Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Revelation to John, Chapter 12ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΙΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΙΒ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ σημεῖον μέγα ὤφθη ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον, καὶ ἡ σελήνη ὑποκάτω τῶν ποδῶν αὐτῆς, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτῆς στέφανος ἀστέρων δώδεκα,

And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars,

Vision-opening (new sign)καίThe καί + 'a great sign appeared in heaven' opens the central interlude of the book (chs. 12–14). σημεῖον ('sign') here is portent rather than miracle — a symbolic tableau. The woman is best read as the messianic community / true Israel (Zion) from whom Messiah comes, drawing on Gen 37:9 (sun, moon, stars) and the OT image of Zion in labor.
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction (paratactic)
σημεῖονa signNominativesubject of ὤφθησημεῖον: 'sign, portent'; in Revelation a symbolic heavenly spectacle pointing beyond itself (cf. 12:3; 15:1).
μέγαgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; marks the cosmic scale and significance of the portent.
ὤφθηappearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ aoristic (punctiliar appearance)ὁράω (pass. ὤφθη): 'was seen, appeared'; the passive of visionary disclosure — the sign is shown to John.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῷtheDativearticle
οὐρανῷheavenDativeobject of ἐν (sphere)οὐρανός: 'heaven, sky'; the heavenly stage on which the drama is first displayed.
γυνὴa womanNominativeapposition to σημεῖον (content of the sign)γυνή: 'woman'; the central figure — the messianic people / Zion who gives birth to the Messiah.
περιβεβλημένηclothed withPerf Mid/Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · περιβάλλωattributive participle (modifies γυνή)→ intensive perfect (resultant state)περιβάλλω: 'clothe, wrap around'; the perfect depicts the woman as abidingly arrayed in the sun's splendor.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἥλιονsunAccusativeaccusative of thing put on (w/ περιβεβλημένη)ἥλιος: 'sun'; the woman's solar garment signals heavenly glory (cf. Gen 37:9).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
σελήνηmoonNominativesubject (nominal clause, ἐστίν implied)σελήνη: 'moon'; under her feet — the woman stands above the heavenly bodies.
ὑποκάτωunderimproper preposition + genitiveὑποκάτω: 'underneath'; spatial subordination of the moon to the woman.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ποδῶνfeetGenitiveobject of ὑποκάτωπούς: 'foot'; the moon beneath her feet.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (position)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
κεφαλῆςheadGenitiveobject of ἐπίκεφαλή: 'head'; the place of the stellar crown.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
στέφανοςa crownNominativesubject (nominal clause)στέφανος: 'crown, wreath'; the victor's/honor garland, here of twelve stars (the tribes / the people of God).
ἀστέρωνof starsGenitivegenitive of content/materialἀστήρ: 'star'; the twelve stars evoke the twelve tribes/patriarchs (Gen 37:9).
δώδεκαtwelveindeclinable numeral (modifies ἀστέρων)δώδεκα: 'twelve'; the covenant-people number — twelve tribes / twelve apostles.
2

καὶ ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσα, καὶ κράζει ὠδίνουσα καὶ βασανιζομένη τεκεῖν.

and being pregnant, she cries out, being in labor and in agony to give birth.

Continuation (description of the woman)καίThe idiom ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσα ('having in the womb') = 'pregnant.' The historic present κράζει ('she cries out') vividly stages the labor. The labor-pains motif draws on Isa 26:17; 66:7–8 and Mic 4:9–10 — Zion's anguished birthing of the messianic deliverance.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (idiom 'in womb')
γαστρὶwombDativeobject of ἐν (idiom: ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχειν = be pregnant)γαστήρ: 'belly, womb'; the fixed idiom ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχειν, 'to be pregnant.'
ἔχουσαhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ἔχωattendant-circumstance / predicate participle (modifies γυνή)→ imperfective (ongoing state of pregnancy)ἔχω: 'have, hold'; with ἐν γαστρί completes the pregnancy idiom.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κράζειshe cries outPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κράζωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present (vivid)κράζω: 'cry out, scream'; the loud cry of birth-anguish.
ὠδίνουσαbeing in laborPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · ὠδίνωcircumstantial participle (manner/cause)→ imperfective (ongoing travail)ὠδίνω: 'have birth-pains, travail'; the OT figure of Zion in labor (Isa 66:7–8).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βασανιζομένηbeing in agonyPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · βασανίζωcircumstantial participle (coordinate w/ ὠδίνουσα)→ imperfective (ongoing torment)βασανίζω: 'torment, be in pain'; the intense distress of childbirth.
τεκεῖνto give birthAor Act Infin · τίκτωcomplementary infinitive (w/ βασανιζομένη)→ aoristic (the act of delivery)τίκτω: 'bear, give birth'; the goal toward which the agony presses.
3

Καὶ ὤφθη ἄλλο σημεῖον ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἰδοὺ δράκων μέγας πυρρός, ἔχων κεφαλὰς ἑπτὰ καὶ κέρατα δέκα καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς κεφαλὰς αὐτοῦ ἑπτὰ διαδήματα,

And another sign appeared in heaven: and behold, a great fiery-red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, and on his heads seven diadems,

Vision-opening (second sign)καίThe 'second sign' is the antagonist. δράκων ('dragon') evokes the OT sea-monster Leviathan/Rahab (Ps 74:13–14; Isa 27:1; Job 41). Seven heads, ten horns, seven diadems portray totalizing, usurped imperial power (cf. Dan 7); the dragon is decoded explicitly in v.9 as Satan.
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ὤφθηappearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ aoristic (punctiliar appearance)ὁράω (pass.): 'was seen, appeared'; parallel to v.1, introducing the counter-sign.
ἄλλοanotherNominativeattributive adjectiveἄλλος: 'another (of the same kind)'; a second portent matching the first.
σημεῖονsignNominativesubject of ὤφθησημεῖον: 'sign, portent'; cf. v.1.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῷtheDativearticle
οὐρανῷheavenDativeobject of ἐνοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the same heavenly stage.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (attention-marker)ἰδού: 'behold, look!'; fixed demonstrative interjection summoning the reader's gaze.
δράκωνa dragonNominativesubject (nominal clause)δράκων: 'dragon, serpent-monster'; the chaos-monster of OT myth, decoded as Satan (v.9).
μέγαςgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, huge'; matching the 'great sign' — a vast adversary.
πυρρόςfiery-redNominativeattributive adjectiveπυρρός: 'fire-colored, red'; the color of bloodshed and destruction (cf. 6:4).
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωattributive participle (modifies δράκων)→ imperfective (possessing state)ἔχω: 'have'; describes the dragon's menacing anatomy.
κεφαλὰςheadsAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνκεφαλή: 'head'; seven heads = fullness of usurped sovereignty (cf. 13:1; 17:9).
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeralἑπτά: 'seven'; the number of completeness, here of pretended total power.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κέραταhornsAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνκέρας: 'horn'; ten horns = plenitude of power/kingship (Dan 7:7).
δέκαtenindeclinable numeralδέκα: 'ten'; from Daniel's fourth beast (Dan 7:7, 24).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
κεφαλὰςheadsAccusativeobject of ἐπίκεφαλή: 'head'; the diadems sit upon the heads.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἑπτὰsevenindeclinable numeral (modifies διαδήματα)ἑπτά: 'seven'; the dragon wears the royal diadems the Lamb alone deserves (cf. 19:12).
διαδήματαdiademsNominativesubject (nominal clause, ἦν/εἰσίν implied)διάδημα: 'diadem, royal crown'; insignia of usurped kingship (contrast στέφανος, the victor's wreath).
4

καὶ ἡ οὐρὰ αὐτοῦ σύρει τὸ τρίτον τῶν ἀστέρων τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἔβαλεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν γῆν. καὶ ὁ δράκων ἕστηκεν ἐνώπιον τῆς γυναικὸς τῆς μελλούσης τεκεῖν, ἵνα ὅταν τέκῃ τὸ τέκνον αὐτῆς καταφάγῃ.

And his tail sweeps away a third of the stars of heaven and cast them to the earth. And the dragon stood before the woman who was about to give birth, so that when she bore her child he might devour it.

Continuation (the dragon's threat)καίThe tail sweeping a third of the stars echoes Dan 8:10 (the little horn casting stars down) — a display of cosmic destructiveness, not necessarily the 'fall of angels.' The ἵνα-clause discloses the dragon's murderous intent: to devour the Messiah at birth (cf. Pharaoh, Herod). ἕστηκεν is a perfect with present force, 'stands poised.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
οὐρὰtailNominativesubject of σύρειοὐρά: 'tail'; the sweeping instrument of the dragon's destruction.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
σύρειsweeps awayPres Act Indic 3 Sg · σύρωmain verb (historic present)→ dramatic present (vivid)σύρω: 'drag, sweep along'; the tail drags the stars down.
τὸtheAccusativearticle (substantival)
τρίτονthirdAccusativedirect object of σύρειτρίτος: 'third'; the recurrent fractional judgment of Revelation (cf. 8:7–12).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀστέρωνstarsGenitivepartitive genitiveἀστήρ: 'star'; cf. Dan 8:10.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive of place/sourceοὐρανός: 'heaven, sky'; the stars belong to the heavenly host.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔβαλενcastAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (shift to aorist)→ aoristic (completed act)βάλλω: 'throw, cast'; the keyword of the chapter — the dragon casts down (stars), and is himself 'cast down' (vv.9–10, 13).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of ἔβαλεν
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)γῆ: 'earth, land'; the destination of all that the dragon casts down.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
δράκωνdragonNominativesubject of ἕστηκενδράκων: 'dragon'; cf. v.3.
ἕστηκενstoodPerf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb (perfect w/ present force)→ stative perfect (stands poised)ἵστημι: 'stand'; the intransitive perfect ἕστηκεν = 'stands,' the dragon crouched menacingly before the woman.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: 'before, in front of'; spatial confrontation.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γυναικὸςwomanGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονγυνή: 'woman'; cf. v.1.
τῆςthe (one)Genitivearticle (w/ participle, attributive)
μελλούσηςwho was aboutPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · μέλλωattributive participle (modifies γυναικός)→ imperfective (imminent action)μέλλω: 'be about to, be on the point of'; marks the imminence of the birth.
τεκεῖνto give birthAor Act Infin · τίκτωcomplementary infinitive (w/ μελλούσης)→ aoristic (the act of birth)τίκτω: 'bear, give birth'; cf. v.2.
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'in order that'; introduces the dragon's deadly purpose.
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction + subjunctiveὅταν: 'whenever, when'; indefinite temporal protasis.
τέκῃshe boreAor Act Subj 3 Sg · τίκτωsubjunctive in temporal clause→ aoristic (the moment of birth)τίκτω: 'give birth'; the moment the dragon awaits to strike.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
τέκνονchildAccusativedirect object of τέκῃτέκνον: 'child, offspring'; the messianic son the dragon means to devour.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
καταφάγῃhe might devourAor Act Subj 3 Sg · κατεσθίωsubjunctive in purpose clause (w/ ἵνα)→ aoristic (consummated act)κατεσθίω: 'eat up, devour'; the perfective κατα- intensifies — to consume utterly.
5

καὶ ἔτεκεν υἱόν, ἄρσεν, ὃς μέλλει ποιμαίνειν πάντα τὰ ἔθνη ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ. καὶ ἡρπάσθη τὸ τέκνον αὐτῆς πρὸς τὸν θεὸν καὶ πρὸς τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ.

And she bore a son, a male child, who is to shepherd all the nations with an iron rod. And her child was caught up to God and to his throne.

Climax (the birth and rescue)καίThe child's destiny — 'to shepherd all the nations with an iron rod' — is a direct citation of the royal Ps 2:9 (LXX ποιμανεῖς), the messianic enthronement psalm (cf. Rev 2:27; 19:15). ἁρπάζω ('snatch up') telescopes incarnation-to-ascension: the dragon's prey is rescued to God's throne, the place of cosmic rule. The redundant ἄρσεν ('male') after υἱόν heightens the Ps 2 / Isa 66:7 echo.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔτεκενshe boreAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωmain verb→ aoristic (the birth accomplished)τίκτω: 'give birth'; the long-awaited delivery, defeating the dragon's design.
υἱόνa sonAccusativedirect object of ἔτεκενυἱός: 'son'; the messianic child.
ἄρσενa male childAccusativeapposition to υἱόν (emphatic)ἄρσην: 'male'; here neuter ἄρσεν, an emphatic appositive ('a son — a male!'), echoing Isa 66:7 LXX.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject of μέλλει)
μέλλειis toPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλλωmain verb of relative clause (w/ infin.)→ imperfective (destined future)μέλλω: 'be destined to'; expresses the child's sure messianic destiny.
ποιμαίνεινshepherdPres Act Infin · ποιμαίνωcomplementary infinitive (w/ μέλλει)→ imperfective (ongoing rule)ποιμαίνω: 'shepherd, rule'; Ps 2:9 LXX — rule that can also smash (the verb covers both).
πάνταallAccusativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'all'; the universal scope of the Messiah's reign.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
ἔθνηnationsAccusativedirect object of ποιμαίνεινἔθνος: 'nation, gentiles'; the object of messianic rule (Ps 2:8).
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)
ῥάβδῳa rodDativedative of means (object of ἐν)ῥάβδος: 'rod, staff, scepter'; the shepherd's rod that is also the iron scepter of judgment (Ps 2:9).
σιδηρᾷironDativeattributive adjectiveσιδηροῦς: 'iron, of iron'; the unbreakable, judging quality of the messianic scepter.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἡρπάσθηwas caught upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἁρπάζωmain verb→ aoristic (decisive rescue)ἁρπάζω: 'snatch, seize, carry off'; the divine passive — God snatches the child to safety (telescoping ascension).
τὸtheNominativearticle
τέκνονchildNominativesubject of ἡρπάσθητέκνον: 'child'; cf. v.4 — the very child the dragon meant to devour.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεὸνGodAccusativeobject of πρός (goal)θεός: 'God'; the destination of the rescue — the divine presence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θρόνονthroneAccusativeobject of πρός (goal)θρόνος: 'throne'; the seat of cosmic rule — the child reaches the place of authority the dragon usurped.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (God's throne)
6

καὶ ἡ γυνὴ ἔφυγεν εἰς τὴν ἔρημον, ὅπου ἔχει ἐκεῖ τόπον ἡτοιμασμένον ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἵνα ἐκεῖ τρέφωσιν αὐτὴν ἡμέρας χιλίας διακοσίας ἑξήκοντα.

And the woman fled into the wilderness, where she has a place prepared by God, so that there they might nourish her for one thousand two hundred sixty days.

Resolution (the woman's flight)καίThe wilderness (ἔρημος) is the classic place of refuge and divine provision (Israel's exodus; Elijah; cf. v.14). The 1,260 days = 42 months = 3½ years = 'a time, times, and half a time' (Dan 7:25; 12:7) — the limited period of the church's tribulation, restated at v.14. The impersonal plural τρέφωσιν ('they might nourish') is idiomatic for a divine passive ('she is nourished').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
γυνὴwomanNominativesubject of ἔφυγενγυνή: 'woman'; cf. v.1.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb→ aoristic (decisive flight)φεύγω: 'flee'; the woman escapes the dragon's reach.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)ἔρημος: 'wilderness, desert'; the place of refuge and divine sustenance (exodus typology).
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (local)ὅπου: 'where'; introduces the locative relative clause.
ἔχειshe hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of relative clause→ imperfective (continuing possession)ἔχω: 'have'; the prepared place is hers, secured by God.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (resumptive w/ ὅπου)ἐκεῖ: 'there'; the redundant locative, a Semitism resuming ὅπου.
τόπονa placeAccusativedirect object of ἔχειτόπος: 'place'; the divinely appointed refuge.
ἡτοιμασμένονpreparedPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · ἑτοιμάζωattributive participle (modifies τόπον)→ intensive perfect (settled, ready state)ἑτοιμάζω: 'prepare, make ready'; the perfect stresses that the refuge stands ready, divinely furnished in advance.
ἀπὸbypreposition + genitive (source/agent)ἀπό: 'from'; here marking ultimate agent/source — 'prepared by God.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of ἀπό (agent)θεός: 'God'; the one who prepares and provides the refuge.
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'in order that'; purpose of the prepared place.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of placeἐκεῖ: 'there'; resuming the wilderness refuge.
τρέφωσινthey might nourishPres Act Subj 3 Pl · τρέφωsubjunctive in purpose clause→ imperfective (continual nourishing)τρέφω: 'feed, nourish'; impersonal plural ('one nourishes' = she is nourished by God).
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of τρέφωσιν
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἡμέρα: 'day'; the duration of the wilderness sojourn.
χιλίαςthousandAccusativecardinal numeral (modifies ἡμέρας)χίλιοι: 'thousand'; component of the symbolic 1,260.
διακοσίαςtwo hundredAccusativecardinal numeral (modifies ἡμέρας)διακόσιοι: 'two hundred'; component of 1,260.
ἑξήκονταsixtyindeclinable numeralἑξήκοντα: 'sixty'; completing 1,260 days = 42 months = 3½ years (Dan 7:25).
7

Καὶ ἐγένετο πόλεμος ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, ὁ Μιχαὴλ καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ τοῦ πολεμῆσαι μετὰ τοῦ δράκοντος. καὶ ὁ δράκων ἐπολέμησεν καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ,

And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels waging war with the dragon. And the dragon fought, and his angels,

New scene (war in heaven)καίἐγένετο πόλεμος, 'war broke out.' The syntax is famously rough: the articular ὁ Μιχαὴλ with the genitive articular infinitive τοῦ πολεμῆσαι ('to wage war') stands in loose apposition to πόλεμος — 'war... namely, Michael... to fight.' Michael, the angelic 'prince' who stands for God's people (Dan 10:13, 21; 12:1), leads the heavenly host against the dragon.
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοthere wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (existential)→ aoristic (event came to pass)γίνομαι: 'become, happen, come to be'; 'war broke out.'
πόλεμοςwarNominativesubject of ἐγένετοπόλεμος: 'war, battle'; the heavenly conflict.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῷtheDativearticle
οὐρανῷheavenDativeobject of ἐνοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the locus of the cosmic battle.
theNominativearticle (w/ proper name)
ΜιχαὴλMichaelindeclinable proper name (in apposition, nom. sense)Μιχαήλ: 'Michael' (Heb. 'Who is like God?'); the archangel, guardian of God's people (Dan 12:1; Jude 9).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄγγελοιangelsNominativecoordinate w/ Μιχαήλἄγγελος: 'angel, messenger'; the heavenly host under Michael.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
τοῦtoGenitivearticle governing infinitive
πολεμῆσαιwage warAor Act Infin · πολεμέωarticular infinitive (epexegetical/loose apposition)→ aoristic (the act of warring)πολεμέω: 'make war, fight'; the genitive articular infinitive explicates the πόλεμος.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (against, in conflict)μετά: 'with'; here adversative — 'to war against.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
δράκοντοςdragonGenitiveobject of μετάδράκων: 'dragon'; cf. v.3.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
δράκωνdragonNominativesubject of ἐπολέμησενδράκων: 'dragon'; the adversary who fights back.
ἐπολέμησενfoughtAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πολεμέωmain verb→ aoristic (the battle engaged)πολεμέω: 'make war'; the dragon's counter-attack.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄγγελοιangelsNominativecoordinate subject (w/ δράκων)ἄγγελος: 'angel'; the dragon's host (fallen angels).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
8

καὶ οὐκ ἴσχυσεν, οὐδὲ τόπος εὑρέθη αὐτῶν ἔτι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ.

but he did not prevail, nor was a place found for them any longer in heaven.

Outcome (the dragon's defeat)καίThe terse double negation reports the dragon's rout: he 'had no strength' (οὐκ ἴσχυσεν), and 'no place was found' — a Danielic idiom (Dan 2:35 Theod.) for total expulsion. The singular verb ἴσχυσεν has the dragon as subject, while αὐτῶν ('for them') sweeps in his angels.
καὶbutcoordinating conjunction (adversative sense)
οὐκnotnegative particleοὐ: 'not'; objective negation of fact.
ἴσχυσενhe prevailedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἰσχύωmain verb (w/ οὐκ)→ aoristic (decisive failure)ἰσχύω: 'be strong, prevail, win out'; the dragon could not overpower Michael.
οὐδὲnornegative conjunction (correlative)οὐδέ: 'and not, nor'; adds the second negation.
τόποςa placeNominativesubject of εὑρέθητόπος: 'place'; the standing-room the dragon forfeits in heaven.
εὑρέθηwas foundAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · εὑρίσκωmain verb (divine passive)→ aoristic (final exclusion)εὑρίσκω: 'find'; the passive idiom of expulsion — no place remained (Dan 2:35).
αὐτῶνfor themGenitivepossessive/objective genitive ('their place')
ἔτιany longertemporal adverbἔτι: 'still, yet, any longer'; the dragon's heavenly tenure is ended.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῷtheDativearticle
οὐρανῷheavenDativeobject of ἐνοὐρανός: 'heaven'; from which the dragon is now barred.
9

καὶ ἐβλήθη ὁ δράκων ὁ μέγας, ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος, ὁ καλούμενος Διάβολος καὶ ὁ Σατανᾶς, ὁ πλανῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην, ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ ἐβλήθησαν.

And the great dragon was thrown down, the ancient serpent, the one called the Devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world — he was thrown to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him.

Climax (the dragon cast down)καίThe verse heaps up four titles identifying the dragon: (1) ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος, 'the ancient serpent' (Gen 3); (2) ὁ Διάβολος, 'the Devil' (the slanderer); (3) ὁ Σατανᾶς, 'Satan' (the adversary); and the participial epithet ὁ πλανῶν, 'the deceiver of the whole world.' The repeated ἐβλήγη/ἐβλήθησαν (cast down) inverts the dragon's own casting-down of the stars (v.4) — measure for measure.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐβλήθηwas thrown downAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (divine passive)→ aoristic (decisive expulsion)βάλλω: 'throw, cast'; the dragon who cast down stars is himself cast down.
theNominativearticle
δράκωνdragonNominativesubject of ἐβλήθηδράκων: 'dragon'; cf. v.3.
theNominativearticle
μέγαςgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; the fearsome scale of the adversary, now defeated.
theNominativearticle
ὄφιςserpentNominativeapposition to δράκων (first title)ὄφις: 'serpent, snake'; recalls the tempter of Eden (Gen 3:1).
theNominativearticle
ἀρχαῖοςancientNominativeattributive adjectiveἀρχαῖος: 'ancient, original'; the serpent from the beginning — Eden's deceiver.
the oneNominativearticle (substantival, w/ participle)
καλούμενοςcalledPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καλέωattributive participle (substantival, naming)→ imperfective (customary designation)καλέω: 'call, name'; introduces the proper names that follow.
ΔιάβολοςDevilNominativepredicate/title (apposition)διάβολος: 'slanderer, accuser, Devil'; the Greek name (second title), unfolded as 'accuser' in v.10.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ΣατανᾶςSatanNominativetitle (apposition)Σατανᾶς: 'Satan' (Heb. 'adversary'); the Semitic name (third title).
the oneNominativearticle (substantival, w/ participle)
πλανῶνdeceivingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πλανάωsubstantival participle (fourth title)→ imperfective (habitual deceiving)πλανάω: 'lead astray, deceive'; 'the deceiver of the whole world' — the dragon's signature work (cf. 13:14; 20:3).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
οἰκουμένηνworldAccusativedirect object of πλανῶνοἰκουμένη: 'inhabited world'; the whole human realm Satan deceives.
ὅληνwholeAccusativeattributive adjectiveὅλος: 'whole, entire'; the universal scope of the deception.
ἐβλήθηwas thrownAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (resumptive, divine passive)→ aoristic (decisive casting-down)βάλλω: 'throw, cast'; resumes the verb after the long string of titles.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)γῆ: 'earth'; the dragon's place of exile, now the arena of his rage.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἄγγελοιangelsNominativesubject of ἐβλήθησανἄγγελος: 'angel'; the dragon's fallen host, sharing his fate.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (accompaniment)μετά: 'with'; the angels share the dragon's downfall.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of μετά
ἐβλήθησανwere thrown downAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · βάλλωmain verb (plural, of the angels)→ aoristic (decisive expulsion)βάλλω: 'throw, cast'; the threefold ἐβλήθη/ἐβλήθησαν hammers the reversal home.
10

καὶ ἤκουσα φωνὴν μεγάλην ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ λέγουσαν· Ἄρτι ἐγένετο ἡ σωτηρία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ἐβλήθη ὁ κατήγωρ τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἡμῶν, ὁ κατηγορῶν αὐτοὺς ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ ἡμῶν ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός.

And I heard a loud voice in heaven saying: Now have come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God and the authority of his Christ, for the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down, the one who accuses them before our God day and night.

Heavenly hymn (interpretive response)καίThe first of the chapter's hymnic interpretations. ἄρτι ('now') marks the eschatological turning-point: the dragon's expulsion = the inbreaking of God's salvation, power, kingdom, and the Messiah's authority. The rare ὁ κατήγωρ ('accuser,' a Semitized form of κατήγορος) names the devil's courtroom role (cf. Job 1; Zech 3), now silenced.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤκουσαI heardAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (John as seer)→ aoristic (the hearing)ἀκούω: 'hear'; the seer's auditory witness to the heavenly proclamation.
φωνὴνa voiceAccusativedirect object of ἤκουσαφωνή: 'voice, sound'; an unidentified heavenly herald (perhaps the redeemed, cf. 'our brothers').
μεγάληνloudAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, loud'; the volume of triumphant proclamation.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῷtheDativearticle
οὐρανῷheavenDativeobject of ἐνοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the source of the victory hymn.
λέγουσανsayingPres Act Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · λέγωattributive participle (modifies φωνήν)→ imperfective (the ongoing utterance)λέγω: 'say'; introduces direct speech, agreeing with φωνήν.
ἌρτιNowtemporal adverb (emphatic, fronted)ἄρτι: 'now, just now'; the decisive 'now' of the eschatological turn.
ἐγένετοhave comeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb of the hymn→ aoristic (the new state arrived)γίνομαι: 'come to be, arrive'; the singular verb governs the compound subject as one reality.
theNominativearticle
σωτηρίαsalvationNominativesubject of ἐγένετοσωτηρία: 'salvation, deliverance'; the first of four nouns naming God's now-arrived reign.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
δύναμιςpowerNominativecoordinate subjectδύναμις: 'power, might'; God's manifest power.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativecoordinate subjectβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign'; God's royal rule now disclosed.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God'; whose salvation, power, and kingdom these are.
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive (pronoun)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἐξουσίαauthorityNominativecoordinate subjectἐξουσία: 'authority, right'; the Messiah's delegated rule.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ΧριστοῦChristGenitivepossessive genitiveΧριστός: 'Christ, Anointed'; the male child of v.5, now enthroned in authority.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (God's Christ)
ὅτιforcausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because, for'; gives the ground of the victory shout.
ἐβλήθηhas been thrown downAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωverb of causal clause (divine passive)→ aoristic (the accomplished casting-down)βάλλω: 'throw, cast'; the accuser's expulsion grounds the praise.
theNominativearticle
κατήγωρaccuserNominativesubject of ἐβλήθηκατήγωρ: 'accuser' (rare Semitized form of κατήγορος); Satan's prosecutorial role (cf. Zech 3:1; Job 1–2).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἀδελφῶνbrothersGenitiveobjective genitive (those accused)ἀδελφός: 'brother'; the believing community the accuser indicts.
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive (pronoun)
the oneNominativearticle (substantival, w/ participle)
κατηγορῶνwho accusesPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · κατηγορέωsubstantival participle (apposition to κατήγωρ)→ imperfective (relentless, habitual accusing)κατηγορέω: 'accuse, bring charges'; the present stresses the ceaseless prosecution now ended.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object of κατηγορῶν
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: 'before, in the presence of'; the heavenly courtroom setting.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονθεός: 'God'; the judge before whom the charges were laid.
ἡμῶνourGenitivepossessive genitive (pronoun)
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive of time (within which)ἡμέρα: 'day'; with νυκτός, 'day and night' = incessantly.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νυκτόςnightGenitivegenitive of time (within which)νύξ: 'night'; the accuser's tireless, round-the-clock indictment, now stopped.
11

καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐνίκησαν αὐτὸν διὰ τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀρνίου καὶ διὰ τὸν λόγον τῆς μαρτυρίας αὐτῶν, καὶ οὐκ ἠγάπησαν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῶν ἄχρι θανάτου.

And they conquered him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony, and they did not love their lives even unto death.

Hymn continued (how victory was won)καίThe hymn now turns to the saints' share in the victory. They 'conquered' (ἐνίκησαν, the book's keyword for faithful overcomers) by two means introduced by διά: the blood of the Lamb (the objective ground of their acquittal that silences the accuser) and the word of their testimony (their faithful witness). Their conquest is paradoxically through martyrdom — 'they did not love their life unto death' (cf. the Lamb's own victory by slaughter, 5:5–6, 9).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτοὶtheyNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)αὐτός: 'they (themselves)'; the emphatic subject — the brothers of v.10.
ἐνίκησανconqueredAor Act Indic 3 Pl · νικάωmain verb→ aoristic (decisive victory)νικάω: 'conquer, overcome'; Revelation's signature verb of the faithful overcomer (cf. 2:7; 5:5).
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object (the accuser)
διὰbypreposition + accusative (means/ground)διά: 'because of, by means of'; here the ground of victory.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
αἷμαbloodAccusativeobject of διά (ground of victory)αἷμα: 'blood'; the Lamb's sacrificial death, the objective basis that disarms the accuser.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀρνίουLambGenitivepossessive/source genitiveἀρνίον: 'lamb'; the slain-yet-standing Lamb of Revelation (5:6), whose blood ransoms (5:9).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διὰbypreposition + accusative (means/ground)διά: 'by means of'; the second ground of victory.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativeobject of διάλόγος: 'word'; the saints' confessing word of witness.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
μαρτυρίαςtestimonyGenitiveepexegetical/objective genitiveμαρτυρία: 'testimony, witness'; their faithful confession, even to death (cf. 1:9; 6:9).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (pronoun)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative particleοὐ: 'not'; negates ἠγάπησαν.
ἠγάπησανthey lovedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀγαπάωmain verb (w/ οὐκ)→ aoristic (their settled choice)ἀγαπάω: 'love'; they did not cling to their own lives — martyr-readiness.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ψυχὴνlifeAccusativedirect object of ἠγάπησανψυχή: 'soul, life'; here earthly life, which they did not prize above their witness.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive (pronoun)
ἄχριeven untoimproper preposition + genitive (extent)ἄχρι: 'until, as far as'; marks the extreme limit — even to death.
θανάτουdeathGenitiveobject of ἄχριθάνατος: 'death'; the furthest extent of their non-self-love — willing martyrdom.
12

διὰ τοῦτο εὐφραίνεσθε, οἱ οὐρανοὶ καὶ οἱ ἐν αὐτοῖς σκηνοῦντες. οὐαὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν, ὅτι κατέβη ὁ διάβολος πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἔχων θυμὸν μέγαν, εἰδὼς ὅτι ὀλίγον καιρὸν ἔχει.

Therefore rejoice, O heavens and you who dwell in them! Woe to the earth and the sea, because the devil has come down to you having great wrath, knowing that he has but little time.

Hymn conclusion (call to rejoice; woe)διὰ τοῦτοδιὰ τοῦτο ('therefore') draws the hymn's conclusion: a summons to heaven's rejoicing and a woe upon earth and sea. The accusative τὴν γῆν after οὐαί is unusual (normally dative) — an Apocalyptic solecism. The devil's wrath is fueled by knowledge that his καιρός ('appointed time') is short — the theological key to the persecutions of chs. 13ff.
διὰbecause ofpreposition + accusative (in idiom διὰ τοῦτο)διά: 'because of'; with τοῦτο forms the inferential 'therefore.'
τοῦτοthisAccusativeobject of διά (idiom: 'therefore')οὗτος: 'this'; the demonstrative completing 'for this reason.'
εὐφραίνεσθεrejoicePres Pass Impv 2 Pl · εὐφραίνωmain verb (imperative)→ imperfective (sustained rejoicing)εὐφραίνω: 'gladden'; passive-deponent imperative 'be glad, rejoice.'
οἱONominativearticle (nominative of address)
οὐρανοὶheavensNominativenominative of address (subject of impv.)οὐρανός: 'heaven'; the heavens summoned to joy (cf. Isa 44:23; 49:13).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱyouNominativearticle (substantival, w/ participle)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of ἐν
σκηνοῦντεςwho dwellPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · σκηνόωsubstantival participle (address, w/ οἱ)→ imperfective (ongoing dwelling)σκηνόω: 'dwell, tabernacle'; the redeemed/angelic inhabitants of heaven.
οὐαὶwoeinterjection of lament/threatοὐαί: 'woe!'; a cry of doom against earth and sea.
τὴνto theAccusativearticle
γῆνearthAccusativeaccusative w/ οὐαί (solecistic; normally dat.)γῆ: 'earth'; recipient of the woe, now the dragon's hunting-ground.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
θάλασσανseaAccusativeaccusative w/ οὐαί (coordinate w/ γῆν)θάλασσα: 'sea'; the second domain of woe (anticipating the sea-beast, 13:1).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because'; grounds the woe.
κατέβηhas come downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωverb of causal clause→ aoristic (the descent accomplished)καταβαίνω: 'come/go down'; the devil's descent to earth (v.9), the source of earth's woe.
theNominativearticle
διάβολοςdevilNominativesubject of κατέβηδιάβολος: 'devil, slanderer'; cf. v.9 — now raging on earth.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of πρός (earth and sea)
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωcircumstantial participle (manner)→ imperfective (continuing rage)ἔχω: 'have'; describes the devil's furious state.
θυμὸνwrathAccusativedirect object of ἔχωνθυμός: 'rage, fury'; the devil's boiling anger, knowing his end is near.
μέγανgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; the intensity of the devil's wrath.
εἰδὼςknowingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · οἶδαcausal participle→ stative perfect (settled knowledge)οἶδα: 'know'; the perfect-with-present-sense — the devil's grim awareness fuels his rage.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of εἰδώς)ὅτι: 'that'; introduces the object of his knowing.
ὀλίγονlittleAccusativeattributive adjectiveὀλίγος: 'little, short'; the brevity of the devil's remaining season.
καιρὸνtimeAccusativedirect object of ἔχεικαιρός: 'appointed time, season'; the divinely limited interval of the devil's freedom.
ἔχειhe hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of content clause→ imperfective (present possession)ἔχω: 'have'; the devil has only a short time left.
13

Καὶ ὅτε εἶδεν ὁ δράκων ὅτι ἐβλήθη εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἐδίωξεν τὴν γυναῖκα ἥτις ἔτεκεν τὸν ἄρσενα.

And when the dragon saw that he had been thrown down to the earth, he pursued the woman who had borne the male child.

New scene (the pursuit resumes)καίAfter the hymnic interlude (vv.10–12), the narrative resumes from v.6, now showing the dragon's earthly campaign. The aorist ἐδίωξεν ('he pursued') initiates the persecution-on-earth phase. The relative ἥτις ('she who') is qualitative — 'the very woman who bore the male child' — linking back to vv.2, 5.
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ὅτεwhentemporal conjunctionὅτε: 'when'; introduces the temporal protasis.
εἶδενsawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of temporal clause→ aoristic (the realization)ὁράω: 'see, perceive'; the dragon's recognition of his defeat.
theNominativearticle
δράκωνdragonNominativesubjectδράκων: 'dragon'; cf. v.3.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content of εἶδεν)ὅτι: 'that'; introduces the object of his seeing.
ἐβλήθηhe had been thrown downAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωverb of content clause (divine passive)→ aoristic (the accomplished casting-down)βάλλω: 'throw, cast'; the dragon perceives his expulsion (v.9).
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)γῆ: 'earth'; the place of his exile.
ἐδίωξενhe pursuedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · διώκωmain verb (apodosis)→ aoristic (the pursuit launched)διώκω: 'pursue, persecute'; the dragon turns his wrath on the woman.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γυναῖκαwomanAccusativedirect object of ἐδίωξενγυνή: 'woman'; cf. v.1 — now the object of persecution.
ἥτιςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative, subject of ἔτεκεν)ὅστις: 'whoever, the very one who'; qualitative relative — 'the one who indeed bore.'
ἔτεκενhad borneAor Act Indic 3 Sg · τίκτωverb of relative clause→ aoristic (the past birth)τίκτω: 'give birth'; cf. v.5.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἄρσεναmale childAccusativedirect object of ἔτεκενἄρσην: 'male'; the messianic son of v.5 (here the masculine accusative ἄρσενα).
14

καὶ ἐδόθησαν τῇ γυναικὶ αἱ δύο πτέρυγες τοῦ ἀετοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου, ἵνα πέτηται εἰς τὴν ἔρημον εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτῆς, ὅπου τρέφεται ἐκεῖ καιρὸν καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἥμισυ καιροῦ ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ ὄφεως.

And the two wings of the great eagle were given to the woman, so that she might fly into the wilderness, to her place, where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a time, away from the presence of the serpent.

Divine deliverance (the eagle's wings)καίThe divine passive ἐδόθησαν ('were given') signals God's protection. The eagle's wings recall the exodus (Exod 19:4; Deut 32:11) and Isa 40:31 — God bearing his people to safety. 'A time, times, and half a time' (Dan 7:25; 12:7) restates the 1,260 days of v.6 — the same limited tribulation-period in Danielic idiom.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδόθησανwere givenAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (divine passive)→ aoristic (the gift granted)δίδωμι: 'give'; the passive marks God as the unnamed giver of deliverance.
τῇto theDativearticle
γυναικὶwomanDativeindirect object (dative of recipient)γυνή: 'woman'; cf. v.1.
αἱtheNominativearticle
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (modifies πτέρυγες)δύο: 'two'; the pair of eagle's wings.
πτέρυγεςwingsNominativesubject of ἐδόθησανπτέρυξ: 'wing'; means of swift escape, exodus imagery (Exod 19:4).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ἀετοῦeagleGenitivepossessive genitiveἀετός: 'eagle'; 'the great eagle' — God bearing his people on eagles' wings (Deut 32:11).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
μεγάλουgreatGenitiveattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; the eagle's might matches the scale of the rescue.
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'in order that'; the purpose of the wings.
πέτηταιshe might flyPres Mid Subj 3 Sg · πέτομαιsubjunctive in purpose clause→ imperfective (the flight)πέτομαι: 'fly'; her swift flight to refuge.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (direction)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἔρημονwildernessAccusativeobject of εἰςἔρημος: 'wilderness'; cf. v.6 — the place of refuge.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (direction, epexegetical)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of εἰς (apposition: her prepared place)τόπος: 'place'; the prepared refuge of v.6.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
ὅπουwhererelative adverb (local)ὅπου: 'where'; introduces the locative relative clause.
τρέφεταιshe is nourishedPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · τρέφωverb of relative clause (divine passive)→ imperfective (continual nourishing)τρέφω: 'feed, nourish'; cf. v.6 — God sustains her in the wilderness.
ἐκεῖthereadverb of place (resumptive w/ ὅπου)ἐκεῖ: 'there'; the redundant locative Semitism (cf. v.6).
καιρὸνa timeAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeκαιρός: 'time, season'; the singular component of the Danielic phrase (= 1 year).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καιροὺςtimesAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeκαιρός: 'time'; the plural (= 2 years), per Dan 7:25.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἥμισυhalfAccusativeaccusative of extent (substantival adjective)ἥμισυς: 'half'; 'half a time' (= ½ year), completing 3½ years = 1,260 days.
καιροῦof a timeGenitivepartitive genitive (w/ ἥμισυ)καιρός: 'time'; 'half of a time.'
ἀπὸaway frompreposition + genitive (separation)ἀπό: 'from, away from'; marks separation/protection.
προσώπουthe presenceGenitiveobject of ἀπό (Semitic idiom: ἀπὸ προσώπου = away from)πρόσωπον: 'face, presence'; the Semitic 'from the face of' = out of the serpent's reach.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ὄφεωςserpentGenitivepossessive genitive (w/ προσώπου)ὄφις: 'serpent'; cf. v.9 — the dragon as the ancient serpent, kept at bay.
15

καὶ ἔβαλεν ὁ ὄφις ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ὀπίσω τῆς γυναικὸς ὕδωρ ὡς ποταμόν, ἵνα αὐτὴν ποταμοφόρητον ποιήσῃ.

And the serpent spewed from his mouth water like a river after the woman, so that he might sweep her away with the flood.

The serpent's attack (the flood)καίThe serpent's counter-move: a river of water 'from his mouth' (the source of his deceptive, persecuting speech). The flood evokes the chaos-waters of OT imagery and the 'overwhelming flood' of the enemy (Ps 18:4; 32:6; Isa 8:7–8). The rare adjective ποταμοφόρητον ('river-swept, carried off by a flood') is a Johannine coinage.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔβαλενspewedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb→ aoristic (the act of spewing)βάλλω: 'throw, cast, pour out'; here of the serpent casting forth water.
theNominativearticle
ὄφιςserpentNominativesubject of ἔβαλενὄφις: 'serpent'; cf. v.9 — the dragon under his Edenic title.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: 'out of, from'; marks the source — his mouth.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐκστόμα: 'mouth'; the source of the persecuting flood (cf. deceptive speech, v.9).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitive (direction)ὀπίσω: 'after, behind'; the flood pursues the woman.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γυναικὸςwomanGenitiveobject of ὀπίσωγυνή: 'woman'; cf. v.1 — the target of the flood.
ὕδωρwaterAccusativedirect object of ἔβαλενὕδωρ: 'water'; the chaos-flood meant to drown her.
ὡςlikecomparative particleὡς: 'as, like'; introduces the comparison.
ποταμόνa riverAccusativeaccusative in comparison (w/ ὡς)ποταμός: 'river'; the volume of the engulfing waters.
ἵναso thatconjunction introducing purpose clauseἵνα: 'in order that'; the serpent's purpose.
αὐτὴνherAccusativedirect object of ποιήσῃ
ποταμοφόρητονswept away by the floodAccusativepredicate adjective (object complement)ποταμοφόρητος: 'carried off by a river' (a Johannine coinage); the intended fate of the woman.
ποιήσῃhe might makeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ποιέωsubjunctive in purpose clause→ aoristic (intended result)ποιέω: 'make, cause'; with the predicate adj. — 'make her flood-swept,' i.e. drown her.
16

καὶ ἐβοήθησεν ἡ γῆ τῇ γυναικί, καὶ ἤνοιξεν ἡ γῆ τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς καὶ κατέπιεν τὸν ποταμὸν ὃν ἔβαλεν ὁ δράκων ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ.

But the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened its mouth and swallowed the river that the dragon had spewed from his mouth.

Divine rescue (the earth helps)καίThe earth becomes God's unexpected ally, 'opening its mouth' (cf. the earth swallowing Korah, Num 16:30–32) to swallow the river. The 'mouth' of the earth answers the 'mouth' of the serpent (v.15) — the very instrument of attack is undone. ἐβοήθησεν ('helped') frames creation itself as serving the woman's protection.
καὶbutcoordinating conjunction (adversative sense)
ἐβοήθησενhelpedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βοηθέωmain verb→ aoristic (decisive aid)βοηθέω: 'help, come to the aid of'; creation aids the woman against the serpent.
theNominativearticle
γῆearthNominativesubject of ἐβοήθησενγῆ: 'earth'; here the woman's ally, swallowing the flood.
τῇtheDativearticle
γυναικίwomanDativeindirect object (dative w/ βοηθέω)γυνή: 'woman'; the one helped.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤνοιξενopenedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb→ aoristic (the opening)ἀνοίγω: 'open'; the earth opens its mouth (cf. Num 16:30).
theNominativearticle
γῆearthNominativesubject of ἤνοιξενγῆ: 'earth'; restated as the acting subject.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
στόμαmouthAccusativedirect object of ἤνοιξενστόμα: 'mouth'; the earth's 'mouth' answering the serpent's mouth (v.15).
αὐτῆςitsGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατέπιενswallowedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταπίνωmain verb→ aoristic (the swallowing)καταπίνω: 'swallow, gulp down'; the earth drinks down the flood, neutralizing the attack.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ποταμὸνriverAccusativedirect object of κατέπιενποταμός: 'river'; the serpent's flood, now consumed.
ὃνthatAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἔβαλεν)
ἔβαλενhad spewedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωverb of relative clause→ aoristic (the prior act)βάλλω: 'throw, pour out'; cf. v.15.
theNominativearticle
δράκωνdragonNominativesubject of ἔβαλενδράκων: 'dragon'; identified again with the serpent of v.15.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: 'out of'; the flood's source.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐκστόμα: 'mouth'; cf. v.15 — the dragon's mouth.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
17

καὶ ὠργίσθη ὁ δράκων ἐπὶ τῇ γυναικί, καὶ ἀπῆλθεν ποιῆσαι πόλεμον μετὰ τῶν λοιπῶν τοῦ σπέρματος αὐτῆς, τῶν τηρούντων τὰς ἐντολὰς τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἐχόντων τὴν μαρτυρίαν Ἰησοῦ·

And the dragon was enraged at the woman, and went off to make war with the rest of her offspring, those who keep the commandments of God and hold the testimony of Jesus.

Climax (war on the offspring)καίFrustrated, the dragon turns from the woman to 'the rest of her offspring' (οἱ λοιποὶ τοῦ σπέρματος αὐτῆς) — the individual believers, defined by two participles: those keeping God's commandments and holding the testimony of Jesus. This recalls Gen 3:15 (the serpent's enmity with the woman's 'seed') and sets up the war of chs. 13ff. The 'testimony of Jesus' is the witness Jesus bore / about Jesus (cf. 1:9; 19:10).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὠργίσθηwas enragedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὀργίζωmain verb (passive-deponent)→ aoristic (the onset of rage)ὀργίζω: 'be angry, enraged'; the dragon's fury at being thwarted.
theNominativearticle
δράκωνdragonNominativesubjectδράκων: 'dragon'; cf. v.3.
ἐπὶatpreposition + dative (cause/object of emotion)ἐπί: 'at, with'; marks the object of the dragon's anger.
τῇtheDativearticle
γυναικίwomanDativeobject of ἐπίγυνή: 'woman'; cf. v.1.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπῆλθενwent offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ aoristic (departure for war)ἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart'; the dragon goes off to wage war on the offspring.
ποιῆσαιto makeAor Act Infin · ποιέωinfinitive of purpose→ aoristic (purpose: to make war)ποιέω: 'make, do'; ποιῆσαι πόλεμον = 'to wage war' (idiom).
πόλεμονwarAccusativedirect object of ποιῆσαιπόλεμος: 'war, battle'; cf. v.7 — now the war moves to earth.
μετὰwithpreposition + genitive (against, in conflict)μετά: 'with'; adversative — 'against.'
τῶνtheGenitivearticle (substantival)
λοιπῶνrestGenitiveobject of μετά (substantival adjective)λοιπός: 'rest, remaining'; 'the rest of her offspring' — believers beyond the messianic child.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
σπέρματοςoffspringGenitivepartitive/possessive genitiveσπέρμα: 'seed, offspring'; recalls Gen 3:15 — the woman's seed at enmity with the serpent.
αὐτῆςherGenitivepossessive genitive
τῶνthe (ones)Genitivearticle (substantival, w/ participles)
τηρούντωνwho keepPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · τηρέωsubstantival participle (defines the offspring)→ imperfective (continual keeping)τηρέω: 'keep, observe'; faithful obedience as a defining mark of the offspring.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἐντολὰςcommandmentsAccusativedirect object of τηρούντωνἐντολή: 'commandment'; God's commands, kept by the faithful (cf. 14:12).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive genitiveθεός: 'God'; whose commandments they keep.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐχόντωνwho holdPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (coordinate w/ τηρούντων)→ imperfective (continual holding)ἔχω: 'have, hold'; they hold fast the testimony of Jesus.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μαρτυρίανtestimonyAccusativedirect object of ἐχόντωνμαρτυρία: 'testimony, witness'; the witness of/about Jesus (cf. 1:9; 19:10).
Ἰησοῦof JesusGenitiveobjective/subjective genitiveἸησοῦς: 'Jesus'; the testimony Jesus bore, and that the saints maintain about him.
18

Καὶ ἐστάθη ἐπὶ τὴν ἄμμον τῆς θαλάσσης.

And he stood on the sand of the sea.

Transition (the dragon takes his stand)καίA single transitional line bridging to ch. 13: the dragon takes his stand on the seashore, poised to summon the beast from the sea (13:1). Critical text/versification: NA28/SBLGNT read the 3rd-singular ἐστάθη ('he [the dragon] stood') and number this as 12:18; the Majority text and KJV read the 1st-singular ἐστάθην ('I [John] stood') and attach it as 13:1a, so this clause appears there as the opening of chapter 13. The third-person reading, with the dragon as subject, is followed here and is strongly supported by the best witnesses.
ΚαὶAndcoordinating conjunction
ἐστάθηhe stoodAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἵστημιmain verb→ aoristic (took his stand)ἵστημι: 'stand'; the aorist passive (intransitive) ἐστάθη, 'he stood / took his stand'; the variant ἐστάθην ('I stood,' Maj./KJV) reassigns the subject to John and the clause to 13:1a.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)ἐπί: 'on, upon'; the place of the dragon's stand.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἄμμονsandAccusativeobject of ἐπίἄμμος: 'sand'; the seashore, the threshold from which the sea-beast will rise (13:1).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
θαλάσσηςseaGenitivepossessive/partitive genitiveθάλασσα: 'sea'; the abyssal source of the beast to come (13:1).