Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Matthew, Chapter 14ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΘΘΑΙΟΝ ΙΔ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ ἤκουσεν Ἡρῴδης ὁ τετραάρχης τὴν ἀκοὴν Ἰησοῦ,

At that time Herod the tetrarch heard the report of Jesus,

Scene-setting / new episodeἘν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷA loose temporal connector opens the John-the-Baptist flashback: Herod's report of Jesus triggers a guilty memory.
Ἐνat/inpreposition + dative (time)
ἐκείνῳthatDativedemonstrative (attributive)
τῷtheDativearticle
καιρῷtimeDativedat. of time (when)καιρός: 'appointed time, season'; a vague narrative link, not a precise chronology.
ἤκουσενheardAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; takes the accusative of the thing heard here.
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubjectἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea; a declinable proper name.
theNominativearticle
τετραάρχηςtetrarchNominativeapposition to Ἡρῴδηςτετραάρχης: 'tetrarch,' ruler of a fourth-part; Antipas' actual title, lesser than 'king' (cf. v.9).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἀκοὴνreportAccusativedirect objectἀκοή: 'hearing, report, fame'; the cognate noun of ἀκούω — the news circulating about Jesus.
Ἰησοῦof JesusGenitiveobjective genitive (report about Jesus)Ἰησοῦς: Jesus; the report concerns him.
2

καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς παισὶν αὐτοῦ· Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάννης ὁ βαπτιστής· αὐτὸς ἠγέρθη ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο αἱ δυνάμεις ἐνεργοῦσιν ἐν αὐτῷ.

and he said to his servants, "This is John the Baptist; he has been raised from the dead, and because of this the powers are at work in him."

Herod's verdictκαὶHerod's guilty conjecture: Jesus is the executed John come back, accounting for the miracles.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (verb of speaking)→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say, speak'; aorist εἶπεν supplies the narrative speech-frame.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
παισὶνservantsDativeindirect objectπαῖς: 'child, servant'; here court attendants/officials, not children.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
Οὗτόςthis (one)Nominativesubject (demonstrative)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativepredicate nominativeἸωάννης: John; here John the Baptist — a declinable proper name in the nominative.
theNominativearticle
βαπτιστήςBaptistNominativeapposition (title)βαπτιστής: 'baptizer'; John's distinguishing epithet.
αὐτὸςhe (himself)Nominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
ἠγέρθηhas been raisedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)ἐγείρω: 'raise up'; passive 'be raised' — the divine passive of resurrection, here in Herod's superstition.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
νεκρῶνdeadGenitiveobject of ἀπό (separation)νεκρός: 'dead (one)'; 'from among the dead.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (cause)
αἱtheNominativearticle
δυνάμειςpowers/miraclesNominativesubjectδύναμις: 'power, mighty work'; the miraculous energies attributed to the risen John.
ἐνεργοῦσινare at workPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐνεργέωmain verb→ present (ongoing)ἐνεργέω: 'be operative, work'; the miraculous powers are actively at work.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)
3

Ὁ γὰρ Ἡρῴδης κρατήσας τὸν Ἰωάννην ἔδησεν αὐτὸν καὶ ἐν φυλακῇ ἀπέθετο διὰ Ἡρῳδιάδα τὴν γυναῖκα Φιλίππου τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ·

For Herod had seized John and bound him and put him in prison because of Herodias, the wife of his brother Philip;

Explanatory flashbackγὰργάρ launches the backstory: why Herod had John in his power and on his conscience — the Herodias affair.
theNominativearticle
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἩρῴδηςHerodNominativesubjectἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas; declinable proper name.
κρατήσαςhaving seizedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κρατέωcircumstantial ptc. (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristκρατέω: 'seize, arrest, hold fast'; the arrest preceding the binding.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeobject of κρατήσαςἸωάννης: John the Baptist; accusative of the declinable name.
ἔδησενboundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δέωmain verb→ constative aoristδέω: 'bind, tie'; of imprisonment in chains.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
φυλακῇprisonDativedat. of placeφυλακή: 'guarding, prison'; Josephus locates it at Machaerus.
ἀπέθετοput awayAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἀποτίθημιmain verb→ constative aoristἀποτίθημι (mid.): 'put away, stow'; here 'consigned' to prison.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
ἩρῳδιάδαHerodiasAccusativeobject of διά (cause)Ἡρῳδιάς: Herodias, granddaughter of Herod the Great; declinable proper name in the accusative.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwifeAccusativeapposition to Ἡρῳδιάδαγυνή: 'woman, wife'; Herodias as the wife of Herod's brother.
Φιλίππουof PhilipGenitivegenitive of relationshipΦίλιππος: Philip, Herod's half-brother; declinable proper name in the genitive.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἀδελφοῦbrotherGenitiveapposition to Φιλίππουἀδελφός: 'brother'; the marriage to a living brother's wife was the offense.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
4

ἔλεγεν γὰρ ὁ Ἰωάννης αὐτῷ· Οὐκ ἔξεστίν σοι ἔχειν αὐτήν.

for John had been saying to him, "It is not lawful for you to have her."

Ground of the arrestγὰρA second γάρ gives the precise reason for John's imprisonment: his repeated rebuke of the unlawful marriage.
ἔλεγενwas sayingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ iterative/customary imperfectλέγω: 'say'; the imperfect marks John's repeated, ongoing rebuke.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἸωάννηςJohnNominativesubjectἸωάννης: John the Baptist; nominative.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔξεστίνit is lawfulPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔξεστι(ν)impersonal verb→ stative presentἔξεστι: 'it is permitted/lawful'; impersonal, governing the infinitive ἔχειν.
σοιfor youDativedat. of reference (with impersonal)
ἔχεινto havePres Act Inf · ἔχωcomplementary infinitive→ present (ongoing)ἔχω: 'have, hold'; here 'to have (as wife)' — to keep her in marriage.
αὐτήνherAccusativeobject of ἔχειν
5

καὶ θέλων αὐτὸν ἀποκτεῖναι ἐφοβήθη τὸν ὄχλον, ὅτι ὡς προφήτην αὐτὸν εἶχον.

And though he wanted to kill him, he feared the crowd, because they held him to be a prophet.

ComplicationκαὶHerod's murderous wish is checked by fear of the crowd, who revered John as a prophet — setting up the oath-trap of vv.6–11.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θέλωνwantingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · θέλωconcessive ptc. ('though wanting')→ present (concurrent)θέλω: 'will, wish'; the participle is concessive — Herod desired to kill but was restrained.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ἀποκτεῖναι
ἀποκτεῖναιto killAor Act Inf · ἀποκτείνωcomplementary infinitive (of θέλων)→ constative aoristἀποκτείνω: 'kill, put to death.'
ἐφοβήθηfearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb→ ingressive/constative aoristφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid (of)'; deponent, with accusative object.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativedirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd, throng'; the populace whose esteem for John restrained Herod.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
ὡςascomparative particle (predicate)
προφήτηνa prophetAccusativepredicate accusative (with εἶχον)προφήτης: 'prophet'; the crowd regarded John as a true prophet (cf. 21:26).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of εἶχον
εἶχονthey held/regardedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ customary imperfectἔχω: here 'hold, regard, consider' with predicate accusative — 'they held him as a prophet.'
6

γενεσίοις δὲ γενομένοις τοῦ Ἡρῴδου ὠρχήσατο ἡ θυγάτηρ τῆς Ἡρῳδιάδος ἐν τῷ μέσῳ καὶ ἤρεσεν τῷ Ἡρῴδῃ,

But when Herod's birthday came, the daughter of Herodias danced in the midst and pleased Herod,

Turn of the plotδὲThe banquet occasion arrives; the dance of Herodias' daughter delights Herod and springs the trap.
γενεσίοιςbirthday (feast)Dativedat. of time (gen. absolute partner)γενέσια: 'birthday celebration'; the plural neuter for the festal occasion.
δὲbut/nowdevelopmental conjunction
γενομένοιςhaving come/been heldAor Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Neut · γίνομαιptc. agreeing with γενεσίοις (temporal)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'come about, take place'; with γενεσίοις, 'when the birthday took place.'
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
Ἡρῴδουof HerodGenitivepossessive genitive (whose birthday)Ἡρῴδης: Herod Antipas; genitive of the declinable name.
ὠρχήσατοdancedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ὀρχέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristὀρχέομαι: 'dance'; deponent.
theNominativearticle
θυγάτηρdaughterNominativesubjectθυγάτηρ: 'daughter'; Salome, by tradition (Josephus).
τῆςofGenitivearticle
Ἡρῳδιάδοςof HerodiasGenitivegenitive of relationshipἩρῳδιάς: Herodias; genitive of the declinable name.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
μέσῳmidstDativeobject of ἐν (substantival adj.)μέσος: 'middle'; ἐν τῷ μέσῳ = 'in the middle (of the company).'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤρεσενpleasedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀρέσκωmain verb→ constative aoristἀρέσκω: 'please, be pleasing to'; with dative object.
τῷtheDativearticle
ἩρῴδῃHerodDativedat. object of ἤρεσενἩρῴδης: Herod Antipas; dative of the declinable name.
7

ὅθεν μεθ' ὅρκου ὡμολόγησεν αὐτῇ δοῦναι ὃ ἐὰν αἰτήσηται.

so that he promised with an oath to give her whatever she might ask.

Consequenceὅθενὅθεν ('whence') draws the fatal consequence: a rash, oath-bound, open-ended promise.
ὅθενso that/whenceinferential adverb/conjunctionὅθεν: 'from where, wherefore'; here introducing the result of the king's pleasure.
μεθ'withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
ὅρκουan oathGenitiveobject of μετά (accompaniment)ὅρκος: 'oath'; the binding nature of the sworn promise is the snare.
ὡμολόγησενpromised/agreedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁμολογέωmain verb→ constative aoristὁμολογέω: 'agree, confess, promise'; here 'undertook, promised.'
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give.'
whateverAccusativerelative pronoun (object of δοῦναι)
ἐὰν-everparticle (indefinite, w/ subjunctive)ἐάν: here generalizing ὃ ἐάν = 'whatever.'
αἰτήσηταιshe might askAor Mid Subj 3 Sg · αἰτέωsubjunctive (indefinite rel. clause)→ constative aoristαἰτέω (mid.): 'ask, request (for oneself)'; the middle suits a personal demand.
8

ἡ δὲ προβιβασθεῖσα ὑπὸ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῆς· Δός μοι, φησίν, ὧδε ἐπὶ πίνακι τὴν κεφαλὴν Ἰωάννου τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ.

And she, prompted by her mother, said, "Give me here on a platter the head of John the Baptist."

The demandδὲHerodias works through her daughter: the grisly, specific demand for John's head on a platter.
sheNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲand/butdevelopmental conjunction
προβιβασθεῖσαhaving been promptedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · προβιβάζωcircumstantial ptc. (cause/means)→ antecedent aoristπροβιβάζω: 'push forward, prompt, instigate'; the girl was put up to it by Herodias.
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
μητρὸςmotherGenitivegenitive of agencyμήτηρ: 'mother'; Herodias, the instigator behind the demand.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship
ΔόςgiveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δίδωμιimperative (demand)→ constative aorist imperativeδίδωμι: 'give'; the blunt aorist imperative of the demand.
μοιto meDativeindirect object
φησίνshe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · φημίparenthetical verb of speaking→ historical presentφημί: 'say'; inserted parenthetically (vivid present).
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: 'here'; she wants it now, on the spot.
ἐπὶonpreposition + dative (place)
πίνακιa platterDativedat. of place (on a dish)πίναξ: 'platter, dish'; the banquet vessel — a macabre serving.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὴνheadAccusativedirect object of Δόςκεφαλή: 'head.'
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivepossessive genitiveἸωάννης: John; genitive of the declinable name.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
βαπτιστοῦBaptistGenitiveapposition (title)βαπτιστής: 'Baptist'; genitive of the epithet.
9

καὶ λυπηθεὶς ὁ βασιλεὺς διὰ τοὺς ὅρκους καὶ τοὺς συνανακειμένους ἐκέλευσεν δοθῆναι,

And the king, though grieved, because of his oaths and his dinner guests commanded it to be given,

The fatal orderκαὶHerod's grief is overruled by honor before guests and the sworn oaths; he orders the execution.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λυπηθεὶςhaving been grievedAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λυπέωconcessive ptc. ('though grieved')→ antecedent aoristλυπέω: 'grieve, distress'; passive 'be grieved' — the king's reluctance, concessive.
theNominativearticle
βασιλεὺςkingNominativesubjectβασιλεύς: 'king'; Matthew's popular courtesy-title for Antipas, who was strictly only tetrarch (v.1).
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (cause)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὅρκουςoathsAccusativeobject of διά (cause)ὅρκος: 'oath'; the plural perhaps for the solemnity, or repeated swearing.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
συνανακειμένουςthose reclining with (him)Pres Mid Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · συνανάκειμαιsubstantival ptc. (object of διά)→ present (concurrent)συνανάκειμαι: 'recline together at table'; the dinner guests before whom Herod will not lose face.
ἐκέλευσενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κελεύωmain verb→ constative aoristκελεύω: 'order, command.'
δοθῆναιto be givenAor Pass Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive (object of command)→ constative aorist (passive)δίδωμι: 'give'; passive infinitive — 'that it be given.'
10

καὶ πέμψας ἀπεκεφάλισεν τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ.

and he sent and had John beheaded in the prison.

The executionκαὶThe deed is done off-stage, swiftly narrated: John beheaded in prison.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πέμψαςhaving sentAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πέμπωcircumstantial ptc. (means/attendant)→ antecedent aoristπέμπω: 'send'; Herod dispatched the executioner.
ἀπεκεφάλισενbeheadedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκεφαλίζωmain verb (causative)→ constative aoristἀποκεφαλίζω: 'behead'; Herod 'had him beheaded' (causative).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativedirect objectἸωάννης: John; accusative.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
φυλακῇprisonDativedat. of placeφυλακή: 'prison.'
11

καὶ ἠνέχθη ἡ κεφαλὴ αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ πίνακι καὶ ἐδόθη τῷ κορασίῳ, καὶ ἤνεγκεν τῇ μητρὶ αὐτῆς.

And his head was brought on a platter and given to the girl, and she brought it to her mother.

Delivery of the headκαὶThe head passes hand to hand — platter, girl, mother — completing Herodias' revenge.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠνέχθηwas broughtAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)φέρω: 'bring, carry'; passive 'was brought.'
theNominativearticle
κεφαλὴheadNominativesubjectκεφαλή: 'head.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπὶonpreposition + dative (place)
πίνακιa platterDativedat. of placeπίναξ: 'platter.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδόθηwas givenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)δίδωμι: 'give'; passive.
τῷtheDativearticle
κορασίῳgirlDativeindirect objectκοράσιον: 'little girl, maiden'; diminutive — the dancing daughter.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤνεγκενbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φέρωmain verb→ constative aoristφέρω: 'bring, carry'; she carried it to her mother.
τῇtheDativearticle
μητρὶmotherDativeindirect objectμήτηρ: 'mother'; Herodias.
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship
12

καὶ προσελθόντες οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἦραν τὸ πτῶμα καὶ ἔθαψαν αὐτόν, καὶ ἐλθόντες ἀπήγγειλαν τῷ Ἰησοῦ.

And his disciples came and took the corpse and buried him, and they went and told Jesus.

Burial and reportκαὶJohn's disciples bury him and bring the news to Jesus — the hinge that joins the John-narrative to Jesus' withdrawal in v.13.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσελθόντεςhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · προσέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come/go to, approach.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple, learner'; here John's own disciples.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of relationship
ἦρανtookAor Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'take up, lift, carry away.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πτῶμαcorpseAccusativedirect objectπτῶμα: 'fallen body, corpse'; some witnesses read σῶμα ('body').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔθαψανburiedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θάπτωmain verb→ constative aoristθάπτω: 'bury.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐλθόντεςhaving goneAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
ἀπήγγειλανtold/reportedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπαγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀπαγγέλλω: 'report, announce, bring word.'
τῷtheDativearticle
ἸησοῦJesusDativeindirect objectἸησοῦς: Jesus; dative of the declinable name.
13

Ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀνεχώρησεν ἐκεῖθεν ἐν πλοίῳ εἰς ἔρημον τόπον κατ' ἰδίαν· καὶ ἀκούσαντες οἱ ὄχλοι ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πεζῇ ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων.

Now when Jesus heard it, he withdrew from there in a boat to a desolate place apart by himself; but when the crowds heard, they followed him on foot from the towns.

New scene: withdrawalδὲJesus' withdrawal at the news of John's death opens the feeding narrative; the pursuing crowds set the scene.
Ἀκούσαςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; Jesus hears the report of v.12.
δὲnow/butdevelopmental conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus; nominative.
ἀνεχώρησενwithdrewAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναχωρέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναχωρέω: 'withdraw, retire, depart'; a Matthean motif of strategic retreat.
ἐκεῖθενfrom thereadverb of placeἐκεῖθεν: 'thence, from there.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means)
πλοίῳa boatDativedat. of means/instrumentπλοῖον: 'boat, ship.'
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
ἔρημονdesolateAccusativeattributive adjectiveἔρημος: 'deserted, lonely'; an uninhabited place — fitting the wilderness echoes of the feeding.
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)τόπος: 'place.'
κατ'bypreposition + accusative (idiom)
ἰδίαν(him)self/privatelyAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom 'apart')ἴδιος: 'one's own'; κατ' ἰδίαν = 'privately, by himself.'
καὶand/butcoordinating conjunction
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; the crowds learn of his going.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd'; the plural for the converging multitudes.
ἠκολούθησανfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; with dative object.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. object of ἠκολούθησαν
πεζῇon footadverb (manner)πεζῇ: 'on foot, by land'; they went around the lake by shore.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
πόλεωνtownsGenitiveobject of ἀπό (source)πόλις: 'city, town'; the surrounding settlements.
14

καὶ ἐξελθὼν εἶδεν πολὺν ὄχλον, καὶ ἐσπλαγχνίσθη ἐπ' αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν τοὺς ἀρρώστους αὐτῶν.

And when he went out he saw a great crowd, and he had compassion on them and healed their sick.

Compassion and healingκαὶDisembarking, Jesus' compassion overrides his desire for solitude; he heals the sick.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθὼνhaving gone outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go/come out'; Jesus comes ashore (or out from his retreat).
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see' (aor. εἶδεν).
πολὺνgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'much, great.'
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativedirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐσπλαγχνίσθηhad compassionAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σπλαγχνίζομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristσπλαγχνίζομαι: 'be moved with compassion' (from σπλάγχνα, the inward parts); a deep visceral mercy.
ἐπ'on/forpreposition + dative (object of emotion)
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of ἐπί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐθεράπευσενhealedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · θεραπεύωmain verb→ constative aoristθεραπεύω: 'heal, cure, serve.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀρρώστουςsickAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)ἄρρωστος: 'sick, infirm'; the ailing ones among them.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of relationship
15

ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης προσῆλθον αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ λέγοντες· Ἔρημός ἐστιν ὁ τόπος καὶ ἡ ὥρα ἤδη παρῆλθεν· ἀπόλυσον τοὺς ὄχλους, ἵνα ἀπελθόντες εἰς τὰς κώμας ἀγοράσωσιν ἑαυτοῖς βρώματα.

Now when evening came, the disciples came to him, saying, "The place is desolate and the hour is now past; send the crowds away to go into the villages and buy food for themselves."

The problem posedδὲGenitive-absolute time marker; the disciples raise the logistical problem and propose dismissing the crowd.
ὀψίαςeveningGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)ὄψιος: 'late'; ἡ ὀψία = 'evening'; the genitive absolute marks the time.
δὲnow/butdevelopmental conjunction
γενομένηςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'come about'; 'when evening had come.'
προσῆλθονcame toAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'approach, come to.'
αὐτῷhimDativedat. (with verb of approach)
οἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of speaking (attendant)→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say'; introduces direct speech.
ἜρημόςdesolateNominativepredicate adjectiveἔρημος: 'deserted.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
theNominativearticle
τόποςplaceNominativesubjectτόπος: 'place.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ὥραhourNominativesubjectὥρα: 'hour, time'; the daylight hour is gone.
ἤδηalreadyadverb of timeἤδη: 'already, now.'
παρῆλθενhas passedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παρέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristπαρέρχομαι: 'pass by, pass away'; the hour is late.
ἀπόλυσονdismissAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀπολύωimperative (request)→ constative aorist imperativeἀπολύω: 'release, send away, dismiss.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλουςcrowdsAccusativedirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
ἵναso thatconjunction (purpose)
ἀπελθόντεςhaving gone awayAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀπέρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
κώμαςvillagesAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)κώμη: 'village.'
ἀγοράσωσινthey might buyAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ἀγοράζωsubjunctive (ἵνα purpose)→ constative aoristἀγοράζω: 'buy in the marketplace (ἀγορά).'
ἑαυτοῖςfor themselvesDativedat. of advantage (reflexive)ἑαυτοῦ: reflexive pronoun, 'themselves.'
βρώματαfoodAccusativedirect object of ἀγοράσωσινβρῶμα: 'food, that which is eaten.'
16

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· Οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσιν ἀπελθεῖν· δότε αὐτοῖς ὑμεῖς φαγεῖν.

But Jesus said to them, "They need not go away; you give them something to eat."

Jesus' counter-commandδὲJesus overturns the plan with an emphatic charge to the disciples — 'you give them food' — that exposes their inadequacy and his sufficiency.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Οὐnotnegative particle
χρείανneedAccusativedirect object (idiom χρείαν ἔχω)χρεία: 'need'; χρείαν ἔχω = 'have need, need to.'
ἔχουσινthey havePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have'; in the idiom 'they have no need.'
ἀπελθεῖνto go awayAor Act Inf · ἀπέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away.'
δότεgiveAor Act Impv 2 Pl · δίδωμιimperative (command)→ constative aorist imperativeδίδωμι: 'give.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)the emphatic ὑμεῖς throws the responsibility on the disciples.
φαγεῖνto eatAor Act Inf · ἐσθίωinfinitive (of purpose/complement)→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat'; 'give them (something) to eat.'
17

οἱ δὲ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ· Οὐκ ἔχομεν ὧδε εἰ μὴ πέντε ἄρτους καὶ δύο ἰχθύας.

And they said to him, "We have nothing here but five loaves and two fish."

The meager supplyδὲThe disciples inventory their poverty: five loaves and two fish — the raw material of the miracle.
οἱtheyNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲand/butdevelopmental conjunction
λέγουσινsayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ historical presentλέγω: 'say'; the vivid historical present.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔχομενwe havePres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have.'
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: 'here.'
εἰifconjunction (in idiom εἰ μή)
μὴnotnegative (idiom εἰ μή = 'except')εἰ μή: 'except, but only.'
πέντεfiveindeclinable numeral (attributive)πέντε: 'five'; indeclinable.
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativeobject of ἔχομενἄρτος: 'bread, loaf.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (attributive)δύο: 'two'; here uninflected.
ἰχθύαςfishAccusativeobject of ἔχομενἰχθύς: 'fish.'
18

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· Φέρετέ μοι ὧδε αὐτούς.

And he said, "Bring them here to me."

Jesus' instructionδὲThe brief command turns the scarce supply over to Jesus — the pivot from lack to abundance.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲand/butdevelopmental conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ΦέρετέbringPres Act Impv 2 Pl · φέρωimperative (command)→ present imperative (do now)φέρω: 'bring, carry.'
μοιto meDativeindirect object
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: 'here.'
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
19

καὶ κελεύσας τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνακλιθῆναι ἐπὶ τοῦ χόρτου, λαβὼν τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους καὶ τοὺς δύο ἰχθύας, ἀναβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν εὐλόγησεν καὶ κλάσας ἔδωκεν τοῖς μαθηταῖς τοὺς ἄρτους, οἱ δὲ μαθηταὶ τοῖς ὄχλοις.

And he commanded the crowds to recline on the grass, and taking the five loaves and the two fish, he looked up to heaven and blessed, and breaking he gave the loaves to the disciples, and the disciples to the crowds.

The miracle enactedκαὶThe fourfold eucharistic sequence — took, blessed, broke, gave — through the disciples as intermediaries to the crowd.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κελεύσαςhaving commandedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κελεύωcircumstantial ptc. (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristκελεύω: 'order, command.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλουςcrowdsAccusativeacc. subject of infinitiveὄχλος: 'crowd.'
ἀνακλιθῆναιto reclineAor Pass Inf · ἀνακλίνωinfinitive (object of κελεύσας)→ constative aoristἀνακλίνω: 'cause to recline'; passive 'recline' (for a meal).
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
χόρτουgrassGenitiveobject of ἐπί (place)χόρτος: 'grass, hay'; the green grass (cf. the wilderness banquet).
λαβὼνhaving takenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristλαμβάνω: 'take'; the first of the four eucharistic actions.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πέντεfiveindeclinable numeralπέντε: 'five.'
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativeobject of λαβώνἄρτος: 'loaf, bread.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δύοtwoindeclinable numeralδύο: 'two.'
ἰχθύαςfishAccusativeobject of λαβώνἰχθύς: 'fish.'
ἀναβλέψαςhaving looked upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβλέπωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἀναβλέπω: 'look up, regain sight'; here Jesus lifts his eyes heavenward in prayer.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of εἰς (direction)οὐρανός: 'heaven, sky'; the direction of the blessing toward the Father.
εὐλόγησενblessedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὐλογέωmain verb→ constative aoristεὐλογέω: 'bless, give thanks'; the customary Jewish blessing over bread — the second eucharistic action.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κλάσαςhaving brokenAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κλάωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristκλάω: 'break (bread)'; the third eucharistic action.
ἔδωκενgaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the fourth eucharistic action.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativeindirect objectμαθητής: 'disciple'; the mediators of the bread.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἄρτουςloavesAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκενἄρτος: 'loaf.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubject (elliptical 'gave')μαθητής: 'disciple'; with verb 'gave' understood — they to the crowds.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ὄχλοιςcrowdsDativeindirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
20

καὶ ἔφαγον πάντες καὶ ἐχορτάσθησαν, καὶ ἦραν τὸ περισσεῦον τῶν κλασμάτων δώδεκα κοφίνους πλήρεις.

And they all ate and were filled, and they took up what was left over of the fragments, twelve baskets full.

The result: superabundanceκαὶThe miracle's proof: all are satisfied, and twelve baskets of surplus remain — abundance exceeding need.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔφαγονateAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ constative aoristἐσθίω: 'eat' (aor. ἔφαγον).
πάντεςallNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πᾶς: 'all'; the whole multitude.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐχορτάσθησανwere filledAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · χορτάζωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)χορτάζω: 'fill, satisfy with food' (orig. of fodder, χόρτος); they were fully satisfied.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦρανtook upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · αἴρωmain verb→ constative aoristαἴρω: 'take up, gather.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
περισσεῦονwhat was left overPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · περισσεύωsubstantival participle (direct object)→ present (concurrent)περισσεύω: 'abound, be left over'; 'the surplus.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
κλασμάτωνfragmentsGenitivepartitive genitiveκλάσμα: 'broken piece, fragment'; from κλάω — the broken remains.
δώδεκαtwelveindeclinable numeralδώδεκα: 'twelve'; perhaps evoking the twelve tribes/apostles.
κοφίνουςbasketsAccusativeacc. in apposition (measure)κόφινος: 'basket'; a stout wicker basket (distinct from the σπυρίς of 15:37).
πλήρειςfullAccusativeattributive adjectiveπλήρης: 'full.'
21

οἱ δὲ ἐσθίοντες ἦσαν ἄνδρες ὡσεὶ πεντακισχίλιοι χωρὶς γυναικῶν καὶ παιδίων.

And those who ate were about five thousand men, besides women and children.

Tally of the fedδὲThe closing count quantifies the scale — five thousand men, the women and children uncounted — magnifying the wonder.
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
δὲand/nowdevelopmental conjunction
ἐσθίοντεςthose eatingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐσθίωsubstantival participle (subject)→ present (concurrent)ἐσθίω: 'eat'; 'those who were eating.'
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative imperfect
ἄνδρεςmenNominativepredicate nominativeἀνήρ: 'man, male'; here adult males specifically, hence the qualification 'besides women and children.'
ὡσεὶaboutadverb (approximation)ὡσεί: 'about, approximately.'
πεντακισχίλιοιfive thousandNominativeattributive numeral (predicate)πεντακισχίλιοι: 'five thousand'; the round figure of the men.
χωρὶςbesides/apart fromimproper preposition + genitiveχωρίς: 'apart from, besides.'
γυναικῶνwomenGenitiveobject of χωρίςγυνή: 'woman.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παιδίωνchildrenGenitiveobject of χωρίςπαιδίον: 'little child'; diminutive of παῖς.
22

Καὶ εὐθέως ἠνάγκασεν τοὺς μαθητὰς ἐμβῆναι εἰς τὸ πλοῖον καὶ προάγειν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ πέραν, ἕως οὗ ἀπολύσῃ τοὺς ὄχλους.

And immediately he made the disciples get into the boat and go before him to the other side, while he dismissed the crowds.

New scene: the dismissalΚαὶJesus compels the disciples ahead by boat and stays to dismiss the crowd — setting up the night crossing and the walking on water.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb of timeεὐθέως: 'at once, immediately.'
ἠνάγκασενmade/compelledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναγκάζωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναγκάζω: 'compel, force, urge'; Jesus presses them to leave (perhaps to forestall the crowd's messianic enthusiasm; cf. Jn 6:15).
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativeacc. subject of infinitiveμαθητής: 'disciple.'
ἐμβῆναιto get intoAor Act Inf · ἐμβαίνωinfinitive (object of ἠνάγκασεν)→ constative aoristἐμβαίνω: 'embark, step into.'
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πλοῖονboatAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)πλοῖον: 'boat.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προάγεινto go beforePres Act Inf · προάγωinfinitive (object of ἠνάγκασεν)→ present (ongoing)προάγω: 'go before, precede, lead ahead.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative (of place 'before him')
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantizes adv.)
πέρανother sideAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)πέραν: 'across, the opposite shore'; substantized adverb.
ἕωςuntilconjunction (temporal, w/ οὗ)ἕως οὗ: 'until, while.'
οὗwhichGenitiverelative (in ἕως οὗ idiom)
ἀπολύσῃhe might dismissAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ἀπολύωsubjunctive (temporal clause)→ constative aoristἀπολύω: 'dismiss, send away.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλουςcrowdsAccusativedirect objectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
23

καὶ ἀπολύσας τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνέβη εἰς τὸ ὄρος κατ' ἰδίαν προσεύξασθαι. ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης μόνος ἦν ἐκεῖ.

And after he had dismissed the crowds, he went up on the mountain by himself to pray. When evening came, he was there alone.

Jesus at prayerκαὶJesus finally gains his solitude — the mountain prayer — while the disciples struggle below; the two scenes are held in tension.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπολύσαςhaving dismissedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπολύωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀπολύω: 'dismiss.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλουςcrowdsAccusativeobject of ἀπολύσαςὄχλος: 'crowd.'
ἀνέβηwent upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ constative aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up, ascend.'
εἰςto/uppreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄροςmountainAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)ὄρος: 'mountain, hill'; the place of prayer (cf. Moses on the mount).
κατ'bypreposition + accusative (idiom)
ἰδίαν(him)self/aloneAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom 'privately')ἴδιος: κατ' ἰδίαν = 'by himself, privately.'
προσεύξασθαιto prayAor Mid Inf · προσεύχομαιinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristπροσεύχομαι: 'pray'; deponent; the purpose of the ascent.
ὀψίαςeveningGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)ὄψιος: 'late'; ἡ ὀψία = 'evening'; here a second, later evening.
δὲand/butdevelopmental conjunction
γενομένηςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'come about.'
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjectiveμόνος: 'alone, only.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative imperfect
ἐκεῖthereadverb of placeἐκεῖ: 'there.'
24

τὸ δὲ πλοῖον ἤδη μέσον τῆς θαλάσσης ἦν βασανιζόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν κυμάτων, ἦν γὰρ ἐναντίος ὁ ἄνεμος.

But the boat was now in the middle of the sea, battered by the waves, for the wind was against them.

The disciples in perilδὲThe scene shifts to the storm-tossed boat; the contrary wind sets the stage for Jesus' approach.
τὸtheNominativearticle
δὲbut/nowdevelopmental conjunction
πλοῖονboatNominativesubjectπλοῖον: 'boat.'
ἤδηnow/alreadyadverb of timeἤδη: 'already, now.'
μέσονin the middle ofAccusativeadverbial accusative (place)μέσος: 'middle'; μέσον τῆς θαλάσσης = 'the midst of the sea.'
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivepartitive/descriptive genitiveθάλασσα: 'sea, lake'; the Sea of Galilee.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic w/ ptc.)→ stative imperfect
βασανιζόμενονbeing batteredPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · βασανίζωperiphrastic ptc. (w/ ἦν)→ present (ongoing)βασανίζω: 'torment, harass'; here of the boat 'tortured' by the waves.
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agent)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
κυμάτωνwavesGenitivegenitive of agencyκῦμα: 'wave, billow.'
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative imperfect
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐναντίοςcontraryNominativepredicate adjectiveἐναντίος: 'opposite, against'; the head-wind.
theNominativearticle
ἄνεμοςwindNominativesubjectἄνεμος: 'wind.'
25

τετάρτῃ δὲ φυλακῇ τῆς νυκτὸς ἦλθεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς περιπατῶν ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν.

And in the fourth watch of the night he came to them, walking on the sea.

The epiphanyδὲAt the darkest watch Jesus comes, walking on the sea — a theophanic act recalling God's treading the waves (Job 9:8; Ps 77:19).
τετάρτῃfourthDativeattributive adjectiveτέταρτος: 'fourth'; the fourth watch (3–6 a.m., Roman reckoning).
δὲand/butdevelopmental conjunction
φυλακῇwatchDativedat. of time (when)φυλακή: here 'watch (of the night),' a guard-period.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
νυκτὸςnightGenitivepartitive genitiveνύξ: 'night.'
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
περιπατῶνwalkingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · περιπατέωcircumstantial ptc. (manner)→ present (concurrent)περιπατέω: 'walk about'; the participle of manner — 'walking upon.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of ἐπί (place over which)θάλασσα: 'sea'; he walks over its surface.
26

οἱ δὲ μαθηταὶ ἰδόντες αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης περιπατοῦντα ἐταράχθησαν λέγοντες ὅτι Φάντασμά ἐστιν, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ φόβου ἔκραξαν.

But when the disciples saw him walking on the sea, they were terrified, saying, "It is a ghost!" and they cried out in fear.

Terror of the disciplesδὲThe disciples misread the epiphany as a phantom; their fear sets up Jesus' reassuring word in v.27.
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbutdevelopmental conjunction
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
ἰδόντεςhaving seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see' (aor. ptc. ἰδών).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ἰδόντες
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
θαλάσσηςseaGenitiveobject of ἐπί (place)θάλασσα: 'sea.'
περιπατοῦνταwalkingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · περιπατέωsupplementary ptc. (w/ ἰδόντες)→ present (concurrent)περιπατέω: 'walk'; complements the verb of perception.
ἐταράχθησανwere terrifiedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ταράσσωmain verb→ ingressive aorist (passive)ταράσσω: 'trouble, agitate, terrify'; they were thrown into turmoil.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of speaking (attendant)→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative ὅτι)ὅτι: recitative, introducing direct speech.
Φάντασμάghost/apparitionNominativepredicate nominativeφάντασμα: 'apparition, phantom'; they take him for a specter.
ἐστινit isPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπὸfrom/out ofpreposition + genitive (cause)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
φόβουfearGenitivegenitive of causeφόβος: 'fear, terror.'
ἔκραξανthey cried outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κράζωmain verb→ constative aoristκράζω: 'cry out, scream.'
27

εὐθὺς δὲ ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς αὐτοῖς λέγων· Θαρσεῖτε, ἐγώ εἰμι· μὴ φοβεῖσθε.

But immediately Jesus spoke to them, saying, "Take heart; it is I. Do not be afraid."

The reassuring wordδὲJesus' threefold word answers their terror; the central ἐγώ εἰμι ('it is I' / 'I AM') carries both reassurance and a divine-name resonance (Exod 3:14; Isa 43).
εὐθὺςimmediatelyadverb of timeεὐθύς: 'at once, immediately.'
δὲbutdevelopmental conjunction
ἐλάλησενspokeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb→ constative aoristλαλέω: 'speak, talk.'
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of speaking (attendant)→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say.'
Θαρσεῖτεtake heartPres Act Impv 2 Pl · θαρσέωimperative (exhortation)→ present imperative (be courageous)θαρσέω: 'be of good courage, take heart.'
ἐγώINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)ἐγώ: the emphatic 'I'; ἐγώ εἰμι = 'it is I,' with an undertone of the divine self-revelation (Exod 3:14 LXX; Isa 43:10).
εἰμιam/it isPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula (absolute use)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; here absolute — 'I am (he),' the self-identification.
μὴnotnegative (with imperative)
φοβεῖσθεbe afraidPres Mid/Pass Impv 2 Pl · φοβέομαιprohibition (μὴ + pres. impv.)→ present imperative (stop fearing)φοβέομαι: 'fear'; μὴ φοβεῖσθε = 'stop being afraid.'
28

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος εἶπεν· Κύριε, εἰ σὺ εἶ, κέλευσόν με ἐλθεῖν πρὸς σὲ ἐπὶ τὰ ὕδατα.

And Peter answered him, "Lord, if it is you, command me to come to you on the waters."

Peter's requestδὲPeter (Matthew alone) tests the word with a first-class condition — 'if it is you (and it is)' — and asks to share the miracle.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιptc. of speaking (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply'; the Semitic 'answered and said' idiom.
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος: Peter ('rock'); the spokesman-disciple.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord, Sir'; here a title of reverent address to Jesus.
εἰifconjunction (1st-class condition)εἰ: 'if'; with the indicative εἶ, a first-class condition ('if — as is so').
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
εἶare/it isPres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula (protasis)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be'; 'if it is you.'
κέλευσόνcommandAor Act Impv 2 Sg · κελεύωimperative (request, apodosis)→ constative aorist imperativeκελεύω: 'order, bid.'
μεmeAccusativeacc. subject of infinitive
ἐλθεῖνto comeAor Act Inf · ἔρχομαιinfinitive (object of κέλευσον)→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
σὲyouAccusativeobject of πρός
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ὕδαταwatersAccusativeobject of ἐπί (place over which)ὕδωρ: 'water'; the plural for the sea's surface.
29

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· Ἐλθέ. καὶ καταβὰς ἀπὸ τοῦ πλοίου ὁ Πέτρος περιεπάτησεν ἐπὶ τὰ ὕδατα καὶ ἦλθεν πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν.

And he said, "Come." So Peter got out of the boat and walked on the waters and came toward Jesus.

Peter walksδὲThe single-word command 'Come' empowers Peter; for a moment he too walks on the water at Jesus' word.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ἘλθέcomeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἔρχομαιimperative (invitation)→ constative aorist imperativeἔρχομαι: 'come'; the bare, authoritative summons.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καταβὰςhaving gotten downAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καταβαίνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristκαταβαίνω: 'go down, descend'; Peter steps down from the boat.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πλοίουboatGenitiveobject of ἀπό (separation)πλοῖον: 'boat.'
theNominativearticle
ΠέτροςPeterNominativesubjectΠέτρος: Peter.
περιεπάτησενwalkedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περιπατέωmain verb→ constative aoristπεριπατέω: 'walk.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (place)
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ὕδαταwatersAccusativeobject of ἐπίὕδωρ: 'water.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
πρὸςto/towardpreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of πρόςἸησοῦς: Jesus; accusative.
30

βλέπων δὲ τὸν ἄνεμον ἰσχυρὸν ἐφοβήθη, καὶ ἀρξάμενος καταποντίζεσθαι ἔκραξεν λέγων· Κύριε, σῶσόν με.

But seeing the strong wind, he was afraid, and beginning to sink he cried out, saying, "Lord, save me!"

Peter's failure and cryδὲPeter's gaze shifts from Jesus to the wind; fear breaks the walk, and he sinks, crying the elemental prayer 'Lord, save me.'
βλέπωνseeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · βλέπωcircumstantial ptc. (causal/temporal)→ present (concurrent)βλέπω: 'look at, see'; his attention turns to the wind.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἄνεμονwindAccusativeobject of βλέπωνἄνεμος: 'wind.'
ἰσχυρὸνstrongAccusativeattributive adjectiveἰσχυρός: 'strong, mighty'; omitted by a few witnesses.
ἐφοβήθηwas afraidAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristφοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀρξάμενοςhaving begunAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἄρχομαιcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἄρχομαι: 'begin'; takes the complementary infinitive.
καταποντίζεσθαιto sinkPres Pass Inf · καταποντίζωcomplementary infinitive (of ἀρξάμενος)→ present (ongoing)καταποντίζω: 'plunge/sink into the sea'; passive 'be drowned, sink.'
ἔκραξενcried outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κράζωmain verb→ constative aoristκράζω: 'cry out.'
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of speaking (attendant)→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say.'
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord'; the cry of faith in extremity.
σῶσόνsaveAor Act Impv 2 Sg · σῴζωimperative (petition)→ constative aorist imperativeσῴζω: 'save, rescue, deliver'; here physical rescue, but with the gospel resonance.
μεmeAccusativedirect object
31

εὐθέως δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα ἐπελάβετο αὐτοῦ καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ· Ὀλιγόπιστε, εἰς τί ἐδίστασας;

Immediately Jesus reached out his hand and took hold of him, and said to him, "O you of little faith, why did you doubt?"

Rescue and rebukeδὲJesus' instant grip and gentle rebuke — ὀλιγόπιστε — diagnose the failure as small faith yielding to doubt.
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb of timeεὐθέως: 'at once.'
δὲand/butdevelopmental conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἐκτείναςhaving stretched outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐκτείνωcircumstantial ptc. (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἐκτείνω: 'stretch out, extend.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐκτείναςχείρ: 'hand.'
ἐπελάβετοtook hold ofAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιλαμβάνομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐπιλαμβάνομαι: 'take hold of, grasp'; with genitive object.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐπελάβετο
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ historical presentλέγω: 'say'; vivid historical present.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ὈλιγόπιστεO you of little faithVocativevocative of addressὀλιγόπιστος: 'of little faith'; a distinctively Matthean rebuke (6:30; 8:26; 16:8) — not unbelief but small/wavering faith.
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (in idiom εἰς τί)
τίwhat/whyAccusativeinterrogative (εἰς τί = 'why')τίς: interrogative; εἰς τί = 'to what end? why?'
ἐδίστασαςdid you doubtAor Act Indic 2 Sg · διστάζωmain verb (question)→ constative aoristδιστάζω: 'doubt, waver' (lit. 'be of two minds'); rare, only here and 28:17 in the NT.
32

καὶ ἀναβάντων αὐτῶν εἰς τὸ πλοῖον ἐκόπασεν ὁ ἄνεμος.

And when they got into the boat, the wind ceased.

The calmκαὶTheir entry into the boat coincides with the wind's dropping — Jesus' presence brings calm, as in 8:26.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀναβάντωνhaving gone upAor Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀναβαίνωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up, climb in'; here 'climb up into' the boat.
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πλοῖονboatAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)πλοῖον: 'boat.'
ἐκόπασενceased/died downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κοπάζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristκοπάζω: 'grow weary, abate, cease'; the wind dropped.
theNominativearticle
ἄνεμοςwindNominativesubjectἄνεμος: 'wind.'
33

οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες· Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ υἱὸς εἶ.

And those in the boat worshiped him, saying, "Truly you are the Son of God."

Confession and worshipδὲThe climax of the episode: the disciples worship and confess Jesus as God's Son — the first full christological confession by the Twelve in Matthew, answering the demons' grudging title (8:29).
οἱthoseNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲanddevelopmental conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
πλοίῳboatDativeobject of ἐν (place)πλοῖον: 'boat.'
προσεκύνησανworshipedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσκυνέωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσκυνέω: 'do obeisance, worship'; takes the dative — homage rendered to Jesus as to God.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. object of προσεκύνησαν
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of speaking (attendant)→ present (concurrent)λέγω: 'say.'
Ἀληθῶςtrulyadverb (asseveration)ἀληθῶς: 'truly, really'; the emphatic affirmation of the confession.
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of relationshipθεός: God; anarthrous θεοῦ υἱός = 'Son of God,' the fronted θεοῦ stressing whose Son he is.
υἱὸςSonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: 'Son'; the confessional title.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative present
34

Καὶ διαπεράσαντες ἦλθον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν εἰς Γεννησαρέτ.

And when they had crossed over, they came to land at Gennesaret.

New scene: arrivalΚαὶThe crossing completed, the brief Gennesaret healing-summary opens, restoring the public ministry after the private epiphany.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διαπεράσαντεςhaving crossed overAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · διαπεράωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristδιαπεράω: 'cross over (water).'
ἦλθονcameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come, go.'
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνlandAccusativeobject of ἐπί (goal)γῆ: 'earth, land, ground.'
εἰςat/topreposition + accusative (goal)
ΓεννησαρέτGennesaretAccusativeobject of εἰς (place, indeclinable)Γεννησαρέτ: Gennesaret, the fertile plain on the NW shore of the lake; an indeclinable place-name here functioning as accusative goal.
35

καὶ ἐπιγνόντες αὐτὸν οἱ ἄνδρες τοῦ τόπου ἐκείνου ἀπέστειλαν εἰς ὅλην τὴν περίχωρον ἐκείνην, καὶ προσήνεγκαν αὐτῷ πάντας τοὺς κακῶς ἔχοντας,

And when the men of that place recognized him, they sent into all that surrounding region and brought to him all who were sick,

Recognition and gatheringκαὶThe locals' recognition triggers a region-wide gathering of the sick to Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπιγνόντεςhaving recognizedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐπιγινώσκωcircumstantial ptc. (temporal)→ antecedent aoristἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize, know fully' (ἐπί-intensive of γινώσκω).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ἐπιγνόντες
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄνδρεςmenNominativesubjectἀνήρ: 'man'; the men/inhabitants of the locale.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
τόπουplaceGenitivegenitive (of source/relationship)τόπος: 'place.'
ἐκείνουthatGenitivedemonstrative (attributive)
ἀπέστειλανsentAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send out (with a commission)'; here they sent word abroad.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
ὅληνall/wholeAccusativeattributive adjectiveὅλος: 'whole, all.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
περίχωρονsurrounding regionAccusativeobject of εἰς (substantival adj.)περίχωρος: 'neighboring, surrounding'; ἡ περίχωρος = 'the surrounding country.'
ἐκείνηνthatAccusativedemonstrative (attributive)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσήνεγκανbroughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσφέρωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσφέρω: 'bring to, present, offer.'
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all.'
τοὺςthe (ones)Accusativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κακῶςbadly/illadverb (idiom κακῶς ἔχω)κακῶς: 'badly'; κακῶς ἔχοντας = 'those who are ill.'
ἔχονταςhaving/beingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἔχωsubstantival ptc. (object)→ present (concurrent)ἔχω: in κακῶς ἔχω idiom, 'be sick.'
36

καὶ παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν ἵνα μόνον ἅψωνται τοῦ κρασπέδου τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ· καὶ ὅσοι ἥψαντο διεσώθησαν.

and they begged him that they might only touch the fringe of his garment; and as many as touched it were made completely well.

Touch and total healingκαὶThe chapter closes on the faith that asks merely to touch the fringe — and is rewarded with complete healing for all who do (cf. 9:20–21).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρεκάλουνthey beggedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · παρακαλέωmain verb→ iterative/durative imperfectπαρακαλέω: 'beseech, urge, comfort'; the imperfect of repeated entreaty.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
ἵναthatconjunction (content/purpose)
μόνονonlyadverb (restrictive)μόνον: 'only, merely'; even bare contact would suffice.
ἅψωνταιthey might touchAor Mid Subj 3 Pl · ἅπτομαιsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: 'touch, take hold of'; middle, with genitive object.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κρασπέδουfringe/tasselGenitivegenitive object of ἅψωνταικράσπεδον: 'edge, fringe, tassel'; the ציצית (tzitzit) of the prayer-garment (Num 15:38–39).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἱματίουgarment/cloakGenitivegenitive (of the whole)ἱμάτιον: 'cloak, outer garment.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅσοιas many asNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅσος: 'as many as, all who.'
ἥψαντοtouchedAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἅπτομαιmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristἅπτομαι: 'touch.'
διεσώθησανwere made completely wellAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · διασῴζωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)διασῴζω: 'bring safely through, cure completely' (διά-intensive of σῴζω); they were thoroughly healed.