Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Revelation to John, Chapter 11ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΙΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΙΑ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ ἐδόθη μοι κάλαμος ὅμοιος ῥάβδῳ, λέγων· Ἔγειρε καὶ μέτρησον τὸν ναὸν τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον καὶ τοὺς προσκυνοῦντας ἐν αὐτῷ.

And there was given to me a measuring-reed like a rod, saying, "Rise and measure the temple of God and the altar and those worshipping in it."

Vision-narrative onsetκαίThe interlude before the seventh trumpet opens. The divine-passive ἐδόθη ('was given,' cf. ch. 6) hands John a measuring-reed; the abrupt nominative λέγων ('saying'), agreeing with no expressed speaker, is the seer's habitual loose syntax. The measuring echoes Ezekiel 40–42 and Zechariah 2 — to measure is to mark off, claim, and preserve.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)καί: the Hebraic-style narrative connector driving the vision forward.
ἐδόθηwas givenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine passive)→ aoristic — the single act of handing over the reedδίδωμι: the recurring 'divine passive' of Revelation; what is given is permitted and commissioned by God.
μοιto meDativeindirect object (dat. of recipient)
κάλαμοςa reedNominativesubject of ἐδόθηκάλαμος: a reed, here the measuring-rod of Ezek 40:3; the surveyor's instrument for marking off the sanctuary.
ὅμοιοςlikeNominativepredicate adjective (+ dative)ὅμοιος: 'like, resembling'; with the dative, the reed likened to a staff.
ῥάβδῳa rodDativedative of comparison (with ὅμοιος)ῥάβδος: rod, staff; the firm measuring-staff, and elsewhere the rod of rule (cf. 2:27; 12:5).
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωnominative participle (solecistic; no expressed antecedent)→ imperfective — the ongoing voice of commandλέγω: the hanging nominative λέγων, agreeing with no stated speaker, is the seer's characteristic loose syntax (cf. 4:1).
ἜγειρεRisePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐγείρωimperative (rousing summons)→ imperfective imperative — 'up, set to it!'ἐγείρω: 'rise, get up'; the intransitive imperative used adverbially, 'rise and measure.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μέτρησονmeasureAor Act Impv 2 Sg · μετρέωimperative (the command proper)→ aoristic imperative — the decisive act of surveyingμετρέω: 'measure'; to measure is to mark off as God's own and so to preserve (cf. Zech 2:1–5).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ναὸνtempleAccusativedirect objectναός: the sanctuary proper (the holy place), not the whole temple precinct (ἱερόν); here the inner shrine that is to be measured and kept.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of possessionθεός: God, to whom the sanctuary belongs.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheAccusativearticle
θυσιαστήριονaltarAccusativedirect object (coordinate)θυσιαστήριον: the altar; the place of sacrifice and of the martyrs' prayers (cf. 6:9; 8:3).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizing the participle)
προσκυνοῦνταςworshippingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · προσκυνέωsubstantival participle (object)→ imperfective — the worshippers as continually worshippingπροσκυνέω: 'worship, prostrate before'; the measured 'worshippers' are the true people of God, marked off and preserved.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)ἐν: 'in,' locating the worshippers within the sanctuary.
αὐτῷitDativeobject of ἐν
2

καὶ τὴν αὐλὴν τὴν ἔξωθεν τοῦ ναοῦ ἔκβαλε ἔξωθεν, καὶ μὴ αὐτὴν μετρήσῃς, ὅτι ἐδόθη τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, καὶ τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἁγίαν πατήσουσιν μῆνας τεσσεράκοντα δύο.

But the court outside the temple, leave it out and do not measure it, for it has been given to the nations, and they will trample the holy city forty-two months.

Antithesis — what is NOT measuredκαίThe counterpart to v.1: the outer court is cast out, unmeasured, handed over (ἐδόθη again) to the nations to trample. The forty-two months equal the 1,260 days of v.3 and Daniel's 'time, times, half a time' (Dan 7:25; 12:7) — the bounded period of the church's trampling and witness.
καὶbutcoordinating conjunction (adversative force)καί: here adversative, marking the contrast with what is to be measured.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
αὐλὴνcourtAccusativedirect object (fronted)αὐλή: courtyard; the outer court of the Gentiles, here given over to trampling.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
ἔξωθενoutsideadverb (attributive, 'the outer')ἔξωθεν: 'from outside, outer'; here adjectival of the court, set against the inner ναός.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
ναοῦtempleGenitivegenitive (separation, 'outside the temple')ναός: the sanctuary, of which this is the outer court.
ἔκβαλεleave outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐκβάλλωimperative (the command)→ aoristic imperative — exclude it decisivelyἐκβάλλω: 'cast out, exclude'; here 'leave out, omit' from the measuring.
ἔξωθενoutsideadverb (of the casting-out)ἔξωθεν: 'outside'; reinforcing the exclusion of the court from what is measured.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative (with subjunctive of prohibition)μή: the negative of prohibition with the aorist subjunctive.
αὐτὴνitAccusativedirect object (resumptive)
μετρήσῃςyou should measureAor Act Subj 2 Sg · μετρέωsubjunctive of prohibition (μὴ + aor. subj.)→ aoristic — the prohibited act of measuringμετρέω: 'measure'; the court is deliberately not marked off as preserved.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because,' giving the reason for the exclusion.
ἐδόθηit has been givenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of causal clause (divine passive)→ aoristic — the handing-over as accomplishedδίδωμι: divine passive again; the court is permitted to the nations by God's own decree.
τοῖςto theDativearticle
ἔθνεσινnationsDativeindirect object (dat. of recipient)ἔθνος: 'nation, Gentile'; the hostile peoples to whom the court is handed over.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πόλινcityAccusativedirect object (of πατήσουσιν)πόλις: city; the 'holy city' here trodden down (cf. the 'great city' of v.8).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
ἁγίανholyAccusativeattributive adjectiveἅγιος: 'holy'; the holy city (Jerusalem / the people of God) given over to trampling for a season.
πατήσουσινthey will trampleFut Act Indic 3 Pl · πατέωmain verb (future)→ future — the trampling foreseen for the appointed spanπατέω: 'trample, tread underfoot'; the nations' desecration (cf. Luke 21:24; Dan 8:13).
μῆναςmonthsAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeμήν: month; forty-two months = 1,260 days = three and a half years, the symbolic half-seven of trampling and witness.
τεσσεράκονταfortyAccusativecardinal numeral (with μῆνας)τεσσεράκοντα: forty; component of the forty-two months.
δύοtwoAccusativecardinal numeral (with μῆνας)δύο: two; completing forty-two.
3

καὶ δώσω τοῖς δυσὶν μάρτυσίν μου, καὶ προφητεύσουσιν ἡμέρας χιλίας διακοσίας ἑξήκοντα περιβεβλημένοι σάκκους.

And I will grant to my two witnesses, and they will prophesy a thousand two hundred and sixty days, clothed in sackcloth.

Divine grant — the witnesses commissionedκαίGod himself speaks ('I will grant … my two witnesses'). δώσω stands without an expressed object ('grant [it/authority]'), the Semitic idiom. The 1,260 days match the forty-two months of v.2: the church's mourning-witness (σάκκος, sackcloth) runs exactly as long as the nations' trampling.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δώσωI will grantFut Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (future; object unexpressed)→ future — God's grant of prophetic commissionδίδωμι: 'give, grant'; here with the dative of persons and unexpressed object, 'I will give [it/power] to my two witnesses' (a Hebraism).
τοῖςto theDativearticle
δυσὶνtwoDativecardinal numeral (with μάρτυσιν)δύο: two; two witnesses satisfy the Mosaic law of valid testimony (Deut 19:15).
μάρτυσίνwitnessesDativeindirect object (dat. of recipient)μάρτυς: 'witness'; in Revelation the word slides toward 'martyr' (cf. Antipas, 2:13), the testimony sealed in death.
μουmyGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προφητεύσουσινthey will prophesyFut Act Indic 3 Pl · προφητεύωmain verb (future)→ future — the witnesses' prophesying across the appointed daysπροφητεύω: 'prophesy, speak forth God's word'; the witnesses' calling-and-judgment ministry.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἡμέρα: day; 1,260 days = 42 months (v.2) = three and a half years.
χιλίαςthousandAccusativecardinal numeral (with ἡμέρας)χίλιοι: a thousand.
διακοσίαςtwo hundredAccusativecardinal numeral (with ἡμέρας)διακόσιοι: two hundred.
ἑξήκονταsixtyAccusativecardinal numeral (with ἡμέρας)ἑξήκοντα: sixty; completing 1,260.
περιβεβλημένοιclothedPerf Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · περιβάλλωadverbial/circumstantial participle (manner)→ perfect — the abiding state of being cladπεριβάλλω: 'clothe, wrap around'; the perfect middle pictures them as settled in mourning-garb throughout.
σάκκουςsackclothAccusativeaccusative of respect (with the clothing participle)σάκκος: sackcloth; the coarse garment of mourning and prophetic lament (cf. Jonah 3; Joel 1).
4

οὗτοί εἰσιν αἱ δύο ἐλαῖαι καὶ αἱ δύο λυχνίαι αἱ ἐνώπιον τοῦ κυρίου τῆς γῆς ἑστῶτες.

These are the two olive trees and the two lampstands that stand before the Lord of the earth.

Identification — the Zechariah-4 emblemasyndetonAsyndeton; the seer pauses to identify the witnesses by Zechariah's vision (Zech 4:3, 11–14) of two olive trees flanking the lampstand. The masculine ἑστῶτες (read against the feminine ἑστῶσαι) agrees ad sensum with the persons symbolized, not with the feminine λυχνίαι.
οὗτοίtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)οὗτος: 'these'; pointing back to the two witnesses of v.3.
εἰσινarePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative — the symbolic identificationεἰμί: 'to be'; the identifying copula, 'these are…'
αἱtheNominativearticle
δύοtwoNominativecardinal numeral (with ἐλαῖαι)δύο: two.
ἐλαῖαιolive treesNominativepredicate nominativeἐλαία: olive tree; the two anointed ones supplying oil in Zech 4 (the 'sons of oil').
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αἱtheNominativearticle
δύοtwoNominativecardinal numeral (with λυχνίαι)δύο: two.
λυχνίαιlampstandsNominativepredicate nominativeλυχνία: lampstand; in Revelation the symbol of the churches (1:20), here the witnessing community bearing light.
αἱthe onesNominativearticle (attributive, with ἐνώπιον-phrase)
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: 'before, in the presence of.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονκύριος: 'Lord'; 'the Lord of the earth' (Zech 4:14), the sovereign before whom the witnesses stand to serve.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitivegenitive (Lord 'of the earth')γῆ: earth; the whole earth over which the Lord rules.
ἑστῶτεςstandingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἵστημιattributive participle (ad sensum, masc. for the persons)→ perfect-as-present — the settled stance of attendanceἵστημι: 'stand'; the perfect ἑστῶτες = 'standing,' the posture of servants before their Lord (the masculine agreeing with the persons, not the feminine λυχνίαι).
5

καὶ εἴ τις αὐτοὺς θέλει ἀδικῆσαι, πῦρ ἐκπορεύεται ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτῶν καὶ κατεσθίει τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν· καὶ εἴ τις θελήσῃ αὐτοὺς ἀδικῆσαι, οὕτως δεῖ αὐτὸν ἀποκτανθῆναι.

And if anyone wishes to harm them, fire pours out of their mouth and devours their enemies; and if anyone should wish to harm them, in this way he must be killed.

The witnesses' inviolability — first powerκαίTheir first plague-power: fire from the mouth devouring foes, the prophet's word as judging fire (Jer 5:14; 2 Kgs 1:10, Elijah). The doubled conditional (present θέλει, then aorist subjunctive θελήσῃ) and the impersonal δεῖ ('it is necessary') stress the inevitability of the would-be harmer's doom.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἴifconditional conjunction (1st class)εἰ: 'if'; with the indicative θέλει, a real/general condition.
τιςanyoneNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject)τις: 'anyone'; the hypothetical assailant.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (of ἀδικῆσαι)
θέλειwishesPres Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωverb of protasis→ imperfective — the wish entertainedθέλω: 'wish, will'; the desire to harm, even attempted, draws the fire.
ἀδικῆσαιto harmAor Act Infin · ἀδικέωcomplementary infinitive→ aoristic — the act of harm contemplatedἀδικέω: 'wrong, injure'; to do them harm.
πῦρfireNominativesubject of ἐκπορεύεταιπῦρ: fire; the consuming word of the prophet (Jer 5:14), the judging breath of their mouth.
ἐκπορεύεταιpours outPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐκπορεύομαιmain verb (gnomic present)→ imperfective/gnomic — the standing rule of their defenseἐκπορεύομαι: 'go out, proceed'; the fire issues from their mouth.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: 'out of,' the source of the fire.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐκστόμα: mouth; the organ of prophecy, here issuing judgment.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατεσθίειdevoursPres Act Indic 3 Sg · κατεσθίωmain verb (gnomic present)→ imperfective/gnomic — the consuming as habitualκατεσθίω: 'devour, eat up'; the fire wholly consumes the foes.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἐχθροὺςenemiesAccusativedirect objectἐχθρός: 'enemy, hostile one'; those who would harm the witnesses.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἴifconditional conjunction (3rd class)εἰ: 'if'; here with the subjunctive θελήσῃ, a prospective condition.
τιςanyoneNominativeindefinite pronoun (subject)τις: 'anyone.'
θελήσῃshould wishAor Act Subj 3 Sg · θέλωverb of protasis (subjunctive)→ aoristic — the wish viewed as a contemplated actθέλω: 'wish'; the mere will to harm them seals his doom.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (of ἀδικῆσαι)
ἀδικῆσαιto harmAor Act Infin · ἀδικέωcomplementary infinitive→ aoristic — the harm contemplatedἀδικέω: 'injure, harm.'
οὕτωςin this wayadverb of mannerοὕτως: 'thus, in this way'; i.e. by the same fire he must die.
δεῖmustPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb (necessity) + infinitive→ imperfective — the standing divine necessityδεῖ: 'it is necessary'; the impersonal of divine inevitability (cf. 1:1; 4:1).
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
ἀποκτανθῆναιto be killedAor Pass Infin · ἀποκτείνωinfinitive (subject of δεῖ)→ aoristic — the appointed deathἀποκτείνω: 'kill'; the would-be harmer is himself slain by the same fire.
6

οὗτοι ἔχουσιν τὴν ἐξουσίαν κλεῖσαι τὸν οὐρανόν, ἵνα μὴ ὑετὸς βρέχῃ τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς προφητείας αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐξουσίαν ἔχουσιν ἐπὶ τῶν ὑδάτων στρέφειν αὐτὰ εἰς αἷμα καὶ πατάξαι τὴν γῆν ἐν πάσῃ πληγῇ ὁσάκις ἐὰν θελήσωσιν.

These have the authority to shut the sky, so that no rain may fall during the days of their prophesying, and they have authority over the waters to turn them to blood and to strike the earth with every plague, as often as they wish.

The witnesses' powers — Elijah and MosesasyndetonAsyndeton resumes the catalogue: drought (Elijah, 1 Kgs 17:1; cf. Luke 4:25, three and a half years) and water-to-blood with every plague (Moses, Exod 7:17–20). The two witnesses thus embody the Law and the Prophets, or the twin offices of the covenant, exercising their plagues 'as often as they wish.'
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)οὗτος: 'these'; the two witnesses again.
ἔχουσινhavePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ imperfective — their possessed authorityἔχω: 'have, hold'; they possess delegated authority.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativedirect objectἐξουσία: 'authority, right'; the granted power over sky and waters.
κλεῖσαιto shutAor Act Infin · κλείωepexegetic infinitive (defining the authority)→ aoristic — the act of shutting heavenκλείω: 'shut, close'; to shut the sky against rain, as Elijah (1 Kgs 17; cf. Luke 4:25).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανόνskyAccusativedirect object (of κλεῖσαι)οὐρανός: 'heaven, sky'; here the source of rain, shut up in drought.
ἵναso thatpurpose/result conjunctionἵνα: introducing the purpose of the shutting, 'that no rain fall.'
μὴnotnegative (with subjunctive)μή: negating the subjunctive βρέχῃ.
ὑετὸςrainNominativesubject of βρέχῃὑετός: rain; withheld during the drought.
βρέχῃmay fallPres Act Subj 3 Sg · βρέχωsubjunctive of purpose→ imperfective — the raining continuously preventedβρέχω: 'rain, send rain'; here intransitive, 'no rain may fall.'
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἡμέρα: day; the days of their prophesying = the 1,260 days.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
προφητείαςprophesyingGenitivegenitive (defining the days)προφητεία: prophecy, prophesying; the period of their testimony.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativedirect object (of ἔχουσιν)ἐξουσία: authority; now over the waters.
ἔχουσινthey havePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ imperfective — their continuing authorityἔχω: 'have, hold.'
ἐπὶoverpreposition + genitive (authority over)ἐπί: 'over,' with the genitive of the sphere of authority.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ὑδάτωνwatersGenitiveobject of ἐπίὕδωρ: water; the waters turned to blood, as in the first Egyptian plague.
στρέφεινto turnPres Act Infin · στρέφωepexegetic infinitive (defining the authority)→ imperfective — the turning at willστρέφω: 'turn, change'; to change the waters into blood (Exod 7:17–20).
αὐτὰthemAccusativedirect object (of στρέφειν)
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (transformation)εἰς: 'into,' of the resulting state.
αἷμαbloodAccusativeobject of εἰς (predicate of transformation)αἷμα: blood; the Mosaic sign of judgment on the waters.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πατάξαιto strikeAor Act Infin · πατάσσωepexegetic infinitive (defining the authority)→ aoristic — the striking with plagueπατάσσω: 'strike, smite'; the verb of the Egyptian plagues (Exod 9:15 LXX).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνearthAccusativedirect object (of πατάξαι)γῆ: earth, land; struck with plague.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)ἐν: instrumental, 'with every plague.'
πάσῃeveryDativeattributive adjectiveπᾶς: 'every, all'; every kind of plague.
πληγῇplagueDativedative of instrumentπληγή: 'blow, plague'; the Exodus-plague language now turned on the earth-dwellers.
ὁσάκιςas often astemporal adverb (correlative, with ἐάν)ὁσάκις: 'as often as'; the frequency of the plagues left to their will.
ἐὰνeverindefinite particle (with subjunctive)ἐάν: generalizing particle with the subjunctive, '-ever.'
θελήσωσινthey wishAor Act Subj 3 Pl · θέλωsubjunctive in indefinite temporal clause→ aoristic — each occasion of willingθέλω: 'wish, will'; the plagues are at the witnesses' discretion, under God.
7

καὶ ὅταν τελέσωσιν τὴν μαρτυρίαν αὐτῶν, τὸ θηρίον τὸ ἀναβαῖνον ἐκ τῆς ἀβύσσου ποιήσει μετ’ αὐτῶν πόλεμον καὶ νικήσει αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀποκτενεῖ αὐτούς.

And when they finish their testimony, the beast that comes up out of the abyss will make war with them and conquer them and kill them.

Reversal — the beast prevailsκαίThe turn: only 'when they finish their testimony' (ὅταν τελέσωσιν) can the beast — here first named in the book, 'the beast that comes up out of the abyss' (cf. Dan 7:3, 21; Rev 13:1; 17:8) — make war, conquer (νικήσει, the verb of the overcomer, here grimly inverted), and kill them. Their death is permitted only after their commission is complete.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subjunctive)ὅταν: 'whenever, when'; with the aorist subjunctive, the completed point in time.
τελέσωσινthey finishAor Act Subj 3 Pl · τελέωverb of temporal clause→ aoristic — the completion of the testimonyτελέω: 'finish, complete'; their testimony has a divinely set term.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
μαρτυρίανtestimonyAccusativedirect objectμαρτυρία: 'testimony, witness'; the very word the witnesses bear (cf. 1:2, 9; 12:11).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
τὸtheNominativearticle
θηρίονbeastNominativesubjectθηρίον: 'wild beast'; first appearance of the book's antagonist (full disclosure in ch. 13), drawn from Daniel's beasts.
τὸthe oneNominativearticle (attributive, with participle)
ἀναβαῖνονcoming upPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Neut · ἀναβαίνωattributive participle (modifying θηρίον)→ imperfective — its characteristic risingἀναβαίνω: 'come up, ascend'; the beast rises from the abyss (cf. 17:8), the demonic deep.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: 'out of,' the beast's origin.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
ἀβύσσουabyssGenitiveobject of ἐκἄβυσσος: 'abyss, bottomless deep'; the prison of demonic powers (cf. 9:1–2, 11; 20:1–3).
ποιήσειwill makeFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb (future)→ future — the coming assaultποιέω: 'make, do'; ποιεῖν πόλεμον, the idiom 'to make war' (Dan 7:21 LXX).
μετ’withpreposition + genitive (against)μετά: 'with,' here in the hostile sense 'against.'
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά
πόλεμονwarAccusativedirect object (of ποιήσει)πόλεμος: 'war, battle'; the beast's assault on the witnesses.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νικήσειwill conquerFut Act Indic 3 Sg · νικάωmain verb (future)→ future — the beast's apparent victoryνικάω: 'conquer, overcome'; the overcomer-verg (chs. 2–3) here grimly inverted — the beast 'conquers' the saints (cf. 13:7).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποκτενεῖwill killFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (future)→ future — the slaying of the witnessesἀποκτείνω: 'kill, put to death'; the witnesses' martyrdom, after which the gloating begins.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object
8

καὶ τὸ πτῶμα αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τῆς πλατείας τῆς πόλεως τῆς μεγάλης, ἥτις καλεῖται πνευματικῶς Σόδομα καὶ Αἴγυπτος, ὅπου καὶ ὁ κύριος αὐτῶν ἐσταυρώθη.

And their corpse lies in the street of the great city, which is called spiritually Sodom and Egypt, where also their Lord was crucified.

The unburied corpse — the great city namedκαίThe verbless clause leaves the corpse exposed in the street of 'the great city.' The adverb πνευματικῶς ('spiritually, allegorically') names it Sodom (lust and judgment) and Egypt (bondage and the plagues) — and 'where also their Lord was crucified' fixes it on Jerusalem under judgment, yet typologically the whole hostile world-order. The singular τὸ πτῶμα ('corpse') treats the two as one testimony.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle
πτῶμαcorpseNominativesubject (verbless clause)πτῶμα: 'fallen body, corpse'; the singular treats the two witnesses' bodies as one fallen testimony.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπὶinpreposition + genitive (place)ἐπί: 'on, in,' locating the corpse upon the street.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
πλατείαςstreetGenitiveobject of ἐπίπλατεῖα: 'broad street, public square'; the place of maximum exposure and shame.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
πόλεωςcityGenitivegenitive (defining the street)πόλις: city; 'the great city' (ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη), a recurring designation (cf. 16:19; 17:18; 18:10) of the world-capital under judgment.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle (attributive)
μεγάληςgreatGenitiveattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; 'the great city,' here glossed Sodom/Egypt and the place of the crucifixion.
ἥτιςwhichNominativerelative pronoun (qualitative, subject of καλεῖται)ὅστις: 'which, of such a kind as'; the qualitative relative, 'the very city that is called…'
καλεῖταιis calledPres Pass Indic 3 Sg · καλέωverb of relative clause→ imperfective — the standing allegorical nameκαλέω: 'call, name'; the city's symbolic name.
πνευματικῶςspirituallyadverb (mode of naming)πνευματικῶς: 'spiritually, allegorically'; signaling a symbolic, prophetic reading of the city's identity.
ΣόδομαSodomNominativepredicate (indeclinable proper name)Σόδομα: Sodom; the byword for gross sin and fiery judgment (Gen 19; Isa 1:9–10, where Jerusalem is itself called Sodom).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΑἴγυπτοςEgyptNominativepredicate (second symbolic name)Αἴγυπτος: Egypt; the land of bondage and of the plagues now visited on the persecutors.
ὅπουwhererelative adverb of placeὅπου: 'where'; pinning the symbol to the historical site of the crucifixion.
καὶalsoadverbial (ascensive, 'also')καί: 'also, even'; adding the crucifixion as the climactic mark of the city.
theNominativearticle
κύριοςLordNominativesubject of ἐσταυρώθηκύριος: 'Lord'; 'their Lord' — Christ, whose crucifixion locates the city and binds the witnesses' fate to his.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐσταυρώθηwas crucifiedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · σταυρόωverb of relative clause (passive)→ aoristic — the historical crucifixionσταυρόω: 'crucify'; the only explicit mention of the cross in Revelation, anchoring the symbol in history.
9

καὶ βλέπουσιν ἐκ τῶν λαῶν καὶ φυλῶν καὶ γλωσσῶν καὶ ἐθνῶν τὸ πτῶμα αὐτῶν ἡμέρας τρεῖς καὶ ἥμισυ, καὶ τὰ πτώματα αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀφίουσιν τεθῆναι εἰς μνῆμα.

And some from the peoples and tribes and tongues and nations look at their corpse three and a half days, and they do not permit their corpses to be placed in a tomb.

The world's gaze — denial of burialκαίVivid presents (βλέπουσιν, ἀφίουσιν) bring the scene close. The fourfold 'peoples, tribes, tongues, nations' (the book's universal formula, cf. 5:9; 7:9) gawk at the bodies for three and a half days — the period of v.2's months reduced to days — and deny them burial, the ultimate dishonor in the ancient world (cf. Ps 79:2–3).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βλέπουσινlook atPres Act Indic 3 Pl · βλέπωmain verb (vivid present)→ imperfective — the prolonged gazingβλέπω: 'look at, gaze'; the gloating spectacle, drawn out over the days.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (partitive subject)ἐκ: partitive 'some from among,' the implied subject of βλέπουσιν.
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
λαῶνpeoplesGenitivepartitive genitiveλαός: 'people'; first of the fourfold universal formula.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φυλῶνtribesGenitivepartitive genitiveφυλή: 'tribe.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
γλωσσῶνtonguesGenitivepartitive genitiveγλῶσσα: 'tongue, language.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐθνῶνnationsGenitivepartitive genitiveἔθνος: 'nation'; the fourfold formula of all humanity (cf. 5:9; 7:9; 13:7).
τὸtheAccusativearticle
πτῶμαcorpseAccusativedirect object (of βλέπουσιν)πτῶμα: 'corpse'; the singular fallen body again.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeaccusative of extent of timeἡμέρα: day; three and a half days, the half-week of dishonor matching the half-seven of trampling.
τρεῖςthreeAccusativecardinal numeral (with ἡμέρας)τρεῖς: three.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἥμισυa halfAccusativesubstantival adjective (with τρεῖς)ἥμισυς: 'half'; 'three and a half days.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle
πτώματαcorpsesAccusativedirect object (of ἀφίουσιν)πτῶμα: 'corpse'; the plural here distributes the single corpse to the two bodies.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
οὐκnotnegativeοὐ: the negative of fact.
ἀφίουσινdo permitPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίημιmain verb (vivid present)→ imperfective — the ongoing refusalἀφίημι: 'permit, let, leave'; they refuse to let the bodies be buried (a late-form present of the verb).
τεθῆναιto be placedAor Pass Infin · τίθημιcomplementary infinitive (with ἀφίουσιν)→ aoristic — the act of laying in a tombτίθημι: 'place, lay'; here of laying a body in the tomb.
εἰςinpreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: 'into,' of the tomb as destination.
μνῆμαa tombAccusativeobject of εἰςμνῆμα: 'tomb, grave'; burial denied, the climax of contempt.
10

καὶ οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς χαίρουσιν ἐπ’ αὐτοῖς καὶ εὐφραίνονται, καὶ δῶρα πέμψουσιν ἀλλήλοις, ὅτι οὗτοι οἱ δύο προφῆται ἐβασάνισαν τοὺς κατοικοῦντας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς.

And those who dwell on the earth rejoice over them and make merry, and they will send gifts to one another, because these two prophets had tormented those who dwell on the earth.

The earth-dwellers' festivalκαίA grotesque anti-Christmas: the 'earth-dwellers' (οἱ κατοικοῦντες ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, the book's term for the unbelieving world, cf. 3:10; 6:10; 8:13) celebrate with gift-exchange, glad the prophets' tormenting word is silenced. The verb ἐβασάνισαν ('tormented') concedes the prophets' real power — their testimony was a torment to a guilty world.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizing the participle)
κατοικοῦντεςdwellingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (subject)→ imperfective — settled earth-bound dwellingκατοικέω: 'dwell, settle'; 'the earth-dwellers,' Revelation's term for the unbelieving, hostile world.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)ἐπί: 'on, upon.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: earth; their fixed sphere and allegiance.
χαίρουσινrejoicePres Act Indic 3 Pl · χαίρωmain verb (vivid present)→ imperfective — their gloating joyχαίρω: 'rejoice'; over the silencing of the witnesses.
ἐπ’overpreposition + dative (cause/occasion)ἐπί: 'over, at,' the occasion of rejoicing.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of ἐπί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐφραίνονταιmake merryPres Mid Indic 3 Pl · εὐφραίνωmain verb (vivid present)→ imperfective — festive celebrationεὐφραίνω: 'make merry, celebrate'; the verb of feasting and revelry.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δῶραgiftsAccusativedirect objectδῶρον: 'gift, present'; the festal exchange (cf. Esth 9:19, 22; Neh 8:10) marking a holiday of relief.
πέμψουσινwill sendFut Act Indic 3 Pl · πέμπωmain verb (future)→ future — the planned celebrationπέμπω: 'send'; sending gifts in mutual congratulation.
ἀλλήλοιςto one anotherDativereciprocal pronoun (indirect object)ἀλλήλων: 'one another'; the shared festivity of the wicked.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because,' the reason for their joy.
οὗτοιtheseNominativedemonstrative pronoun (subject)οὗτος: 'these,' the two prophets.
οἱtheNominativearticle
δύοtwoNominativecardinal numeralδύο: two.
προφῆταιprophetsNominativesubject (in apposition to οὗτοι)προφήτης: 'prophet'; the witnesses are now explicitly called prophets.
ἐβασάνισανtormentedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βασανίζωverb of causal clause→ aoristic — the prophets' tormenting witness summed upβασανίζω: 'torment, torture'; their convicting word was a torment to the guilty (cf. the plagues of v.6).
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizing the participle)
κατοικοῦνταςdwellingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · κατοικέωsubstantival participle (object)→ imperfective — the earth-bound dwellersκατοικέω: 'dwell'; the same 'earth-dwellers,' object of the torment.
ἐπὶonpreposition + genitive (place)ἐπί: 'on, upon.'
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: earth.
11

καὶ μετὰ τὰς τρεῖς ἡμέρας καὶ ἥμισυ πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἔστησαν ἐπὶ τοὺς πόδας αὐτῶν, καὶ φόβος μέγας ἐπέπεσεν ἐπὶ τοὺς θεωροῦντας αὐτούς.

And after the three and a half days a breath of life from God entered into them, and they stood on their feet, and great fear fell upon those who beheld them.

Resurrection — the reversalκαίThe festival is shattered. 'A breath of life from God' (πνεῦμα ζωῆς, echoing Ezek 37:5, 10, the valley of dry bones) re-enters them; they stand, and the gawking crowd is seized with great fear. The aorists drive the sudden reversal of the witnesses' fortunes.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μετὰafterpreposition + accusative (time)μετά: 'after,' with the accusative of time elapsed.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle
τρεῖςthreeAccusativecardinal numeralτρεῖς: three.
ἡμέραςdaysAccusativeobject of μετάἡμέρα: day; the three and a half days now ended.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἥμισυa halfAccusativesubstantival adjectiveἥμισυς: 'half.'
πνεῦμαbreathNominativesubject of εἰσῆλθενπνεῦμα: 'breath, spirit'; 'breath of life,' the life-giving πνεῦμα of Ezek 37 (Gen 2:7).
ζωῆςof lifeGenitivegenitive of quality/contentζωή: 'life'; the breath that is life itself.
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: 'from,' the divine source.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of ἐκθεός: God; the life comes from God alone, who raises the dead.
εἰσῆλθενenteredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb→ aoristic — the entry of lifeεἰσέρχομαι: 'enter, go in'; the breath enters the corpses (ἐν αὐτοῖς, a Semitic εἰς-for-ἐν).
ἐνintopreposition + dative (for εἰς, Semitism)ἐν: 'in/into'; the LXX-style ἐν after a verb of motion (Ezek 37:5 LXX).
αὐτοῖςthemDativeobject of ἐν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔστησανthey stoodAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἵστημιmain verb (intransitive)→ aoristic — they rose to their feetἵστημι: 'stand'; the intransitive aorist, 'they stood up' (Ezek 37:10).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)ἐπί: 'on, upon,' with the accusative of the feet.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
πόδαςfeetAccusativeobject of ἐπίπούς: foot; 'on their feet,' upright and alive again.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φόβοςfearNominativesubject of ἐπέπεσενφόβος: 'fear, terror'; the dread that grips the onlookers at the resurrection.
μέγαςgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; the great fear, a recurring response to divine acts.
ἐπέπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιπίπτωmain verb→ aoristic — the sudden seizure of fearἐπιπίπτω: 'fall upon'; fear 'fell upon' them, a Semitic idiom (cf. Luke 1:12).
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (goal of falling)ἐπί: 'upon.'
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizing the participle)
θεωροῦνταςbeholdingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · θεωρέωsubstantival participle (object of ἐπί)→ imperfective — those then watchingθεωρέω: 'behold, look at'; the spectators who had gloated now watch in terror.
αὐτούςthemAccusativedirect object (of θεωροῦντας)
12

καὶ ἤκουσαν φωνῆς μεγάλης ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ λεγούσης αὐτοῖς· Ἀνάβατε ὧδε· καὶ ἀνέβησαν εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἐν τῇ νεφέλῃ, καὶ ἐθεώρησαν αὐτοὺς οἱ ἐχθροὶ αὐτῶν.

And they heard a great voice from heaven saying to them, "Come up here," and they went up to heaven in the cloud, and their enemies beheld them.

Ascension of the witnessesκαίThe vindication completes: a heavenly voice summons 'Come up here' (Ἀνάβατε ὧδε, echoing 4:1), and they ascend in the cloud (cf. Elijah, 2 Kgs 2:11; Christ, Acts 1:9) before the very eyes of their enemies — the public dishonor answered by a public exaltation.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤκουσανthey heardAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκούωmain verb→ aoristic — the hearing of the summonsἀκούω: 'hear'; the witnesses hear the heavenly call.
φωνῆςa voiceGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσα (thing heard)φωνή: 'voice, sound'; the great voice from heaven.
μεγάληςgreatGenitiveattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, loud.'
ἐκfrompreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: 'from,' the heavenly source.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἐκοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the voice of God or his angel.
λεγούσηςsayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · λέγωattributive participle (agreeing with φωνῆς)→ imperfective — the utterance heardλέγω: 'say'; introducing the summons, agreeing with φωνῆς.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object (of λεγούσης)
ἈνάβατεCome upAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἀναβαίνωimperative (heavenly summons)→ aoristic imperative — the call to ascendἀναβαίνω: 'come up, ascend'; 'come up here' (Ἀνάβατε ὧδε), echoing the seer's own call in 4:1.
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: 'here'; up to the heavenly presence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀνέβησανthey went upAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ aoristic — the ascentἀναβαίνω: 'go up, ascend'; their ascension into heaven.
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)εἰς: 'into, to,' the goal of ascent.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οὐρανὸνheavenAccusativeobject of εἰςοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the place of their vindication.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/accompaniment)ἐν: 'in,' the cloud as vehicle of ascent.
τῇtheDativearticle
νεφέλῃcloudDativeobject of ἐννεφέλη: 'cloud'; the cloud of divine glory and ascent (cf. Acts 1:9; Dan 7:13).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐθεώρησανbeheldAor Act Indic 3 Pl · θεωρέωmain verb→ aoristic — the enemies' witnessing of the ascentθεωρέω: 'behold, watch'; the enemies are forced to see their vindication.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἐχθροὶenemiesNominativesubject of ἐθεώρησανἐχθρός: 'enemy'; the very foes who killed them now watch them rise.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
13

Καὶ ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ ἐγένετο σεισμὸς μέγας, καὶ τὸ δέκατον τῆς πόλεως ἔπεσεν, καὶ ἀπεκτάνθησαν ἐν τῷ σεισμῷ ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων χιλιάδες ἑπτά, καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ ἔμφοβοι ἐγένοντο καὶ ἔδωκαν δόξαν τῷ θεῷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ.

And in that hour there was a great earthquake, and a tenth of the city fell, and seven thousand persons were killed in the earthquake, and the rest became terrified and gave glory to the God of heaven.

Earthquake and the survivors' gloryκαίThe vindication culminates in judgment: a great earthquake topples a tenth of the city and kills 'seven thousand persons' (ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων, lit. 'names of men,' a Semitic idiom for counted persons). The survivors 'gave glory to the God of heaven' — whether terrified homage or genuine repentance is debated, but the formula (cf. 14:7; 16:9) here marks a turning godward, perhaps the first-fruits of the nations.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐνinpreposition + dative (time)ἐν: 'in,' temporal, 'in that hour.'
ἐκείνῃthatDativedemonstrative adjectiveἐκεῖνος: 'that'; the very hour of the ascent.
τῇtheDativearticle
ὥρᾳhourDativedative of timeὥρα: 'hour, moment'; the decisive hour of judgment.
ἐγένετοthere wasAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ aoristic — the occurrence of the quakeγίνομαι: 'become, happen'; 'there occurred a great earthquake.'
σεισμὸςearthquakeNominativesubject of ἐγένετοσεισμός: 'shaking, earthquake'; the theophanic upheaval (cf. 6:12; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18).
μέγαςgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὸtheNominativearticle
δέκατονtenthNominativesubject of ἔπεσεν (substantival adjective)δέκατος: 'tenth'; a tenth of the city fell — a partial, measured judgment (contrast the totality elsewhere).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
πόλεωςcityGenitivepartitive genitiveπόλις: city; the great city of v.8.
ἔπεσενfellAor Act Indic 3 Sg · πίπτωmain verb→ aoristic — the collapseπίπτω: 'fall'; the buildings collapse in the quake.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπεκτάνθησανwere killedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀποκτείνωmain verb (passive)→ aoristic — the slaying in the quakeἀποκτείνω: 'kill'; the dead of the earthquake.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (means/circumstance)ἐν: 'in, by,' the earthquake as the agent of death.
τῷtheDativearticle
σεισμῷearthquakeDativeobject of ἐνσεισμός: 'earthquake'; the instrument of the deaths.
ὀνόματαpersonsNominativesubject of ἀπεκτάνθησαν (Semitic idiom)ὄνομα: 'name'; 'names of men' = counted persons, a Hebraism (cf. 3:4; Num 1:2 LXX).
ἀνθρώπωνof menGenitivegenitive (defining 'names')ἄνθρωπος: 'man, person'; the human beings counted.
χιλιάδεςthousandNominativenumeral noun (in apposition, the total)χιλιάς: 'a thousand'; seven thousand persons slain.
ἑπτάsevenNominativecardinal numeral (with χιλιάδες)ἑπτά: seven; 'seven thousand,' a symbolically complete number of the slain (inverting Elijah's 7,000 spared, 1 Kgs 19:18).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
λοιποὶrestNominativesubject (substantival adjective)λοιπός: 'rest, remaining'; the survivors of the quake.
ἔμφοβοιterrifiedNominativepredicate adjective (with ἐγένοντο)ἔμφοβος: 'terrified, full of fear'; the survivors' awe.
ἐγένοντοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb (copular)→ aoristic — they were brought to fearγίνομαι: 'become'; 'became terrified.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔδωκανgaveAor Act Indic 3 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb→ aoristic — the act of glorifyingδίδωμι: 'give'; 'gave glory,' the idiom of acknowledging God (cf. 14:7; 16:9; Josh 7:19).
δόξανgloryAccusativedirect objectδόξα: 'glory, honor'; the homage rendered to God.
τῷtheDativearticle
θεῷGodDativeindirect objectθεός: God; 'the God of heaven,' a Danielic title (Dan 2:18–19) for the sovereign Most High.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive (defining 'God of heaven')οὐρανός: 'heaven'; the title 'God of heaven' set over against the 'earth-dwellers.'
14

Ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ δευτέρα ἀπῆλθεν· ἰδοὺ ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ τρίτη ἔρχεται ταχύ.

The second Woe has passed; behold, the third Woe is coming quickly.

Hinge — the woes countedasyndetonAsyndeton; the narrator's hinge between the witnesses-interlude and the seventh trumpet, picking up the three-Woe scheme of 8:13 and 9:12. The second Woe (the sixth trumpet, with its interlude) is past; the third — the seventh trumpet — comes 'quickly,' though it unfolds into the whole final movement of the book.
theNominativearticle
οὐαὶWoeNominativeindeclinable noun (subject; here with feminine article)οὐαί: 'woe!'; the interjection used as an indeclinable noun, 'the Woe,' the second of the three eagle-woes (8:13).
theNominativearticle (attributive)
δευτέραsecondNominativeattributive ordinalδεύτερος: 'second'; the second Woe = the sixth trumpet (chs. 9–11).
ἀπῆλθενhas passedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ aoristic — the Woe completedἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart'; 'has passed,' the second Woe is over.
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative interjectionἰδού: 'behold!'; the fossilized imperative pointing to the imminent third Woe.
theNominativearticle
οὐαὶWoeNominativeindeclinable noun (subject)οὐαί: 'woe'; the third and climactic Woe.
theNominativearticle (attributive)
τρίτηthirdNominativeattributive ordinalτρίτος: 'third'; the third Woe = the seventh trumpet (v.15).
ἔρχεταιis comingPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (futuristic present)→ imperfective/futuristic — the Woe already on its wayἔρχομαι: 'come'; the futuristic present, 'is coming.'
ταχύquicklyadverb of manner/timeταχύ: 'quickly, soon'; the imminence-formula of the book (cf. 2:16; 3:11; 22:7, 20).
15

Καὶ ὁ ἕβδομος ἄγγελος ἐσάλπισεν· καὶ ἐγένοντο φωναὶ μεγάλαι ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ λέγοντες· Ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ, καὶ βασιλεύσει εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων.

And the seventh angel sounded; and there were loud voices in heaven, saying, "The kingdom of the world has become our Lord's and his Christ's, and he will reign forever and ever."

The seventh trumpet — the kingdom announcedκαίThe climax of the trumpet-cycle. The seventh angel sounds, and loud heavenly voices proclaim the consummation as already accomplished (ἐγένετο, 'has become'): the singular βασιλεία ('kingdom, sovereignty') of the world has passed to 'our Lord and his Christ' (Ps 2:2), who 'will reign forever and ever' (Dan 7:14, 27). The masculine λέγοντες clashes with feminine φωναί — another constructio ad sensum for the angelic speakers.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἕβδομοςseventhNominativeattributive ordinalἕβδομος: 'seventh'; the last of the seven trumpet-angels (8:2, 6).
ἄγγελοςangelNominativesubjectἄγγελος: 'angel, messenger'; the seventh trumpeter.
ἐσάλπισενsoundedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · σαλπίζωmain verb→ aoristic — the trumpet-blastσαλπίζω: 'sound a trumpet'; releasing the seventh and climactic trumpet.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένοντοthere wereAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb→ aoristic — the arising of the voicesγίνομαι: 'become, arise'; 'there were' loud voices.
φωναὶvoicesNominativesubject of ἐγένοντοφωνή: 'voice'; the loud chorus of heaven.
μεγάλαιloudNominativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, loud.'
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)ἐν: 'in,' locating the voices in heaven.
τῷtheDativearticle
οὐρανῷheavenDativeobject of ἐνοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the celestial source of the proclamation.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple (ad sensum, masc. for the speakers)→ imperfective — the ongoing proclamationλέγω: 'say'; masculine ad sensum, agreeing with the angelic persons rather than the feminine φωναί.
Ἐγένετοhas becomeAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the proclamation→ aoristic — the accomplished transfer of sovereigntyγίνομαι: 'become'; the proleptic aorist, 'has become' — the consummation announced as done.
theNominativearticle
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of Ἐγένετοβασιλεία: 'kingdom, reign, sovereignty'; the singular world-sovereignty now passed to God (against the Byzantine plural).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
κόσμουworldGenitivegenitive (sovereignty over the world)κόσμος: 'world'; the world-order whose rule has changed hands.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
κυρίουLordGenitivegenitive of possession (predicate)κύριος: 'Lord'; the kingdom has 'become our Lord's,' i.e. God's possession.
ἡμῶνourGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῦofGenitivearticle
χριστοῦChristGenitivegenitive of possession (predicate)Χριστός: 'Anointed, Christ'; 'his Christ' (Ps 2:2), sharing the reign of God.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βασιλεύσειhe will reignFut Act Indic 3 Sg · βασιλεύωmain verb (future)→ future — the everlasting reignβασιλεύω: 'reign, be king'; the singular subject (God-in-Christ) reigns 'forever and ever' (Dan 7:14).
εἰςforpreposition + accusative (duration)εἰς: 'unto, for'; the idiom of endless duration.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
αἰῶναςagesAccusativeobject of εἰςαἰών: 'age'; 'unto the ages of the ages,' the Semitic superlative for eternity.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
αἰώνωνof agesGenitivegenitive (intensifying, 'ages of ages')αἰών: 'age'; the doubled genitive of unending eternity.
16

καὶ οἱ εἴκοσι τέσσαρες πρεσβύτεροι οἱ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ καθήμενοι ἐπὶ τοὺς θρόνους αὐτῶν ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν καὶ προσεκύνησαν τῷ θεῷ

And the twenty-four elders who sit before God on their thrones fell on their faces and worshipped God,

The elders' prostrationκαίThe heavenly response to the proclamation: the twenty-four elders (the glorified people of God, cf. 4:4, 10; 5:8) leave their thrones, fall on their faces, and worship — the recurring liturgy of Revelation, where every divine act draws forth adoration.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
εἴκοσιtwentyNominativecardinal numeralεἴκοσι: twenty.
τέσσαρεςfourNominativecardinal numeral (with πρεσβύτεροι)τέσσαρες: four; the twenty-four elders, perhaps the twelve patriarchs and twelve apostles, the redeemed of both covenants.
πρεσβύτεροιeldersNominativesubjectπρεσβύτερος: 'elder'; the enthroned elders of the heavenly council (4:4).
οἱwhoNominativearticle (with participial phrase)
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: 'before, in the presence of.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονθεός: God; before whose throne the elders are seated.
καθήμενοιsittingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κάθημαιattributive participle (modifying πρεσβύτεροι)→ imperfective — their enthroned postureκάθημαι: 'sit'; the elders seated on their thrones, now rising to worship.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (position)ἐπί: 'on, upon.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
θρόνουςthronesAccusativeobject of ἐπίθρόνος: 'throne'; the elders' thrones, signs of their share in God's reign.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
ἔπεσανfellAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb→ aoristic — the act of prostrationπίπτω: 'fall'; the elders fall down in worship (cf. 4:10; 5:14).
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusative (goal)ἐπί: 'on, upon,' of falling on the face.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
πρόσωπαfacesAccusativeobject of ἐπίπρόσωπον: 'face'; falling on the face, the posture of deepest reverence.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσεκύνησανworshippedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · προσκυνέωmain verb→ aoristic — the act of worshipπροσκυνέω: 'worship, prostrate before'; the proper response to God's reign.
τῷtheDativearticle
θεῷGodDativeindirect object (object of προσκυνέω)θεός: God; the sole object of the elders' worship.
17

λέγοντες· Εὐχαριστοῦμέν σοι, κύριε ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ, ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν, ὅτι εἴληφας τὴν δύναμίν σου τὴν μεγάλην καὶ ἐβασίλευσας.

saying, "We give you thanks, Lord God Almighty, who is and who was, because you have taken your great power and begun to reign.

The elders' thanksgiving hymnasyndetonThe hymn proper (introduced by λέγοντες). The divine name 'who is and who was' drops the third member 'who is coming' (ὁ ἐρχόμενος, 1:4, 8; 4:8) — for the coming is now realized: God has 'taken his great power and begun to reign' (the ingressive aorist ἐβασίλευσας). The perfect εἴληφας ('have taken') marks the abiding seizure of sovereignty.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωparticiple of speech (introducing the hymn)→ imperfective — the ongoing utterance of praiseλέγω: 'say'; introducing the elders' thanksgiving.
ΕὐχαριστοῦμένWe give thanksPres Act Indic 1 Pl · εὐχαριστέωmain verb of the hymn→ imperfective — the act of thanksgivingεὐχαριστέω: 'give thanks'; the elders' grateful acknowledgment of God's reign.
σοιyouDativeindirect object (dat. with εὐχαριστέω)
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord'; the address opening the hymn.
theNominativearticle (nominative for vocative)
θεὸςGodNominativenominative used as vocative (Semitic)θεός: God; 'Lord God Almighty,' the full divine title (cf. 1:8; 4:8; 15:3).
theNominativearticle (attributive)
παντοκράτωρAlmightyNominativeappositional title (nominative for vocative)παντοκράτωρ: 'Almighty, All-ruler'; the LXX rendering of 'LORD of hosts,' Revelation's favorite divine title.
the oneNominativearticle (substantizing the participle)
ὢνbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίsubstantival participle (divine name, 'the One who is')→ imperfective — the eternal present being of Godεἰμί: 'be'; 'the One who is,' the divine name of Exod 3:14 (ὁ ὤν).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
the oneNominativearticle (with the indeclinable ἦν)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίfinite verb frozen as a title ('the One who was')→ imperfective/past — God's eternal pre-existenceεἰμί: 'be'; the imperfect ἦν fixed as a noun-title, 'the One who was'; the third member 'who is coming' is dropped, for he has come and reigns.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: 'because,' the ground of thanksgiving.
εἴληφαςyou have takenPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · λαμβάνωverb of causal clause (perfect)→ perfect — the abiding seizure of powerλαμβάνω: 'take, receive'; the perfect marks the lasting effect — God has taken his power and holds it.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
δύναμίνpowerAccusativedirect objectδύναμις: 'power, might'; the sovereign power God now openly wields.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
τὴνtheAccusativearticle (attributive)
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; 'your great power.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐβασίλευσαςbegun to reignAor Act Indic 2 Sg · βασιλεύωverb of causal clause (ingressive aorist)→ ingressive aorist — entering upon the reignβασιλεύω: 'reign'; the ingressive aorist, 'you have begun to reign,' the open assumption of kingship long held in right.
18

καὶ τὰ ἔθνη ὠργίσθησαν, καὶ ἦλθεν ἡ ὀργή σου καὶ ὁ καιρὸς τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι καὶ δοῦναι τὸν μισθὸν τοῖς δούλοις σου τοῖς προφήταις καὶ τοῖς ἁγίοις καὶ τοῖς φοβουμένοις τὸ ὄνομά σου, τοὺς μικροὺς καὶ τοὺς μεγάλους, καὶ διαφθεῖραι τοὺς διαφθείροντας τὴν γῆν.

And the nations raged, but your wrath came, and the time for the dead to be judged and to give the reward to your servants the prophets and to the saints and to those who fear your name, the small and the great, and to destroy those who destroy the earth.

The hymn's climax — wrath, judgment, reward, ruinκαίThe thanksgiving reaches its theme (Ps 2:1, the nations 'raged,' ὠργίσθησαν, against the Lord's anointed): God's wrath came, and the 'time' (καιρός) for the fourfold consummation — the dead judged, the servants rewarded (prophets, saints, God-fearers, small and great alike), and the destroyers of the earth themselves destroyed (the lex talionis of διαφθεῖραι … διαφθείροντας).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheNominativearticle
ἔθνηnationsNominativesubject of ὠργίσθησανἔθνος: 'nation'; the raging nations of Ps 2:1.
ὠργίσθησανragedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · ὀργίζωmain verb (deponent-passive sense)→ aoristic — the nations' outburst of rageὀργίζω: 'be angry, rage'; the passive used intransitively, echoing Ps 2:1 LXX (ἐφρύαξαν / ὠργίσθησαν).
καὶbutcoordinating conjunction (adversative force)καί: here adversative, contrasting the nations' rage with God's answering wrath.
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ aoristic — the arrival of wrath and the timeἔρχομαι: 'come'; God's wrath and appointed time 'came.'
theNominativearticle
ὀργήwrathNominativesubject of ἦλθενὀργή: 'wrath, anger'; God's settled judicial wrath (cf. 6:16–17; 14:10).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
theNominativearticle
καιρὸςtimeNominativesubject of ἦλθεν (second subject)καιρός: 'appointed time, season'; the decisive moment of judgment and recompense.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
νεκρῶνdeadGenitivegenitive (subject of the infinitive κριθῆναι)νεκρός: 'dead'; the dead now to be judged (cf. 20:12).
κριθῆναιto be judgedAor Pass Infin · κρίνωepexegetic infinitive (defining καιρός)→ aoristic — the act of judgmentκρίνω: 'judge'; the dead are judged at the appointed time.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Infin · δίδωμιepexegetic infinitive (second, defining καιρός)→ aoristic — the giving of rewardδίδωμι: 'give'; to render the servants their reward.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
μισθὸνrewardAccusativedirect object (of δοῦναι)μισθός: 'wage, reward'; the recompense of the faithful.
τοῖςto theDativearticle
δούλοιςservantsDativeindirect object (recipient of reward)δοῦλος: 'slave, servant'; God's bondservants, the rewarded company.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
τοῖςtheDativearticle (appositional)
προφήταιςprophetsDativeapposition to δούλοιςπροφήτης: 'prophet'; first class of the rewarded.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςtheDativearticle
ἁγίοιςsaintsDativeapposition to δούλοιςἅγιος: 'holy one, saint'; the consecrated people of God.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῖςthoseDativearticle (substantizing the participle)
φοβουμένοιςfearingPres Mid Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · φοβέομαιsubstantival participle (third class of recipients)→ imperfective — those who reverence God's nameφοβέομαι: 'fear, reverence'; 'those who fear your name,' the God-fearers, perhaps including believing Gentiles.
τὸtheAccusativearticle
ὄνομάnameAccusativedirect object (of φοβουμένοις)ὄνομα: 'name'; God's name, the object of reverent fear.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle (loose apposition, acc. for dat.)
μικροὺςsmallAccusativesubstantival adjective (loose apposition)μικρός: 'small, little'; the lowly, in the merism 'small and great' (the accusative is a loose construction for the dative recipients).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μεγάλουςgreatAccusativesubstantival adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; completing the merism 'small and great' — all the faithful without distinction (cf. 19:5; 20:12).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
διαφθεῖραιto destroyAor Act Infin · διαφθείρωepexegetic infinitive (third, defining καιρός)→ aoristic — the destruction of the destroyersδιαφθείρω: 'destroy, ruin'; the lex talionis — to destroy those who destroy.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantizing the participle)
διαφθείρονταςdestroyingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · διαφθείρωsubstantival participle (object of διαφθεῖραι)→ imperfective — those characteristically ruining the earthδιαφθείρω: 'destroy, corrupt'; 'those who destroy/corrupt the earth' — the same verb turned back on them in just recompense.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνearthAccusativedirect object (of διαφθείροντας)γῆ: earth; the earth ruined by the destroyers, now avenged.
19

καὶ ἠνοίγη ὁ ναὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, καὶ ὤφθη ἡ κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ ναῷ αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἐγένοντο ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταὶ καὶ σεισμὸς καὶ χάλαζα μεγάλη.

And the temple of God in heaven was opened, and the ark of his covenant appeared in his temple; and there were lightnings and voices and thunders and an earthquake and great hail.

The heavenly temple opened — theophanyκαίThe trumpet-cycle closes on theophany. The heavenly ναός is opened and the ark of the covenant — the earthly ark long lost, the sign of God's faithful presence and covenant — appears within; the storm-formula of lightnings, voices, thunders, earthquake, and great hail (cf. 4:5; 8:5; 16:18–21) seals the scene and bridges to the visions that follow.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἠνοίγηwas openedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἀνοίγωmain verb (passive)→ aoristic — the opening of the sanctuaryἀνοίγω: 'open'; the heavenly temple is laid open to view (cf. 15:5).
theNominativearticle
ναὸςtempleNominativesubject of ἠνοίγηναός: 'sanctuary, temple'; the heavenly counterpart of the earthly shrine (cf. v.1).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of possessionθεός: God; whose temple this is.
the oneNominativearticle (attributive, with ἐν-phrase)
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)ἐν: 'in,' locating the temple in heaven.
τῷtheDativearticle
οὐρανῷheavenDativeobject of ἐνοὐρανός: 'heaven'; the locus of the true sanctuary.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὤφθηappearedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (passive, 'was seen/appeared')→ aoristic — the appearing of the arkὁράω: 'see'; the passive ὤφθη = 'appeared, was made visible.'
theNominativearticle
κιβωτὸςarkNominativesubject of ὤφθηκιβωτός: 'ark, chest'; the ark of the covenant (Exod 25:10–22), lost from the earthly temple, seen now in heaven — the pledge of God's covenant faithfulness.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle
διαθήκηςcovenantGenitivegenitive (defining the ark)διαθήκη: 'covenant'; 'the ark of his covenant,' the throne of God's covenant presence.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐνinpreposition + dative (place)ἐν: 'in,' within the sanctuary.
τῷtheDativearticle
ναῷtempleDativeobject of ἐνναός: 'sanctuary'; the ark seen in the opened heavenly temple.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένοντοthere wereAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb→ aoristic — the breaking-out of the storm-signsγίνομαι: 'become, occur'; introducing the theophany-formula.
ἀστραπαὶlightningsNominativesubject of ἐγένοντοἀστραπή: 'lightning'; first of the theophany signs (cf. 4:5; 8:5; 16:18).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φωναὶvoicesNominativesubject (coordinate)φωνή: 'voice, sound'; the rumblings of the theophany.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βρονταὶthundersNominativesubject (coordinate)βροντή: 'thunder'; the peals of Sinai's theophany (Exod 19:16).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σεισμὸςearthquakeNominativesubject (coordinate)σεισμός: 'earthquake'; the shaking that accompanies God's appearing.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject (coordinate)χάλαζα: 'hail'; great hail, the plague-sign closing the scene (cf. Exod 9:24; Rev 16:21).
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great'; the climactic 'great hail' sealing the theophany.