Greek Text · Translation · Interlinear · Discourse Structure

The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 19ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ ΙΘ′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Καὶ εἰσελθὼν διήρχετο τὴν Ἰεριχώ.

And having entered, he was passing through Jericho.

Narrative: scene-settingΚαὶA terse transitional verse setting the Zacchaeus episode in Jericho, the last stop on the ascent to Jerusalem. The imperfect διήρχετο depicts the passage in progress, the stage for the encounter to come.
Καὶandnarrative connective (continuative καί)
εἰσελθὼνhaving enteredAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedent action — entry preceding the passageεἰσέρχομαι: come/go into.
διήρχετοhe was passing throughImpf Mid/Dep Indic 3 Sg · διέρχομαιmain verb→ imperfect: action in progress (passing through)διέρχομαι: go/pass through, traverse.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with Ἰεριχώ
ἸεριχώJerichoAccusativedirect object of διήρχετοἸεριχώ: Jericho, the indeclinable place-name; here governed as accusative object, so kind n.
2

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀνὴρ ὀνόματι καλούμενος Ζακχαῖος, καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν ἀρχιτελώνης καὶ αὐτὸς πλούσιος·

And behold, a man called by name Zacchaeus, and he was a chief tax-collector, and he was rich;

Narrative: introduction of a characterκαὶThe presentative ἰδού spotlights the new figure. Three notes define him: his name (Zacchaeus, 'pure/innocent'), his office (ἀρχιτελώνης, otherwise unattested — head of the Jericho toll-district), and his wealth, ironically tainted in popular eyes.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particle (attention-marker)ἰδού: 'look!' — a frozen aor. imperative of ὁράω used as an interjection.
ἀνὴρa manNominativesubject (nominativus pendens, resumed by αὐτός)ἀνήρ: man, adult male.
ὀνόματιby nameDativedative of reference/respectὄνομα: name.
καλούμενοςcalledPres Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καλέωattributive ptc. modifying ἀνήρ→ present: customary designationκαλέω: call, name.
ΖακχαῖοςZacchaeusNominativepredicate/appositional nom. (the name)Ζακχαῖος: Zacchaeus, from Heb. Zakkai ('pure, innocent'); a proper name in syntactic case, so kind n.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (resumptive, intensive)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ imperfect: stative backgroundεἰμί: be.
ἀρχιτελώνηςa chief tax-collectorNominativepredicate nominativeἀρχιτελώνης: chief tax-farmer — a NT hapax; supervisor of subordinate τελῶναι in the toll-rich Jericho region.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (resumptive)
πλούσιοςrichNominativepredicate adjective (ἦν understood)πλούσιος: wealthy — recalling the rich ruler of 18:23 who went away sorrowful; this rich man will be saved.
3

καὶ ἐζήτει ἰδεῖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν τίς ἐστιν, καὶ οὐκ ἠδύνατο ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄχλου ὅτι τῇ ἡλικίᾳ μικρὸς ἦν.

And he was seeking to see who Jesus was, and he could not because of the crowd, for he was small in stature.

Narrative: the obstacleκαὶTwo imperfects (ἐζήτει, ἠδύνατο) set up his frustrated desire; the obstacle is the crowd plus his short stature. ἡλικίᾳ may be 'age' or 'stature'; the latter is taken, matching the comic image of climbing a tree.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἐζήτειhe was seekingImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ζητέωmain verb→ imperfect: ongoing attempt (conative)ζητέω: seek, try to.
ἰδεῖνto seeAor Act Infin · ὁράωcomplementary infinitive→ aorist: the act of seeing as a wholeὁράω: see, perceive.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with Ἰησοῦν
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of ἰδεῖνἸησοῦς: Jesus; proper name in case, kind n.
τίςwhoNominativesubject of the indirect questionτίς: interrogative pronoun.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the indirect question (retained tense)→ present: identityεἰμί: be.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative with ἠδύνατοοὐ: objective negation.
ἠδύνατοhe couldImpf Mid/Dep Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ imperfect: continued inabilityδύναμαι: be able.
ἀπὸbecause ofpreposition + genitive (causal)ἀπό: here causal, 'on account of.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ὄχλου
ὄχλουcrowdGenitiveobject of ἀπόὄχλος: crowd, throng.
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: that, because.
τῇtheDativearticle with ἡλικίᾳ
ἡλικίᾳin statureDativedative of respectἡλικία: stature (or age); 'in stature' fits the tree-climbing image.
μικρὸςsmallNominativepredicate adjectiveμικρός: small, little.
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ imperfect: stativeεἰμί: be.
4

καὶ προδραμὼν εἰς τὸ ἔμπροσθεν ἀνέβη ἐπὶ συκομορέαν ἵνα ἴδῃ αὐτόν, ὅτι ἐκείνης ἤμελλεν διέρχεσθαι.

And running ahead, he climbed up into a sycamore tree in order to see him, because he was about to pass that way.

Narrative: Zacchaeus's initiativeκαὶZacchaeus's undignified energy — a wealthy official running and climbing a tree — dramatizes his eagerness. The purpose clause (ἵνα ἴδῃ) answers the frustrated ἐζήτει ἰδεῖν of v.3.
καὶandnarrative connective
προδραμὼνhaving run aheadAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προτρέχωcircumstantial (temporal/manner) ptc.→ aorist: antecedent actionπροτρέχω: run on ahead.
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: into, to.
τὸtheAccusativearticle substantivizing ἔμπροσθεν
ἔμπροσθενfrontAccusativesubstantized adverb, object of εἰς ('the front, ahead')ἔμπροσθεν: in front; τὸ ἔμπροσθεν = 'the place ahead.'
ἀνέβηhe climbed upAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀναβαίνωmain verb→ aorist: completed actἀναβαίνω: go up, climb.
ἐπὶintopreposition + accusativeἐπί: upon, onto.
συκομορέανa sycamoreAccusativeobject of ἐπίσυκομορέα: the fig-mulberry (sycomore-fig), a low-branching, easily climbed tree; NT hapax.
ἵναin order thatpurpose conjunctionἵνα: in order that.
ἴδῃhe might seeAor Act Subj 3 Sg · ὁράωverb of purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive: the goal of seeingὁράω: see.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of ἴδῃ
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: because.
ἐκείνηςthat wayGenitivegenitive of route/place (ὁδοῦ understood) with διέρχεσθαιἐκεῖνος: that; fem. agreeing with implied ὁδός, 'by that road.'
ἤμελλενhe was aboutImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλλωmain verb (imminence)→ imperfect: impending actionμέλλω: be about to.
διέρχεσθαιto pass throughPres Mid/Dep Infin · διέρχομαιcomplementary infinitive with ἤμελλεν→ present: the passing in progressδιέρχομαι: pass through.
5

καὶ ὡς ἦλθεν ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον, ἀναβλέψας ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτόν· Ζακχαῖε, σπεύσας κατάβηθι, σήμερον γὰρ ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ σου δεῖ με μεῖναι.

And when he came to the place, Jesus looked up and said to him, "Zacchaeus, hurry and come down, for today I must stay at your house."

Narrative: Jesus takes the initiativeκαὶThe reversal: the one Zacchaeus sought to see now sees and names him. δεῖ ('it is necessary') marks divine necessity — Jesus' mission to the lost; σήμερον ('today') is the keyword of Lukan salvation-presence (cf. 2:11; 4:21; 23:43).
καὶandnarrative connective
ὡςwhentemporal conjunctionὡς: as, when.
ἦλθενhe cameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of temporal clause→ aorist: punctiliar arrivalἔρχομαι: come.
ἐπὶtopreposition + accusativeἐπί: to, at.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with τόπον
τόπονplaceAccusativeobject of ἐπίτόπος: place, spot.
ἀναβλέψαςhaving looked upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβλέπωcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedent actionἀναβλέπω: look up (here, to the tree).
theNominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject of εἶπενἸησοῦς: Jesus; proper name in case, kind n.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: to, toward.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
ΖακχαῖεZacchaeusVocativevocative of direct addressΖακχαῖος: Zacchaeus; vocative — Jesus knows him by name, kind n.
σπεύσαςhurryingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · σπεύδωcircumstantial (manner) ptc., coordinate with the imperative ('quickly')→ aorist: urgencyσπεύδω: hasten, hurry.
κατάβηθιcome downAor Act Impv 2 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb (command)→ aorist imperative: specific commandκαταβαίνω: come/go down.
σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb (emphatic, fronted)σήμερον: today — the Lukan 'today' of salvation.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: for.
ἐνatpreposition + dativeἐν: in, at.
τῷtheDativearticle with οἴκῳ
οἴκῳhouseDativeobject of ἐνοἶκος: house, household.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
δεῖit is necessaryPres Act Indic 3 Sg · δεῖimpersonal verb governing μεῖναι→ present: standing divine necessityδεῖ: it is necessary — Lukan divine 'must.'
μεIAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive μεῖναι
μεῖναιto stayAor Act Infin · μένωinfinitive subject of δεῖ→ aorist: the stay as a wholeμένω: remain, stay, lodge.
6

καὶ σπεύσας κατέβη, καὶ ὑπεδέξατο αὐτὸν χαίρων.

And he hurried and came down, and welcomed him rejoicing.

Narrative: glad obedienceκαὶZacchaeus's response exactly echoes the command (σπεύσας κατέβη ← σπεύσας κατάβηθι). χαίρων ('rejoicing') marks the joy that accompanies repentance throughout Luke (cf. 15:7, 10, 32).
καὶandnarrative connective
σπεύσαςhurryingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · σπεύδωcircumstantial (manner) ptc.→ aorist: prompt actionσπεύδω: hasten.
κατέβηhe came downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καταβαίνωmain verb→ aorist: completedκαταβαίνω: come down.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑπεδέξατοhe welcomedAor Mid/Dep Indic 3 Sg · ὑποδέχομαιmain verb→ aorist: completed receptionὑποδέχομαι: receive as a guest, welcome into one's home.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of ὑπεδέξατο
χαίρωνrejoicingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · χαίρωcircumstantial (manner) ptc.→ present: attendant joyχαίρω: rejoice — repentance-joy.
7

καὶ ἰδόντες πάντες διεγόγγυζον λέγοντες ὅτι Παρὰ ἁμαρτωλῷ ἀνδρὶ εἰσῆλθεν καταλῦσαι.

And all, when they saw it, grumbled, saying, "He has gone in to lodge with a sinful man."

Narrative: the crowd's objectionκαὶThe grumbling (διεγόγγυζον, an intensive compound) echoes the Pharisees' complaint of 15:2 ('this man receives sinners and eats with them'), the very charge the three lost-and-found parables answered.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἰδόντεςhaving seenAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedentὁράω: see.
πάντεςallNominativesubject of διεγόγγυζονπᾶς: all, everyone.
διεγόγγυζονwere grumblingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · διαγογγύζωmain verb→ imperfect: sustained mutteringδιαγογγύζω: grumble throughout (a group), mutter — intensive of γογγύζω.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance introducing speech→ present: contemporaneousλέγω: say.
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτι (introducing direct speech)ὅτι: that (recitative).
Παρὰwithpreposition + dativeπαρά: beside, with (at the house of).
ἁμαρτωλῷsinfulDativeattributive adjective with ἀνδρίἁμαρτωλός: sinful, a sinner — the tax-collector's stigma.
ἀνδρὶa manDativeobject of παράἀνήρ: man.
εἰσῆλθενhe has gone inAor Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰσέρχομαιmain verb of the quoted complaint→ aorist: accomplished actεἰσέρχομαι: enter, go in.
καταλῦσαιto lodgeAor Act Infin · καταλύωinfinitive of purpose→ aorist: the lodging as a wholeκαταλύω: unyoke, find lodging, be a guest.
8

σταθεὶς δὲ Ζακχαῖος εἶπεν πρὸς τὸν κύριον· Ἰδοὺ τὰ ἡμίσιά μου τῶν ὑπαρχόντων, κύριε, τοῖς πτωχοῖς δίδωμι, καὶ εἴ τινός τι ἐσυκοφάντησα ἀποδίδωμι τετραπλοῦν.

But Zacchaeus stood and said to the Lord, "Behold, Lord, half of my possessions I give to the poor, and if I have defrauded anyone of anything, I restore it fourfold."

Narrative: Zacchaeus's response/vowδὲThe δέ shifts to the climactic declaration. The present tenses (δίδωμι, ἀποδίδωμι) are read as performative/resolve, not as a boast of past habit. Fourfold restitution exceeds the Mosaic norm (Exod 22:1 for theft; otherwise principal-plus-a-fifth, Lev 6:5).
σταθεὶςhaving stoodAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἵστημιcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: taking a formal stance to declareἵστημι (pass.): stand, take one's stand.
δὲbutdevelopmental conjunctionδέ: but, now.
ΖακχαῖοςZacchaeusNominativesubject of εἶπενΖακχαῖος: Zacchaeus; proper name in case, kind n.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: to.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with κύριον
κύριονLordAccusativeobject of πρόςκύριος: Lord — the narrator's title for Jesus.
Ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού: behold.
τὰtheAccusativearticle with ἡμίσιά
ἡμίσιάhalfAccusativedirect object of δίδωμιἥμισυς: half.
μουof myGenitivepossessive genitive
τῶνtheGenitivearticle with ὑπαρχόντων
ὑπαρχόντωνpossessionsPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Neut · ὑπάρχωsubstantized ptc., partitive genitive ('of my goods')→ present: existing propertyὑπάρχω (ptc. subst.): possessions, goods.
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: Lord (vocative).
τοῖςtheDativearticle with πτωχοῖς
πτωχοῖςpoorDativeindirect object of δίδωμιπτωχός: poor, beggarly.
δίδωμιI givePres Act Indic 1 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ present: performative resolve ('here and now I give')δίδωμι: give.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἴifconditional conjunction (first-class condition)εἰ: if.
τινόςanyoneGenitivegenitive of person defrauded with ἐσυκοφάντησατις: anyone, someone.
τιanythingAccusativeaccusative of thing defraudedτις: anything.
ἐσυκοφάντησαI have defraudedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · συκοφαντέωverb of the protasis→ aorist: any past act of extortionσυκοφαντέω: extort by false accusation, defraud.
ἀποδίδωμιI restorePres Act Indic 1 Sg · ἀποδίδωμιmain verb of the apodosis→ present: performative resolveἀποδίδωμι: give back, repay, restore.
τετραπλοῦνfourfoldAccusativeadverbial/double accusative of measureτετραπλοῦς: fourfold; NT hapax — the restitution for stolen livestock (Exod 22:1).
9

εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὅτι Σήμερον σωτηρία τῷ οἴκῳ τούτῳ ἐγένετο, καθότι καὶ αὐτὸς υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ ἐστιν·

And Jesus said to him, "Today salvation has come to this house, since he too is a son of Abraham."

Narrative: Jesus' verdictδὲJesus' pronouncement answers the grumbling of v.7. σήμερον picks up v.5. 'Son of Abraham' asserts Zacchaeus's covenant standing against those who would write him off — salvation reaches him not despite but through his repentance.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: and, now.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: to.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
theNominativearticle with Ἰησοῦς
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubjectἸησοῦς: Jesus; proper name in case, kind n.
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτιὅτι: (recitative).
Σήμερονtodaytemporal adverb (emphatic, fronted)σήμερον: today — eschatological 'today' of salvation.
σωτηρίαsalvationNominativesubject of ἐγένετοσωτηρία: salvation, deliverance.
τῷto theDativearticle with οἴκῳ
οἴκῳhouseDativedative of advantage (recipient)οἶκος: house, household.
τούτῳthisDativedemonstrative modifying οἴκῳοὗτος: this.
ἐγένετοhas comeAor Mid/Dep Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb→ aorist: accomplished arrivalγίνομαι: become, come to be, happen.
καθότιsincecausal conjunctionκαθότι: inasmuch as, because.
καὶalsoadverbial/ascensive καί ('he too')καί: also, even.
αὐτὸςheNominativesubject (intensive)
υἱὸςa sonNominativepredicate nominativeυἱός: son — covenant membership.
Ἀβραάμof AbrahamGenitivegenitive of relationshipἈβραάμ: Abraham, indeclinable; here governed as genitive, kind n.
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ present: stativeεἰμί: be.
10

ἦλθεν γὰρ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ζητῆσαι καὶ σῶσαι τὸ ἀπολωλός.

For the Son of Man came to seek and to save the lost.

Grounds: the mission-statementγὰρThe programmatic γάρ-clause grounding the whole episode and the chapter's first movement. 'The lost' (τὸ ἀπολωλός, neuter singular) gathers up the lost sheep, coin, and son of ch. 15; the saying defines the Son of Man's earthly mission (cf. Ezek 34:16).
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ aorist: the mission-coming as a wholeἔρχομαι: come.
γὰρforexplanatory/causal conjunctionγάρ: for.
theNominativearticle with υἱός
υἱὸςSonNominativesubject of ἦλθενυἱός: son.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with ἀνθρώπου
ἀνθρώπουof ManGenitivegenitive in the title 'Son of Man'ἄνθρωπος: man; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου = the Danielic Son of Man (Dan 7:13), Jesus' self-designation.
ζητῆσαιto seekAor Act Infin · ζητέωinfinitive of purpose→ aorist: purpose stated as a wholeζητέω: seek out.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
σῶσαιto saveAor Act Infin · σῴζωinfinitive of purpose (coordinate)→ aorist: purpose as a wholeσῴζω: save, rescue, make whole.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with ἀπολωλός
ἀπολωλόςlostPerf Act Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · ἀπόλλυμιsubstantized ptc., object of both infinitives→ perfect: settled state of lostnessἀπόλλυμι (perf. ptc., intrans.): be lost, perish; τὸ ἀπολωλός = 'that which is lost.'
11

Ἀκουόντων δὲ αὐτῶν ταῦτα προσθεὶς εἶπεν παραβολὴν διὰ τὸ ἐγγὺς εἶναι Ἰερουσαλὴμ αὐτὸν καὶ δοκεῖν αὐτοὺς ὅτι παραχρῆμα μέλλει ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ ἀναφαίνεσθαι.

Now as they were listening to these things, he went on to tell a parable, because he was near Jerusalem and they supposed that the kingdom of God was about to appear at once.

Narrative: setting and occasion of the parableδὲThe transition to the parable of the minas, with its double cause: proximity to Jerusalem and the false expectation of an immediate kingdom. The parable corrects this — there is an interval, a delegation, and an accounting before the king returns.
Ἀκουόντωνas ... were listeningPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · ἀκούωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ present: action contemporaneousἀκούω: hear, listen.
δὲnowdevelopmental conjunctionδέ: now.
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivesubject of the genitive absolute
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of Ἀκουόντωνοὗτος: this.
προσθεὶςgoing onAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προστίθημιcircumstantial ptc. (Semitic 'he proceeded to')→ aorist: added actionπροστίθημι: add; idiomatically 'go on to, proceed to.'
εἶπενhe toldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say, tell.
παραβολὴνa parableAccusativeobject of εἶπενπαραβολή: parable, comparison.
διὰbecausepreposition + articular infinitive (causal)διά: on account of.
τὸtheAccusativearticle governing the infinitive εἶναι
ἐγγὺςnearadverb (predicate of εἶναι)ἐγγύς: near.
εἶναιbeingPres Act Infin · εἰμίarticular infinitive (causal)→ present: stateεἰμί: be.
Ἰερουσαλὴμto JerusalemGenitivegenitive complement of ἐγγύς ('near to')Ἰερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem (indeclinable Semitic form); governed by ἐγγύς as genitive, so kind n (cf. Ἀβραάμ, v.9).
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of εἶναι
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (second cause)
δοκεῖνsupposingPres Act Infin · δοκέωarticular infinitive (causal, sharing τό)→ present: their ongoing opinionδοκέω: think, suppose.
αὐτοὺςtheyAccusativeaccusative subject of δοκεῖν
ὅτιthatcomplementizer after δοκεῖνὅτι: that.
παραχρῆμαat oncetemporal adverbπαραχρῆμα: immediately, at once — a Lukan favorite.
μέλλειwas aboutPres Act Indic 3 Sg · μέλλωverb of the ὅτι-clause→ present: impending (from their viewpoint)μέλλω: be about to.
theNominativearticle with βασιλεία
βασιλείαkingdomNominativesubject of μέλλειβασιλεία: kingdom, reign.
τοῦofGenitivearticle with θεοῦ
θεοῦGodGenitivepossessive/subjective genitiveθεός: God.
ἀναφαίνεσθαιto appearPres Pass Infin · ἀναφαίνωcomplementary infinitive with μέλλει→ present: manifestation in progressἀναφαίνω (pass.): appear, be made manifest.
12

εἶπεν οὖν· Ἄνθρωπός τις εὐγενὴς ἐπορεύθη εἰς χώραν μακρὰν λαβεῖν ἑαυτῷ βασιλείαν καὶ ὑποστρέψαι.

He said therefore, "A certain nobleman went to a far country to receive for himself a kingdom and to return."

Parable: the nobleman's departureοὖνThe frame-story evokes Archelaus, who traveled to Rome in 4 BC to secure his ethnarchy (and whose subjects sent a counter-embassy). 'Receive a kingdom and return' establishes the delay before the reckoning — answering the 'at once' expectation of v.11.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (narrative frame)→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
οὖνthereforeinferential conjunctionοὖν: therefore, so.
Ἄνθρωπόςa manNominativesubject of ἐπορεύθηἄνθρωπος: man, person.
τιςcertainNominativeindefinite pronoun/adjective with Ἄνθρωποςτις: a certain, some.
εὐγενὴςof noble birthNominativeattributive adjectiveεὐγενής: well-born, noble — of high rank, eligible for a kingdom.
ἐπορεύθηwentAor Pass(Dep) Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ aorist: completed journeyπορεύομαι: go, travel.
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: to, into.
χώρανa countryAccusativeobject of εἰςχώρα: region, country.
μακρὰνfarAccusativeattributive adjective with χώρανμακρός: distant, far.
λαβεῖνto receiveAor Act Infin · λαμβάνωinfinitive of purpose→ aorist: purpose as a wholeλαμβάνω: take, receive.
ἑαυτῷfor himselfDativedative of advantage (reflexive)ἑαυτοῦ: himself.
βασιλείανa kingdomAccusativeobject of λαβεῖνβασιλεία: kingdom, royal power.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὑποστρέψαιto returnAor Act Infin · ὑποστρέφωinfinitive of purpose (coordinate)→ aorist: the return as a wholeὑποστρέφω: return, come back.
13

καλέσας δὲ δέκα δούλους ἑαυτοῦ ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς δέκα μνᾶς καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Πραγματεύσασθε ἐν ᾧ ἔρχομαι.

And calling ten of his own servants, he gave them ten minas and said to them, "Do business until I come."

Parable: the entrusted minasδὲTen servants, one mina each (a mina ≈ 100 denarii, about three months' wages) — a modest, equal trust, distinct from Matthew's unequal talents. The single imperative 'do business' defines the interim duty; ἐν ᾧ ('while/until') marks the time of the king's absence.
καλέσαςcallingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καλέωcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedentκαλέω: call, summon.
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: and.
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral with δούλουςδέκα: ten (indeclinable).
δούλουςservantsAccusativeobject of καλέσαςδοῦλος: slave, servant.
ἑαυτοῦhis ownGenitivepossessive (reflexive) genitiveἑαυτοῦ: his own.
ἔδωκενhe gaveAor Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb→ aorist: completed act of entrustingδίδωμι: give.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral with μνᾶςδέκα: ten (indeclinable).
μνᾶςminasAccusativedirect object of ἔδωκενμνᾶ: mina — a weight/coin of about 100 denarii (≈100 drachmas).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: to.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
Πραγματεύσασθεdo businessAor Mid(Dep) Impv 2 Pl · πραγματεύομαιmain verb (command)→ aorist imperative: the charge as a wholeπραγματεύομαι: trade, do business, invest; NT hapax.
ἐνwhilepreposition + dative relative (temporal, 'in [the time] in which')ἐν ᾧ: while, until.
whichDativerelative pronoun (temporal antecedent implied)ὅς: who, which.
ἔρχομαιI comePres Mid(Dep) Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιverb of the relative/temporal clause→ present: futuristic ('until I come')ἔρχομαι: come.
14

οἱ δὲ πολῖται αὐτοῦ ἐμίσουν αὐτόν, καὶ ἀπέστειλαν πρεσβείαν ὀπίσω αὐτοῦ λέγοντες· Οὐ θέλομεν τοῦτον βασιλεῦσαι ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς.

But his citizens hated him and sent an embassy after him, saying, "We do not want this man to reign over us."

Parable: the citizens' rebellion (sub-plot)δὲThe contrasting δέ introduces the rejecting citizens — a second thread (resumed at v.27) distinct from the servants. In the parable's transparency they figure Jerusalem's leaders, who 'will not have this man reign over them' (cf. John 19:15).
οἱtheNominativearticle with πολῖται
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: but.
πολῖταιcitizensNominativesubject of ἐμίσουνπολίτης: citizen, fellow-countryman.
αὐτοῦhisGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐμίσουνhatedImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · μισέωmain verb→ imperfect: settled hostilityμισέω: hate.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of ἐμίσουν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀπέστειλανsentAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀποστέλλωmain verb→ aorist: completed actἀποστέλλω: send (with a commission).
πρεσβείανan embassyAccusativeobject of ἀπέστειλανπρεσβεία: embassy, delegation of envoys.
ὀπίσωafterimproper preposition + genitiveὀπίσω: behind, after.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ὀπίσω
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance (speech)→ present: contemporaneousλέγω: say.
Οὐnotnegative with θέλομενοὐ: not.
θέλομενwe wantPres Act Indic 1 Pl · θέλωmain verb of the quote→ present: their settled refusalθέλω: will, wish, want.
τοῦτονthis manAccusativeaccusative subject of βασιλεῦσαι (contemptuous demonstrative)οὗτος: this (one).
βασιλεῦσαιto reignAor Act Infin · βασιλεύωinfinitive in indirect discourse after θέλομεν→ aorist: the reign as a wholeβασιλεύω: be king, reign.
ἐφ’overpreposition (ἐπί) + accusativeἐπί: over, upon.
ἡμᾶςusAccusativeobject of ἐπί
15

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἐπανελθεῖν αὐτὸν λαβόντα τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ εἶπεν φωνηθῆναι αὐτῷ τοὺς δούλους τούτους οἷς δεδώκει τὸ ἀργύριον, ἵνα γνοῖ τί διεπραγματεύσαντο.

And it came about, when he returned, having received the kingdom, that he ordered these servants to whom he had given the money to be called to him, so that he might know what they had gained by trading.

Parable: the return and the reckoningΚαὶThe Septuagintal ἐγένετο + articular infinitive marks the scene-shift to the accounting. The pluperfect δεδώκει looks back to v.13; the indirect question (τί διεπραγματεύσαντο) sets up the individual reports.
Καὶandnarrative connective
ἐγένετοit came aboutAor Mid(Dep) Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (Septuagintal narrative formula)→ aorist: event-onsetγίνομαι: come to pass, happen.
ἐνwhenpreposition + articular infinitive (temporal)ἐν τῷ + inf.: while, when.
τῷtheDativearticle governing ἐπανελθεῖν
ἐπανελθεῖνreturningAor Act Infin · ἐπανέρχομαιarticular infinitive (temporal)→ aorist: the returnἐπανέρχομαι: return, come back again.
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of the infinitive
λαβόνταhaving receivedAor Act Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · λαμβάνωcircumstantial ptc. agreeing with αὐτόν→ aorist: antecedent (the kingdom now his)λαμβάνω: receive.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with βασιλείαν
βασιλείανkingdomAccusativeobject of λαβόνταβασιλεία: kingdom.
καὶthatκαί completing the ἐγένετο construction
εἶπενhe orderedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (εἶπεν + infinitive = command)→ aorist: order givenλέγω: say, here 'give order.'
φωνηθῆναιto be calledAor Pass Infin · φωνέωinfinitive of indirect command→ aorist: the summonsφωνέω: call, summon.
αὐτῷto himDativedative of advantage/direction
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with δούλους
δούλουςservantsAccusativeaccusative subject of φωνηθῆναιδοῦλος: servant.
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative with δούλουςοὗτος: this.
οἷςto whomDativerelative pronoun, indirect object of δεδώκειὅς: who, whom.
δεδώκειhe had givenPlupf Act Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιverb of the relative clause→ pluperfect: prior completed giving (v.13)δίδωμι: give.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with ἀργύριον
ἀργύριονmoneyAccusativeobject of δεδώκειἀργύριον: silver, money.
ἵναso thatpurpose conjunctionἵνα: in order that.
γνοῖhe might knowAor Act Subj 3 Sg · γινώσκωverb of purpose clause→ aorist subjunctive: the knowingγινώσκω: know, learn.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative, object of the indirect questionτίς: what.
διεπραγματεύσαντοthey had gained by tradingAor Mid(Dep) Indic 3 Pl · διαπραγματεύομαιverb of indirect question→ aorist: their net resultδιαπραγματεύομαι: gain by trading, make by doing business; NT hapax.
16

παρεγένετο δὲ ὁ πρῶτος λέγων· Κύριε, ἡ μνᾶ σου δέκα προσηργάσατο μνᾶς.

And the first came, saying, "Lord, your mina has made ten minas more."

Parable: the first servant's reportδὲThe faithful servant credits the gain to the mina ('your mina has made'), not to himself — a posture of stewardship. The tenfold yield will be matched by a tenfold reward (v.17).
παρεγένετοcameAor Mid(Dep) Indic 3 Sg · παραγίνομαιmain verb→ aorist: arrivalπαραγίνομαι: come, arrive, present oneself.
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: and.
theNominativearticle with πρῶτος
πρῶτοςfirstNominativesubject (substantized ordinal)πρῶτος: first.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance (speech)→ present: contemporaneousλέγω: say.
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: lord, master (vocative).
theNominativearticle with μνᾶ
μνᾶminaNominativesubject of προσηργάσατομνᾶ: mina.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral with μνᾶςδέκα: ten (indeclinable).
προσηργάσατοhas made moreAor Mid(Dep) Indic 3 Sg · προσεργάζομαιmain verb of the quote→ aorist: net gain achievedπροσεργάζομαι: earn/produce in addition; NT hapax.
μνᾶςminasAccusativedirect object of προσηργάσατομνᾶ: mina.
17

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Εὖγε, ἀγαθὲ δοῦλε, ὅτι ἐν ἐλαχίστῳ πιστὸς ἐγένου, ἴσθι ἐξουσίαν ἔχων ἐπάνω δέκα πόλεων.

And he said to him, "Well done, good servant! Because you were faithful in a very little, have authority over ten cities."

Parable: the king's commendation and rewardκαὶThe reward is disproportionate to the trust ('faithful in a very little' → 'ten cities') and is rule, not money — the kingdom's reward is greater responsibility. The principle: faithfulness in small things qualifies for great (cf. 16:10).
καὶandnarrative connective
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Εὖγεwell doneinterjection of approvalεὖγε: well done! excellent!
ἀγαθὲgoodVocativeattributive adjective with δοῦλε (vocative)ἀγαθός: good.
δοῦλεservantVocativevocative of addressδοῦλος: servant (vocative).
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: because.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: in.
ἐλαχίστῳa very littleDativeobject of ἐν (substantized superlative)ἐλάχιστος: least, very little (superl. of μικρός).
πιστὸςfaithfulNominativepredicate nominative with ἐγένουπιστός: faithful, trustworthy.
ἐγένουyou wereAor Mid(Dep) Indic 2 Sg · γίνομαιverb of the causal clause→ aorist: proved faithfulγίνομαι: become, prove to be.
ἴσθιhavePres Act Impv 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (command, periphrastic with ἔχων)→ present imperative: enduring stateεἰμί: be.
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativeobject of ἔχωνἐξουσία: authority, jurisdiction.
ἔχωνhavingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔχωptc. in periphrasis with ἴσθι ('be having' = have)→ present: ongoing possessionἔχω: have, hold.
ἐπάνωoverimproper preposition + genitiveἐπάνω: above, over.
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral with πόλεωνδέκα: ten (indeclinable).
πόλεωνcitiesGenitiveobject of ἐπάνωπόλις: city.
18

καὶ ἦλθεν ὁ δεύτερος λέγων· Ἡ μνᾶ σου, κύριε, ἐποίησεν πέντε μνᾶς.

And the second came, saying, "Your mina, Lord, has made five minas."

Parable: the second servant's reportκαὶA second faithful report, again crediting the mina. The lesser gain (fivefold) yields a proportionate reward (five cities, v.19) — gradations within faithfulness.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ aorist: arrivalἔρχομαι: come.
theNominativearticle with δεύτερος
δεύτεροςsecondNominativesubject (substantized ordinal)δεύτερος: second.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance (speech)→ present: contemporaneousλέγω: say.
theNominativearticle with μνᾶ
μνᾶminaNominativesubject of ἐποίησενμνᾶ: mina.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: lord, master (vocative).
ἐποίησενhas madeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb of the quote→ aorist: result producedποιέω: make, produce.
πέντεfiveindeclinable numeral with μνᾶςπέντε: five (indeclinable).
μνᾶςminasAccusativeobject of ἐποίησενμνᾶ: mina.
19

εἶπεν δὲ καὶ τούτῳ· Καὶ σὺ ἐπάνω γίνου πέντε πόλεων.

And he said to this one also, "And you, be over five cities."

Parable: the reward of the second servantδὲThe parallel reward, abbreviated. The fivefold gain earns rule over five cities — the reward tracks the return, confirming the proportionality of v.17.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: and.
καὶalsoadverbial καί ('to this one also')καί: also.
τούτῳto this oneDativeindirect object (demonstrative)οὗτος: this (one).
Καὶandascensive/connective καίκαί: and, also.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic pronoun)σύ: you.
ἐπάνωoverimproper preposition + genitiveἐπάνω: over, above.
γίνουbePres Mid(Dep) Impv 2 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (command)→ present imperative: ongoing roleγίνομαι: become, be.
πέντεfiveindeclinable numeral with πόλεωνπέντε: five (indeclinable).
πόλεωνcitiesGenitiveobject of ἐπάνωπόλις: city.
20

καὶ ὁ ἕτερος ἦλθεν λέγων· Κύριε, ἰδοὺ ἡ μνᾶ σου ἣν εἶχον ἀποκειμένην ἐν σουδαρίῳ·

And the other came, saying, "Lord, behold your mina, which I kept laid away in a cloth;

Parable: the unfaithful servant's reportκαὶὁ ἕτερος ('the other,' of a different kind) sets this servant apart from the faithful pair. He produces the unchanged mina, wrapped in a σουδάριον (a napkin) — neither lost nor used, the embodiment of fruitless caution.
καὶandnarrative connective
theNominativearticle with ἕτερος
ἕτεροςotherNominativesubject (substantized; 'another of a different kind')ἕτερος: other, another (qualitatively distinct).
ἦλθενcameAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ aorist: arrivalἔρχομαι: come.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance (speech)→ present: contemporaneousλέγω: say.
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: lord (vocative).
ἰδοὺbeholdpresentative particleἰδού: behold.
theNominativearticle with μνᾶ
μνᾶminaNominativenominative of exclamation/presentationμνᾶ: mina.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἣνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun, object of εἶχονὅς: which.
εἶχονI keptImpf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔχωverb of the relative clause→ imperfect: continuous keepingἔχω: have, keep.
ἀποκειμένηνlaid awayPres Mid/Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Fem · ἀπόκειμαιpredicate (object-complement) ptc. with μνᾶ→ present: state of being storedἀπόκειμαι: be laid up, stored away.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: in.
σουδαρίῳa clothDativeobject of ἐνσουδάριον: a face-cloth/napkin (Lat. sudarium) — a loanword.
21

ἐφοβούμην γάρ σε ὅτι ἄνθρωπος αὐστηρὸς εἶ, αἴρεις ὃ οὐκ ἔθηκας καὶ θερίζεις ὃ οὐκ ἔσπειρας.

for I was afraid of you, because you are a severe man; you take up what you did not lay down, and you reap what you did not sow."

Parable: the servant's excuseγάρThe servant grounds his inaction in fear and a distorted view of the master as harsh and grasping. The proverbial pair (take/lay, reap/sow) caricatures the master — a self-justifying portrait that will be turned against him in v.22.
ἐφοβούμηνI was afraidImpf Mid/Pass(Dep) Indic 1 Sg · φοβέομαιmain verb→ imperfect: continuing fearφοβέομαι: fear, be afraid.
γάρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: for.
σεyouAccusativeobject of ἐφοβούμην
ὅτιbecausecausal conjunctionὅτι: because.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativepredicate nominative with εἶἄνθρωπος: man, person.
αὐστηρὸςsevereNominativeattributive adjective with ἄνθρωποςαὐστηρός: harsh, exacting, severe (lit. 'astringent'); NT hapax.
εἶyou arePres Act Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ present: stativeεἰμί: be.
αἴρειςyou take upPres Act Indic 2 Sg · αἴρωmain verb (proverb)→ present: gnomic/habitualαἴρω: take up, lift, collect.
whatAccusativerelative pronoun, object of αἴρειςὅς: what, that which.
οὐκnotnegative with ἔθηκαςοὐ: not.
ἔθηκαςyou laid downAor Act Indic 2 Sg · τίθημιverb of the relative clause→ aorist: simple pastτίθημι: put, lay, deposit.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θερίζειςyou reapPres Act Indic 2 Sg · θερίζωmain verb (proverb)→ present: gnomic/habitualθερίζω: reap, harvest.
whatAccusativerelative pronoun, object of θερίζειςὅς: what.
οὐκnotnegative with ἔσπειραςοὐ: not.
ἔσπειραςyou sowedAor Act Indic 2 Sg · σπείρωverb of the relative clause→ aorist: simple pastσπείρω: sow.
22

λέγει αὐτῷ· Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ σε, πονηρὲ δοῦλε. ᾔδεις ὅτι ἐγὼ ἄνθρωπος αὐστηρός εἰμι, αἴρων ὃ οὐκ ἔθηκα καὶ θερίζων ὃ οὐκ ἔσπειρα;

He said to him, "Out of your own mouth I will judge you, wicked servant! You knew that I am a severe man, taking up what I did not lay down and reaping what I did not sow?

Parable: the master's verdict (asyndeton)asyndetonThe historic present λέγει and asyndeton heighten the drama. The master condemns him on his own terms ('out of your own mouth') — not conceding the caricature but arguing a fortiori: even granting it, the servant's logic should have prompted action, not paralysis.
λέγειhe saidPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (historic present)→ present: vivid narrationλέγω: say.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
Ἐκout ofpreposition + genitive (source)ἐκ: out of, from.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with στόματος
στόματόςmouthGenitiveobject of ἐκστόμα: mouth.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
κρινῶI will judgeFut Act Indic 1 Sg · κρίνωmain verb→ future: forthcoming verdictκρίνω: judge, condemn.
σεyouAccusativeobject of κρινῶ
πονηρὲwickedVocativeattributive adjective with δοῦλε (vocative)πονηρός: evil, wicked.
δοῦλεservantVocativevocative of addressδοῦλος: servant (vocative).
ᾔδειςyou knewPlupf Act Indic 2 Sg · οἶδαmain verb of the (rhetorical) question→ pluperfect (= past of οἶδα): you had knownοἶδα: know.
ὅτιthatcomplementizerὅτι: that.
ἐγὼINominativesubject (emphatic)ἐγώ: I.
ἄνθρωποςa manNominativepredicate nominativeἄνθρωπος: man.
αὐστηρόςsevereNominativeattributive adjective with ἄνθρωποςαὐστηρός: harsh, exacting.
εἰμιamPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίcopula→ present: stativeεἰμί: be.
αἴρωνtaking upPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · αἴρωattributive/circumstantial ptc. describing ἐγώ→ present: characteristicαἴρω: take up.
whatAccusativerelative pronoun, object of αἴρωνὅς: what.
οὐκnotnegative with ἔθηκαοὐ: not.
ἔθηκαI laid downAor Act Indic 1 Sg · τίθημιverb of the relative clause→ aorist: simple pastτίθημι: lay, put.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θερίζωνreapingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · θερίζωattributive/circumstantial ptc.→ present: characteristicθερίζω: reap.
whatAccusativerelative pronoun, object of θερίζωνὅς: what.
οὐκnotnegative with ἔσπειραοὐ: not.
ἔσπειραI sowedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · σπείρωverb of the relative clause→ aorist: simple pastσπείρω: sow.
23

καὶ διὰ τί οὐκ ἔδωκάς μου τὸ ἀργύριον ἐπὶ τράπεζαν; κἀγὼ ἐλθὼν σὺν τόκῳ ἂν αὐτὸ ἔπραξα.

Then why did you not put my money in the bank, and at my coming I would have collected it with interest?"

Parable: the master's reproachκαὶThe minimal alternative: even fearful caution should have managed the safest profit — deposit at interest. τράπεζα ('table') is the money-changer's bench, i.e. a bank; the failure is not loss but doing nothing at all.
καὶthenconnective/inferential καί
διὰwhyδιὰ τί = interrogative 'why'διά: because of; διὰ τί = 'why?'
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (with διά)τίς: what.
οὐκnotnegative with ἔδωκαςοὐ: not.
ἔδωκάςdid you putAor Act Indic 2 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb of the question→ aorist: the (omitted) depositδίδωμι: give, here 'deposit, put.'
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
τὸtheAccusativearticle with ἀργύριον
ἀργύριονmoneyAccusativeobject of ἔδωκαςἀργύριον: silver, money.
ἐπὶinpreposition + accusative (onto)ἐπί: on, onto.
τράπεζανthe bankAccusativeobject of ἐπίτράπεζα: table; here the money-changer's table, i.e. a bank.
κἀγὼand INominativesubject (crasis καί + ἐγώ)κἀγώ: and I.
ἐλθὼνhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedent (at my return)ἔρχομαι: come.
σὺνwithpreposition + dativeσύν: with.
τόκῳinterestDativeobject of σύντόκος: interest, usury (lit. 'offspring' of money).
ἂνwouldmodal particle marking the contrary-to-fact apodosisἄν: (modal particle).
αὐτὸitAccusativeobject of ἔπραξα
ἔπραξαI would have collectedAor Act Indic 1 Sg · πράσσωmain verb (apodosis of contrary-to-fact condition)→ aorist + ἄν: unrealized past possibilityπράσσω: do, exact, collect (money/debts).
24

καὶ τοῖς παρεστῶσιν εἶπεν· Ἄρατε ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ τὴν μνᾶν καὶ δότε τῷ τὰς δέκα μνᾶς ἔχοντι.

And he said to those standing by, "Take the mina from him and give it to the one who has the ten minas."

Parable: the sentence executedκαὶThe mina is transferred to the most productive servant — the unused trust goes to the one who multiplied his own. This concrete order grounds the maxim of vv.25–26.
καὶandnarrative connective
τοῖςto thoseDativearticle with παρεστῶσιν
παρεστῶσινstanding byPerf Act Ptc · Dat Pl Masc · παρίστημιsubstantized ptc., indirect object of εἶπεν→ perfect: those who stand presentπαρίστημι (perf., intrans.): stand by, be present.
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
ἌρατεtakeAor Act Impv 2 Pl · αἴρωmain verb (command)→ aorist imperative: specific orderαἴρω: take away.
ἀπ’frompreposition (ἀπό) + genitiveἀπό: from.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἀπό
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with μνᾶν
μνᾶνminaAccusativeobject of Ἄρατεμνᾶ: mina.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δότεgiveAor Act Impv 2 Pl · δίδωμιmain verb (command)→ aorist imperative: specific orderδίδωμι: give.
τῷto the oneDativearticle substantivizing ἔχοντι
τὰςtheAccusativearticle with μνᾶς
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral with μνᾶςδέκα: ten (indeclinable).
μνᾶςminasAccusativeobject of ἔχοντιμνᾶ: mina.
ἔχοντιwho hasPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantized ptc., indirect object of δότε→ present: ongoing possessionἔχω: have.
25

καὶ εἶπαν αὐτῷ· Κύριε, ἔχει δέκα μνᾶς.

And they said to him, "Lord, he has ten minas!"

Parable: the bystanders' protestκαὶThe bystanders' objection (some witnesses omit this verse) sets up the master's maxim. Their surprise at the seeming inequity exposes the world's logic, which v.26 overturns.
καὶandnarrative connective
εἶπανthey saidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: lord (vocative).
ἔχειhe hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb of the quote→ present: stateἔχω: have.
δέκαtenindeclinable numeral with μνᾶςδέκα: ten (indeclinable).
μνᾶςminasAccusativeobject of ἔχειμνᾶ: mina.
26

λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι παντὶ τῷ ἔχοντι δοθήσεται, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ μὴ ἔχοντος καὶ ὃ ἔχει ἀρθήσεται.

I tell you that to everyone who has, more will be given; but from the one who does not have, even what he has will be taken away.

Parable: the governing maxim (asyndeton)asyndetonThe kingdom-principle (cf. 8:18; Matt 13:12; 25:29). 'Having' is faithful use of what is entrusted; fruitfulness is rewarded with more, sterility forfeits even the original deposit. The two passive verbs are divine passives.
λέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (formula of solemn assertion)→ present: pronouncementλέγω: say, tell.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
ὅτιthatcomplementizerὅτι: that.
παντὶto everyoneDativeadjective with the substantized ptc.; indirect object of δοθήσεταιπᾶς: every, all.
τῷthe oneDativearticle substantivizing ἔχοντι
ἔχοντιwho hasPres Act Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantized ptc.→ present: ongoing possessionἔχω: have.
δοθήσεταιwill be givenFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · δίδωμιmain verb (divine passive)→ future passive: God's giftδίδωμι: give.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitiveἀπό: from.
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: but.
τοῦthe oneGenitivearticle substantivizing ἔχοντος
μὴnotnegative with the participleμή: not (with non-indicative).
ἔχοντοςwho does not havePres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἔχωsubstantized ptc., object of ἀπό→ present: lackingἔχω: have.
καὶevenascensive καίκαί: even.
whatAccusativerelative pronoun, subject of ἀρθήσεταιὅς: what, that which.
ἔχειhe hasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of the relative clause→ present: stateἔχω: have.
ἀρθήσεταιwill be taken awayFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · αἴρωmain verb (divine passive)→ future passive: God's removalαἴρω: take away, remove.
27

πλὴν τοὺς ἐχθρούς μου τούτους τοὺς μὴ θελήσαντάς με βασιλεῦσαι ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς ἀγάγετε ὧδε καὶ κατασφάξατε αὐτοὺς ἔμπροσθέν μου.

But as for these enemies of mine who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slaughter them before me."

Parable: judgment on the rebelsπλὴνπλήν ('moreover/but') returns to the citizens of v.14. The grim close warns that rejecting the king's reign brings destruction — within the parable, an echo of the fate awaiting Jerusalem (vv.41–44), and the chapter's note of judgment alongside salvation.
πλὴνbutadversative/resumptive conjunctionπλήν: nevertheless, moreover, but.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle with ἐχθρούς
ἐχθρούςenemiesAccusativeobject of ἀγάγετεἐχθρός: enemy, hostile.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
τούτουςtheseAccusativedemonstrative with ἐχθρούςοὗτος: this.
τοὺςthe onesAccusativearticle substantivizing θελήσαντας
μὴnotnegative with the participleμή: not.
θελήσαντάςwho wantedAor Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · θέλωattributive ptc. with ἐχθρούς→ aorist: their settled refusalθέλω: will, want.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of βασιλεῦσαι
βασιλεῦσαιto reignAor Act Infin · βασιλεύωinfinitive after θελήσαντας→ aorist: the reign as a wholeβασιλεύω: reign.
ἐπ’overpreposition (ἐπί) + accusativeἐπί: over.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of ἐπί
ἀγάγετεbringAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἄγωmain verb (command)→ aorist imperative: commandἄγω: lead, bring.
ὧδεhereadverb of placeὧδε: here.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατασφάξατεslaughterAor Act Impv 2 Pl · κατασφάζωmain verb (command)→ aorist imperative: commandκατασφάζω: slay, slaughter; NT hapax (LXX of execution).
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of κατασφάξατε
ἔμπροσθένbeforeimproper preposition + genitiveἔμπροσθεν: before, in front of.
μουmeGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθεν
28

Καὶ εἰπὼν ταῦτα ἐπορεύετο ἔμπροσθεν ἀναβαίνων εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα.

And having said these things, he went on ahead, going up to Jerusalem.

Narrative: transition to the entryΚαὶThe hinge from parable to passion-narrative. ἀναβαίνων ('going up') is the standard idiom for the pilgrimage to the elevated city, and resumes the travel-narrative that has framed chs. 9–19.
Καὶandnarrative connective
εἰπὼνhaving saidAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedentλέγω: say.
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of εἰπώνοὗτος: this.
ἐπορεύετοhe wentImpf Mid/Pass(Dep) Indic 3 Sg · πορεύομαιmain verb→ imperfect: journey in progressπορεύομαι: go, travel.
ἔμπροσθενaheadadverb of place (leading the way)ἔμπροσθεν: in front, ahead.
ἀναβαίνωνgoing upPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀναβαίνωcircumstantial (manner) ptc.→ present: ongoing ascentἀναβαίνω: go up.
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: to, into.
ἹεροσόλυμαJerusalemAccusativeobject of εἰςἹεροσόλυμα: Jerusalem (the Hellenized, declinable form); here accusative, kind n.
29

Καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἤγγισεν εἰς Βηθφαγὴ καὶ Βηθανίαν πρὸς τὸ ὄρος τὸ καλούμενον Ἐλαιῶν, ἀπέστειλεν δύο τῶν μαθητῶν

And it came about, as he drew near to Bethphage and Bethany, at the mount called Olivet, that he sent two of the disciples,

Narrative: preparation for the entryΚαὶThe Septuagintal ἐγένετο-formula opens the entry-scene. The Mount of Olives, east of the city, was associated with messianic expectation (Zech 14:4); the sending of two disciples begins the deliberate staging of a royal arrival.
Καὶandnarrative connective
ἐγένετοit came aboutAor Mid(Dep) Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative formula)→ aorist: event-onsetγίνομαι: come to pass.
ὡςastemporal conjunctionὡς: as, when.
ἤγγισενhe drew nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωverb of temporal clause→ aorist: approachἐγγίζω: come near, approach.
εἰςtopreposition + accusativeεἰς: to.
ΒηθφαγὴBethphageAccusativeobject of εἰς (indeclinable place-name in syntactic case)Βηθφαγή: Bethphage ('house of unripe figs'), a village near the Mount of Olives; kind n.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ΒηθανίανBethanyAccusativeobject of εἰς (coordinate)Βηθανία: Bethany, on the eastern slope of Olivet; declinable, here accusative, kind n.
πρὸςatpreposition + accusativeπρός: at, near.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with ὄρος
ὄροςmountAccusativeobject of πρόςὄρος: mountain, hill.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with καλούμενον
καλούμενονcalledPres Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Neut · καλέωattributive ptc. with ὄρος→ present: customary nameκαλέω: call, name.
Ἐλαιῶνof OlivesGenitivegenitive (descriptive, 'of olive trees')ἐλαία: olive (tree); ὄρος Ἐλαιῶν = Mount of Olives.
ἀπέστειλενhe sentAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀποστέλλωmain verb (apodosis of ἐγένετο)→ aorist: completed actἀποστέλλω: send.
δύοtwoindeclinable numeral (object of ἀπέστειλεν)δύο: two (indeclinable here).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with μαθητῶν
μαθητῶνdisciplesGenitivepartitive genitiveμαθητής: disciple, learner.
30

λέγων· Ὑπάγετε εἰς τὴν κατέναντι κώμην, ἐν ᾗ εἰσπορευόμενοι εὑρήσετε πῶλον δεδεμένον, ἐφ’ ὃν οὐδεὶς πώποτε ἀνθρώπων ἐκάθισεν, καὶ λύσαντες αὐτὸν ἀγάγετε.

saying, "Go into the village opposite, in which as you enter you will find a colt tied, on which no one has ever yet sat; untie it and bring it."

Narrative: the commission (speech, asyndeton via λέγων)asyndetonThe instructions presuppose Jesus' foreknowledge. The 'never-ridden' colt fits the requirement of sacral fitness for a holy use (cf. Num 19:2; Deut 21:3; 1 Sam 6:7) and fulfills Zechariah 9:9 ('your king comes, lowly and riding on a colt').
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance (speech)→ present: contemporaneousλέγω: say.
ὙπάγετεgoPres Act Impv 2 Pl · ὑπάγωmain verb (command)→ present imperative: setting outὑπάγω: go, depart.
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: into.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with κώμην
κατέναντιoppositeadverb modifying κώμην ('the village over against [you]')κατέναντι: opposite, over against.
κώμηνvillageAccusativeobject of εἰςκώμη: village.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: in.
whichDativerelative pronoun, object of ἐνὅς: which.
εἰσπορευόμενοιas you enterPres Mid/Pass(Dep) Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · εἰσπορεύομαιcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ present: as the entry happensεἰσπορεύομαι: go in, enter.
εὑρήσετεyou will findFut Act Indic 2 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb of the relative clause→ future: predictiveεὑρίσκω: find.
πῶλονa coltAccusativeobject of εὑρήσετεπῶλος: colt, young donkey.
δεδεμένονtiedPerf Pass Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · δέωattributive/predicate ptc. with πῶλον→ perfect: state of being boundδέω: bind, tie.
ἐφ’onpreposition (ἐπί) + accusativeἐπί: on, upon.
ὃνwhichAccusativerelative pronoun, object of ἐπίὅς: which.
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubject of ἐκάθισενοὐδείς: no one.
πώποτεever yettemporal adverbπώποτε: ever, at any time.
ἀνθρώπωνof menGenitivepartitive genitive with οὐδείςἄνθρωπος: man, person.
ἐκάθισενhas satAor Act Indic 3 Sg · καθίζωverb of the relative clause→ aorist: (English perfect) up to nowκαθίζω: sit, sit down.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
λύσαντεςhaving untiedAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λύωcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedentλύω: loose, untie.
αὐτὸνitAccusativeobject of λύσαντες
ἀγάγετεbringAor Act Impv 2 Pl · ἄγωmain verb (command)→ aorist imperative: commandἄγω: lead, bring.
31

καὶ ἐάν τις ὑμᾶς ἐρωτᾷ· Διὰ τί λύετε; οὕτως ἐρεῖτε ὅτι Ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ χρείαν ἔχει.

And if anyone asks you, 'Why are you untying it?' you shall say this: 'The Lord has need of it.'

Narrative: the passwordκαὶThe prearranged answer. 'The Lord has need' may name Jesus as ὁ κύριος (so the disciples' confession), or simply 'its owner needs it'; the messianic sense is taken, fitting the royal staging. The owner's ready compliance (v.34) confirms Jesus' authority over the occasion.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἐάνifconditional conjunction (third-class)ἐάν: if.
τιςanyoneNominativesubject of ἐρωτᾷτις: anyone.
ὑμᾶςyouAccusativeobject of ἐρωτᾷ
ἐρωτᾷasksPres Act Subj 3 Sg · ἐρωτάωverb of the protasis→ present subjunctive: hypotheticalἐρωτάω: ask, question.
Διὰwhyδιὰ τί = 'why'διά: because of; διὰ τί = why.
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative pronoun (with διά)τίς: what.
λύετεare you untyingPres Act Indic 2 Pl · λύωverb of the quoted question→ present: action in progressλύω: loose, untie.
οὕτωςthisadverb of manner ('thus, in this way')οὕτως: thus, so.
ἐρεῖτεyou shall sayFut Act Indic 2 Pl · λέγωmain verb (apodosis)→ future: imperatival/predictiveλέγω (fut. ἐρῶ): say.
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτιὅτι: (recitative).
theNominativearticle with κύριος
κύριοςLordNominativesubject of ἔχεικύριος: lord; here best taken as 'the Lord' (Jesus).
αὐτοῦof itGenitiveobjective genitive with χρείαν
χρείανneedAccusativeobject of ἔχει (idiom χρείαν ἔχω)χρεία: need, necessity.
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωverb of the quote→ present: stateἔχω: have.
32

ἀπελθόντες δὲ οἱ ἀπεσταλμένοι εὗρον καθὼς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς.

So those who were sent went off and found it just as he had told them.

Narrative: the errand fulfilledδὲThe exact correspondence (καθὼς εἶπεν) confirms Jesus' prophetic foreknowledge — a Lukan motif of word-and-fulfillment that recurs at the Last Supper preparation (22:13).
ἀπελθόντεςhaving gone offAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀπέρχομαιcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedentἀπέρχομαι: go away, depart.
δὲsodevelopmental conjunctionδέ: and, so.
οἱthoseNominativearticle substantivizing ἀπεσταλμένοι
ἀπεσταλμένοιwho were sentPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀποστέλλωsubstantized ptc., subject of εὗρον→ perfect: their commissioned statusἀποστέλλω: send.
εὗρονfoundAor Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ aorist: completed discoveryεὑρίσκω: find.
καθὼςjust ascomparative conjunctionκαθώς: just as, according as.
εἶπενhe had toldAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωverb of the comparative clause→ aorist: prior speechλέγω: say, tell.
αὐτοῖςthemDativeindirect object
33

λυόντων δὲ αὐτῶν τὸν πῶλον εἶπαν οἱ κύριοι αὐτοῦ πρὸς αὐτούς· Τί λύετε τὸν πῶλον;

And as they were untying the colt, its owners said to them, "Why are you untying the colt?"

Narrative: the owners' challengeδὲThe predicted question (v.31) is asked verbatim by the owners (οἱ κύριοι, plural — the colt's joint owners), triggering the password. The narrative unfolds exactly as foretold.
λυόντωνas ... were untyingPres Act Ptc · Gen Pl Masc · λύωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ present: contemporaneousλύω: untie.
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: and.
αὐτῶνtheyGenitivesubject of the genitive absolute
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with πῶλον
πῶλονcoltAccusativeobject of λυόντωνπῶλος: colt.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
οἱtheNominativearticle with κύριοι
κύριοιownersNominativesubject of εἶπανκύριος: owner, master.
αὐτοῦitsGenitivepossessive genitive
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: to.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ΤίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (adverbial accusative, 'why')τίς: what, why.
λύετεare you untyingPres Act Indic 2 Pl · λύωverb of the question→ present: action in progressλύω: untie.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with πῶλον
πῶλονcoltAccusativeobject of λύετεπῶλος: colt.
34

οἱ δὲ εἶπαν ὅτι Ὁ κύριος αὐτοῦ χρείαν ἔχει.

And they said, "The Lord has need of it."

Narrative: the password givenδὲThe disciples answer with the exact words Jesus gave (v.31), and the colt is released — the smooth fulfillment underscoring the Lord's sovereign arrangement of his own entry.
οἱtheyNominativearticle used as pronoun (subject)
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: and.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτιὅτι: (recitative).
theNominativearticle with κύριος
κύριοςLordNominativesubject of ἔχεικύριος: the Lord (Jesus).
αὐτοῦof itGenitiveobjective genitive with χρείαν
χρείανneedAccusativeobject of ἔχειχρεία: need.
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb of the quote→ present: stateἔχω: have.
35

καὶ ἤγαγον αὐτὸν πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν, καὶ ἐπιρίψαντες αὐτῶν τὰ ἱμάτια ἐπὶ τὸν πῶλον ἐπεβίβασαν τὸν Ἰησοῦν.

And they brought it to Jesus, and throwing their garments on the colt, they set Jesus on it.

Narrative: Jesus mounts the coltκαὶThe disciples' garments serve as a makeshift saddle and an act of homage. ἐπεβίβασαν ('set him on') presents the deliberate enthronement-gesture: the king takes his mount for the royal procession into the city.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἤγαγονthey broughtAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἄγωmain verb→ aorist: completedἄγω: lead, bring.
αὐτὸνitAccusativeobject of ἤγαγον
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: to.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with Ἰησοῦν
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of πρόςἸησοῦς: Jesus; proper name in case, kind n.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπιρίψαντεςthrowingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἐπιρίπτωcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedentἐπιρίπτω: throw upon, cast on.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
τὰtheAccusativearticle with ἱμάτια
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativeobject of ἐπιρίψαντεςἱμάτιον: garment, cloak, outer robe.
ἐπὶonpreposition + accusativeἐπί: on, upon.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with πῶλον
πῶλονcoltAccusativeobject of ἐπίπῶλος: colt.
ἐπεβίβασανthey set onAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐπιβιβάζωmain verb→ aorist: completedἐπιβιβάζω: set/mount upon (a beast).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with Ἰησοῦν
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativeobject of ἐπεβίβασανἸησοῦς: Jesus; proper name in case, kind n.
36

πορευομένου δὲ αὐτοῦ ὑπεστρώννυον τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ.

And as he went along, they spread their garments on the road.

Narrative: the crowd's homageδὲSpreading garments before a rider is the royal welcome of 2 Kings 9:13 (Jehu's acclamation). The imperfect ὑπεστρώννυον depicts the continuous carpeting of the road as the procession advances.
πορευομένουas ... wentPres Mid/Pass(Dep) Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · πορεύομαιgenitive absolute (temporal)→ present: contemporaneousπορεύομαι: go, proceed.
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: and.
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of the genitive absolute
ὑπεστρώννυονthey were spreadingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ὑποστρωννύωmain verb→ imperfect: continuous actionὑποστρωννύω: spread underneath; NT hapax.
τὰtheAccusativearticle with ἱμάτια
ἱμάτιαgarmentsAccusativeobject of ὑπεστρώννυονἱμάτιον: garment, cloak.
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐνonpreposition + dativeἐν: in, on.
τῇtheDativearticle with ὁδῷ
ὁδῷroadDativeobject of ἐνὁδός: road, way.
37

ἐγγίζοντος δὲ αὐτοῦ ἤδη πρὸς τῇ καταβάσει τοῦ Ὄρους τῶν Ἐλαιῶν ἤρξαντο ἅπαν τὸ πλῆθος τῶν μαθητῶν χαίροντες αἰνεῖν τὸν θεὸν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ περὶ πασῶν ὧν εἶδον δυνάμεων,

And as he was now drawing near, at the descent of the Mount of Olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice and praise God with a loud voice for all the mighty works they had seen,

Narrative: the disciples' acclamation beginsδὲDistinctively Lukan: the praise is the disciples', focused on the mighty works (δυνάμεις) they had witnessed, and offered to God. The setting on the descent of Olives gives the city its first full view of the procession.
ἐγγίζοντοςas ... was drawing nearPres Act Ptc · Gen Sg Masc · ἐγγίζωgenitive absolute (temporal)→ present: contemporaneousἐγγίζω: draw near.
δὲanddevelopmental conjunctionδέ: and.
αὐτοῦheGenitivesubject of the genitive absolute
ἤδηnowtemporal adverbἤδη: now, already.
πρὸςatpreposition + dative (location)πρός: at, near (with dat.).
τῇtheDativearticle with καταβάσει
καταβάσειdescentDativeobject of πρόςκατάβασις: descent, slope; NT hapax.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with Ὄρους
ὌρουςMountGenitivegenitive (of the mount whose descent it is)ὄρος: mountain, mount.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with Ἐλαιῶν
ἘλαιῶνOlivesGenitivegenitive (descriptive)ἐλαία: olive; Mount of Olives.
ἤρξαντοbeganAor Mid(Dep) Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb (with constructio ad sensum: pl. verb, sg. πλῆθος)→ aorist: ingressive (began)ἄρχομαι: begin.
ἅπανwholeNominativeadjective with πλῆθοςἅπας: all, whole (strengthened πᾶς).
τὸtheNominativearticle with πλῆθος
πλῆθοςmultitudeNominativesubject of ἤρξαντοπλῆθος: multitude, crowd.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with μαθητῶν
μαθητῶνdisciplesGenitivepartitive/possessive genitiveμαθητής: disciple.
χαίροντεςrejoicingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · χαίρωcircumstantial (manner) ptc.→ present: attendant joyχαίρω: rejoice.
αἰνεῖνto praisePres Act Infin · αἰνέωcomplementary infinitive with ἤρξαντο→ present: ongoing praiseαἰνέω: praise (esp. of God).
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with θεόν
θεὸνGodAccusativeobject of αἰνεῖνθεός: God.
φωνῇwith a voiceDativedative of manner/instrumentφωνή: voice, sound.
μεγάλῃloudDativeattributive adjective with φωνῇμέγας: great, loud.
περὶforpreposition + genitive (cause)περί: concerning, for.
πασῶνallGenitiveadjective with δυνάμεωνπᾶς: all.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (attracted to gen. of antecedent), object of εἶδονὅς: which.
εἶδονthey had seenAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ὁράωverb of the relative clause→ aorist: their prior witnessὁράω: see.
δυνάμεωνmighty worksGenitiveobject of περί (antecedent of ὧν)δύναμις: mighty work, miracle, power.
38

λέγοντες· Εὐλογημένος ὁ ἐρχόμενος ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου· ἐν οὐρανῷ εἰρήνη καὶ δόξα ἐν ὑψίστοις.

saying, "Blessed is the King who comes in the name of the Lord! Peace in heaven and glory in the highest!"

Narrative: the acclamation (speech)asyndetonPsalm 118:26 is recast with 'the King' inserted, making the messianic claim explicit. The 'peace in heaven and glory in the highest' deliberately echoes the angels' song at the nativity (2:14) — heaven's peace now answered on earth as the King arrives.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance (speech)→ present: contemporaneousλέγω: say.
ΕὐλογημένοςblessedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εὐλογέωpredicate ptc. (ἐστιν understood)→ perfect: settled state of blessednessεὐλογέω: bless, speak well of.
the oneNominativearticle substantivizing ἐρχόμενος
ἐρχόμενοςwho comesPres Mid/Pass(Dep) Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἔρχομαιsubstantized ptc., subject (the Coming One)→ present: characteristic titleἔρχομαι: come; ὁ ἐρχόμενος = the Coming One (messianic, Ps 118:26).
theNominativearticle with βασιλεύς (apposition)
βασιλεὺςKingNominativeapposition to ὁ ἐρχόμενοςβασιλεύς: king — the Lukan addition making the claim explicit.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: in.
ὀνόματιthe nameDativeobject of ἐνὄνομα: name.
κυρίουof the LordGenitivepossessive genitiveκύριος: the Lord (YHWH, in the Psalm citation).
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: in.
οὐρανῷheavenDativeobject of ἐνοὐρανός: heaven.
εἰρήνηpeaceNominativenominative of exclamationεἰρήνη: peace.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δόξαgloryNominativenominative of exclamationδόξα: glory.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: in.
ὑψίστοιςthe highestDativeobject of ἐν (substantized superlative, 'the highest [places]')ὕψιστος: highest; ἐν ὑψίστοις = in the highest (heavens).
39

καί τινες τῶν Φαρισαίων ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄχλου εἶπαν πρὸς αὐτόν· Διδάσκαλε, ἐπιτίμησον τοῖς μαθηταῖς σου.

And some of the Pharisees from the crowd said to him, "Teacher, rebuke your disciples."

Narrative: the Pharisees' objectionκαίThe Pharisees demand Jesus silence the messianic acclamation — addressing him merely as Διδάσκαλε ('Teacher'), tellingly refusing the title 'King.' Their objection sets up Jesus' climactic reply.
καίandnarrative connective
τινεςsomeNominativesubject of εἶπαντις: some, certain ones.
τῶνof theGenitivearticle with Φαρισαίων
ΦαρισαίωνPhariseesGenitivepartitive genitiveΦαρισαῖος: Pharisee.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitiveἀπό: from, out of.
τοῦtheGenitivearticle with ὄχλου
ὄχλουcrowdGenitiveobject of ἀπόὄχλος: crowd.
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
πρὸςtopreposition + accusativeπρός: to.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
ΔιδάσκαλεTeacherVocativevocative of addressδιδάσκαλος: teacher (vocative).
ἐπιτίμησονrebukeAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπιτιμάωmain verb (command)→ aorist imperative: demandἐπιτιμάω: rebuke, censure.
τοῖςtheDativearticle with μαθηταῖς
μαθηταῖςdisciplesDativedative object of ἐπιτίμησονμαθητής: disciple.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
40

καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· Λέγω ὑμῖν, ἐὰν οὗτοι σιωπήσουσιν, οἱ λίθοι κράξουσιν.

And he answered and said, "I tell you, if these are silent, the stones will cry out."

Narrative: Jesus' replyκαὶThe acclamation cannot be suppressed — its truth would compel even creation to confess it (cf. Hab 2:11). The reply both vindicates the disciples and unmasks the leaders' refusal as resistance to an inevitable revelation.
καὶandnarrative connective
ἀποκριθεὶςansweringAor Pass(Dep) Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιcircumstantial (attendant) ptc. (Semitic 'answered and said')→ aorist: antecedentἀποκρίνομαι: answer, reply.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ aorist: speech-actλέγω: say.
ΛέγωI tellPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb of the saying (solemn formula)→ present: pronouncementλέγω: say, tell.
ὑμῖνyouDativeindirect object
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (third-class)ἐάν: if.
οὗτοιtheseNominativesubject of σιωπήσουσινοὗτος: this, these.
σιωπήσουσινare silentFut Act Indic 3 Pl · σιωπάωverb of the protasis (ἐάν + future)→ future: hypothetical silenceσιωπάω: be silent, keep quiet.
οἱtheNominativearticle with λίθοι
λίθοιstonesNominativesubject of κράξουσινλίθος: stone.
κράξουσινwill cry outFut Act Indic 3 Pl · κράζωmain verb (apodosis)→ future: certain outcomeκράζω: cry out, shout.
41

Καὶ ὡς ἤγγισεν, ἰδὼν τὴν πόλιν ἔκλαυσεν ἐπ’ αὐτήν,

And when he drew near, he saw the city and wept over it,

Narrative: the lament beginsΚαὶThe procession's joy gives way to the King's tears. ἔκλαυσεν (a strong word for audible weeping) anticipates the prophetic lament; the contrast between Jerusalem's name ('city of peace') and its blindness to peace (v.42) drives the scene.
Καὶandnarrative connective
ὡςwhentemporal conjunctionὡς: as, when.
ἤγγισενhe drew nearAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐγγίζωverb of temporal clause→ aorist: approachἐγγίζω: draw near.
ἰδὼνseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedentὁράω: see.
τὴνtheAccusativearticle with πόλιν
πόλινcityAccusativeobject of ἰδώνπόλις: city — Jerusalem.
ἔκλαυσενhe weptAor Act Indic 3 Sg · κλαίωmain verb→ aorist: ingressive (burst into weeping)κλαίω: weep, wail aloud.
ἐπ’overpreposition (ἐπί) + accusativeἐπί: over, upon.
αὐτήνitAccusativeobject of ἐπί
42

λέγων ὅτι Εἰ ἔγνως ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ καὶ σὺ τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην· νῦν δὲ ἐκρύβη ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμῶν σου.

saying, "If you, even you, had known on this day the things that make for peace! But now they are hidden from your eyes."

Lament: the broken-off lament (speech, aposiopesis)asyndetonThe apodosis is suppressed (aposiopesis): 'If you had known…' — and the sentence breaks off in grief. 'The things that make for peace' (τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην) play on the city's name; the divine passive ἐκρύβη ('they were hidden') marks judicial blindness now sealed.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance (speech)→ present: contemporaneousλέγω: say.
ὅτιthatrecitative ὅτιὅτι: (recitative).
Εἰifconditional conjunction (contrary-to-fact, apodosis suppressed)εἰ: if.
ἔγνωςyou had knownAor Act Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωverb of the protasis→ aorist: the (missed) recognitionγινώσκω: know, recognize.
ἐνonpreposition + dative (temporal)ἐν: in, on.
τῇtheDativearticle with ἡμέρᾳ
ἡμέρᾳdayDativedative of timeἡμέρα: day.
ταύτῃthisDativedemonstrative with ἡμέρᾳοὗτος: this.
καὶevenascensive καί ('even you')καί: even, also.
σὺyouNominativesubject (emphatic, the city personified)σύ: you.
τὰthe thingsAccusativearticle substantivizing the πρός-phrase; object of ἔγνως
πρὸςforpreposition + accusative (tendency, 'leading to')πρός: toward, for; τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην = 'the things that make for peace.'
εἰρήνηνpeaceAccusativeobject of πρόςεἰρήνη: peace — wordplay on Jerusalem (Ἱερουσαλήμ ~ 'city of peace').
νῦνnowtemporal adverbνῦν: now.
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: but.
ἐκρύβηthey are hiddenAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · κρύπτωmain verb (divine passive)→ aorist passive: the hiding now sealedκρύπτω: hide, conceal.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + genitiveἀπό: from.
ὀφθαλμῶνeyesGenitiveobject of ἀπόὀφθαλμός: eye.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
43

ὅτι ἥξουσιν ἡμέραι ἐπὶ σὲ καὶ παρεμβαλοῦσιν οἱ ἐχθροί σου χάρακά σοι καὶ περικυκλώσουσίν σε καὶ συνέξουσίν σε πάντοθεν,

For days will come upon you when your enemies will set up a barricade against you and surround you and hem you in on every side,

Grounds: the coming siegeὅτιThe ὅτι grounds the lament in prophecy of the siege (fulfilled in AD 70). The vocabulary — χάραξ (siege-rampart), περικυκλόω, συνέχω — draws on the prophetic siege-oracles (Isa 29:3; Jer 6:6; Ezek 4:1–3); 'days will come' is a classic prophetic formula of judgment.
ὅτιforcausal conjunctionὅτι: because, for.
ἥξουσινwill comeFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἥκωmain verb→ future: prophetic certaintyἥκω: come, have come, arrive.
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubject of ἥξουσινἡμέρα: day.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusativeἐπί: upon.
σὲyouAccusativeobject of ἐπί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παρεμβαλοῦσινwill set upFut Act Indic 3 Pl · παρεμβάλλωmain verb→ future: predictiveπαρεμβάλλω: throw up (a rampart), encamp against; NT hapax.
οἱtheNominativearticle with ἐχθροί
ἐχθροίenemiesNominativesubject of the verbsἐχθρός: enemy.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
χάρακάa barricadeAccusativeobject of παρεμβαλοῦσινχάραξ: palisade, siege-rampart; NT hapax.
σοιagainst youDativedative of disadvantage
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περικυκλώσουσίνwill surroundFut Act Indic 3 Pl · περικυκλόωmain verb→ future: predictiveπερικυκλόω: encircle, surround; NT hapax.
σεyouAccusativeobject
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνέξουσίνwill hem inFut Act Indic 3 Pl · συνέχωmain verb→ future: predictiveσυνέχω: press hard, hem in, constrain.
σεyouAccusativeobject
πάντοθενon every sideadverb of placeπάντοθεν: from all sides, on every side.
44

καὶ ἐδαφιοῦσίν σε καὶ τὰ τέκνα σου ἐν σοί, καὶ οὐκ ἀφήσουσιν λίθον ἐπὶ λίθον ἐν σοί, ἀνθ’ ὧν οὐκ ἔγνως τὸν καιρὸν τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς σου.

and they will dash you to the ground, and your children within you, and they will not leave one stone upon another within you, because you did not know the time of your visitation."

Lament: total destruction and its causeκαὶThe climax of the siege-oracle. ἀνθ’ ὧν ('because') states the reason: failure to recognize the καιρὸς τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς — 'the time of (God's gracious) visitation' in Christ (cf. 1:68, 78; 7:16). The 'time' missed (cf. ἡμέρᾳ, v.42) is the day of the King's coming.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδαφιοῦσίνthey will dash to the groundFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐδαφίζωmain verb→ future: predictiveἐδαφίζω: level to the ground, dash down; NT hapax (Ps 137:9 LXX of children).
σεyouAccusativeobject
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τὰtheAccusativearticle with τέκνα
τέκναchildrenAccusativeobject (coordinate with σε)τέκνον: child.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
ἐνwithinpreposition + dativeἐν: in, within.
σοίyouDativeobject of ἐν
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐκnotnegative with ἀφήσουσινοὐ: not.
ἀφήσουσινwill they leaveFut Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίημιmain verb→ future: predictiveἀφίημι: leave, let remain.
λίθονstoneAccusativeobject of ἀφήσουσινλίθος: stone.
ἐπὶuponpreposition + accusativeἐπί: upon.
λίθονstoneAccusativeobject of ἐπίλίθος: stone.
ἐνwithinpreposition + dativeἐν: in, within.
σοίyouDativeobject of ἐν
ἀνθ’becauseἀντὶ ὧν = causal ('in return for the fact that')ἀντί: instead of; ἀνθ’ ὧν = because.
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun in the causal idiomὅς: which.
οὐκnotnegative with ἔγνωςοὐ: not.
ἔγνωςyou knewAor Act Indic 2 Sg · γινώσκωverb of the causal clause→ aorist: the failure to recognizeγινώσκω: know, recognize.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle with καιρόν
καιρὸνtimeAccusativeobject of ἔγνωςκαιρός: appointed time, opportune moment.
τῆςof theGenitivearticle with ἐπισκοπῆς
ἐπισκοπῆςvisitationGenitivegenitive (defining the καιρός)ἐπισκοπή: visitation — God's gracious coming (cf. 1:68); here in Christ, refused.
σουyourGenitivepossessive genitive
45

Καὶ εἰσελθὼν εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν ἤρξατο ἐκβάλλειν τοὺς πωλοῦντας,

And entering the temple, he began to drive out those who were selling,

Narrative: the temple cleansingΚαὶLuke abbreviates the action sharply (no overturned tables, no buyers). The King's first act in the city is to reclaim his Father's house — an enacted prophetic sign and the proximate cause of the leaders' resolve to kill him (v.47).
Καὶandnarrative connective
εἰσελθὼνhaving enteredAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · εἰσέρχομαιcircumstantial (temporal) ptc.→ aorist: antecedentεἰσέρχομαι: enter.
εἰςintopreposition + accusativeεἰς: into.
τὸtheAccusativearticle with ἱερόν
ἱερὸνtempleAccusativeobject of εἰςἱερόν: temple (the precincts), here the Court of the Gentiles.
ἤρξατοhe beganAor Mid(Dep) Indic 3 Sg · ἄρχωmain verb→ aorist: ingressiveἄρχομαι: begin.
ἐκβάλλεινto drive outPres Act Infin · ἐκβάλλωcomplementary infinitive with ἤρξατο→ present: ongoing actionἐκβάλλω: cast out, drive out.
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle substantivizing πωλοῦντας
πωλοῦνταςwho were sellingPres Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · πωλέωsubstantized ptc., object of ἐκβάλλειν→ present: their ongoing tradeπωλέω: sell.
46

λέγων αὐτοῖς· Γέγραπται· Καὶ ἔσται ὁ οἶκός μου οἶκος προσευχῆς, ὑμεῖς δὲ αὐτὸν ἐποιήσατε σπήλαιον λῃστῶν.

saying to them, "It is written, 'And my house shall be a house of prayer,' but you have made it a den of robbers."

Narrative: the scriptural charge (speech)asyndetonA fusion of Isaiah 56:7 ('a house of prayer') and Jeremiah 7:11 ('a den of robbers'). The perfect Γέγραπται appeals to abiding Scripture; the contrast (ἔσται … ὑμεῖς δὲ ἐποιήσατε) sets God's intent against the people's corruption — the temple's purpose betrayed.
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant circumstance (speech)→ present: contemporaneousλέγω: say.
αὐτοῖςto themDativeindirect object
Γέγραπταιit is writtenPerf Pass Indic 3 Sg · γράφωmain verb (citation formula)→ perfect: abiding written authorityγράφω: write; γέγραπται = 'it stands written.'
Καὶandκαί opening the citation (LXX)
ἔσταιshall beFut Mid(Dep) Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίverb of the citation→ future: God's declared purposeεἰμί: be.
theNominativearticle with οἶκος
οἶκόςhouseNominativesubject of ἔσταιοἶκος: house.
μουmyGenitivepossessive genitive
οἶκοςa houseNominativepredicate nominativeοἶκος: house.
προσευχῆςof prayerGenitivegenitive of purpose/qualityπροσευχή: prayer.
ὑμεῖςyouNominativesubject (emphatic)σύ: you (pl.).
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: but.
αὐτὸνitAccusativeobject of ἐποιήσατε
ἐποιήσατεhave madeAor Act Indic 2 Pl · ποιέωmain verb→ aorist: accomplished perversionποιέω: make, do.
σπήλαιονa denAccusativeobject-complement (double accusative)σπήλαιον: cave, den, hideout.
λῃστῶνof robbersGenitivegenitive of description (Jer 7:11)λῃστής: robber, bandit (not mere thief).
47

Καὶ ἦν διδάσκων τὸ καθ’ ἡμέραν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ· οἱ δὲ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἀπολέσαι καὶ οἱ πρῶτοι τοῦ λαοῦ,

And he was teaching daily in the temple; but the chief priests and the scribes and the leaders of the people were seeking to destroy him,

Narrative: daily teaching and the plotΚαὶA summary (periphrastic ἦν διδάσκων) framing the temple as Jesus' daily teaching-place through the final week. The δέ-clause introduces the gathering opposition — the threefold leadership (priests, scribes, leaders) — whose plot the people's devotion (v.48) keeps in check for now.
Καὶandnarrative connective
ἦνhe wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίauxiliary in periphrastic imperfect (with διδάσκων)→ imperfect: ongoingεἰμί: be.
διδάσκωνteachingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διδάσκωptc. in periphrasis with ἦν ('was teaching')→ present: continuous teachingδιδάσκω: teach.
τὸtheAccusativearticle in the adverbial phrase τὸ καθ’ ἡμέραν
καθ’everypreposition (κατά) + accusative (distributive)κατά: according to; καθ’ ἡμέραν = daily.
ἡμέρανdayAccusativeobject of κατά (distributive, 'day by day')ἡμέρα: day.
ἐνinpreposition + dativeἐν: in.
τῷtheDativearticle with ἱερῷ
ἱερῷtempleDativeobject of ἐνἱερόν: temple.
οἱtheNominativearticle with ἀρχιερεῖς
δὲbutcontrastive conjunctionδέ: but.
ἀρχιερεῖςchief priestsNominativesubject of ἐζήτουνἀρχιερεύς: chief priest.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle with γραμματεῖς
γραμματεῖςscribesNominativesubject (coordinate)γραμματεύς: scribe, scholar of the Law.
ἐζήτουνwere seekingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ imperfect: persistent attemptζητέω: seek.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeobject (subject of the infinitive)
ἀπολέσαιto destroyAor Act Infin · ἀπόλλυμιcomplementary infinitive with ἐζήτουν→ aorist: the killing as a wholeἀπόλλυμι: destroy, kill.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction (afterthought subject)
οἱtheNominativearticle with πρῶτοι
πρῶτοιleadersNominativesubject (coordinate, substantized adjective)πρῶτος: first, foremost; οἱ πρῶτοι = the leading men.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle with λαοῦ
λαοῦpeopleGenitivepartitive/possessive genitiveλαός: people (esp. the people of God).
48

καὶ οὐχ εὕρισκον τὸ τί ποιήσωσιν, ὁ λαὸς γὰρ ἅπας ἐξεκρέματο αὐτοῦ ἀκούων.

but they could not find what they might do, for all the people were hanging on his words, listening to him.

Narrative: the plot stalledκαὶThe chapter closes on a standoff: the leaders cannot act because the people's devotion shields Jesus. The vivid ἐξεκρέματο ('hung upon,' NT hapax) pictures a rapt crowd — the same λαός whose leaders (v.47) plot against the one it loves.
καὶbutnarrative connective (adversative sense)
οὐχnotnegative with εὕρισκονοὐ: not.
εὕρισκονthey could findImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εὑρίσκωmain verb→ imperfect: continued inabilityεὑρίσκω: find.
τὸtheAccusativearticle substantivizing the indirect question
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative, object of ποιήσωσιντίς: what.
ποιήσωσινthey might doAor Act Subj 3 Pl · ποιέωdeliberative subjunctive in the indirect question→ aorist subjunctive: deliberationποιέω: do.
theNominativearticle with λαός
λαὸςpeopleNominativesubject of ἐξεκρέματολαός: people.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunctionγάρ: for.
ἅπαςallNominativeadjective with λαόςἅπας: all, whole.
ἐξεκρέματοwere hanging onImpf Mid(Dep) Indic 3 Sg · ἐκκρεμάννυμιmain verb (sg. with collective λαός)→ imperfect: continuous rapt attentionἐκκρεμάννυμι (mid.): hang upon; NT hapax — 'hung on his words.'
αὐτοῦon himGenitivegenitive object of ἐξεκρέματο (and of ἀκούων)
ἀκούωνlisteningPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀκούωcircumstantial (manner) ptc. agreeing with λαός→ present: continuous listeningἀκούω: hear, listen.