Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Matthew, Chapter 20ΚΑΤΑ ΜΑΘΘΑΙΟΝ Κ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Ὁμοία γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἀνθρώπῳ οἰκοδεσπότῃ, ὅστις ἐξῆλθεν ἅμα πρωῒ μισθώσασθαι ἐργάτας εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα αὐτοῦ.

For the kingdom of heaven is like a man, a householder, who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard.

Parable introductionγάρThe γάρ links the parable to the maxim of 19:30 (last/first); a comparison-formula opens the kingdom parable with the householder going out at dawn.
ὉμοίαlikeNominativepredicate adjective (comparison)ὅμοιος: 'like, similar'; the standard formula opening Matthew's kingdom parables (cf. 13:31, 44).
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubjectβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; the divine rule whose character the parable illustrates.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
οὐρανῶνheavensGenitivegenitive of source/reverential periphrasisοὐρανός: 'heaven'; Matthew's reverential 'kingdom of heaven' for 'kingdom of God.'
ἀνθρώπῳa manDativedat. of comparison (after ὅμοιος)ἄνθρωπος: 'man, person'; here the human figure of the parable, specified as a householder.
οἰκοδεσπότῃhouseholderDativeapposition to ἀνθρώπῳοἰκοδεσπότης: 'master of the house' (οἶκος + δεσπότης); the estate-owner who hires and pays.
ὅστιςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ἐξῆλθεν)ὅστις: indefinite relative, 'who(ever)'; here nearly equivalent to ὅς.
ἐξῆλθενwent outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb (rel. clause)→ narrative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, come out'; the owner himself goes to the marketplace to hire.
ἅμαtogether with / atadverb/improper prep. (time)ἅμα: 'at the same time, together'; here temporal, 'right at' dawn.
πρωῒearlyadverb (time)πρωΐ: 'early in the morning'; daybreak, the start of the twelve-hour workday.
μισθώσασθαιto hireAor Mid Inf · μισθόωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristμισθόω (mid.): 'hire for oneself'; from μισθός ('wage'), the parable's keyword.
ἐργάταςlaborersAccusativeobject of μισθώσασθαιἐργάτης: 'worker, laborer'; day-laborers dependent on daily wages.
εἰςfor/intopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀμπελῶναvineyardAccusativeobject of εἰςἀμπελών: 'vineyard'; a stock OT image for Israel (Isa 5), here the sphere of kingdom labor.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
2

συμφωνήσας δὲ μετὰ τῶν ἐργατῶν ἐκ δηναρίου τὴν ἡμέραν ἀπέστειλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα αὐτοῦ.

And having agreed with the laborers for a denarius a day, he sent them into his vineyard.

Narrative continuationδὲThe contract with the first group: a denarius, the standard day-wage, fixed by agreement — the benchmark against which the later equal pay will jar.
συμφωνήσαςhaving agreedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · συμφωνέωtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristσυμφωνέω: 'agree, settle' (lit. 'sound together'); a binding wage-contract.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (association)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἐργατῶνlaborersGenitiveobject of μετάἐργάτης: 'laborer'; the first-hired who alone strike a fixed bargain.
ἐκfor/atpreposition + genitive (price/rate)ἐκ: here of the agreed rate, 'at (the rate of).'
δηναρίουa denariusGenitivegenitive of priceδηνάριον: the denarius, a Roman silver coin — a standard day's wage for a laborer.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of time (extent: 'per day')ἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative marks the period the wage covers.
ἀπέστειλενhe sentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ narrative aoristἀποστέλλω: 'send (with commission)'; dispatches the hired men to work.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀμπελῶναvineyardAccusativeobject of εἰς
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
3

καὶ ἐξελθὼν περὶ τρίτην ὥραν εἶδεν ἄλλους ἑστῶτας ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ ἀργούς·

And going out about the third hour, he saw others standing idle in the marketplace,

Narrative continuationκαὶThe second hiring, about 9 a.m.; the owner finds men standing idle for lack of work — the recurring pattern of repeated trips to the marketplace begins.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξελθὼνgoing outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out'; the owner's repeated excursions structure the parable.
περὶaboutpreposition + accusative (approximate time)
τρίτηνthirdAccusativeattributive adjectiveτρίτος: 'third'; the third hour = about 9 a.m. (hours counted from dawn).
ὥρανhourAccusativeobject of περί (time)ὥρα: 'hour'; one-twelfth of the daylight workday.
εἶδενhe sawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ narrative aoristὁράω: 'see, perceive'; the owner notices the unemployed.
ἄλλουςothersAccusativedirect objectἄλλος: 'other'; a further group of available laborers.
ἑστῶταςstandingPerf Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἵστημιcomplementary/predicate participle (with εἶδεν)→ intensive perfect (state of standing)ἵστημι: perf. 'stand'; the perfect depicts them settled in idle waiting.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἀγορᾷmarketplaceDativedat. of placeἀγορά: 'marketplace'; where day-laborers gathered to be hired.
ἀργούςidleAccusativepredicate adjective (with ἑστῶτας)ἀργός: 'idle, unemployed' (ἀ- + ἔργον); without work, not lazy.
4

καὶ ἐκείνοις εἶπεν· ὑπάγετε καὶ ὑμεῖς εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα, καὶ ὃ ἐὰν ᾖ δίκαιον δώσω ὑμῖν.

and to them he said, 'You also go into the vineyard, and whatever is right I will give you.'

Direct speech (offer)καὶUnlike the first group's fixed wage, the later workers receive only the promise of 'whatever is just' — leaving the amount to the owner's fairness.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκείνοιςto themDativeindirect objectἐκεῖνος: 'that (one)'; demonstrative, here the third-hour group.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech)→ narrative aoristλέγω: 'say, speak'; introduces direct discourse.
ὑπάγετεgoPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ὑπάγωimperative (command)→ imperative of biddingὑπάγω: 'go, depart'; the owner's directive to the newly hired.
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀμπελῶναvineyardAccusativeobject of εἰς
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
whatNominativerelative pronoun (subject of ᾖ)
ἐὰνeverparticle (with subjunctive, indefinite)ἐάν: here = ἄν, generalizing the relative — 'whatever.'
may bePres Act Subj 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of indefinite rel. clause→ stative present (subjunctive)
δίκαιονright/justNominativepredicate adjectiveδίκαιος: 'just, fair'; the owner pledges equity, not a fixed sum — the parable's moral fulcrum.
δώσωI will giveFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (apodosis)→ predictive futureδίδωμι: 'give'; the promise of payment, amount unspecified.
ὑμῖνto youDativeindirect object
5

οἱ δὲ ἀπῆλθον. πάλιν δὲ ἐξελθὼν περὶ ἕκτην καὶ ἐνάτην ὥραν ἐποίησεν ὡσαύτως.

So they went. Again going out about the sixth and ninth hour, he did likewise.

Narrative continuationδὲTwo more hirings, at noon and 3 p.m., compressed into a single 'he did likewise' — the repetition heightens the owner's persistent seeking.
οἱtheyNominativesubject (article as pronoun)οἱ δέ: 'and they,' the article used as a pronoun with δέ in narrative.
δὲso/andcontinuative conjunction
ἀπῆλθονthey wentAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ narrative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart'; they obey and go to work.
πάλινagainadverb (repetition)πάλιν: 'again'; marks the repeated trips.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ἐξελθὼνgoing outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aorist
περὶaboutpreposition + accusative (approximate time)
ἕκτηνsixthAccusativeattributive adjectiveἕκτος: 'sixth'; the sixth hour = noon.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνάτηνninthAccusativeattributive adjectiveἔνατος: 'ninth'; the ninth hour = about 3 p.m.
ὥρανhourAccusativeobject of περί (time)
ἐποίησενhe didAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ narrative aoristποιέω: 'do, make'; here 'acted (in the same way).'
ὡσαύτωςlikewiseadverb (manner)ὡσαύτως: 'in the same way'; compresses the noon and mid-afternoon hirings into one.
6

περὶ δὲ τὴν ἑνδεκάτην ἐξελθὼν εὗρεν ἄλλους ἑστῶτας, καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· τί ὧδε ἑστήκατε ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν ἀργοί;

And about the eleventh hour, going out, he found others standing, and he says to them, 'Why have you stood here idle all day?'

Narrative continuation / direct speechδὲThe final hiring at the eleventh hour (about 5 p.m.); the historic present λέγει vivifies the dialogue with the last, idle group.
περὶaboutpreposition + accusative (approximate time)
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἑνδεκάτηνeleventhAccusativeobject of περί (time; ὥραν implied)ἑνδέκατος: 'eleventh'; the eleventh hour = about 5 p.m., with only an hour of daylight left.
ἐξελθὼνgoing outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐξέρχομαιtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aorist
εὗρενhe foundAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ narrative aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find'; chances upon yet more idle men.
ἄλλουςothersAccusativedirect objectἄλλος: 'other'; the last-hired group.
ἑστῶταςstandingPerf Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἵστημιcomplementary/predicate participle (with εὗρεν)→ intensive perfect (state)ἵστημι: perf. 'stand'; the durative idleness of the unhired.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)λέγω: 'say'; the present heightens narrative immediacy.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
τίwhyinterrogative adverb ('why')τί: accusative of the interrogative used adverbially, 'why?'
ὧδεhereadverb (place)ὧδε: 'here.'
ἑστήκατεhave you stoodPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb (question)→ intensive perfect (continuing state)ἵστημι: perf. 'have been standing'; the perfect stresses the day-long idleness.
ὅληνwholeAccusativeattributive adjectiveὅλος: 'whole, entire.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἡμέρα: 'day'; the accusative marks duration, 'all day long.'
ἀργοίidleNominativepredicate adjective (with ἑστήκατε)ἀργός: 'idle, unemployed.'
7

λέγουσιν αὐτῷ· ὅτι οὐδεὶς ἡμᾶς ἐμισθώσατο. λέγει αὐτοῖς· ὑπάγετε καὶ ὑμεῖς εἰς τὸν ἀμπελῶνα.

They say to him, 'Because no one has hired us.' He says to them, 'You also go into the vineyard.'

Direct speech (exchange)asyndetonTheir idleness is involuntary — no one hired them; the owner sends them too, again with no wage named (the later text's 'and you will receive what is right' is a Byzantine expansion).
λέγουσινthey sayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)λέγω: 'say'; the workers' reply.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (answering 'why')ὅτι: here causal, supplying the reason for their idleness.
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς: 'no one'; their unemployment is not their fault.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object
ἐμισθώσατοhas hiredAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · μισθόωmain verb→ constative aoristμισθόω (mid.): 'hire'; none had engaged them.
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
ὑπάγετεgoPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ὑπάγωimperative (command)→ imperative of biddingὑπάγω: 'go.'
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἀμπελῶναvineyardAccusativeobject of εἰς
8

ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης λέγει ὁ κύριος τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος τῷ ἐπιτρόπῳ αὐτοῦ· κάλεσον τοὺς ἐργάτας καὶ ἀπόδος αὐτοῖς τὸν μισθὸν ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἕως τῶν πρώτων.

And when evening had come, the lord of the vineyard says to his steward, 'Call the laborers and pay them their wage, beginning from the last to the first.'

Narrative turn (payment)δὲEvening, the legally mandated time to pay a day-laborer (Lev 19:13; Deut 24:15); the crucial instruction — pay last-first — sets up the offense to come.
ὀψίαςeveningGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)ὀψία: 'evening'; the close of the workday, payday for hired hands.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
γενομένηςhaving comeAor Mid Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · γίνομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ antecedent aoristγίνομαι: 'become, come to be'; ὀψίας γενομένης = 'when evening came.'
λέγειsaysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)
theNominativearticle
κύριοςlordNominativesubjectκύριος: 'lord, owner'; the estate-master, now named as 'lord' — the parable's God-figure.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀμπελῶνοςvineyardGenitivegenitive of possession
τῷto theDativearticle
ἐπιτρόπῳstewardDativeindirect objectἐπίτροπος: 'manager, steward, foreman'; the agent who disburses the wages.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
κάλεσονcallAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καλέωimperative (command)→ ingressive/constative aorist imperativeκαλέω: 'call, summon'; gather the workers for payment.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἐργάταςlaborersAccusativedirect objectἐργάτης: 'laborer.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπόδοςpayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιimperative (command)→ constative aorist imperativeἀποδίδωμι: 'give back, pay (what is due)'; render the wage owed.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
μισθὸνwageAccusativedirect objectμισθός: 'wage, reward'; the parable's keyword for what is paid.
ἀρξάμενοςbeginningAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἄρχωadverbial participle (manner)→ antecedent/coincident aoristἄρχω (mid.): 'begin'; the order of payment is itself the point — last first.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (starting point)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἐσχάτωνlastGenitiveobject of ἀπό (substantival adj.)ἔσχατος: 'last'; the eleventh-hour men, paid first — enacting 19:30/20:16.
ἕωςtopreposition + genitive (limit)ἕως: 'until, as far as.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
πρώτωνfirstGenitiveobject of ἕως (substantival adj.)πρῶτος: 'first'; the dawn-hired, paid last.
9

καὶ ἐλθόντες οἱ περὶ τὴν ἑνδεκάτην ὥραν ἔλαβον ἀνὰ δηνάριον.

And when those of about the eleventh hour came, they each received a denarius.

Narrative resultκαὶThe eleventh-hour men, who worked one hour, each receive the full day-wage — the owner's surprising generosity.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐλθόντεςhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔρχομαιtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
οἱthoseNominativesubject (article substantizing phrase)
περὶaboutpreposition + accusative (approximate time)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἑνδεκάτηνeleventhAccusativeattributive adjectiveἑνδέκατος: 'eleventh.'
ὥρανhourAccusativeobject of περί (time)
ἔλαβονthey receivedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb→ narrative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take, receive.'
ἀνὰeachpreposition + accusative (distributive)ἀνά: distributive, 'apiece, each' — ἀνὰ δηνάριον = 'a denarius each.'
δηνάριονa denariusAccusativeobject of ἀνά (distributive)δηνάριον: the denarius; a full day's wage for one hour's work.
10

καὶ ἐλθόντες οἱ πρῶτοι ἐνόμισαν ὅτι πλεῖον λήμψονται· καὶ ἔλαβον τὸ ἀνὰ δηνάριον καὶ αὐτοί.

And when the first came, they supposed that they would receive more; and they also received a denarius each.

Narrative continuationκαὶThe first-hired infer they will get a bonus; but they too receive exactly the denarius they agreed to — setting off the grumbling.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐλθόντεςhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔρχομαιtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aorist
οἱtheNominativearticle
πρῶτοιfirstNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πρῶτος: 'first'; the dawn-hired full-day workers.
ἐνόμισανthey supposedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · νομίζωmain verb→ narrative aoristνομίζω: 'think, suppose, assume'; their mistaken expectation.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of supposing)
πλεῖονmoreAccusativedirect object (comparative adj.)πλείων: 'more'; comparative of πολύς — they expect proportionally larger pay.
λήμψονταιthey would receiveFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb (ὅτι clause)→ predictive futureλαμβάνω: 'receive'; future retained in indirect discourse.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔλαβονthey receivedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb→ narrative aoristλαμβάνω: 'receive.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle (nominalizing the phrase)
ἀνὰeachpreposition + accusative (distributive)ἀνά: distributive; the article τό makes 'the denarius-apiece' the object.
δηνάριονa denariusAccusativeobject (distributive phrase)δηνάριον: the same single denarius — no more than the contracted wage.
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive
αὐτοίtheyNominativesubject (intensive pronoun)αὐτός: intensive, 'they themselves' — they too, like the last.
11

λαβόντες δὲ ἐγόγγυζον κατὰ τοῦ οἰκοδεσπότου

And on receiving it they grumbled against the householder,

Narrative continuationδὲThe full-day workers grumble — the iterative imperfect picturing their sustained complaint against the owner.
λαβόντεςhaving receivedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λαμβάνωtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristλαμβάνω: 'receive'; having taken their pay, they protest.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
ἐγόγγυζονthey grumbledImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · γογγύζωmain verb→ iterative/inceptive imperfectγογγύζω: 'mutter, grumble'; an onomatopoeic word, echoing Israel's wilderness murmuring against the LORD.
κατὰagainstpreposition + genitive (hostile direction)κατά + gen.: 'against.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
οἰκοδεσπότουhouseholderGenitiveobject of κατάοἰκοδεσπότης: 'master of the house'; the target of their complaint.
12

λέγοντες· οὗτοι οἱ ἔσχατοι μίαν ὥραν ἐποίησαν, καὶ ἴσους ἡμῖν αὐτοὺς ἐποίησας τοῖς βαστάσασι τὸ βάρος τῆς ἡμέρας καὶ τὸν καύσωνα.

saying, 'These last worked one hour, and you have made them equal to us who have borne the burden of the day and the scorching heat.'

Direct speech (complaint)asyndetonThe grievance: equal pay for unequal work; the complaint is not of being underpaid but of the last being made 'equal' — the heart of the offense at grace.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (attendant)→ concurrent presentλέγω: 'say'; introduces the grumblers' words.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (demonstrative)οὗτος: 'this'; with a note of disdain toward the latecomers.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἔσχατοιlastNominativeapposition to οὗτοι (substantival adj.)ἔσχατος: 'last'; the eleventh-hour men.
μίανoneAccusativeattributive (numeral)εἷς: 'one.'
ὥρανhourAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeὥρα: 'hour'; the single hour the latecomers worked.
ἐποίησανthey workedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: here 'spend, work (time)' — 'they put in one hour.'
καὶand yetcoordinating (adversative force)
ἴσουςequalAccusativepredicate accusative (object complement)ἴσος: 'equal'; the scandal — the last made level with the first.
ἡμῖνto usDativedat. of association (after ἴσους)
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
ἐποίησαςyou have madeAor Act Indic 2 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: 'make, render'; with double accusative, 'made them equal.'
τοῖςwhoDativearticle (substantizing ptc.; appos. to ἡμῖν)
βαστάσασιhave borneAor Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · βαστάζωsubstantival participle (in apposition to ἡμῖν)→ constative aoristβαστάζω: 'bear, carry'; of enduring the day's toil.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
βάροςburdenAccusativedirect object of βαστάσασιβάρος: 'weight, burden'; the heavy load of a full day's labor.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive (descriptive/of time)ἡμέρα: 'day.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
καύσωναscorching heatAccusativedirect object of βαστάσασι (coordinate)καύσων: 'burning heat'; perhaps the sirocco — the day's harshest stretch.
13

ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς ἑνὶ αὐτῶν εἶπεν· ἑταῖρε, οὐκ ἀδικῶ σε· οὐχὶ δηναρίου συνεφώνησάς μοι;

But he answered one of them and said, 'Friend, I am doing you no wrong. Did you not agree with me for a denarius?

Direct speech (reply / defense)δὲThe owner's defense begins: no injustice has been done, for the contract was honored to the letter — the rhetorical question recalls v.2.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιparticiple of speech (attendant; Semitic 'answered and said')→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer, reply'; the deponent participle in the Septuagintal 'answered and said' idiom.
ἑνὶto oneDativeindirect object (numeral)εἷς: 'one'; he addresses a single representative of the grumblers.
αὐτῶνof themGenitivepartitive genitive
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech)→ narrative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
ἑταῖρεfriendVocativevocative of addressἑταῖρος: 'companion, comrade'; a slightly distancing address in Matthew (cf. 22:12; 26:50), not warm φίλε.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἀδικῶI wrongPres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀδικέωmain verb→ stative/progressive presentἀδικέω: 'do wrong, treat unjustly'; the owner denies any breach of justice.
σεyouAccusativedirect object
οὐχὶdid notinterrogative negative (expects 'yes')οὐχί: emphatic 'not'; introduces a question expecting affirmation.
δηναρίουfor a denariusGenitivegenitive of priceδηνάριον: the agreed wage; the genitive of the bargained sum.
συνεφώνησάςdid you agreeAor Act Indic 2 Sg · συμφωνέωmain verb (question)→ constative aoristσυμφωνέω: 'agree, settle'; recalls the binding contract of v.2.
μοιwith meDativedat. of association
14

ἆρον τὸ σὸν καὶ ὕπαγε· θέλω δὲ τούτῳ τῷ ἐσχάτῳ δοῦναι ὡς καὶ σοί·

Take what is yours and go. I choose to give to this last one as also to you.

Direct speech (defense)asyndetonThe owner asserts his sovereign 'I will': the equal gift to the last is a deliberate act of his own purpose, not an injustice to the first.
ἆρονtakeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · αἴρωimperative (command)→ constative aorist imperativeαἴρω: 'take up, take away'; collect your rightful wage.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
σὸνwhat is yoursAccusativedirect object (possessive adj. substantival)σός: 'your own'; the denarius that is rightfully his.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὕπαγεgoPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ὑπάγωimperative (command)→ imperative of biddingὑπάγω: 'go, depart.'
θέλωI wishPres Act Indic 1 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ volitional presentθέλω: 'will, wish, choose'; the owner's sovereign resolve — the will that grounds his generosity.
δὲbut/andcontinuative/mild adversative
τούτῳto thisDativeindirect object (demonstrative)οὗτος: 'this.'
τῷtheDativearticle
ἐσχάτῳlast oneDativeapposition (substantival adj.)ἔσχατος: 'last'; the eleventh-hour laborer.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιcomplementary infinitive (of θέλω)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the content of the owner's will.
ὡςascomparative particleὡς: 'as, like.'
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive
σοίto youDativedat. of comparison (with ὡς)
15

ἢ οὐκ ἔξεστίν μοι ὃ θέλω ποιῆσαι ἐν τοῖς ἐμοῖς; ἢ ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου πονηρός ἐστιν ὅτι ἐγὼ ἀγαθός εἰμι;

Or is it not lawful for me to do what I wish with what is mine? Or is your eye evil because I am good?'

Direct speech (rhetorical questions)Two rhetorical questions clinch the defense: the owner's right over his own property, and the 'evil eye' (envy) provoked not by injustice but by his goodness — generosity itself.
ordisjunctive particle (introduces question)ἤ: 'or'; here pressing an alternative.
οὐκnotinterrogative negative (expects 'yes')
ἔξεστίνis it lawfulPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔξεστι(ν)impersonal main verb (question)→ stative presentἔξεστι: 'it is permitted/lawful'; the owner's freedom over his property.
μοιfor meDativedat. of reference (with impersonal)
whatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ποιῆσαι)
θέλωI wishPres Act Indic 1 Sg · θέλωmain verb (rel. clause)→ volitional presentθέλω: 'will, wish.'
ποιῆσαιto doAor Act Inf · ποιέωinfinitive (subject of ἔξεστιν)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'do.'
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (sphere/domain)ἐν: here of the domain of one's own affairs, 'in/with what is mine.'
τοῖςthe thingsDativearticle (substantizing)
ἐμοῖςthat are mineDativepossessive adjective (substantival)ἐμός: 'my own'; the owner's property, his to dispose of.
ordisjunctive particle (second question)
theNominativearticle
ὀφθαλμόςeyeNominativesubjectὀφθαλμός: 'eye'; 'evil eye' is a Semitic idiom for envy/grudging (cf. Deut 15:9; Matt 6:23).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
πονηρόςevilNominativepredicate adjectiveπονηρός: 'evil, grudging'; an 'evil eye' = a begrudging, envious disposition.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
ἀγαθόςgoodNominativepredicate adjectiveἀγαθός: 'good, generous'; ἀγαθός here connotes liberality — the grumbling is at sheer goodness.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
16

οὕτως ἔσονται οἱ ἔσχατοι πρῶτοι καὶ οἱ πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι.

So the last will be first, and the first last.

Concluding maximοὕτωςThe parable's verdict, recapitulating 19:30 in reversed order: the kingdom overturns human reckonings of priority — grace, not seniority, governs.
οὕτωςsoadverb (manner; draws conclusion)οὕτως: 'thus, in this way'; the parable's applicatory 'so.'
ἔσονταιwill beFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ predictive/gnomic futureεἰμί: 'be'; the eschatological reversal stated as a settled rule.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἔσχατοιlastNominativesubject (substantival adj.)ἔσχατος: 'last'; those reckoned least become foremost.
πρῶτοιfirstNominativepredicate nominativeπρῶτος: 'first.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
πρῶτοιfirstNominativesubject (substantival adj.)πρῶτος: 'first'; those who presume priority are displaced.
ἔσχατοιlastNominativepredicate nominativeἔσχατος: 'last.'
17

Καὶ ἀναβαίνων ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα παρέλαβεν τοὺς δώδεκα μαθητὰς κατ' ἰδίαν, καὶ ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς·

And as Jesus was going up to Jerusalem, he took the twelve disciples aside privately, and on the way he said to them,

Scene transition (passion prediction)ΚαὶThe third and most detailed passion prediction; the ascent to Jerusalem and the private gathering of the Twelve mark a solemn turn toward the cross.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (transition)
ἀναβαίνωνgoing upPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβαίνωtemporal/circumstantial participle (contemporaneous)→ concurrent presentἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the standard verb for the pilgrim ascent to Jerusalem, set on its mountain.
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus; the indeclinable name here in the nominative as subject.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἹεροσόλυμαJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰς (place; proper name)Ἱεροσόλυμα: Jerusalem; the destination of the passion — a proper name in the accusative, not indeclinable here.
παρέλαβενhe tookAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραλαμβάνωmain verb→ narrative aoristπαραλαμβάνω: 'take (along/aside)'; drawing the Twelve apart for private instruction.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
δώδεκαtwelveAccusativeattributive numeral (indeclinable, agreeing acc.)δώδεκα: 'twelve'; indeclinable numeral, here modifying μαθητάς.
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativedirect objectμαθητής: 'disciple, learner'; the inner circle.
κατ'bypreposition + accusative (idiom)κατά: in κατ' ἰδίαν, 'privately, apart.'
ἰδίανthemselvesAccusativeobject of κατά (idiom: 'privately')ἴδιος: 'one's own'; κατ' ἰδίαν = 'in private.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνonpreposition + dative (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
ὁδῷwayDativedat. of placeὁδός: 'way, road'; the road up to Jerusalem — Matthew's 'way' of the cross.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech)→ narrative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
18

ἰδοὺ ἀναβαίνομεν εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα, καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παραδοθήσεται τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσιν καὶ γραμματεῦσιν, καὶ κατακρινοῦσιν αὐτὸν θανάτῳ,

'Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be handed over to the chief priests and scribes, and they will condemn him to death,

Direct speech (prediction)asyndetonThe prediction's first stage: betrayal to the Jewish authorities and a death sentence — the Son of Man 'handed over,' the passion's keyword (παραδίδωμι).
ἰδοὺbeholdinterjection (attention-marker)ἰδού: 'look! behold!'; a Septuagintal pointer arresting attention.
ἀναβαίνομενwe are going upPres Act Indic 1 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ futuristic/progressive presentἀναβαίνω: 'go up'; the journey already underway toward the climax.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ἹεροσόλυμαJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰς (place; proper name)Ἱεροσόλυμα: Jerusalem; the place of the passion.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son'; in 'the Son of Man,' Jesus' favored self-designation (Dan 7:13).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (in the title 'Son of Man')ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the Danielic Son of Man, here marked for suffering.
παραδοθήσεταιwill be handed overFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ predictive future (divine passive)παραδίδωμι: 'hand over, betray, deliver'; the passion keyword, here a 'divine passive' implying God's purpose.
τοῖςto theDativearticle
ἀρχιερεῦσινchief priestsDativeindirect objectἀρχιερεύς: 'chief priest'; the temple aristocracy who lead the prosecution.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γραμματεῦσινscribesDativeindirect object (coordinate)γραμματεύς: 'scribe'; the legal experts of the Sanhedrin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατακρινοῦσινthey will condemnFut Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακρίνωmain verb→ predictive futureκατακρίνω: 'condemn, sentence'; the Sanhedrin's verdict.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
θανάτῳto deathDativedat. of penalty/resultθάνατος: 'death'; the sentence pronounced.
19

καὶ παραδώσουσιν αὐτὸν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν εἰς τὸ ἐμπαῖξαι καὶ μαστιγῶσαι καὶ σταυρῶσαι, καὶ τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐγερθήσεται.

and will hand him over to the Gentiles to be mocked and scourged and crucified, and on the third day he will be raised.'

Direct speech (prediction, second stage)καὶThe prediction's second stage: delivery to the Gentiles (Rome), the threefold passion — mockery, scourging, crucifixion — and the third-day resurrection; the first explicit mention of crucifixion in Matthew.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παραδώσουσινthey will hand overFut Act Indic 3 Pl · παραδίδωμιmain verb→ predictive futureπαραδίδωμι: 'hand over'; now the Jewish authorities deliver him to Rome.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
τοῖςto theDativearticle
ἔθνεσινGentilesDativeindirect objectἔθνος: 'nation'; plural here = the Gentiles, i.e. the Roman authorities who execute.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (purpose, with articular inf.)εἰς τό + inf.: a purpose/result construction.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with infinitives)
ἐμπαῖξαιto mockAor Act Inf · ἐμπαίζωarticular infinitive (purpose)→ constative aoristἐμπαίζω: 'mock, ridicule'; the soldiers' derision (cf. 27:29).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μαστιγῶσαιto scourgeAor Act Inf · μαστιγόωarticular infinitive (purpose, coordinate)→ constative aoristμαστιγόω: 'flog, scourge'; the brutal Roman flagellation preceding crucifixion.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σταυρῶσαιto crucifyAor Act Inf · σταυρόωarticular infinitive (purpose, coordinate)→ constative aoristσταυρόω: 'crucify'; the manner of death named explicitly for the first time in Matthew.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τῇon theDativearticle
τρίτῃthirdDativeattributive adjectiveτρίτος: 'third'; the third day, the resurrection (cf. Hos 6:2).
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedat. of time (when)ἡμέρα: 'day.'
ἐγερθήσεταιhe will be raisedFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐγείρωmain verb→ predictive future (divine passive)ἐγείρω: 'raise (up)'; the passive points to God as the one who raises him — the prediction's hopeful close.
20

Τότε προσῆλθεν αὐτῷ ἡ μήτηρ τῶν υἱῶν Ζεβεδαίου μετὰ τῶν υἱῶν αὐτῆς προσκυνοῦσα καὶ αἰτοῦσά τι ἀπ' αὐτοῦ.

Then the mother of the sons of Zebedee came to him with her sons, kneeling and asking something of him.

Scene transition (the request)ΤότεImmediately after the passion prediction, status-seeking intrudes; the mother of James and John (Matthew softens Mark's blunter direct request) approaches with homage and a petition.
Τότεthenadverb (temporal transition)τότε: 'then'; Matthew's favorite narrative connective.
προσῆλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσέρχομαιmain verb→ narrative aoristπροσέρχομαι: 'come/approach (to)'; often of approaching with a request or homage.
αὐτῷto himDativedat. complement (after προσῆλθεν)
theNominativearticle
μήτηρmotherNominativesubjectμήτηρ: 'mother'; traditionally Salome (cf. 27:56).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
υἱῶνsonsGenitivegenitive of relationshipυἱός: 'son'; James and John.
Ζεβεδαίουof ZebedeeGenitivegenitive of relationship (proper name)Ζεβεδαῖος: Zebedee; the fisherman father of James and John — a proper name in the genitive.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
υἱῶνsonsGenitiveobject of μετά
αὐτῆςherGenitivegenitive of relationship
προσκυνοῦσαkneeling/doing homagePres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · προσκυνέωadverbial participle (manner, concurrent)→ concurrent presentπροσκυνέω: 'bow down, do obeisance, worship'; she prostrates herself in petition.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αἰτοῦσάaskingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · αἰτέωadverbial participle (manner, concurrent)→ concurrent presentαἰτέω: 'ask, request'; she makes a petition.
τιsomethingAccusativedirect object (indefinite pronoun)τις: 'something'; the request held back a moment before being voiced.
ἀπ'frompreposition + genitive (source)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἀπό
21

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῇ· τί θέλεις; λέγει αὐτῷ· εἰπὲ ἵνα καθίσωσιν οὗτοι οἱ δύο υἱοί μου εἷς ἐκ δεξιῶν σου καὶ εἷς ἐξ εὐωνύμων σου ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ σου.

And he said to her, 'What do you want?' She says to him, 'Say that these two sons of mine may sit, one at your right hand and one at your left, in your kingdom.'

Direct speech (the petition)δὲThe request laid bare: the two highest places of honor — right and left of the enthroned Messiah — a bid for status at the very moment Jesus has foretold his cross.
heNominativesubject (article as pronoun)
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech)→ narrative aoristλέγω: 'say.'
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (object of θέλεις)τίς: 'what?'
θέλειςdo you wantPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θέλωmain verb (question)→ volitional presentθέλω: 'wish, want.'
λέγειshe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
εἰπὲsayAor Act Impv 2 Sg · λέγωimperative (request)→ constative aorist imperativeλέγω: 'say, command'; she asks Jesus to decree it.
ἵναthatconjunction (content/purpose clause)ἵνα: introduces the content of the request.
καθίσωσινmay sitAor Act Subj 3 Pl · καθίζωsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ constative aorist (subjunctive)καθίζω: 'sit, take a seat'; enthronement imagery — the seats of honor.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject (demonstrative)οὗτος: 'these.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
δύοtwoNominativeattributive numeral (indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
υἱοίsonsNominativesubject (apposition)υἱός: 'son.'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
εἷςoneNominativeappositional subject (numeral)εἷς: 'one.'
ἐκatpreposition + genitive (position)ἐκ δεξιῶν: 'on the right'; the place of highest honor.
δεξιῶνright handGenitiveobject of ἐκ (position)δεξιός: 'right (side)'; the foremost seat of power.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἷςoneNominativeappositional subject (numeral)εἷς: 'one.'
ἐξatpreposition + genitive (position)
εὐωνύμωνleft handGenitiveobject of ἐκ (position)εὐώνυμος: 'left' (lit. 'good-named,' a euphemism); the second seat of honor.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐνinpreposition + dative (sphere)
τῇtheDativearticle
βασιλείᾳkingdomDativedat. of sphereβασιλεία: 'kingdom'; the consummated reign of the Messiah.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
22

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν· οὐκ οἴδατε τί αἰτεῖσθε. δύνασθε πιεῖν τὸ ποτήριον ὃ ἐγὼ μέλλω πίνειν; λέγουσιν αὐτῷ· δυνάμεθα.

But Jesus answered and said, 'You do not know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I am about to drink?' They say to him, 'We are able.'

Direct speech (correction)δὲJesus redirects the petition to its true cost: the 'cup' — the OT image of suffering and divine wrath he must drink; their glib 'we are able' shows they still miss it.
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιparticiple of speech (attendant)→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; the 'answered and said' idiom.
δὲbutadversative conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech)→ narrative aorist
οὐκnotnegative particle
οἴδατεyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect with present force (stative)οἶδα: 'know'; perfect-as-present — 'you do not understand.'
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative (object of αἰτεῖσθε)τίς: 'what?'
αἰτεῖσθεyou are askingPres Mid Indic 2 Pl · αἰτέωmain verb (indir. question)→ progressive presentαἰτέω (mid.): 'ask (for oneself)'; the middle stresses their self-interest.
δύνασθεare you ablePres Mid Indic 2 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb (question)→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able, can.'
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωcomplementary infinitive (of δύνασθε)→ constative aoristπίνω: 'drink'; 'drinking the cup' = sharing his suffering.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ποτήριονcupAccusativedirect objectποτήριον: 'cup'; the OT 'cup' of suffering and of divine wrath (Isa 51:17; cf. 26:39).
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of πίνειν)
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)
μέλλωam aboutPres Act Indic 1 Sg · μέλλωmain verb (rel. clause)→ imminent-future presentμέλλω: 'be about to'; the impending passion.
πίνεινto drinkPres Act Inf · πίνωcomplementary infinitive (of μέλλω)→ progressive presentπίνω: 'drink.'
λέγουσινthey sayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
δυνάμεθαwe are ablePres Mid Indic 1 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able'; their confident, uncomprehending assent.
23

λέγει αὐτοῖς· τὸ μὲν ποτήριόν μου πίεσθε, τὸ δὲ καθίσαι ἐκ δεξιῶν μου καὶ ἐξ εὐωνύμων οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν τοῦτο δοῦναι, ἀλλ' οἷς ἡτοίμασται ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρός μου.

He says to them, 'My cup you will indeed drink, but to sit at my right hand and at my left is not mine to give, but it is for those for whom it has been prepared by my Father.'

Direct speech (answer)asyndetonA μέν…δέ answer: yes, they will share his cup (martyrdom awaits them), but the seats of honor are not his to dispense — they belong to the Father's prepared appointment.
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
τὸtheAccusativearticle
μὲνindeedparticle (μέν, correlative with δέ)μέν: 'on the one hand'; balanced by the following δέ.
ποτήριόνcupAccusativedirect objectποτήριον: 'cup'; the cup of suffering they will indeed share.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
πίεσθεyou will drinkFut Mid Indic 2 Pl · πίνωmain verb→ predictive futureπίνω: 'drink'; a prophecy of their suffering (James martyred, Acts 12:2; John's tribulations).
τὸtheNominativearticle (nominalizing inf.)
δὲbutadversative particle (δέ, correlative)
καθίσαιto sitAor Act Inf · καθίζωarticular infinitive (subject of ἔστιν)→ constative aoristκαθίζω: 'sit'; the seats of honor as the subject under discussion.
ἐκatpreposition + genitive (position)
δεξιῶνright handGenitiveobject of ἐκ (position)δεξιός: 'right (side).'
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξatpreposition + genitive (position)
εὐωνύμωνleft handGenitiveobject of ἐκ (position)εὐώνυμος: 'left.'
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἔστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
ἐμὸνmineNominativepredicate (possessive adj.)ἐμός: 'my own'; not within the Son's prerogative to grant.
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object of δοῦναι (demonstrative)οὗτος: 'this'; resumptive of the seats.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιepexegetical infinitive (with ἐμόν)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give, grant.'
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but'; the strong contrast.
οἷςfor whomDativerelative (dat. of advantage; elliptical 'it is for...')
ἡτοίμασταιit has been preparedPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἑτοιμάζωmain verb (rel. clause)→ consummative/intensive perfectἑτοιμάζω: 'prepare'; the perfect of a settled, prior divine appointment.
ὑπὸbypreposition + genitive (agency)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πατρόςFatherGenitivegenitive of agencyπατήρ: 'Father'; the seats are the Father's to assign, not the Son's to grant on request.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of relationship
24

καὶ ἀκούσαντες οἱ δέκα ἠγανάκτησαν περὶ τῶν δύο ἀδελφῶν.

And when the ten heard it, they were indignant at the two brothers.

Narrative reactionκαὶThe other ten are indignant — but their anger betrays the same status-rivalry, prompting Jesus' teaching on true greatness.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; on learning of the request.
οἱtheNominativearticle
δέκαtenNominativesubject (substantival numeral, indeclinable)δέκα: 'ten'; the rest of the Twelve.
ἠγανάκτησανwere indignantAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀγανακτέωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἀγανακτέω: 'be indignant, vexed'; their resentment is itself ambition in another guise.
περὶat/aboutpreposition + genitive (reference)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
δύοtwoGenitiveattributive numeral (indeclinable)δύο: 'two.'
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitiveobject of περίἀδελφός: 'brother'; James and John, the sons of Zebedee.
25

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς προσκαλεσάμενος αὐτοὺς εἶπεν· οἴδατε ὅτι οἱ ἄρχοντες τῶν ἐθνῶν κατακυριεύουσιν αὐτῶν καὶ οἱ μεγάλοι κατεξουσιάζουσιν αὐτῶν.

But Jesus called them to him and said, 'You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great ones exercise authority over them.

Direct speech (teaching: contrast)δὲJesus contrasts two orders of greatness; the first, the Gentile pattern of domination — rule as power-over, the very thing the disciples crave.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
προσκαλεσάμενοςhaving called to himAor Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσκαλέομαιtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristπροσκαλέομαι: 'summon, call to oneself'; he gathers all twelve for the lesson.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech)→ narrative aorist
οἴδατεyou knowPerf Act Indic 2 Pl · οἶδαmain verb→ perfect with present force (stative)οἶδα: 'know.'
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄρχοντεςrulersNominativesubjectἄρχων: 'ruler, prince'; the heads of the nations.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἐθνῶνGentilesGenitivegenitive (subordination/possession)ἔθνος: 'nation, Gentile'; the pagan political order.
κατακυριεύουσινlord it overPres Act Indic 3 Pl · κατακυριεύωmain verb→ customary/gnomic presentκατακυριεύω: 'lord it over, dominate' (κατά intensive); domineering mastery.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object (after κατά-compound)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
μεγάλοιgreat onesNominativesubject (substantival adj.)μέγας: 'great'; the magnates, the powerful.
κατεξουσιάζουσινexercise authority overPres Act Indic 3 Pl · κατεξουσιάζωmain verb→ customary/gnomic presentκατεξουσιάζω: 'exercise authority over, tyrannize' (κατά intensive); high-handed rule.
αὐτῶνthemGenitivegenitive object (after κατά-compound)
26

οὐχ οὕτως ἔσται ἐν ὑμῖν, ἀλλ' ὃς ἐὰν θέλῃ ἐν ὑμῖν μέγας γενέσθαι ἔσται ὑμῶν διάκονος,

It shall not be so among you. But whoever would be great among you must be your servant,

Direct speech (the reversal)ἀλλ'The kingdom's inverted order: greatness is measured not by domination but by service — the would-be great becomes διάκονος, table-servant of the rest.
οὐχnotnegative particle
οὕτωςsoadverb (manner)οὕτως: 'thus'; 'not this way.'
ἔσταιshall it beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb→ imperatival future (prohibition)εἰμί: 'be'; the future has imperatival force — 'it must not be so.'
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)
ἀλλ'butadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but'; the sharp antithesis to Gentile rule.
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς … ἐάν: 'whoever.'
ἐὰνeverparticle (with subjunctive, indefinite)ἐάν: generalizing particle (= ἄν).
θέλῃwould wishPres Act Subj 3 Sg · θέλωsubjunctive (indefinite rel. clause)→ volitional present (subjunctive)θέλω: 'wish, want.'
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of ἐν
μέγαςgreatNominativepredicate (with γενέσθαι)μέγας: 'great'; greatness redefined.
γενέσθαιto becomeAor Mid Inf · γίνομαιcomplementary infinitive (of θέλῃ)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'become.'
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis)→ imperatival futureεἰμί: 'be'; 'let him be / must be.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitiveobjective/possessive genitive
διάκονοςservantNominativepredicate nominativeδιάκονος: 'servant, attendant, minister'; one who waits on others' needs.
27

καὶ ὃς ἂν θέλῃ ἐν ὑμῖν εἶναι πρῶτος ἔσται ὑμῶν δοῦλος·

and whoever would be first among you must be your slave —

Direct speech (intensified parallel)καὶThe parallel is intensified: 'great' → 'first,' and 'servant' → 'slave' (δοῦλος); the highest rank is the lowest station.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὃςwhoeverNominativerelative pronoun (subject)ὅς … ἄν: 'whoever.'
ἂνeverparticle (with subjunctive, indefinite)ἄν: generalizing particle.
θέλῃwould wishPres Act Subj 3 Sg · θέλωsubjunctive (indefinite rel. clause)→ volitional present (subjunctive)θέλω: 'wish.'
ἐνamongpreposition + dative (sphere)
ὑμῖνyouDativeobject of ἐν
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίcomplementary infinitive (of θέλῃ)→ stative presentεἰμί: 'be.'
πρῶτοςfirstNominativepredicate (with εἶναι)πρῶτος: 'first, foremost'; preeminence.
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (apodosis)→ imperatival futureεἰμί: 'be.'
ὑμῶνyourGenitiveobjective/possessive genitive
δοῦλοςslaveNominativepredicate nominativeδοῦλος: 'slave, bondservant'; the lowest social rank — total servitude to others.
28

ὥσπερ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἦλθεν διακονηθῆναι ἀλλὰ διακονῆσαι καὶ δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ λύτρον ἀντὶ πολλῶν.

just as the Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life a ransom for many.

Direct speech (christological ground)ὥσπερThe ground and pattern of kingdom greatness: the Son of Man himself came to serve, not to be served, and to give his life as a ransom for many — the cross interpreted as substitutionary, redemptive service (cf. Isa 53).
ὥσπερjust ascomparative conjunction (grounds the maxim)ὥσπερ: 'just as'; the disciples' service is patterned on the Son of Man's.
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son'; in the title 'Son of Man' — here the suffering, serving Son.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive (in the title 'Son of Man')ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the Danielic figure (Dan 7) who here serves and dies.
οὐκnotnegative particle
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἔρχομαι: 'come'; 'came' implies his mission/incarnation with a purpose.
διακονηθῆναιto be servedAor Pass Inf · διακονέωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristδιακονέω: 'serve, wait on'; the passive 'to be waited on' — what he did NOT come for.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunctionἀλλά: 'but'; the great reversal.
διακονῆσαιto serveAor Act Inf · διακονέωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristδιακονέω: 'serve'; his actual purpose — to minister to others' needs.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive of purpose (coordinate)→ constative aoristδίδωμι: 'give'; the supreme act of service — self-surrender.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ψυχὴνlifeAccusativedirect objectψυχή: 'life, soul'; here his very life laid down (cf. Isa 53:10–12).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
λύτρονa ransomAccusativepredicate accusative (in apposition / object complement)λύτρον: 'ransom, price of release'; the price paid to free captives/slaves — his death as redemptive substitution.
ἀντὶfor/in place ofpreposition + genitive (substitution/exchange)ἀντί: 'instead of, in place of'; the strongly substitutionary preposition — one in the place of many.
πολλῶνmanyGenitiveobject of ἀντί (substantival adj.)πολύς: 'many'; the Semitic 'the many' (cf. Isa 53:11–12), an inclusive multitude, not a restrictive 'few.'
29

Καὶ ἐκπορευομένων αὐτῶν ἀπὸ Ἰεριχὼ ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ ὄχλος πολύς.

And as they were going out from Jericho, a great crowd followed him.

Scene transition (Jericho healing)ΚαὶThe final episode before Jerusalem: leaving Jericho, the last stop on the ascent, a great crowd accompanies Jesus — the setting for the two blind men's cry.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (transition)
ἐκπορευομένωνgoing outPres Mid Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἐκπορεύομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ concurrent presentἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out, proceed'; the departure from Jericho.
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivegenitive absolute (subject)
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (separation)
ἸεριχὼJerichoGenitiveobject of ἀπό (place; proper name)Ἰεριχώ: Jericho; the oasis city near the Jordan, last stop before the Jerusalem ascent — an indeclinable proper noun here in the genitive after ἀπό.
ἠκολούθησενfollowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ narrative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow, accompany'; takes a dative object.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. object (after ἀκολουθέω)
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd, multitude'; the Passover pilgrims thronging the road.
πολύςgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveπολύς: 'much, great, many.'
30

καὶ ἰδοὺ δύο τυφλοὶ καθήμενοι παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν, ἀκούσαντες ὅτι Ἰησοῦς παράγει, ἔκραξαν λέγοντες· ἐλέησον ἡμᾶς, κύριε, υἱὸς Δαυίδ.

And behold, two blind men sitting by the road, when they heard that Jesus was passing by, cried out, saying, 'Have mercy on us, Lord, Son of David!'

Narrative (the cry)καὶThe two blind men (Matthew alone has two) hail Jesus with the messianic title 'Son of David' — their physical blindness foil to their clear sight of who he is, on the eve of the triumphal entry.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdinterjection (attention-marker)ἰδού: 'behold!'
δύοtwoNominativeattributive numeral (indeclinable)δύο: 'two'; Matthew's characteristic doubling (cf. 8:28).
τυφλοὶblind menNominativesubject (substantival adj.)τυφλός: 'blind'; their need and their unlikely insight.
καθήμενοιsittingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κάθημαιattributive participle→ concurrent presentκάθημαι: 'sit'; begging beside the road, the lot of the blind.
παρὰbesidepreposition + accusative (alongside)παρά + acc.: 'beside, along.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ὁδόνroadAccusativeobject of παράὁδός: 'road, way.'
ἀκούσαντεςhaving heardAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀκούωtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristἀκούω: 'hear'; on hearing the commotion.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject (of παράγει)Ἰησοῦς: Jesus.
παράγειis passing byPres Act Indic 3 Sg · παράγωmain verb (content clause)→ progressive presentπαράγω: 'pass by, go along'; the fleeting chance they seize.
ἔκραξανthey cried outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κράζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristκράζω: 'cry out, shout'; a loud, urgent cry.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (attendant)→ concurrent presentλέγω: 'say.'
ἐλέησονhave mercy onAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐλεέωimperative (entreaty)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐλεέω: 'have mercy, show pity'; the cry of the helpless to the Messiah.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord, sir'; a title of respect and (with 'Son of David') of faith.
υἱὸςSonNominativevocative (nominative form in address)υἱός: 'son'; 'Son of David' = the messianic title, a confession of Jesus' royal identity.
Δαυίδof DavidGenitivegenitive of relationship (proper name, indeclinable)Δαυίδ: David; the messianic ancestor — the blind 'see' what the sighted miss.
31

ὁ δὲ ὄχλος ἐπετίμησεν αὐτοῖς ἵνα σιωπήσωσιν· οἱ δὲ μεῖζον ἔκραξαν λέγοντες· ἐλέησον ἡμᾶς, κύριε, υἱὸς Δαυίδ.

But the crowd rebuked them, that they should be silent; but they cried out the more, saying, 'Have mercy on us, Lord, Son of David!'

Narrative (obstacle and persistence)δὲThe crowd tries to silence them; their persistence — crying 'the more' — is the persevering faith that the narrative commends.
theNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
ἐπετίμησενrebukedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιτιμάωmain verb→ narrative aoristἐπιτιμάω: 'rebuke, warn sternly'; takes a dative object.
αὐτοῖςthemDativedat. object (after ἐπιτιμάω)
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose/content of rebuke)ἵνα: introduces the aim of the rebuke.
σιωπήσωσινthey should be silentAor Act Subj 3 Pl · σιωπάωsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ ingressive aorist (subjunctive)σιωπάω: 'be silent, keep quiet.'
οἱtheyNominativesubject (article as pronoun)οἱ δέ: 'but they.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
μεῖζονthe more / louderadverbial accusative (comparative)μέγας: comparative μεῖζον used adverbially, 'all the more loudly.'
ἔκραξανthey cried outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κράζωmain verb→ ingressive aoristκράζω: 'cry out'; their faith undeterred by opposition.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (attendant)→ concurrent presentλέγω: 'say.'
ἐλέησονhave mercy onAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐλεέωimperative (entreaty)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐλεέω: 'have mercy'; the same cry, redoubled.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativedirect object
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord.'
υἱὸςSonNominativevocative (nominative form in address)υἱός: 'son'; 'Son of David,' the messianic confession repeated.
Δαυίδof DavidGenitivegenitive of relationship (proper name, indeclinable)Δαυίδ: David.
32

καὶ στὰς ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐφώνησεν αὐτοὺς καὶ εἶπεν· τί θέλετε ποιήσω ὑμῖν;

And Jesus stopped and called them, and said, 'What do you want me to do for you?'

Narrative (Jesus responds)καὶJesus halts the whole procession for two beggars; his question (the same put to the brothers in v.21, τί θέλετε) invites them to name their need — in pointed contrast to the sons' self-seeking.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
στὰςhaving stoppedAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἵστημιtemporal/circumstantial participle (antecedent)→ antecedent aoristἵστημι: intrans. aor. 'stand, stop'; he halts the journey for them.
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἐφώνησενcalledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φωνέωmain verb→ narrative aoristφωνέω: 'call, summon (by voice)'; he calls them over.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (speech)→ narrative aorist
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative (object of ποιήσω)τίς: 'what?'
θέλετεdo you wantPres Act Indic 2 Pl · θέλωmain verb (question)→ volitional presentθέλω: 'wish, want'; echoes τί θέλεις of v.21.
ποιήσωI should doAor Act Subj 1 Sg · ποιέωdeliberative subjunctive (in indir. question)→ deliberative aorist (subjunctive)ποιέω: 'do, make'; 'that I should do' — a deliberative subjunctive without ἵνα.
ὑμῖνfor youDativedat. of advantage
33

λέγουσιν αὐτῷ· κύριε, ἵνα ἀνοιγῶσιν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἡμῶν.

They say to him, 'Lord, that our eyes may be opened.'

Direct speech (the petition)asyndetonTheir request is concrete and humble — sight — answering Jesus' question; the ἵνα-clause stands for an implied 'we want that…'.
λέγουσινthey sayPres Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ historic present (vivid)
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord.'
ἵναthatconjunction (content of implied request)ἵνα: introduces the content of the petition, with an implied main verb ('we ask').
ἀνοιγῶσινmay be openedAor Pass Subj 3 Pl · ἀνοίγωsubjunctive (ἵνα clause)→ ingressive aorist (subjunctive, divine passive)ἀνοίγω: 'open'; 'that our eyes be opened' — the gift of sight.
οἱtheNominativearticle
ὀφθαλμοὶeyesNominativesubjectὀφθαλμός: 'eye.'
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession
34

σπλαγχνισθεὶς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἥψατο τῶν ὀμμάτων αὐτῶν, καὶ εὐθέως ἀνέβλεψαν καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ.

And moved with compassion, Jesus touched their eyes, and immediately they regained their sight and followed him.

Narrative resolutionδὲThe healing climaxes the chapter's servant-theme: Jesus, the one who came to serve (v.28), is moved with compassion, touches and heals — and the recipients 'follow him,' becoming disciples on the way to Jerusalem.
σπλαγχνισθεὶςmoved with compassionAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · σπλαγχνίζομαιadverbial participle (cause)→ antecedent aoristσπλαγχνίζομαι: 'be moved with compassion' (from σπλάγχνα, 'inward parts'); gut-deep pity — the motive of his action.
δὲandcontinuative conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus.
ἥψατοtouchedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωmain verb→ narrative aoristἅπτω (mid. ἅπτομαι): 'touch, take hold of'; takes a genitive object — his healing touch.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ὀμμάτωνeyesGenitivegenitive object (after ἅπτομαι)ὄμμα: 'eye'; a rarer, more poetic word for the eyes.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθέως: 'at once, immediately'; the instant, complete cure.
ἀνέβλεψανthey regained sightAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβλέπωmain verb→ ingressive aoristἀναβλέπω: 'look up, recover sight'; the blind now see.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠκολούθησανthey followedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ ingressive/narrative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; discipleship — they join Jesus on the road to the cross.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. object (after ἀκολουθέω)