative aoristδοκέω: 'think, suppose, seem.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)ὅτι: 'that.'
φάντασμάa ghostNominativepredicate nominativeφάντασμα: 'apparition, ghost, phantom.'
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula, retained tense)→ stative present
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέκραξανthey cried outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀνακράζωmain verb→ constative aoristἀνακράζω: 'cry out, shriek.'
50

πάντες γὰρ αὐτὸν εἶδον καὶ ἐταράχθησαν. ὁ δὲ εὐθὺς ἐλάλησεν μετ' αὐτῶν, καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· Θαρσεῖτε, ἐγώ εἰμι· μὴ φοβεῖσθε.

for they all saw him and were terrified. But immediately he spoke with them and said to them, "Take heart; it is I. Do not be afraid."

Reassuranceγὰρἐγώ εἰμι ('It is I' / 'I AM') resonates with the divine self-revelation (Exod 3:14; Isa 43:10). The triad 'take heart / I AM / fear not' is salvation-oracle language.
πάντεςallNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πᾶς: 'all.'
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: 'for.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
εἶδονsawAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐταράχθησανwere terrifiedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ταράσσωmain verb→ ingressive aorist (passive)ταράσσω: 'trouble, terrify, stir up.'
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)ὁ δέ: 'but he.'
δὲbutconjunction (contrast)
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once.'
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak, talk.'
μετ'withpreposition + genitive (association)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic presentλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Θαρσεῖτεtake heartPres Act Impv 2 Pl · θαρσέωimperative→ imperfective (command)θαρσέω: 'be of good courage, take heart.'
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)ἐγώ: emphatic 'I'; ἐγώ εἰμι echoes the divine Name.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula / self-id.)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'I am'; 'it is I' — with theophanic overtones.
μὴnotnegative (prohibition)
φοβεῖσθεbe afraidPres Mid Impv 2 Pl · φοβέομαιprohibitive imperative→ imperfective (prohibition)φοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid.'
51

καὶ ἀνέβη πρὸς αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ πλοῖον, καὶ ἐκόπασεν ὁ ἄνεμος. καὶ λίαν ἐκ περισσοῦ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἐξίσταντο,

And he got into the boat with them, and the wind ceased. And they were utterly astounded within themselves,

Stilling and amazementκαὶThe wind drops at his presence (cf. 4:39). λίαν ἐκ περισσοῦ ('exceedingly, beyond measure') piles up intensifiers — but the amazement is not yet faith.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέβηhe got inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up, climb in.'
πρὸςwithpreposition + accusative (association)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πλοῖονboatAccusativeobject of εἰςπλοῖον: 'boat.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκόπασενceasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κοπάζωmain verb→ constative aoristκοπάζω: 'grow weary, abate, cease' (of wind/storm).
theNominativearticle
ἄνεμοςwindNominativesubjectἄνεμος: 'wind.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λίανexceedinglyadverb (degree)λίαν: 'very, exceedingly.'
ἐκbeyondpreposition (idiom ἐκ περισσοῦ)ἐκ περισσοῦ: 'beyond measure, exceedingly.'
περισσοῦmeasureGenitiveobject of ἐκ (idiom)περισσός: 'abundant, excessive.'
ἐνwithinpreposition + dative (sphere)
ἑαυτοῖςthemselvesDativereflexive (dat. of sphere)ἑαυτοῦ: 'themselves.'
ἐξίσταντοthey were astoundedImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἐξίστημιmain verb→ imperfect (ongoing amazement)ἐξίστημι: 'be amazed, beside oneself' (lit. 'stand out of [one's wits]).
52

οὐ γὰρ συνῆκαν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἄρτοις, ἀλλ' ἦν αὐτῶν ἡ καρδία πεπωρωμένη.

for they did not understand about the loaves, but their heart was hardened.

Editorial verdictγὰρMark's stern theological comment: the failure on the sea is rooted in the failure at the feeding. The periphrastic perfect ἦν πεπωρωμένη names a settled hardness of heart.
οὐnotnegative
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: gives the cause of their astonishment.
συνῆκανthey understoodAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συνίημιmain verb→ constative aoristσυνίημι: 'understand, comprehend' (lit. 'put together').
ἐπὶaboutpreposition + dative (reference)ἐπί + dat.: here 'concerning, in the matter of.'
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἄρτοιςloavesDativeobject of ἐπί (reference)ἄρτος: 'loaf'; the feeding miracle they failed to grasp.
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic w/ ptc.)→ imperfect (periphrastic)εἰμί: forms a periphrastic pluperfect with πεπωρωμένη.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
theNominativearticle
καρδίαheartNominativesubjectκαρδία: 'heart'; the seat of understanding and will.
πεπωρωμένηhardenedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · πωρόωpredicate ptc. (periphrastic pluperfect)→ perfect (settled state)πωρόω: 'harden, make callous' (lit. 'petrify'); their hearts in a fixed condition of dullness (cf. 8:17).
53

Καὶ διαπεράσαντες ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἦλθον εἰς Γεννησαρὲτ καὶ προσωρμίσθησαν.

And when they had crossed over, they came to land at Gennesaret and moored to the shore.

Arrival at GennesaretΚαὶThe crossing ends not at Bethsaida (v.45) but at Gennesaret, the fertile plain on the west shore — opening the summary of healings.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διαπεράσαντεςhaving crossed overAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · διαπεράωadverbial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristδιαπεράω: 'cross over.'
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνlandAccusativeobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'land, ground.'
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ΓεννησαρὲτGennesaretAccusativeobject of εἰςΓεννησαρέτ: Gennesaret, the plain (and its harbor) on the NW shore of the lake.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσωρμίσθησανmooredAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · προσορμίζωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσορμίζω: 'bring to anchor, moor.'
54

καὶ ἐξελθόντων αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ πλοίου εὐθὺς ἐπιγνόντες αὐτὸν

And when they got out of the boat, the people immediately recognized him,

RecognitionκαὶA genitive absolute and εὐθύς speed the action; instant recognition triggers the frenzy of v.55.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθόντωνhaving gotten outAor Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἐξέρχομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, disembark.'
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivesubject of genitive absolute
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πλοίουboatGenitiveobject of ἐκπλοῖον: 'boat.'
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθύς: 'at once.'
ἐπιγνόντεςhaving recognizedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐπιγινώσκωadverbial ptc. (temporal; subject = the people)→ antecedent aoristἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize, know fully.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
55

περιέδραμον ὅλην τὴν χώραν ἐκείνην καὶ ἤρξαντο ἐπὶ τοῖς κραβάττοις τοὺς κακῶς ἔχοντας περιφέρειν ὅπου ἤκουον ὅτι ἐστίν.

and they ran about that whole region and began to carry the sick on their pallets to wherever they heard he was.

The rush of the sickasyndetonFrenetic verbs (ran about, began to carry) and the chase 'to wherever they heard he was' depict the desperate, faith-tinged pursuit of the Healer.
περιέδραμονthey ran aboutAor Act Indic 3 Pl · περιτρέχωmain verb→ constative aoristπεριτρέχω: 'run around, run about.'
ὅληνwholeAccusativeattributive adjectiveὅλος: 'whole, entire.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χώρανregionAccusativeaccusative of place traversed (object)χώρα: 'region, country, district.'
ἐκείνηνthatAccusativedemonstrative adjectiveἐκεῖνος: 'that.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤρξαντοthey beganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχομαιmain verb (+ inf.)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + dative (place)
τοῖςtheDativearticle
κραβάττοιςpalletsDativedat. of place (object of ἐπί)κράβαττος: 'pallet, mat, poor man's bed' (a colloquial/Latinizing term).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κακῶςbadlyadverb (w/ ἔχοντας)κακῶς: 'badly'; κακῶς ἔχω = 'be ill.'
ἔχονταςbeing (sick)Pres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (object of περιφέρειν)→ present (state)ἔχω: with κακῶς, 'be sick.'
περιφέρεινto carry aboutPres Act Inf · περιφέρωcomplementary infinitive→ imperfectiveπεριφέρω: 'carry around, bring.'
ὅπουwhereverrelative adverb (place)ὅπου: 'where, wherever.'
ἤκουονthey heardImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb (temporal/local clause)→ iterative imperfectἀκούω: 'hear.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)ὅτι: 'that.'
ἐστίνhe wasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (retained pres. in indir. disc.)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
56

καὶ ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο εἰς κώμας ἢ εἰς πόλεις ἢ εἰς ἀγρούς, ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς ἐτίθεσαν τοὺς ἀσθενοῦντας, καὶ παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν ἵνα κἂν τοῦ κρασπέδου τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ ἅψωνται· καὶ ὅσοι ἂν ἥψαντο αὐτοῦ ἐσῴζοντο.

And wherever he entered, into villages or towns or countryside, they laid the sick in the marketplaces and begged him that they might touch even the fringe of his garment; and as many as touched it were healed.

Summary of healingsκαὶAn iterative summary (ἂν + imperfects): everywhere the sick are laid out and healed by touching his garment's κράσπεδον (the tassel of Num 15:38–39) — climaxing the chapter's portrait of Jesus' shepherding power.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅπουwhereverrelative adverb (place)ὅπου: 'where, wherever.'
ἂνeverparticle (iterative/indefinite)ἄν: with imperfect, marks repeated/customary action.
εἰσεπορεύετοhe enteredImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰσπορεύομαιmain verb (iterative)→ iterative imperfectεἰσπορεύομαι: 'enter, go in.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
κώμαςvillagesAccusativeobject of εἰςκώμη: 'village.'
ordisjunctive conjunctionἤ: 'or.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
πόλειςtownsAccusativeobject of εἰςπόλις: 'city, town.'
ordisjunctive conjunctionἤ: 'or.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἀγρούςcountrysideAccusativeobject of εἰςἀγρός: 'field, countryside, hamlet.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἀγοραῖςmarketplacesDativedat. of placeἀγορά: 'marketplace, open square.'
ἐτίθεσανthey laidImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · τίθημιmain verb (iterative)→ iterative imperfectτίθημι: 'put, place, lay.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ἀσθενοῦνταςsickPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἀσθενέωsubstantival participle (object)→ present (state)ἀσθενέω: 'be weak, be sick.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρεκάλουνthey beggedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · παρακαλέωmain verb (iterative)→ iterative imperfectπαρακαλέω: 'beg, urge, exhort.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἵναthatconjunction (content of request)ἵνα: 'that.'
κἂνevencrasis (καὶ ἐάν), 'even if/only'κἄν: 'even, if only.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κρασπέδουfringeGenitivegenitive object of ἅψωνταικράσπεδον: 'edge, fringe, tassel' (the ritual tassel of Num 15:38–39).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἱματίουgarmentGenitivegenitive of source/wholeἱμάτιον: 'garment, cloak.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἅψωνταιthey might touchAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · ἅπτωsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: 'touch, take hold of' (+ gen.).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅσοιas many asNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅσος: 'as many as.'
ἂνeverparticle (iterative)ἄν: iterative.
ἥψαντοtouchedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἅπτωmain verb (iterative rel. clause)→ iterative aoristἅπτομαι: 'touch.'
αὐτοῦitGenitivegenitive object of ἥψαντο
ἐσῴζοντοwere healedImpf Pass Indic 3 Pl · σῴζωmain verb (iterative)→ iterative imperfect (passive)σῴζω: 'save, heal, make whole'; the word carries both physical and salvific overtones.