Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Revelation to John, Chapter 16ΑΠΟΚΑΛΥΨΙΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΙϚ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ ἤκουσα μεγάλης φωνῆς ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ λεγούσης τοῖς ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλοις· Ὑπάγετε καὶ ἐκχέετε τὰς ἑπτὰ φιάλας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ εἰς τὴν γῆν.

And I heard a great voice out of the temple saying to the seven angels, "Go and pour out the seven bowls of the wrath of God into the earth."

Scene-opening commandκαίThe καὶ ἤκουσα formula opens the bowl-cycle; the temple-voice issues the divine mandate that drives the whole chapter.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
ἤκουσαI heardAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (seer's report)→ aoristic/constative (a heard event)ἀκούω: hear; John's recurrent perception-verb introducing heavenly utterances.
μεγάληςgreatGenitiveattributive adj. modifying φωνῆςμέγας: great, loud; pervasive in Revelation for heightened, climactic phenomena.
φωνῆςa voiceGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσα (sound heard)φωνή: voice, sound; ἀκούω + gen. of the thing/sound heard.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ναοῦ
ναοῦtempleGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source of the voice)ναός: sanctuary, the inner shrine; the heavenly temple from which judgment issues (cf. 15:5–8).
λεγούσηςsayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Fem · λέγωattributive ptc. agreeing with φωνῆς→ imperfective (ongoing utterance)λέγω: say; the participle introduces direct speech, agreeing here in gender/case with φωνῆς.
τοῖςto theDativearticle with ἀγγέλοις
ἑπτὰsevenDativenumeral modifying ἀγγέλοιςἑπτά: seven; the completeness-number governing the bowl-cycle (indeclinable in form, here construed datively with its noun).
ἀγγέλοιςangelsDativeindirect object (addressees of the command)ἄγγελος: angel, messenger; the seven who bear the last plagues (15:1).
ὙπάγετεGoPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ὑπάγωimperative (command)→ imperfective imperative of dispatchὑπάγω: go, depart; the dispatch-verb sending the angels to their task.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκχέετεpour outPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ἐκχέωimperative (command)→ imperfective imperative (the governing action of the chapter)ἐκχέω: pour out; recalls the LXX 'pouring out' of wrath (Ps 68:25; Jer 10:25).
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with φιάλας
ἑπτὰsevenAccusativenumeral modifying φιάλαςἑπτά: seven; the seven bowls of wrath.
φιάλαςbowlsAccusativedirect object of ἐκχέετεφιάλη: shallow bowl/saucer, libation-vessel; here the vessels of poured-out wrath (cf. 5:8; 15:7).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with θυμοῦ
θυμοῦwrathGenitivegenitive of content/quality (bowls of wrath)θυμός: hot, passionate wrath; paired with ὀργή in Revelation for God's eschatological anger.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of source/possessionθεός: God, whose wrath the bowls contain and execute.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with γῆν
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of εἰς (target of the bowls)γῆ: earth, land; the comprehensive object onto which the wrath is poured.
2

Καὶ ἀπῆλθεν ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν γῆν· καὶ ἐγένετο ἕλκος κακὸν καὶ πονηρὸν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοὺς ἔχοντας τὸ χάραγμα τοῦ θηρίου καὶ τοὺς προσκυνοῦντας τῇ εἰκόνι αὐτοῦ.

And the first went and poured out his bowl into the earth; and there came a foul and malignant sore upon the people who had the mark of the beast and who worshiped its image.

First bowlκαίThe first bowl, echoing the sixth Egyptian plague (boils, Exod 9:10); the plague targets only the beast-worshipers, isolating the wicked.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
ἀπῆλθενwentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb (the angel's departure)→ aoristic/constativeἀπέρχομαι: go away, depart; the angel obeys the ὑπάγετε of v.1.
theNominativearticle with πρῶτος
πρῶτοςfirstNominativesubstantival adj. — subject (the first angel)πρῶτος: first; ordinal numbering the bowls.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐξέχεενpoured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωcoordinate main verb→ aoristic/constativeἐκχέω: pour out; the refrain-verb of each bowl-execution.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with φιάλην
φιάληνbowlAccusativedirect object of ἐξέχεενφιάλη: bowl of wrath (see v.1).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with γῆν
γῆνearthAccusativeobject of εἰςγῆ: earth, land.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
ἐγένετοthere cameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (came into being)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: become, come to pass; the plague's onset.
ἕλκοςa soreNominativesubject of ἐγένετοἕλκος: ulcer, festering wound; the LXX word for the Egyptian boils (Exod 9:9).
κακὸνfoulNominativeattributive adj. with ἕλκοςκακός: bad, harmful, foul.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πονηρὸνmalignantNominativeattributive adj. with ἕλκοςπονηρός: evil, grievous, malignant; intensifying κακόν.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (upon)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with ἀνθρώπους
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleAccusativeobject of ἐπί (those afflicted)ἄνθρωπος: human being, person.
τοὺςwhoAccusativearticle governing the attributive participle
ἔχονταςhadPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἔχωattributive ptc. modifying ἀνθρώπους→ imperfective (state of possession)ἔχω: have, hold; here bearing the brand.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with χάραγμα
χάραγμαmarkAccusativeobject of ἔχονταςχάραγμα: stamp, brand, mark; the beast's mark of allegiance (13:16–17).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with θηρίου
θηρίουbeastGenitivegenitive of source/possessionθηρίον: wild beast; the persecuting empire-power of ch. 13.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοὺςwhoAccusativearticle governing the second attributive participle
προσκυνοῦνταςworshipedPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · προσκυνέωattributive ptc. modifying ἀνθρώπους→ imperfective (habitual worship)προσκυνέω: bow down, worship; idolatrous homage to the beast's image.
τῇtheDativearticle with εἰκόνι
εἰκόνιimageDativedative object of προσκυνοῦνταςεἰκών: image, likeness; the cult-statue of the beast (13:14–15).
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession
3

Καὶ ὁ δεύτερος ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν· καὶ ἐγένετο αἷμα ὡς νεκροῦ, καὶ πᾶσα ψυχὴ ζωῆς ἀπέθανεν, τὰ ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ.

And the second poured out his bowl into the sea; and it became blood as of a dead man, and every living soul died — the things in the sea.

Second bowlκαίThe second bowl turns the sea to blood (cf. the first Egyptian plague, Exod 7:20), the 'blood as of a corpse' totalizing the death of marine life.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
theNominativearticle with δεύτερος
δεύτεροςsecondNominativesubstantival adj. — subject (the second angel)δεύτερος: second; the ordinal series continues.
ἐξέχεενpoured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb→ aoristic/constativeἐκχέω: pour out (refrain).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with φιάλην
φιάληνbowlAccusativedirect objectφιάλη: bowl of wrath.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with θάλασσαν
θάλασσανseaAccusativeobject of εἰς (target)θάλασσα: sea; the second bowl's domain.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
ἐγένετοit becameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: become; the sea turning to blood.
αἷμαbloodNominativepredicate nominativeαἷμα: blood; here the medium of death and judicial recompense.
ὡςascomparative particle
νεκροῦof a dead manGenitivegenitive of comparison (blood of a corpse)νεκρός: dead (one); the congealed blood of a corpse, intensifying the horror.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πᾶσαeveryNominativeattributive adj. with ψυχὴπᾶς: all, every; totalizing the marine death.
ψυχὴsoulNominativesubject of ἀπέθανενψυχή: soul, life, living creature; here 'living thing' (Gen 1 echo).
ζωῆςof lifeGenitiveattributive/qualitative genitive (living soul)ζωή: life; 'soul of life' = a living creature.
ἀπέθανενdiedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποθνῄσκωmain verb (with πᾶσα ψυχή)→ constative aoristἀποθνῄσκω: die; the comprehensive death of sea-life.
τὰthe thingsNominativearticular substantive in epexegetical apposition to ψυχήτά: the (neuter pl.) — 'the things,' specifying what died.
ἐνinpreposition + dative (location)
τῇtheDativearticle with θαλάσσῃ
θαλάσσῃseaDativeobject of ἐν (location)θάλασσα: sea.
4

Καὶ ὁ τρίτος ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ εἰς τοὺς ποταμοὺς καὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων· καὶ ἐγένετο αἷμα.

And the third poured out his bowl into the rivers and the springs of the waters; and they became blood.

Third bowlκαίThe third bowl strikes the fresh waters, completing the blood-judgment on the seas and rivers and setting up the angelic vindication of vv.5–7.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
theNominativearticle with τρίτος
τρίτοςthirdNominativesubstantival adj. — subject (the third angel)τρίτος: third; ordinal.
ἐξέχεενpoured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb→ aoristic/constativeἐκχέω: pour out (refrain).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with φιάλην
φιάληνbowlAccusativedirect objectφιάλη: bowl of wrath.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (goal)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with ποταμοὺς
ποταμοὺςriversAccusativeobject of εἰςποταμός: river; the running fresh waters.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with πηγὰς
πηγὰςspringsAccusativeobject of εἰς (coordinate with ποταμούς)πηγή: spring, fountain; the water-sources.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ὑδάτων
ὑδάτωνwatersGenitivepartitive/descriptive genitiveὕδωρ: water; 'springs of the waters' = the fresh-water sources.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
ἐγένετοthey becameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (neuter-plural-style sing.)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: become; the waters turn to blood.
αἷμαbloodNominativepredicate nominativeαἷμα: blood (see v.3); the recompense-motif resumes in vv.5–6.
5

Καὶ ἤκουσα τοῦ ἀγγέλου τῶν ὑδάτων λέγοντος· Δίκαιος εἶ, ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν, ὁ ὅσιος, ὅτι ταῦτα ἔκρινας,

And I heard the angel of the waters saying, "Righteous are you, the One who is and who was, the Holy One, because you have judged these things,"

Angelic vindication (doxology of judgment)καίThe angel of the waters justifies the blood-plague as righteous lex talionis; the title ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν is the frozen 'who is and who was' formula (cf. 1:4; 4:8), here lacking the 'who is to come' since judgment has arrived.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
ἤκουσαI heardAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb (seer's report)→ aoristic/constativeἀκούω: hear (+ gen. of person heard).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ἀγγέλου
ἀγγέλουangelGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσα (person heard)ἄγγελος: angel; the angel appointed over the waters (cf. the elemental angels of Jewish tradition).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ὑδάτων
ὑδάτωνwatersGenitivegenitive of subordination (the angel over the waters)ὕδωρ: water; the sphere of the angel's stewardship.
λέγοντοςsayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · λέγωattributive ptc. agreeing with ἀγγέλου→ imperfective (introducing speech)λέγω: say; the speech-introducing participle.
ΔίκαιοςrighteousNominativepredicate nominative (with εἶ)δίκαιος: just, righteous; the theodicy-affirmation of God's judgments.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula (predication of God)→ stative presentεἰμί: be; the predication 'righteous are you.'
the OneNominativearticle substantizing the participle (vocatival nom.)
ὢνwho isPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰμίsubstantival ptc. in the frozen divine title (nom. for voc.)→ imperfective (timeless being)εἰμί: be; ὁ ὤν echoes Exod 3:14 LXX — the abiding 'I am.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
whoNominativearticle governing the indeclinable ἦν in the title
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίimperfect used indeclinably as a title-element ('the [one who] was')→ stative imperfect (frozen formula)εἰμί: be; ὁ ἦν is John's deliberate solecism — a finite verb articularized as a noun for the eternal divine name.
theNominativearticle with ὅσιος
ὅσιοςHoly OneNominativesubstantival adj. in apposition (nom. for voc.)ὅσιος: holy, devout; here a divine title — God's hallowed righteousness, replacing the expected ὁ ἐρχόμενος.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativedirect object of ἔκριναςοὗτος: this; the judgments just executed.
ἔκριναςyou have judgedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · κρίνωmain verb of the ὅτι-clause→ constative aoristκρίνω: judge, decide; God's judicial sentence vindicated.
6

ὅτι αἷμα ἁγίων καὶ προφητῶν ἐξέχεαν, καὶ αἷμα αὐτοῖς δέδωκας πιεῖν· ἄξιοί εἰσιν.

because they poured out the blood of saints and prophets, and you have given them blood to drink; they are deserving.

Ground of the just judgmentὅτιThe lex talionis is spelled out: those who shed the saints' blood are given blood to drink — the punishment fits the crime, vindicating God's justice.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction (grounds the verdict)
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of ἐξέχεαναἷμα: blood; the martyrs' shed blood.
ἁγίωνof saintsGenitiveobjective/possessive genitive with αἷμαἅγιος: holy one, saint; the persecuted believers.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προφητῶνof prophetsGenitivegenitive coordinate with ἁγίωνπροφήτης: prophet; the slain witnesses (cf. 11:7; 18:24).
ἐξέχεανthey poured outAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐκχέωmain verb of the ὅτι-clause→ constative aoristἐκχέω: pour out (shed); the same verb as the bowls, now of human bloodshed — the ironic correspondence.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
αἷμαbloodAccusativedirect object of δέδωκαςαἷμα: blood; now the draught of judgment.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object (recipients)
δέδωκαςyou have givenPerf Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (perfect of abiding result)→ intensive/resultative perfectδίδωμι: give; the perfect marks the standing, decisive recompense.
πιεῖνto drinkAor Act Inf · πίνωcomplementary/epexegetical infinitive→ aoristic infinitive of purpose-resultπίνω: drink; the blood-draught as recompense.
ἄξιοίdeservingNominativepredicate adj. (with εἰσιν)ἄξιος: worthy, deserving; here in the negative sense — they get their just deserts.
εἰσινthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: be.
7

Καὶ ἤκουσα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου λέγοντος· Ναί, κύριε ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ, ἀληθιναὶ καὶ δίκαιαι αἱ κρίσεις σου.

And I heard the altar saying, "Yes, Lord God the Almighty, true and righteous are your judgments."

Antiphonal confirmationκαίThe altar (whence the martyrs cried in 6:9–10) answers antiphonally, affirming that God's judgments are 'true and righteous' — the theodicy is doubly sealed.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
ἤκουσαI heardAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀκούωmain verb→ aoristic/constativeἀκούω: hear (+ gen.).
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with θυσιαστηρίου
θυσιαστηρίουaltarGenitivegenitive object of ἤκουσα (personified speaker)θυσιαστήριον: altar; personified, recalling the souls beneath it (6:9).
λέγοντοςsayingPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Neut · λέγωattributive ptc. agreeing with θυσιαστηρίου→ imperfective (introducing speech)λέγω: say.
ΝαίYesaffirmative particleναί: yes, indeed; emphatic assent to the angel's verdict.
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: Lord; the divine title of sovereignty.
Nominativearticle with θεός (nom. for voc.)
θεὸςGodNominativeapposition to κύριε (nom. for voc.)θεός: God.
theNominativearticle with παντοκράτωρ
παντοκράτωρAlmightyNominativeapposition (nom. for voc.)παντοκράτωρ: Almighty, All-ruler; Revelation's favored divine epithet (LXX for Sabaoth/Shaddai).
ἀληθιναὶtrueNominativepredicate adj. with κρίσειςἀληθινός: true, genuine, dependable.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δίκαιαιrighteousNominativepredicate adj. with κρίσειςδίκαιος: just, righteous (cf. v.5).
αἱtheNominativearticle with κρίσεις
κρίσειςjudgmentsNominativesubject of the predicationκρίσις: judgment, verdict; God's judicial acts.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
8

Καὶ ὁ τέταρτος ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν ἥλιον· καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ καυματίσαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐν πυρί.

And the fourth poured out his bowl upon the sun; and it was given to it to scorch the people with fire.

Fourth bowlκαίThe fourth bowl intensifies rather than darkens the sun (contrast the trumpet of 8:12), scorching humanity — yet the passive ἐδόθη keeps the scorching under God's permitting sovereignty.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
theNominativearticle with τέταρτος
τέταρτοςfourthNominativesubstantival adj. — subject (the fourth angel)τέταρτος: fourth; ordinal.
ἐξέχεενpoured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb→ aoristic/constativeἐκχέω: pour out (refrain).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with φιάλην
φιάληνbowlAccusativedirect objectφιάλη: bowl of wrath.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (upon)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with ἥλιον
ἥλιονsunAccusativeobject of ἐπί (target)ἥλιος: sun; the fourth bowl's domain.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
ἐδόθηit was givenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine passive)→ constative aorist (theological passive)δίδωμι: give; the recurring 'it was given' marks God's permission behind the agency.
αὐτῷto itDativeindirect object (the sun, granted power)
καυματίσαιto scorchAor Act Inf · καυματίζωepexegetical infinitive (what was given)→ aoristic infinitiveκαυματίζω: scorch, burn with heat; the sun's intensified blaze.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with ἀνθρώπους
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleAccusativedirect object of καυματίσαιἄνθρωπος: human, person.
ἐνwithpreposition + dative (instrument)
πυρίfireDativedative of means/instrumentπῦρ: fire; the scorching agent.
9

καὶ ἐκαυματίσθησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι καῦμα μέγα, καὶ ἐβλασφήμησαν τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ἔχοντος τὴν ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τὰς πληγὰς ταύτας, καὶ οὐ μετενόησαν δοῦναι αὐτῷ δόξαν.

And the people were scorched with great heat, and they blasphemed the name of God who has the authority over these plagues, and they did not repent to give him glory.

Human response: blasphemy, no repentanceκαίThe hardened response-refrain: scorched, men blaspheme God's name and refuse the repentance that would give him glory — the obverse of the saints' worship (cf. 9:20–21).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκαυματίσθησανwere scorchedAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · καυματίζωmain verb→ constative aorist (passive)καυματίζω: scorch (see v.8).
οἱtheNominativearticle with ἄνθρωποι
ἄνθρωποιpeopleNominativesubjectἄνθρωπος: human, person.
καῦμαheatAccusativecognate accusative (scorched with scorching-heat)καῦμα: burning heat; the cognate noun intensifies the verb.
μέγαgreatAccusativeattributive adj. with καῦμαμέγας: great, intense.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐβλασφήμησανthey blasphemedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βλασφημέωmain verb→ constative aoristβλασφημέω: blaspheme, revile; the impenitent's reflex (vv.11, 21).
τὸtheAccusativearticle with ὄνομα
ὄνομαnameAccusativedirect object of ἐβλασφήμησανὄνομα: name; God's revealed character, the object of the blasphemy.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive of possession (the name of God)θεός: God.
τοῦwhoGenitivearticle governing the attributive participle
ἔχοντοςhasPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἔχωattributive ptc. modifying θεοῦ→ imperfective (settled possession of authority)ἔχω: have, hold; God's sovereign control over the plagues.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with ἐξουσίαν
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativedirect object of ἔχοντοςἐξουσία: authority, power; jurisdiction over the plagues.
ἐπὶoverpreposition + accusative (authority over)
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with πληγὰς
πληγὰςplaguesAccusativeobject of ἐπίπληγή: blow, plague, wound; the bowl-judgments.
ταύταςtheseAccusativedemonstrative modifying πληγάςοὗτος: this.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐnotnegative adverbοὐ: not; the impenitence-marker.
μετενόησανthey repentedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · μετανοέωmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristμετανοέω: repent, change the mind; refused even under judgment.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive of result/epexegesis (repent so as to give)→ aoristic infinitiveδίδωμι: give; the repentance that would 'give glory.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
δόξανgloryAccusativedirect object of δοῦναιδόξα: glory, honor; the homage withheld.
10

Καὶ ὁ πέμπτος ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν θρόνον τοῦ θηρίου· καὶ ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ ἐσκοτωμένη, καὶ ἐμασῶντο τὰς γλώσσας αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ πόνου,

And the fifth poured out his bowl upon the throne of the beast; and its kingdom became darkened, and they were gnawing their tongues for the pain,

Fifth bowlκαίThe fifth bowl strikes the beast's very seat of power, plunging its kingdom into darkness (cf. the ninth Egyptian plague, Exod 10:21) — a judgment on the regime itself.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
theNominativearticle with πέμπτος
πέμπτοςfifthNominativesubstantival adj. — subject (the fifth angel)πέμπτος: fifth; ordinal.
ἐξέχεενpoured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb→ aoristic/constativeἐκχέω: pour out (refrain).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with φιάλην
φιάληνbowlAccusativedirect objectφιάλη: bowl of wrath.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (upon)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with θρόνον
θρόνονthroneAccusativeobject of ἐπί (target)θρόνος: throne; the beast's seat of dominion (cf. 13:2).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with θηρίου
θηρίουbeastGenitivegenitive of possessionθηρίον: beast (see v.2).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
ἐγένετοbecameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (periphrastic with ptc.)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: become; with the perfect ptc. forms a periphrastic 'became darkened.'
theNominativearticle with βασιλεία
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of ἐγένετοβασιλεία: kingdom, reign; the beast's whole realm.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐσκοτωμένηdarkenedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · σκοτόωpredicate ptc. (periphrastic with ἐγένετο)→ resultative perfect (a state of darkness)σκοτόω: darken, make dark; the perfect underscores the settled gloom.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐμασῶντοthey were gnawingImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · μασάομαιmain verb (durative)→ imperfect of ongoing agonyμασάομαι: bite, gnaw, chew; the imperfect paints the continuing torment.
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with γλώσσας
γλώσσαςtonguesAccusativedirect object of ἐμασῶντογλῶσσα: tongue; gnawed in anguish.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐκforpreposition + genitive (cause)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with πόνου
πόνουpainGenitivegenitive of cause (ἐκ + gen.)πόνος: pain, distress, toil; the cause of their gnawing.
11

καὶ ἐβλασφήμησαν τὸν θεὸν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐκ τῶν πόνων αὐτῶν καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἑλκῶν αὐτῶν, καὶ οὐ μετενόησαν ἐκ τῶν ἔργων αὐτῶν.

and they blasphemed the God of heaven for their pains and for their sores, and they did not repent of their works.

Human response repeatedκαίThe impenitence-refrain recurs (cf. v.9): blasphemy 'for' the pain rather than repentance 'from' their works — the lingering sores of bowl one show the plagues are cumulative.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐβλασφήμησανthey blasphemedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βλασφημέωmain verb→ constative aoristβλασφημέω: blaspheme (cf. v.9).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with θεὸν
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect object of ἐβλασφήμησανθεός: God.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with οὐρανοῦ
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitivegenitive (the God of heaven)οὐρανός: heaven; 'God of heaven' (Dan 2:18) — the title they revile.
ἐκforpreposition + genitive (cause)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with πόνων
πόνωνpainsGenitivegenitive of causeπόνος: pain (cf. v.10).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκforpreposition + genitive (cause)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with ἑλκῶν
ἑλκῶνsoresGenitivegenitive of causeἕλκος: sore, ulcer (cf. v.2); the first bowl's wound persists.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐnotnegative adverbοὐ: not.
μετενόησανthey repentedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · μετανοέωmain verb (negated)→ constative aoristμετανοέω: repent (cf. v.9).
ἐκofpreposition + genitive (separation: repent from)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with ἔργων
ἔργωνworksGenitivegenitive of separation (μετανοέω ἐκ + gen.)ἔργον: work, deed; their persistent evil deeds.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
12

Καὶ ὁ ἕκτος ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμὸν τὸν μέγαν τὸν Εὐφράτην· καὶ ἐξηράνθη τὸ ὕδωρ αὐτοῦ, ἵνα ἑτοιμασθῇ ἡ ὁδὸς τῶν βασιλέων τῶν ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς ἡλίου.

And the sixth poured out his bowl upon the great river Euphrates; and its water was dried up, so that the way of the kings from the rising of the sun might be prepared.

Sixth bowlκαίThe sixth bowl dries the Euphrates — the empire's eastern frontier — to open a road for the kings from the east, a feared invasion-route, setting the stage for the demonic mustering.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
theNominativearticle with ἕκτος
ἕκτοςsixthNominativesubstantival adj. — subject (the sixth angel)ἕκτος: sixth; ordinal.
ἐξέχεενpoured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb→ aoristic/constativeἐκχέω: pour out (refrain).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with φιάλην
φιάληνbowlAccusativedirect objectφιάλη: bowl of wrath.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (upon)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with ποταμὸν
ποταμὸνriverAccusativeobject of ἐπίποταμός: river (cf. v.4).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle (second attributive) with μέγαν
μέγανgreatAccusativeattributive adj. (second-attributive position)μέγας: great; the Euphrates' epithet.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle in apposition with Εὐφράτην
ΕὐφράτηνEuphratesAccusativeappositional accusative (naming the river)Εὐφράτης: the Euphrates; the eastern boundary-river (cf. 9:14).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
ἐξηράνθηwas dried upAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · ξηραίνωmain verb (divine passive)→ constative aorist (passive)ξηραίνω: dry up, wither; the river's drying (a new-exodus motif, cf. the Red Sea).
τὸtheNominativearticle with ὕδωρ
ὕδωρwaterNominativesubject of ἐξηράνθηὕδωρ: water.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivegenitive of possession
ἵναso thatpurpose conjunction (+ subjunctive)ἵνα: in order that; the purpose of the drying.
ἑτοιμασθῇmight be preparedAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἑτοιμάζωsubjunctive in the ἵνα-clause→ aoristic subjunctive (purpose)ἑτοιμάζω: prepare, make ready; the road made passable.
theNominativearticle with ὁδὸς
ὁδὸςwayNominativesubject of ἑτοιμασθῇὁδός: road, way; the invasion-route opened.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with βασιλέων
βασιλέωνkingsGenitivegenitive (the kings' way)βασιλεύς: king; the eastern monarchs.
τῶνthe onesGenitivearticle governing the ἀπό-phrase (the [kings] from)
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source/direction)
ἀνατολῆςthe risingGenitiveobject of ἀπόἀνατολή: rising, east; 'rising of the sun' = the east.
ἡλίουof the sunGenitivegenitive with ἀνατολῆς (sunrise)ἥλιος: sun (cf. v.8).
13

Καὶ εἶδον ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ δράκοντος καὶ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ θηρίου καὶ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος τοῦ ψευδοπροφήτου πνεύματα τρία ἀκάθαρτα ὡς βάτραχοι·

And I saw, out of the mouth of the dragon and out of the mouth of the beast and out of the mouth of the false prophet, three unclean spirits like frogs;

The demonic triadκαίFrom the mouths of the unholy trinity — dragon, beast, false prophet — issue three froglike unclean spirits, parodying the Egyptian frog-plague and the deceptive 'word of the mouth.'
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
εἶδονI sawAor Act Indic 1 Sg · ὁράωmain verb (vision-report)→ aoristic/constativeὁράω: see; John's recurrent vision-introducing verb.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with στόματος
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐκστόμα: mouth; the organ of deceptive utterance.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with δράκοντος
δράκοντοςdragonGenitivegenitive of possessionδράκων: dragon, serpent; Satan (12:9).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with στόματος
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐκστόμα: mouth.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with θηρίου
θηρίουbeastGenitivegenitive of possessionθηρίον: beast (see v.2); the sea-beast of ch. 13.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with στόματος
στόματοςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐκστόμα: mouth.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with ψευδοπροφήτου
ψευδοπροφήτουfalse prophetGenitivegenitive of possessionψευδοπροφήτης: false prophet; the second/earth-beast of 13:11–17.
πνεύματαspiritsAccusativedirect object of εἶδονπνεῦμα: spirit; here demonic spirits.
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral modifying πνεύματατρεῖς: three; matching the three mouths.
ἀκάθαρταuncleanAccusativeattributive adj. with πνεύματαἀκάθαρτος: impure, unclean; the standard epithet of demons.
ὡςlikecomparative particle
βάτραχοιfrogsNominativenominative of comparison (ὡς + nom.)βάτραχος: frog; echoing the second Egyptian plague (Exod 8:2–6) — unclean, croaking deceivers.
14

εἰσὶν γὰρ πνεύματα δαιμονίων ποιοῦντα σημεῖα, ἃ ἐκπορεύεται ἐπὶ τοὺς βασιλεῖς τῆς οἰκουμένης ὅλης, συναγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸν πόλεμον τῆς ἡμέρας τῆς μεγάλης τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ παντοκράτορος.

for they are spirits of demons performing signs, which go out to the kings of the whole inhabited world, to gather them to the battle of the great day of God the Almighty.

Explanation of the spirits' nature and missionγάρA parenthetic explanation: these are sign-working demonic spirits whose mission is to muster the world's kings to the eschatological war of the 'great day of God the Almighty.'
εἰσὶνthey arePres Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίcopula (predication of the spirits)→ stative presentεἰμί: be.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction (postpositive)γάρ: for; introducing the explanation.
πνεύματαspiritsNominativepredicate nominativeπνεῦμα: spirit (cf. v.13).
δαιμονίωνof demonsGenitivegenitive of source/quality (demonic spirits)δαιμόνιον: demon, evil spirit.
ποιοῦνταperformingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Neut · ποιέωattributive ptc. modifying πνεύματα→ imperfective (ongoing sign-working)ποιέω: do, make, perform; the spirits work deceptive miracles (cf. 13:13–14).
σημεῖαsignsAccusativedirect object of ποιοῦντασημεῖον: sign, miracle; here counterfeit wonders that deceive.
whichNominativerelative pronoun — subject of ἐκπορεύεταιὅς: who, which.
ἐκπορεύεταιgo outPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἐκπορεύομαιverb of the relative clause (neut. pl. subj. + sing. verb)→ imperfective presentἐκπορεύομαι: go out, proceed; the spirits' mission of mustering.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusative (toward/against)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with βασιλεῖς
βασιλεῖςkingsAccusativeobject of ἐπίβασιλεύς: king; the world's rulers.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with οἰκουμένης
οἰκουμένηςinhabited worldGenitivegenitive (kings of the world)οἰκουμένη: the inhabited earth, the (Roman) world.
ὅληςwholeGenitiveattributive adj. with οἰκουμένηςὅλος: whole, entire; the universal scope.
συναγαγεῖνto gatherAor Act Inf · συνάγωinfinitive of purpose→ aoristic infinitive (purpose)συνάγω: gather, assemble; the demonic mustering for war.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeaccusative object of συναγαγεῖν
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with πόλεμον
πόλεμονbattleAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)πόλεμος: war, battle; the eschatological conflict.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with ἡμέρας
ἡμέραςdayGenitivegenitive (battle of the day)ἡμέρα: day; the OT 'Day of the LORD' motif.
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with μεγάλης
μεγάληςgreatGenitiveattributive adj. with ἡμέραςμέγας: great; the eschatological 'great day.'
τοῦofGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitivegenitive (the day of God)θεός: God.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with παντοκράτορος
παντοκράτοροςAlmightyGenitiveappositional genitive with θεοῦπαντοκράτωρ: Almighty (cf. v.7).
15

Ἰδοὺ ἔρχομαι ὡς κλέπτης. μακάριος ὁ γρηγορῶν καὶ τηρῶν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ, ἵνα μὴ γυμνὸς περιπατῇ καὶ βλέπωσιν τὴν ἀσχημοσύνην αὐτοῦ.

"Behold, I am coming like a thief. Blessed is the one who stays awake and keeps his garments, that he may not walk naked and they see his shame."

Interjected dominical beatitude (parenthesis)asyndetonAn abrupt first-person word of Christ inserted between the gathering and its place — the third of Revelation's seven beatitudes; vigilance amid the demonic muster, lest the unprepared be shamed at his thief-like coming (cf. 3:3, 18).
ἸδοὺBeholdattention-particle (frozen imperative)ἰδού: behold! look!; the demonstrative interjection arresting attention.
ἔρχομαιI am comingPres Mid Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb (Christ's self-announcement)→ futuristic/imperfective presentἔρχομαι: come; the Lord's certain advent (cf. 22:7, 12, 20).
ὡςlikecomparative particle
κλέπτηςa thiefNominativenominative of comparisonκλέπτης: thief; the suddenness/unexpectedness of the coming (cf. 1 Thess 5:2).
μακάριοςblessedNominativepredicate adj. (beatitude)μακάριος: blessed, happy; the beatitude-formula.
the oneNominativearticle substantizing the participles
γρηγορῶνwho stays awakePres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · γρηγορέωsubstantival ptc. (subject of the beatitude)→ imperfective (continual watchfulness)γρηγορέω: watch, stay awake; eschatological vigilance.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τηρῶνkeepsPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · τηρέωsubstantival ptc. coordinate with γρηγορῶν→ imperfective (ongoing keeping)τηρέω: keep, guard; here keeping one's garments ready.
τὰtheAccusativearticle with ἱμάτια
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativedirect object of τηρῶνἱμάτιον: garment, cloak; readiness/righteousness imagery (cf. 3:4, 18).
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἵναthatpurpose/result conjunction (+ subjunctive)ἵνα: in order that.
μὴnotnegative (with subjunctive)μή: not; the negative of non-indicative moods.
γυμνὸςnakedNominativepredicate adj. with περιπατῇγυμνός: naked, unclothed; the shame of unreadiness.
περιπατῇhe may walkPres Act Subj 3 Sg · περιπατέωsubjunctive in the ἵνα-clause→ imperfective subjunctiveπεριπατέω: walk, conduct oneself.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βλέπωσινthey seePres Act Subj 3 Pl · βλέπωsubjunctive coordinate in the ἵνα-clause→ imperfective subjunctiveβλέπω: see, look at; the exposure of shame.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with ἀσχημοσύνην
ἀσχημοσύνηνshameAccusativedirect object of βλέπωσινἀσχημοσύνη: indecency, shameful nakedness; the disgrace of the unprepared.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
16

Καὶ συνήγαγεν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸν τόπον τὸν καλούμενον Ἑβραϊστὶ Ἁρμαγεδών.

And they gathered them to the place called in Hebrew Armageddon.

The mustering completedκαίResuming v.14 after the beatitude: the kings are assembled at 'Armageddon' — most likely 'Mount of Megiddo' (Heb. har Məgiddô), the proverbial battlefield of Israel's history, here the symbolic site of the final confrontation.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
συνήγαγενthey gatheredAor Act Indic 3 Sg · συνάγωmain verb (impersonal/the spirits as subj.)→ constative aoristσυνάγω: gather (cf. v.14); the singular verb with the demonic agency understood.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativedirect object (the kings)
εἰςtopreposition + accusative (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with τόπον
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of εἰςτόπος: place, location; the assembly-site.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle governing the attributive participle
καλούμενονcalledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · καλέωattributive ptc. modifying τόπον→ imperfective passive (named)καλέω: call, name; introducing the place-name.
Ἑβραϊστὶin Hebrewadverb of languageἙβραϊστί: in Hebrew/Aramaic; flagging the Semitic name.
ἉρμαγεδώνArmageddonNominativeappositional/naming nominative (indeclinable place-name)Ἁρμαγεδών: Armageddon, transliterating Heb. har Məgiddô ('Mount of Megiddo'); the symbolic battlefield of the end.
17

Καὶ ὁ ἕβδομος ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸν ἀέρα· καὶ ἐξῆλθεν φωνὴ μεγάλη ἐκ τοῦ ναοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θρόνου λέγουσα· Γέγονεν.

And the seventh poured out his bowl upon the air; and a great voice came out of the temple, from the throne, saying, "It is done."

Seventh bowlκαίThe seventh bowl into the air — the demonic sphere — draws the climactic decree 'Γέγονεν' ('It has happened / It is done') from the throne, the perfect of accomplished judgment (cf. 21:6).
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction (narrative καί)
theNominativearticle with ἕβδομος
ἕβδομοςseventhNominativesubstantival adj. — subject (the seventh angel)ἕβδομος: seventh; the final, climactic bowl.
ἐξέχεενpoured outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb→ aoristic/constativeἐκχέω: pour out (refrain).
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with φιάλην
φιάληνbowlAccusativedirect objectφιάλη: bowl of wrath.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (upon)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with ἀέρα
ἀέραairAccusativeobject of ἐπί (target)ἀήρ: air; the lower atmosphere, domain of demonic powers (cf. Eph 2:2).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (result)
ἐξῆλθενcame outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: come/go out; the voice issuing from the throne.
φωνὴa voiceNominativesubject of ἐξῆλθενφωνή: voice (cf. v.1).
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adj. with φωνὴμέγας: great, loud.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ναοῦ
ναοῦtempleGenitiveobject of ἐκναός: temple, sanctuary (cf. v.1).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with θρόνου
θρόνουthroneGenitiveobject of ἀπό (the divine throne)θρόνος: throne; God's throne — the voice is God's own.
λέγουσαsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Fem · λέγωattributive ptc. agreeing with φωνὴ→ imperfective (introducing speech)λέγω: say.
ΓέγονενIt is donePerf Act Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (the throne-decree)→ consummative perfect (settled accomplishment)γίνομαι: become, happen; the perfect 'it has come to pass' — wrath consummated (cf. τετέλεσται).
18

καὶ ἐγένοντο ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταί, καὶ σεισμὸς ἐγένετο μέγας, οἷος οὐκ ἐγένετο ἀφ’ οὗ ἄνθρωπος ἐγένετο ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς τηλικοῦτος σεισμὸς οὕτω μέγας.

and there came lightnings and voices and thunders, and there came a great earthquake, such as had not happened since man came to be upon the earth — so great an earthquake, so mighty.

Theophanic aftermathκαίThe standard theophany-cluster (lightnings, voices, thunders; cf. 4:5; 8:5; 11:19) climaxes in an unprecedented earthquake — the cosmos convulsing at the final judgment.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένοντοthere cameAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · γίνομαιmain verb→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: become, come to pass.
ἀστραπαὶlightningsNominativesubject of ἐγένοντοἀστραπή: lightning, flash; the theophany-motif.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
φωναὶvoicesNominativesubject (coordinate)φωνή: voice, sound; here rumblings/peals.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
βρονταίthundersNominativesubject (coordinate)βροντή: thunder; the theophanic peals.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σεισμὸςearthquakeNominativesubject of the second ἐγένετοσεισμός: shaking, earthquake; the climactic convulsion.
ἐγένετοcameAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (with σεισμός)→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: become, come to pass.
μέγαςgreatNominativeattributive adj. with σεισμόςμέγας: great.
οἷοςsuch asNominativecorrelative relative adj. (introducing comparison)οἷος: of what kind, such as; introducing the qualitative comparison.
οὐκnotnegative adverbοὐ: not.
ἐγένετοhad happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the relative clause→ constative aoristγίνομαι: become, happen.
ἀφ’sincepreposition (ἀπό) + genitive (temporal)ἀπό: from, since; with the relative, 'from which time.'
οὗwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (temporal: 'since when')ὅς: who, which; ἀφ’ οὗ = 'since.'
ἄνθρωποςmanNominativesubject of the temporal clauseἄνθρωπος: human, mankind.
ἐγένετοcame to beAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the temporal clause→ constative aoristγίνομαι: come into being; 'since man came to be.'
ἐπὶuponpreposition + genitive (location)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with γῆς
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπί (location)γῆ: earth.
τηλικοῦτοςso greatNominativedemonstrative-correlative adj. with σεισμός (resumptive)τηλικοῦτος: so great, so mighty; resuming and intensifying.
σεισμὸςan earthquakeNominativeresumptive subject (apposition to the earlier σεισμός)σεισμός: earthquake (resumed).
οὕτωsoadverb of degreeοὕτως: thus, so; intensifying μέγας.
μέγαςmightyNominativepredicate adj. with σεισμόςμέγας: great, mighty.
19

καὶ ἐγένετο ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη εἰς τρία μέρη, καὶ αἱ πόλεις τῶν ἐθνῶν ἔπεσαν. καὶ Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη ἐμνήσθη ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ δοῦναι αὐτῇ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦ οἴνου τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ.

and the great city was split into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell. And Babylon the great was remembered before God, to give to her the cup of the wine of the fury of his wrath.

Fall of the great city / Babylon judgedκαίThe quake fractures 'the great city' (Babylon/the harlot, anticipating chs. 17–18); God 'remembers' Babylon to make her drink the cup of his wrath — the lex talionis for her own cup of fornication (cf. 14:8, 10; 17:4).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοwas splitAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (γίνομαι εἰς = 'became into/split')→ ingressive aoristγίνομαι: become; γίνομαι εἰς τρία μέρη = 'split into three parts.'
theNominativearticle with πόλις
πόλιςcityNominativesubject of ἐγένετοπόλις: city; 'the great city' (Babylon/Rome, cf. 17:18).
theNominativearticle (second attributive) with μεγάλη
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adj. with πόλιςμέγας: great; the standing epithet of Babylon.
εἰςintopreposition + accusative (result of division)
τρίαthreeAccusativenumeral modifying μέρητρεῖς: three.
μέρηpartsAccusativeobject of εἰςμέρος: part, portion; the threefold rupture.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αἱtheNominativearticle with πόλεις
πόλειςcitiesNominativesubject of ἔπεσανπόλις: city; the Gentile cities.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with ἐθνῶν
ἐθνῶνnationsGenitivegenitive of possession (cities of the nations)ἔθνος: nation, Gentiles.
ἔπεσανfellAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπίπτω: fall, collapse; the cities' ruin.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΒαβυλὼνBabylonNominativesubject of ἐμνήσθη (indeclinable proper noun, nom.)Βαβυλών: Babylon; the cipher for the God-opposing world-city (Rome).
theNominativearticle with μεγάλη
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adj. with Βαβυλώνμέγας: great; 'Babylon the great' (cf. 17:5).
ἐμνήσθηwas rememberedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · μιμνῄσκομαιmain verb (divine passive)→ constative aorist (passive)μιμνῄσκομαι: remember, call to mind; God 'remembers' Babylon for judgment.
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἐνώπιον: before, in the presence of.
τοῦGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιονθεός: God.
δοῦναιto giveAor Act Inf · δίδωμιinfinitive of purpose/result→ aoristic infinitive (purpose)δίδωμι: give; the giving of the cup.
αὐτῇto herDativeindirect object (Babylon)
τὸtheAccusativearticle with ποτήριον
ποτήριονcupAccusativedirect object of δοῦναιποτήριον: cup; the cup of wrath (Jer 25:15; Rev 14:10).
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with οἴνου
οἴνουwineGenitivegenitive of content (cup of the wine)οἶνος: wine; the intoxicating wrath-draught.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with θυμοῦ
θυμοῦfuryGenitivegenitive of quality (wine of the fury)θυμός: hot wrath, fury (cf. v.1).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with ὀργῆς
ὀργῆςwrathGenitivegenitive of quality (fury of the wrath)ὀργή: settled wrath, anger; paired with θυμός for the full weight of divine judgment.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive (God's wrath)
20

καὶ πᾶσα νῆσος ἔφυγεν, καὶ ὄρη οὐχ εὑρέθησαν.

and every island fled, and mountains were not found.

Cosmic dissolutionκαίThe created order recoils: islands flee and mountains vanish (cf. 6:14; 20:11) — the de-creation accompanying the final judgment.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πᾶσαeveryNominativeattributive adj. with νῆσοςπᾶς: all, every.
νῆσοςislandNominativesubject of ἔφυγεννῆσος: island.
ἔφυγενfledAor Act Indic 3 Sg · φεύγωmain verb→ constative aoristφεύγω: flee; the islands' vanishing.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὄρηmountainsNominativesubject of εὑρέθησανὄρος: mountain.
οὐχnotnegative adverbοὐ: not.
εὑρέθησανwere foundAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb (passive)→ constative aorist (passive)εὑρίσκω: find; 'were not found' = utterly vanished.
21

καὶ χάλαζα μεγάλη ὡς ταλαντιαία καταβαίνει ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους· καὶ ἐβλασφήμησαν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τὸν θεὸν ἐκ τῆς πληγῆς τῆς χαλάζης, ὅτι μεγάλη ἐστὶν ἡ πληγὴ αὐτῆς σφόδρα.

and great hail, weighing about a talent, comes down out of heaven upon the people; and the people blasphemed God for the plague of the hail, because its plague is exceedingly great.

Final plague: the great hailκαίThe closing plague, talent-weight hailstones (cf. the seventh Egyptian plague, Exod 9:24), draws one last blasphemy rather than repentance — the impenitence-refrain seals the bowl-cycle (cf. vv.9, 11).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
χάλαζαhailNominativesubject of καταβαίνειχάλαζα: hail, hailstones; the final judgment-plague.
μεγάληgreatNominativeattributive adj. with χάλαζαμέγας: great.
ὡςaboutapproximative particle (with measure)ὡς: as, about; here approximating the weight.
ταλαντιαίαweighing a talentNominativepredicate adj. with χάλαζα (weight)ταλαντιαῖος: a talent in weight (c. 26–40 kg); the crushing hailstones.
καταβαίνειcomes downPres Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (vivid present)→ historic/vivid presentκαταβαίνω: come/go down, descend; the dramatic present makes the scene immediate.
ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with οὐρανοῦ
οὐρανοῦheavenGenitiveobject of ἐκ (source)οὐρανός: heaven, sky.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusative (upon)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with ἀνθρώπους
ἀνθρώπουςpeopleAccusativeobject of ἐπίἄνθρωπος: human, person.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐβλασφήμησανblasphemedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · βλασφημέωmain verb→ constative aoristβλασφημέω: blaspheme (cf. vv.9, 11); the final impenitent reflex.
οἱtheNominativearticle with ἄνθρωποι
ἄνθρωποιpeopleNominativesubject of ἐβλασφήμησανἄνθρωπος: human, person.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with θεὸν
θεὸνGodAccusativedirect object of ἐβλασφήμησανθεός: God.
ἐκforpreposition + genitive (cause)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle with πληγῆς
πληγῆςplagueGenitivegenitive of cause (ἐκ + gen.)πληγή: blow, plague (cf. v.9).
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with χαλάζης
χαλάζηςhailGenitivegenitive of source/apposition (the plague of the hail)χάλαζα: hail (cf. above).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunction
μεγάληgreatNominativepredicate adj. with πληγὴμέγας: great.
ἐστὶνisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ stative presentεἰμί: be.
theNominativearticle with πληγὴ
πληγὴplagueNominativesubject of ἐστίνπληγή: plague, blow.
αὐτῆςitsGenitivepossessive genitive (of the hail)
σφόδραexceedinglyadverb of degreeσφόδρα: exceedingly, very; intensifying μεγάλη.