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The Gospel according to Luke, Chapter 5ΚΑΤΑ ΛΟΥΚΑΝ Ε′

Each verse opens with the running Greek, an English translation, and a discourse note (its connective, relation, and role in the argument). Below follows the word-by-word breakdown in six tiers: gloss, case (color), parsing, syntax, semantic force, and a lexical note.

Case Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Verb (no case) Indeclinable

Discourse notes head each verse: relation · connective · clause-flow. Indentation marks prominence — flush-left = main line of argument; indented = supporting / subordinate material.

1

Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ τὸν ὄχλον ἐπικεῖσθαι αὐτῷ καὶ ἀκούειν τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν ἑστὼς παρὰ τὴν λίμνην Γεννησαρέτ,

Now it happened, while the crowd was pressing upon him and hearing the word of God, that he himself was standing beside the lake of Gennesaret,

Scene-settingδέA Septuagintal narrative opening (ἐγένετο δέ + articular-infinitive temporal clause) sets the stage: the crowd's eagerness for God's word presses Jesus to the water's edge.
Ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: 'come to pass'; the LXX-style ἐγένετο δέ launches a new episode.
δὲnowtransitional conjunction
ἐνwhilepreposition + dat. (articular inf., temporal)
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive ἐπικεῖσθαιὄχλος: 'crowd, throng'; the multitude drawn by Jesus' teaching.
ἐπικεῖσθαιto press uponPres Mid Inf · ἐπίκειμαιarticular infinitive (temporal)→ progressive presentἐπίκειμαι: 'lie/press upon, crowd in on'; the throng bears down on him.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. of (dis)advantage / object of ἐπίκειμαι
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀκούεινto hearPres Act Inf · ἀκούωarticular infinitive (temporal, coordinate)→ progressive presentἀκούω: 'hear, listen to'; their aim is the word of God.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
λόγονwordAccusativedirect object of ἀκούεινλόγος: here the message/word of God that Jesus proclaims.
τοῦofGenitivearticle
θεοῦof GodGenitivegenitive of source/authorθεός: God; the word's divine origin.
καὶthatconjunction (apodosis after ἐγένετο)
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)αὐτός: emphatic, marking the shift of focus to Jesus.
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίimperfect of εἰμί (periphrastic w/ ptc.)→ stative imperfect
ἑστὼςstandingPerf Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἵστημιperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦν)→ intensive perfect (a settled stance)ἵστημι: perfect 'stand'; ἦν ἑστώς = 'was standing.'
παρὰbesidepreposition + acc. (place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
λίμνηνlakeAccusativeobject of παράλίμνη: 'lake'; Luke's precise term for the Sea of Galilee (a freshwater lake).
Γεννησαρέτof GennesaretGenitivegenitive of identification (indeclinable proper name)Γεννησαρέτ: the plain/lake on the NW shore; Luke's name for the Sea of Galilee.
2

καὶ εἶδεν δύο πλοῖα ἑστῶτα παρὰ τὴν λίμνην· οἱ δὲ ἁλιεῖς ἀπ’ αὐτῶν ἀποβάντες ἔπλυνον τὰ δίκτυα.

and he saw two boats standing by the lake; but the fishermen, having gotten out of them, were washing their nets.

Setting (the boats)καὶTwo idle boats and fishermen washing nets after a fruitless night — the props for the sign that follows.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶδενhe sawAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ὁράωmain verb→ constative aoristὁράω: 'see, perceive.'
δύοtwoAccusativenumeral (attributive)δύο: 'two'; indeclinable numeral.
πλοῖαboatsAccusativedirect object of εἶδενπλοῖον: 'boat, ship'; the fishing vessels of the lake.
ἑστῶταstandingPerf Act Ptc · Acc Pl Neut · ἵστημιattributive/predicate participle→ intensive perfectἵστημι: 'stand'; the moored boats lie at rest.
παρὰbypreposition + acc. (place)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
λίμνηνlakeAccusativeobject of παρά
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbuttransitional conjunction
ἁλιεῖςfishermenNominativesubjectἁλιεύς: 'fisherman'; from ἅλς ('sea/salt'). Sets up the call of 1:10 (catching men).
ἀπ’out ofpreposition + gen. (separation)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ἀπό (the boats)
ἀποβάντεςhaving gotten outAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀποβαίνωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristἀποβαίνω: 'step off, disembark.'
ἔπλυνονwere washingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · πλύνωmain verb→ descriptive imperfectπλύνω: 'wash' (of nets/cloth); the imperfect paints the ongoing chore.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δίκτυαnetsAccusativedirect object of ἔπλυνονδίκτυον: 'net'; the fishing nets, cleaned after the night's labor.
3

ἐμβὰς δὲ εἰς ἓν τῶν πλοίων, ὃ ἦν Σίμωνος, ἠρώτησεν αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἐπαναγαγεῖν ὀλίγον· καθίσας δὲ ἐκ τοῦ πλοίου ἐδίδασκεν τοὺς ὄχλους.

And getting into one of the boats, which was Simon's, he asked him to put out a little from the land; and sitting down, he taught the crowds from the boat.

Jesus teaches from the boatδέJesus commandeers Simon's boat as a floating pulpit — the first link between the Teacher and the fisherman.
ἐμβὰςgetting inAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐμβαίνωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristἐμβαίνω: 'embark, step into.'
δὲandtransitional conjunction
εἰςintopreposition + acc. (goal)
ἓνoneAccusativenumeral (object of εἰς)εἷς: 'one.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
πλοίωνboatsGenitivepartitive genitive
whichNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (rel. clause, copula)→ stative imperfect
ΣίμωνοςSimon'sGenitivepredicate genitive of possession (proper name)Σίμων: Simon (Peter); named here first as boat-owner, then disciple.
ἠρώτησενhe askedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐρωτάωmain verb→ constative aoristἐρωτάω: 'ask, request.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive / object
ἀπὸfrompreposition + gen. (separation)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςlandGenitiveobject of ἀπόγῆ: 'land, shore.'
ἐπαναγαγεῖνto put outAor Act Inf · ἐπανάγωcomplementary infinitive (after ἠρώτησεν)→ constative aoristἐπανάγω: 'put out (to sea), push off.'
ὀλίγονa littleadverbial accusative (extent)ὀλίγος: 'a little (way).'
καθίσαςsitting downAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καθίζωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristκαθίζω: 'sit down'; the seated posture of a teacher (cf. Matt 5:1).
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἐκfrompreposition + gen. (source/place)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
πλοίουboatGenitiveobject of ἐκ
ἐδίδασκενhe taughtImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · διδάσκωmain verb→ descriptive imperfectδιδάσκω: 'teach'; the imperfect frames the extended instruction.
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλουςcrowdsAccusativedirect object of ἐδίδασκενὄχλος: 'crowd.'
4

ὡς δὲ ἐπαύσατο λαλῶν, εἶπεν πρὸς τὸν Σίμωνα· Ἐπανάγαγε εἰς τὸ βάθος καὶ χαλάσατε τὰ δίκτυα ὑμῶν εἰς ἄγραν.

And when he had finished speaking, he said to Simon, "Put out into the deep and let down your nets for a catch."

The command to launch outδέTeaching done, Jesus issues a startling command — to a professional fisherman, after a fruitless night, in broad daylight.
ὡςwhentemporal conjunction
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἐπαύσατοhe had finishedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · παύωmain verb (temporal clause)→ constative aoristπαύομαι (mid.): 'cease, stop.'
λαλῶνspeakingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λαλέωsupplementary participle (w/ ἐπαύσατο)→ progressive presentλαλέω: 'speak'; complements 'ceased.'
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition + acc. (toward)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΣίμωναSimonAccusativeobject of πρός (proper name)Σίμων: addressed singly — the command's launch is to him.
Ἐπανάγαγεput outAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐπανάγωimperative (singular, to Simon)→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐπανάγω: 'put out to sea'; singular — directed to the helmsman.
εἰςintopreposition + acc. (goal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
βάθοςdeepAccusativeobject of εἰςβάθος: 'depth, deep water.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
χαλάσατεlet downAor Act Impv 2 Pl · χαλάωimperative (plural, to the crew)→ ingressive aorist imperativeχαλάω: 'lower, let down'; plural — the whole crew lets down the nets.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δίκτυαnetsAccusativedirect object of χαλάσατε
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
εἰςforpreposition + acc. (purpose)
ἄγρανa catchAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)ἄγρα: 'a catching, haul'; the intended take of fish.
5

καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς Σίμων εἶπεν· Ἐπιστάτα, δι’ ὅλης νυκτὸς κοπιάσαντες οὐδὲν ἐλάβομεν· ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ ῥήματί σου χαλάσω τὰ δίκτυα.

And Simon answered and said, "Master, having toiled through the whole night we took nothing; but at your word I will let down the nets."

Simon's obedient replyκαὶVeteran skepticism (a fruitless night) yields to obedience grounded on Jesus' word alone — 'at your word.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποκριθεὶςansweredAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic ptc. (Semitic 'answered and said')→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer'; the redundant participle is Septuagintal idiom.
ΣίμωνSimonNominativesubject (proper name)Σίμων: Simon Peter.
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ἘπιστάταMasterVocativevocative of addressἐπιστάτης: 'master, overseer'; Luke's distinctive title for Jesus (in place of 'Rabbi'), of one set over.
δι’throughpreposition + gen. (duration)
ὅληςwholeGenitiveattributive adjective
νυκτὸςnightGenitivegenitive of time (duration)νύξ: 'night'; the prime fishing hours, now wasted.
κοπιάσαντεςhaving toiledAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κοπιάωconcessive adverbial participle→ constative aoristκοπιάω: 'labor to weariness, toil'; the hard, fruitless night's work.
οὐδὲνnothingAccusativedirect object of ἐλάβομενοὐδείς: 'nothing'; the empty result.
ἐλάβομενwe tookAor Act Indic 1 Pl · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: 'take, catch.'
ἐπὶatpreposition + dat. (basis/ground)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
τῷtheDativearticle
ῥήματίwordDativedat. of basis (object of ἐπί)ῥῆμα: 'word, utterance'; obedience rests on Jesus' bare word, against experience.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of source
χαλάσωI will let downFut Act Indic 1 Sg · χαλάωmain verb→ volitive/predictive futureχαλάω: 'lower'; the resolve to obey.
τὰtheAccusativearticle
δίκτυαnetsAccusativedirect object of χαλάσω
6

καὶ τοῦτο ποιήσαντες συνέκλεισαν πλῆθος ἰχθύων πολύ· διερρήσσετο δὲ τὰ δίκτυα αὐτῶν.

And when they had done this, they enclosed a great multitude of fish; and their nets were beginning to tear.

The miraculous catchκαὶThe obedience is vindicated at once: a catch so vast the nets begin to give way.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
τοῦτοthisAccusativedirect object of ποιήσαντεςοὗτος: 'this'; i.e. letting down the nets.
ποιήσαντεςhaving doneAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ποιέωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristποιέω: 'do.'
συνέκλεισανthey enclosedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συγκλείωmain verb→ constative aoristσυγκλείω: 'shut together, enclose'; the net hauls in a trapped mass.
πλῆθοςmultitudeAccusativedirect object of συνέκλεισανπλῆθος: 'large number, multitude.'
ἰχθύωνof fishGenitivegenitive (partitive/content)ἰχθύς: 'fish.'
πολύgreatAccusativeattributive adjective
διερρήσσετοwere tearingImpf Pass Indic 3 Sg · διαρρήσσωmain verb (neut. pl. subj. w/ sg. verb)→ inceptive imperfectδιαρρήσσω: 'tear apart, burst'; the imperfect marks the nets beginning to rip.
δὲandtransitional conjunction
τὰtheNominativearticle
δίκτυαnetsNominativesubjectδίκτυον: 'net.'
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
7

καὶ κατένευσαν τοῖς μετόχοις ἐν τῷ ἑτέρῳ πλοίῳ τοῦ ἐλθόντας συλλαβέσθαι αὐτοῖς· καὶ ἦλθον, καὶ ἔπλησαν ἀμφότερα τὰ πλοῖα ὥστε βυθίζεσθαι αὐτά.

And they signaled to their partners in the other boat to come and help them; and they came, and filled both the boats, so that they were beginning to sink.

Both boats overwhelmedκαὶThe haul exceeds one crew; both boats are filled to the point of sinking — the superabundance underscores the wonder.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
κατένευσανthey signaledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · κατανεύωmain verb→ constative aoristκατανεύω: 'beckon, signal' (by nodding); they were too busy/awed to call out.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
μετόχοιςpartnersDativeindirect objectμέτοχος: 'partner, sharer'; the business associates (cf. κοινωνοί v.10).
ἐνinpreposition + dat. (place)
τῷtheDativearticle
ἑτέρῳotherDativeattributive adjectiveἕτερος: 'other (of two).'
πλοίῳboatDativeobject of ἐν
τοῦtoGenitivearticle (genitive articular infinitive, purpose)
ἐλθόνταςhaving comeAor Act Ptc · Acc Pl Masc · ἔρχομαιadverbial participle (agreeing w/ implied subj. of inf.)→ antecedent aoristἔρχομαι: 'come.'
συλλαβέσθαιto helpAor Mid Inf · συλλαμβάνωarticular infinitive of purpose→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω (mid.): 'take hold with, lend a hand, help.'
αὐτοῖςthemDativedat. of (dis)advantage / association
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦλθονthey cameAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ constative aorist
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔπλησανthey filledAor Act Indic 3 Pl · πίμπλημιmain verb→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: 'fill.'
ἀμφότεραbothAccusativeattributive adjectiveἀμφότεροι: 'both.'
τὰtheAccusativearticle
πλοῖαboatsAccusativedirect object of ἔπλησαν
ὥστεso thatconjunction + inf. (result)
βυθίζεσθαιto be sinkingPres Pass Inf · βυθίζωinfinitive of result→ inceptive presentβυθίζω: 'sink, plunge into the deep (βυθός)'; the present marks the onset.
αὐτάthemAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
8

ἰδὼν δὲ Σίμων Πέτρος προσέπεσεν τοῖς γόνασιν Ἰησοῦ λέγων· Ἔξελθε ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ, ὅτι ἀνὴρ ἁμαρτωλός εἰμι, κύριε.

But when Simon Peter saw it, he fell down at Jesus' knees, saying, "Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, O Lord."

Peter's confession of sinδέThe sign exposes the seer: Peter, named here in full for the first time, recoils before holiness with a sinner's plea — a theophanic reflex.
ἰδὼνseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωantecedent adverbial participle (causal)→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see, perceive.'
δὲbuttransitional conjunction
ΣίμωνSimonNominativesubject (proper name)Σίμων: now joined to Πέτρος — the fuller name marks the turning point.
ΠέτροςPeterNominativeapposition (proper name)Πέτρος: 'Rock'; Luke gives the apostolic name here, before the formal naming of 6:14.
προσέπεσενhe fell downAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προσπίπτωmain verb→ constative aoristπροσπίπτω: 'fall down before'; a gesture of awe/supplication.
τοῖςtheDativearticle
γόνασινkneesDativedat. of place (at the knees)γόνυ: 'knee.'
Ἰησοῦof JesusGenitivegenitive of possession (proper name)
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant manner→ progressive presentλέγω: 'say.'
ἜξελθεdepartAor Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιimperative→ ingressive aorist imperativeἐξέρχομαι: 'go out, depart'; Peter begs distance from the holy.
ἀπ’frompreposition + gen. (separation)
ἐμοῦmeGenitiveobject of ἀπό
ὅτιforcausal conjunction
ἀνὴρa manNominativepredicate nominativeἀνήρ: 'man'; here 'a man who is a sinner.'
ἁμαρτωλόςsinfulNominativepredicate adjectiveἁμαρτωλός: 'sinful, a sinner'; the keyword of the chapter (vv.30, 32).
εἰμιI amPres Act Indic 1 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
κύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: here more than 'sir' — the awe of v.8 lifts it toward 'Lord.'
9

θάμβος γὰρ περιέσχεν αὐτὸν καὶ πάντας τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ ἐπὶ τῇ ἄγρᾳ τῶν ἰχθύων ὧν συνέλαβον,

For amazement had seized him and all who were with him, at the catch of fish which they had taken,

Ground: the amazementγάρThe narrator explains Peter's plea: a wave of astonishment had gripped the whole crew at the haul.
θάμβοςamazementNominativesubjectθάμβος: 'astonishment, awe'; the numinous dread before divine power.
γὰρforexplanatory conjunction
περιέσχενhad seizedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · περιέχωmain verb→ constative aoristπεριέχω: 'surround, seize, grip.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πάνταςallAccusativeattributive adjective (object)
τοὺςthoseAccusativearticle (substantival)
σὺνwithpreposition + dat. (association)
αὐτῷhimDativeobject of σύν
ἐπὶatpreposition + dat. (cause/occasion)
τῇtheDativearticle
ἄγρᾳcatchDativedat. of cause (object of ἐπί)ἄγρα: 'catch, haul' (cf. v.4).
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἰχθύωνfishGenitiveobjective/partitive genitive
ὧνwhichGenitiverelative pronoun (attracted to gen.)attraction of the relative to its antecedent's case.
συνέλαβονthey had takenAor Act Indic 3 Pl · συλλαμβάνωmain verb (rel. clause)→ constative aoristσυλλαμβάνω: 'catch, take.'
10

ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ἰάκωβον καὶ Ἰωάννην, υἱοὺς Ζεβεδαίου, οἳ ἦσαν κοινωνοὶ τῷ Σίμωνι. καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς τὸν Σίμωνα ὁ Ἰησοῦς· Μὴ φοβοῦ· ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἀνθρώπους ἔσῃ ζωγρῶν.

and so also James and John, sons of Zebedee, who were partners with Simon. And Jesus said to Simon, "Do not be afraid; from now on you will be catching men alive."

The call: catching menδέThe amazement embraces the sons of Zebedee too; then Jesus reframes the sign as vocation — fear gives way to a new trade: taking people alive.
ὁμοίωςlikewiseadverb (manner)ὁμοίως: 'in the same way.'
δὲandtransitional conjunction
καὶalsoadjunctive/ascensive
ἸάκωβονJamesAccusativeobject (extends 'all with him', proper name)Ἰάκωβος: James, son of Zebedee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸωάννηνJohnAccusativeobject (coordinate, proper name)Ἰωάννης: John, James' brother.
υἱοὺςsonsAccusativeappositionυἱός: 'son.'
Ζεβεδαίουof ZebedeeGenitivegenitive of relationship (proper name)Ζεβεδαῖος: Zebedee, their father.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίmain verb (rel. clause, copula)→ stative imperfect
κοινωνοὶpartnersNominativepredicate nominativeκοινωνός: 'partner, associate'; business sharers with Simon.
τῷwithDativearticle
ΣίμωνιSimonDativedat. of association (proper name)
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition + acc.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ΣίμωναSimonAccusativeobject of πρός (proper name)
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject (proper name)
Μὴnotnegative (w/ pres. impv., 'stop')
φοβοῦbe afraidPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · φοβέομαιprohibition (μή + pres. impv.)→ ingressive/durative — 'stop fearing'φοβέομαι: 'fear, be afraid'; μὴ φοβοῦ, the reassurance answering Peter's dread.
ἀπὸfrompreposition + gen. (temporal)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
νῦνnowadverb substantized ('the now')ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν: 'from now on'; a Lukan idiom marking a decisive turn.
ἀνθρώπουςmenAccusativedirect object of ζωγρῶνἄνθρωπος: 'human being, person'; the new 'catch.'
ἔσῃyou will beFut Mid Indic 2 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (periphrastic future w/ ptc.)→ predictive futureεἰμί: 'be'; ἔσῃ … ζωγρῶν = a periphrastic future, 'you will be catching.'
ζωγρῶνcatching alivePres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ζωγρέωperiphrastic participle (w/ ἔσῃ)→ progressive presentζωγρέω: 'take alive' (ζωός + ἀγρέω); fishing kills, but Peter's catch is rescued alive — a deliberate, hope-laden term (vs. Mark/Matt's ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων).
11

καὶ καταγαγόντες τὰ πλοῖα ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, ἀφέντες πάντα ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ.

And when they had brought the boats to land, they left everything and followed him.

Total renunciationκαὶThe response to the call: the largest catch of their lives is the very thing they abandon. Discipleship is total — 'they left everything.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καταγαγόντεςhaving broughtAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κατάγωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristκατάγω: 'bring down/to land' (of a boat to shore).
τὰtheAccusativearticle
πλοῖαboatsAccusativedirect object of καταγαγόντες
ἐπὶtopreposition + acc. (goal)
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
γῆνlandAccusativeobject of ἐπί
ἀφέντεςleavingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀφίημιantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristἀφίημι: 'leave, abandon, let go.'
πάνταeverythingAccusativedirect object of ἀφέντεςπᾶς: 'all, everything'; including the record catch.
ἠκολούθησανthey followedAor Act Indic 3 Pl · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ constative aoristἀκολουθέω: 'follow' (+ dat.); the discipleship term.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. complement of ἀκολουθέω
12

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ εἶναι αὐτὸν ἐν μιᾷ τῶν πόλεων καὶ ἰδοὺ ἀνὴρ πλήρης λέπρας· ἰδὼν δὲ τὸν Ἰησοῦν, πεσὼν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον ἐδεήθη αὐτοῦ λέγων· Κύριε, ἐὰν θέλῃς δύνασαί με καθαρίσαι.

And it happened, while he was in one of the towns, that behold, a man full of leprosy; and seeing Jesus, he fell on his face and begged him, saying, "Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean."

The leper's pleaκαὶA new scene (ἐγένετο … ἰδού): a man wholly diseased throws himself down with a model prayer — sure of Jesus' power, deferring to his will.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative formula)→ constative aoristγίνομαι: the LXX-style scene opener.
ἐνwhilepreposition + dat. (articular inf., temporal)
τῷtheDativearticle (with infinitive)
εἶναιto bePres Act Inf · εἰμίarticular infinitive (temporal)→ stative present
αὐτὸνheAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
ἐνinpreposition + dat. (place)
μιᾷoneDativenumeral (object of ἐν)εἷς: 'one.'
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
πόλεωνtownsGenitivepartitive genitiveπόλις: 'city, town.'
καὶandconjunction (apodosis)
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particleἰδού: 'look!'; heightens the scene's vividness.
ἀνὴρa manNominativenominative (suspended subject / exclamatory)ἀνήρ: 'man.'
πλήρηςfullNominativepredicate/attributive adjectiveπλήρης: 'full of'; the leprosy is advanced — a physician's note (Luke).
λέπραςof leprosyGenitivegenitive of content (after πλήρης)λέπρα: 'leprosy'; a defiling skin disease (Lev 13–14), excluding from society.
ἰδὼνseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see.'
δὲandtransitional conjunction
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ἸησοῦνJesusAccusativedirect object (proper name)
πεσὼνfallingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πίπτωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristπίπτω: 'fall'; prostration in petition.
ἐπὶonpreposition + acc. (place)
πρόσωπονfaceAccusativeobject of ἐπίπρόσωπον: 'face'; 'on his face' — full prostration.
ἐδεήθηhe beggedAor Pass Indic 3 Sg · δέομαιmain verb→ constative aoristδέομαι: 'beg, entreat' (+ gen.).
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἐδεήθη
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant manner→ progressive present
ΚύριεLordVocativevocative of addressκύριος: 'Lord, sir'; here reverent address.
ἐὰνifconditional conjunction (3rd class)
θέλῃςyou are willingPres Act Subj 2 Sg · θέλωverb of protasis (3rd class condition)→ progressive presentθέλω: 'will, wish'; the leper rests the cure on Jesus' will, not his power.
δύνασαίyou canPres Mid Indic 2 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb (apodosis)→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able'; confident of the power.
μεmeAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
καθαρίσαιto make cleanAor Act Inf · καθαρίζωcomplementary infinitive (after δύνασαι)→ constative aoristκαθαρίζω: 'cleanse'; of cultic purification from leprosy.
13

καὶ ἐκτείνας τὴν χεῖρα ἥψατο αὐτοῦ λέγων· Θέλω, καθαρίσθητι· καὶ εὐθέως ἡ λέπρα ἀπῆλθεν ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ.

And stretching out his hand, he touched him, saying, "I am willing; be clean." And immediately the leprosy left him.

The cleansing touchκαὶJesus answers will with will, word with word: he touches the untouchable, and the disease departs at once.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐκτείναςstretching outAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐκτείνωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristἐκτείνω: 'stretch out, extend.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
χεῖραhandAccusativedirect object of ἐκτείναςχείρ: 'hand.'
ἥψατοhe touchedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · ἅπτωmain verb→ constative aoristἅπτομαι (mid.): 'touch' (+ gen.); the touch that would defile, here heals.
αὐτοῦhimGenitivegenitive object of ἥψατο
λέγωνsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant manner→ progressive present
ΘέλωI am willingPres Act Indic 1 Sg · θέλωmain verb (direct echo of the plea)→ progressive presentθέλω: 'I will'; the exact answer to ἐὰν θέλῃς (v.12).
καθαρίσθητιbe cleanAor Pass Impv 2 Sg · καθαρίζωimperative→ ingressive aorist imperativeκαθαρίζω: 'be cleansed'; the effective word of healing.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εὐθέωςimmediatelyadverb (time)εὐθέως: 'at once'; the instant cure.
theNominativearticle
λέπραleprosyNominativesubjectλέπρα: 'leprosy.'
ἀπῆλθενleftAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away, depart.'
ἀπ’frompreposition + gen. (separation)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἀπό
14

καὶ αὐτὸς παρήγγειλεν αὐτῷ μηδενὶ εἰπεῖν, ἀλλὰ ἀπελθὼν δεῖξον σεαυτὸν τῷ ἱερεῖ καὶ προσένεγκε περὶ τοῦ καθαρισμοῦ σου καθὼς προσέταξεν Μωϋσῆς εἰς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς.

And he charged him to tell no one, but "Go, show yourself to the priest and make an offering for your cleansing, as Moses commanded, for a testimony to them."

Charge to the priestκαὶSilence, then obedience to the Law: the cleansed man is sent to the priest, the Mosaic ritual standing 'as a testimony' to the cure and to Jesus.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)
παρήγγειλενchargedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · παραγγέλλωmain verb→ constative aoristπαραγγέλλω: 'command, charge, give orders.'
αὐτῷhimDativeindirect object
μηδενὶto no oneDativeindirect object of εἰπεῖνμηδείς: 'no one'; the messianic-secret motif.
εἰπεῖνto tellAor Act Inf · λέγωindirect-command infinitive→ constative aorist
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
ἀπελθὼνgoingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀπέρχομαιptc. of attendant circumstance (w/ impv.)→ antecedent aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away.'
δεῖξονshowAor Act Impv 2 Sg · δείκνυμιimperative (direct discourse shift)→ ingressive aorist imperativeδείκνυμι: 'show, display.'
σεαυτὸνyourselfAccusativedirect object (reflexive)
τῷtheDativearticle
ἱερεῖpriestDativeindirect objectἱερεύς: 'priest'; the one who certifies cleansing (Lev 14).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσένεγκεmake an offeringAor Act Impv 2 Sg · προσφέρωimperative→ ingressive aorist imperativeπροσφέρω: 'offer, present'; the cleansing sacrifice.
περὶforpreposition + gen. (reference)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
καθαρισμοῦcleansingGenitiveobject of περίκαθαρισμός: 'purification'; the rite of Lev 14.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
καθὼςascomparative conjunction
προσέταξενcommandedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · προστάσσωmain verb (comparative clause)→ constative aoristπροστάσσω: 'order, prescribe.'
ΜωϋσῆςMosesNominativesubject (proper name)Μωϋσῆς: Moses, the Law's giver.
εἰςforpreposition + acc. (purpose)
μαρτύριονa testimonyAccusativeobject of εἰς (purpose)μαρτύριον: 'witness, testimony'; the certified cure attests to priests/people.
αὐτοῖςto themDativedat. of (dis)advantage
15

διήρχετο δὲ μᾶλλον ὁ λόγος περὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ συνήρχοντο ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀκούειν καὶ θεραπεύεσθαι ἀπὸ τῶν ἀσθενειῶν αὐτῶν·

But the report about him spread all the more, and great crowds were gathering to hear and to be healed of their infirmities;

Spreading fameδέDespite the charge to silence, the news only spreads further, drawing crowds to hear and to be healed.
διήρχετοspreadImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · διέρχομαιmain verb→ descriptive imperfectδιέρχομαι: 'go through, spread abroad'; the report travels.
δὲbuttransitional conjunction
μᾶλλονall the moreadverb (degree)μᾶλλον: 'rather, more'; the secret backfires.
theNominativearticle
λόγοςreportNominativesubjectλόγος: here 'report, news.'
περὶaboutpreposition + gen. (reference)
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of περί
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
συνήρχοντοwere gatheringImpf Mid Indic 3 Pl · συνέρχομαιmain verb→ descriptive imperfectσυνέρχομαι: 'come together, assemble.'
ὄχλοιcrowdsNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
πολλοὶgreatNominativeattributive adjective
ἀκούεινto hearPres Act Inf · ἀκούωinfinitive of purpose→ progressive present
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θεραπεύεσθαιto be healedPres Pass Inf · θεραπεύωinfinitive of purpose→ progressive presentθεραπεύω: 'heal, cure, treat.'
ἀπὸofpreposition + gen. (separation)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
ἀσθενειῶνinfirmitiesGenitiveobject of ἀπόἀσθένεια: 'weakness, sickness.'
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
16

αὐτὸς δὲ ἦν ὑποχωρῶν ἐν ταῖς ἐρήμοις καὶ προσευχόμενος.

But he himself would withdraw to the deserted places and pray.

Withdrawal to prayerδέAgainst the swelling crowds, Jesus' habitual retreat to solitary prayer — a recurrent Lukan note.
αὐτὸςhe himselfNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίimperfect (periphrastic w/ ptc.)→ stative imperfect
ὑποχωρῶνwithdrawingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὑποχωρέωperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦν)→ customary presentὑποχωρέω: 'withdraw, retire'; the periphrastic marks habit.
ἐνtopreposition + dat. (place)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἐρήμοιςdeserted placesDativeobject of ἐν (substantival adj.)ἔρημος: 'desolate, deserted'; the wilderness solitude for prayer.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
προσευχόμενοςprayingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · προσεύχομαιperiphrastic participle (coordinate)→ customary presentπροσεύχομαι: 'pray'; Luke's portrait of the praying Jesus.
17

Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν μιᾷ τῶν ἡμερῶν καὶ αὐτὸς ἦν διδάσκων, καὶ ἦσαν καθήμενοι Φαρισαῖοι καὶ νομοδιδάσκαλοι οἳ ἦσαν ἐληλυθότες ἐκ πάσης κώμης τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ· καὶ δύναμις κυρίου ἦν εἰς τὸ ἰᾶσθαι αὐτόν.

And it happened on one of the days, as he was teaching, that Pharisees and teachers of the law were sitting by, who had come from every village of Galilee and Judea and from Jerusalem; and the power of the Lord was present for him to heal.

The gathering oppositionκαὶA new scene assembles the watchers — Pharisees and law-teachers from the whole land — while the Lord's healing power is present.
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγένετοit happenedAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · γίνομαιmain verb (narrative formula)→ constative aorist
ἐνonpreposition + dat. (time)
μιᾷoneDativenumeral (object of ἐν)
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ἡμερῶνdaysGenitivepartitive genitiveἡμέρα: 'day.'
καὶthatconjunction (apodosis)
αὐτὸςheNominativeintensive pronoun (subject)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίimperfect (periphrastic)→ stative imperfect
διδάσκωνteachingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · διδάσκωperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦν)→ progressive presentδιδάσκω: 'teach.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίimperfect (periphrastic)→ stative imperfect
καθήμενοιsittingPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κάθημαιperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦσαν)→ progressive presentκάθημαι: 'sit'; the seated examiners.
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubject (proper name/group)Φαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee'; the separatist law-zealots, here as critics.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
νομοδιδάσκαλοιteachers of the lawNominativesubject (coordinate)νομοδιδάσκαλος: 'law-teacher'; a rare term (Luke's), = the scribes.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
ἦσανhadImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίimperfect (pluperfect periphrastic)→ stative imperfect
ἐληλυθότεςcomePerf Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔρχομαιperiphrastic participle (pluperfect w/ ἦσαν)→ intensive perfectἔρχομαι: 'come'; they had gathered from afar.
ἐκfrompreposition + gen. (source)
πάσηςeveryGenitiveattributive adjective
κώμηςvillageGenitiveobject of ἐκκώμη: 'village.'
τῆςofGenitivearticle
ΓαλιλαίαςGalileeGenitivegenitive of place (proper name)Γαλιλαία: Galilee.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸουδαίαςJudeaGenitivegenitive of place (proper name)Ἰουδαία: Judea.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἸερουσαλήμJerusalemGenitivegenitive of place (indeclinable proper name)Ἰερουσαλήμ: Jerusalem; the religious center.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δύναμιςpowerNominativesubjectδύναμις: 'power'; the healing energy of God present in Jesus.
κυρίουof the LordGenitivegenitive of source/possessionκύριος: 'the Lord' (God); the source of the healing power.
ἦνwas presentImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential)→ stative imperfect
εἰςforpreposition + acc. (articular inf., purpose)
τὸtheAccusativearticle (with infinitive)
ἰᾶσθαιto healPres Mid Inf · ἰάομαιarticular infinitive of purpose→ progressive presentἰάομαι: 'heal, cure.'
αὐτόνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive (or object: 'to heal them')
18

καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄνδρες φέροντες ἐπὶ κλίνης ἄνθρωπον ὃς ἦν παραλελυμένος, καὶ ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν εἰσενεγκεῖν καὶ θεῖναι αὐτὸν ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ.

And behold, men carrying on a bed a man who was paralyzed, and they were seeking to bring him in and to set him before him.

The paralytic broughtκαὶThe need arrives: a paralyzed man borne by friends whose determination drives the scene.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδοὺbeholddemonstrative particleἰδού: 'look!'
ἄνδρεςmenNominativenominative (suspended subject)ἀνήρ: 'man.'
φέροντεςcarryingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · φέρωattributive/predicate participle→ progressive presentφέρω: 'carry, bear.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + gen. (place)
κλίνηςa bedGenitiveobject of ἐπίκλίνη: 'bed, pallet, stretcher.'
ἄνθρωπονa manAccusativedirect object of φέροντεςἄνθρωπος: 'man, person.'
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
ἦνwasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίimperfect (periphrastic)→ stative imperfect
παραλελυμένοςparalyzedPerf Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · παραλύωperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦν)→ intensive perfect (a settled condition)παραλύω: 'loosen at the side, paralyze'; Luke's clinical perfect for the lasting condition.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐζήτουνthey were seekingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · ζητέωmain verb→ conative/descriptive imperfectζητέω: 'seek, try'; the imperfect of attempted action.
αὐτὸνhimAccusativeaccusative subject of infinitive
εἰσενεγκεῖνto bring inAor Act Inf · εἰσφέρωcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristεἰσφέρω: 'carry in.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
θεῖναιto setAor Act Inf · τίθημιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristτίθημι: 'place, lay.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object of θεῖναι
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + gen.ἐνώπιον: 'in the presence of'; a Lukan/LXX favorite.
αὐτοῦhimGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιον
19

καὶ μὴ εὑρόντες ποίας εἰσενέγκωσιν αὐτὸν διὰ τὸν ὄχλον, ἀναβάντες ἐπὶ τὸ δῶμα διὰ τῶν κεράμων καθῆκαν αὐτὸν σὺν τῷ κλινιδίῳ εἰς τὸ μέσον ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ.

And not finding by what way they might bring him in because of the crowd, they went up on the roof and let him down through the tiles, with the little bed, into the midst before Jesus.

Lowered through the tilesκαὶIngenuity born of faith: barred by the crowd, they breach the roof and lower the man straight to Jesus' feet.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μὴnotnegative (w/ ptc.)
εὑρόντεςfindingAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · εὑρίσκωcausal/concessive adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristεὑρίσκω: 'find.'
ποίαςby what wayGenitiveinterrog. adj. (gen. of way; 'by what [road]')ποῖος: 'what sort'; with implied ὁδοῦ, 'by what route.'
εἰσενέγκωσινthey might bring inAor Act Subj 3 Pl · εἰσφέρωdeliberative subjunctive (indirect question)→ constative aoristεἰσφέρω: 'carry in.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
διὰbecause ofpreposition + acc. (cause)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
ὄχλονcrowdAccusativeobject of διάὄχλος: 'crowd'; the obstacle.
ἀναβάντεςgoing upAor Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἀναβαίνωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristἀναβαίνω: 'go up, ascend.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + acc. (place)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
δῶμαroofAccusativeobject of ἐπίδῶμα: 'housetop, flat roof'; accessible by outside stairs.
διὰthroughpreposition + gen. (means/place)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
κεράμωνtilesGenitiveobject of διάκέραμος: 'tile, roof-tile'; Luke's Hellenistic detail (vs. Mark's dug roof).
καθῆκανlet downAor Act Indic 3 Pl · καθίημιmain verb→ constative aoristκαθίημι: 'lower, let down.'
αὐτὸνhimAccusativedirect object
σὺνwithpreposition + dat. (accompaniment)
τῷtheDativearticle
κλινιδίῳlittle bedDativeobject of σύνκλινίδιον: 'small bed, cot' (diminutive of κλίνη).
εἰςintopreposition + acc. (goal)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
μέσονmidstAccusativeobject of εἰς (substantival adj.)μέσος: 'middle'; right into the center.
ἔμπροσθενbeforeimproper preposition + gen.ἔμπροσθεν: 'in front of.'
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
ἸησοῦJesusGenitiveobject of ἔμπροσθεν (proper name)
20

καὶ ἰδὼν τὴν πίστιν αὐτῶν εἶπεν· Ἄνθρωπε, ἀφέωνταί σοι αἱ ἁμαρτίαι σου.

And seeing their faith, he said, "Man, your sins are forgiven you."

Sins forgivenκαὶJesus reads the friends' faith and grants the deeper need first — forgiveness — provoking the controversy to come.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἰδὼνseeingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ὁράωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristὁράω: 'see, perceive.'
τὴνtheAccusativearticle
πίστινfaithAccusativedirect object of ἰδώνπίστις: 'faith'; the visible trust of the bearers (and the man).
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
ἌνθρωπεManVocativevocative of addressἄνθρωπος: 'man'; the gentle direct address.
ἀφέωνταίare forgivenPerf Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίημιmain verb (divine/declarative passive)→ intensive perfect (an accomplished state)ἀφίημι: 'forgive, remit'; the perfect declares a settled remission — a divine passive.
σοιyouDativedat. of advantage
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἁμαρτίαιsinsNominativesubjectἁμαρτία: 'sin'; the underlying need addressed first.
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
21

καὶ ἤρξαντο διαλογίζεσθαι οἱ γραμματεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι λέγοντες· Τίς ἐστιν οὗτος ὃς λαλεῖ βλασφημίας; τίς δύναται ἁμαρτίας ἀφεῖναι εἰ μὴ μόνος ὁ θεός;

And the scribes and the Pharisees began to reason, saying, "Who is this who speaks blasphemies? Who can forgive sins but God alone?"

The charge of blasphemyκαὶThe opponents draw the right premise (only God forgives) to a wrong conclusion (blasphemy) — setting up the demonstration.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἤρξαντοbeganAor Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἄρχωmain verb (ingressive)→ ingressive aoristἄρχομαι (mid.): 'begin' (+ inf.).
διαλογίζεσθαιto reasonPres Mid Inf · διαλογίζομαιcomplementary infinitive→ progressive presentδιαλογίζομαι: 'reason, deliberate, dispute (inwardly).'
οἱtheNominativearticle
γραμματεῖςscribesNominativesubjectγραμματεύς: 'scribe'; the legal experts.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubject (coordinate)Φαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant manner→ progressive present
ΤίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
οὗτοςthisNominativepredicate/subject demonstrative (contemptuous)οὗτος: 'this (fellow)'; a dismissive tone.
ὃςwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
λαλεῖspeaksPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λαλέωmain verb (rel. clause)→ progressive presentλαλέω: 'speak.'
βλασφημίαςblasphemiesAccusativedirect object of λαλεῖβλασφημία: 'slander, blasphemy'; usurping a divine prerogative.
τίςwhoNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)
δύναταιcanPres Mid Indic 3 Sg · δύναμαιmain verb→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able.'
ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object of ἀφεῖναι
ἀφεῖναιforgiveAor Act Inf · ἀφίημιcomplementary infinitive→ constative aoristἀφίημι: 'forgive.'
εἰifconjunction (w/ μή = 'except')
μὴnotnegative (εἰ μή = 'except')
μόνοςaloneNominativepredicate adjective (attributive to θεός)μόνος: 'only, alone'; the premise — forgiveness is God's alone.
theNominativearticle
θεόςGodNominativesubjectθεός: God.
22

ἐπιγνοὺς δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς αὐτῶν ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Τί διαλογίζεσθε ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν;

But Jesus, perceiving their reasonings, answered and said to them, "Why are you reasoning in your hearts?"

Jesus reads their heartsδέJesus' supernatural insight into their unspoken thoughts is itself a sign before the visible one.
ἐπιγνοὺςperceivingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἐπιγινώσκωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristἐπιγινώσκω: 'recognize, perceive fully'; he reads their thoughts.
δὲbuttransitional conjunction
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject (proper name)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
διαλογισμοὺςreasoningsAccusativedirect object of ἐπιγνούςδιαλογισμός: 'reasoning, deliberation, thought.'
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
ἀποκριθεὶςansweredAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic ptc. (Semitic idiom)→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer.'
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition + acc.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ΤίwhyAccusativeinterrogative (adverbial accusative)τίς: 'why?'
διαλογίζεσθεare you reasoningPres Mid Indic 2 Pl · διαλογίζομαιmain verb→ progressive presentδιαλογίζομαι: 'reason, debate (inwardly).'
ἐνinpreposition + dat. (place/sphere)
ταῖςtheDativearticle
καρδίαιςheartsDativeobject of ἐνκαρδία: 'heart'; the seat of thought and will.
ὑμῶνyourGenitivegenitive of possession
23

τί ἐστιν εὐκοπώτερον, εἰπεῖν· Ἀφέωνταί σοι αἱ ἁμαρτίαι σου, ἢ εἰπεῖν· Ἔγειρε καὶ περιπάτει;

Which is easier, to say, 'Your sins are forgiven you,' or to say, 'Rise and walk'?

The dilemma posedasyndetonThe rhetorical question exposes the logic: the unverifiable word (forgiveness) will be proved by the verifiable one (healing).
τίwhichNominativeinterrogative pronoun (subject)τίς: 'what, which.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present
εὐκοπώτερονeasierNominativepredicate adjective (comparative)εὐκοπώτερος: 'easier' (comparative of εὔκοπος); easier to say, since unverifiable.
εἰπεῖνto sayAor Act Inf · λέγωepexegetical/subject infinitive→ constative aorist
Ἀφέωνταίare forgivenPerf Pass Indic 3 Pl · ἀφίημιmain verb (quoted)→ intensive perfectἀφίημι: 'forgive'; repeats v.20.
σοιyouDativedat. of advantage
αἱtheNominativearticle
ἁμαρτίαιsinsNominativesubject
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
ordisjunctive conjunction
εἰπεῖνto sayAor Act Inf · λέγωepexegetical infinitive→ constative aorist
ἜγειρεrisePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐγείρωimperative (quoted)→ durative present imperativeἐγείρω: 'rise, get up.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
περιπάτειwalkPres Act Impv 2 Sg · περιπατέωimperative (quoted)→ durative present imperativeπεριπατέω: 'walk about'; the test of the cure.
24

ἵνα δὲ εἰδῆτε ὅτι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐξουσίαν ἔχει ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἀφιέναι ἁμαρτίας — εἶπεν τῷ παραλελυμένῳ· Σοὶ λέγω, ἔγειρε καὶ ἄρας τὸ κλινίδιόν σου πορεύου εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου.

"But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins" — he said to the paralyzed man, "I say to you, rise, and taking up your bed, go to your house."

The Son of Man's authorityδέThe hinge of the controversy: the visible healing is granted precisely so that they may know the Son of Man's authority to forgive — the messianic self-disclosure.
ἵναthatconjunction (purpose, + subj.)
δὲbuttransitional conjunction
εἰδῆτεyou may knowPerf Act Subj 2 Pl · οἶδαverb of purpose clause→ stative perfectοἶδα: 'know'; the purpose of the sign — knowledge of his authority.
ὅτιthatconjunction (content)
theNominativearticle
υἱὸςSonNominativesubjectυἱός: 'son'; in 'the Son of Man,' Jesus' favored self-designation (Dan 7:13).
τοῦofGenitivearticle
ἀνθρώπουManGenitivegenitive of relationship (title)ἄνθρωπος: 'man'; ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου = the apocalyptic Son of Man.
ἐξουσίανauthorityAccusativedirect object of ἔχειἐξουσία: 'authority, right'; the claim at issue.
ἔχειhasPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have, hold.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + gen. (place)
τῆςtheGenitivearticle
γῆςearthGenitiveobject of ἐπίγῆ: 'earth'; the authority is exercised now, on earth.
ἀφιέναιto forgivePres Act Inf · ἀφίημιepexegetical infinitive (defines ἐξουσίαν)→ progressive presentἀφίημι: 'forgive.'
ἁμαρτίαςsinsAccusativedirect object of ἀφιέναι
εἶπενhe saidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb (resumes after the aside)→ constative aorist
τῷto theDativearticle
παραλελυμένῳparalyzed manPerf Pass Ptc · Dat Sg Masc · παραλύωsubstantival participle (indir. obj.)→ intensive perfectπαραλύω: 'paralyze'; the man's settled condition.
Σοὶto youDativedat. of indirect object (emphatic)
λέγωI sayPres Act Indic 1 Sg · λέγωmain verb (performative)→ instantaneous present
ἔγειρεrisePres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἐγείρωimperative→ durative present imperativeἐγείρω: 'rise.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἄραςtaking upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · αἴρωptc. of attendant circumstance→ antecedent aoristαἴρω: 'take up, lift.'
τὸtheAccusativearticle
κλινίδιόνbedAccusativedirect object of ἄραςκλινίδιον: 'little bed' (cf. v.19).
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
πορεύουgoPres Mid Impv 2 Sg · πορεύομαιimperative→ durative present imperativeπορεύομαι: 'go, proceed.'
εἰςtopreposition + acc. (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκόνhouseAccusativeobject of εἰςοἶκος: 'house, home.'
σουyourGenitivegenitive of possession
25

καὶ παραχρῆμα ἀναστὰς ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν, ἄρας ἐφ’ ὃ κατέκειτο, ἀπῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ δοξάζων τὸν θεόν.

And immediately he rose up before them, took up what he had been lying on, and went off to his house, glorifying God.

The instant healingκαὶThe proof is instantaneous and public: the man rises, carries his bed, and goes home praising God — the verdict on the unseen word.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
παραχρῆμαimmediatelyadverb (time)παραχρῆμα: 'at once, instantly'; a Lukan favorite for miracle-speed.
ἀναστὰςrising upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristἀνίστημι: 'stand up, rise.'
ἐνώπιονbeforeimproper preposition + gen.
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ἐνώπιον
ἄραςtaking upAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · αἴρωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristαἴρω: 'take up.'
ἐφ’on whichpreposition + acc. (place)
whichAccusativerelative pronoun (object of ἐπί)
κατέκειτοhe had been lyingImpf Mid Indic 3 Sg · κατάκειμαιmain verb (rel. clause)→ descriptive imperfectκατάκειμαι: 'lie down, recline'; on the very bed of his helplessness.
ἀπῆλθενwent offAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀπέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἀπέρχομαι: 'go away.'
εἰςtopreposition + acc. (goal)
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
οἶκονhouseAccusativeobject of εἰς
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
δοξάζωνglorifyingPres Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · δοξάζωptc. of attendant manner→ progressive presentδοξάζω: 'glorify, praise'; the right response — to God, not the healer only.
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativedirect object of δοξάζων
26

καὶ ἔκστασις ἔλαβεν ἅπαντας καὶ ἐδόξαζον τὸν θεόν, καὶ ἐπλήσθησαν φόβου λέγοντες ὅτι Εἴδομεν παράδοξα σήμερον.

And amazement seized them all, and they were glorifying God, and they were filled with fear, saying, "We have seen incredible things today."

The crowd's aweκαὶThe episode closes with the chorus of wonder, fear, and praise — 'we have seen incredible things today.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἔκστασιςamazementNominativesubjectἔκστασις: 'amazement, ecstasy' (lit. 'a standing outside oneself').
ἔλαβενseizedAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λαμβάνωmain verb→ constative aoristλαμβάνω: here 'seize, grip.'
ἅπανταςthem allAccusativedirect objectἅπας: 'all, every one' (strengthened πᾶς).
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐδόξαζονwere glorifyingImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · δοξάζωmain verb→ descriptive imperfectδοξάζω: 'glorify, praise.'
τὸνtheAccusativearticle
θεόνGodAccusativedirect object
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐπλήσθησανwere filledAor Pass Indic 3 Pl · πίμπλημιmain verb→ constative aoristπίμπλημι: 'fill' (+ gen.).
φόβουfearGenitivegenitive of content (after ἐπλήσθησαν)φόβος: 'fear, awe'; the numinous reverence.
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant manner→ progressive present
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative, = quote marks)
Εἴδομενwe have seenAor Act Indic 1 Pl · ὁράωmain verb (quoted)→ constative/dramatic aoristὁράω: 'see.'
παράδοξαincredible thingsAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)παράδοξος: 'contrary to expectation, incredible' (whence 'paradox'); NT hapax.
σήμερονtodayadverb (time)σήμερον: 'today.'
27

Καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐξῆλθεν καὶ ἐθεάσατο τελώνην ὀνόματι Λευὶν καθήμενον ἐπὶ τὸ τελώνιον, καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἀκολούθει μοι.

And after these things he went out and saw a tax collector named Levi sitting at the tax booth, and he said to him, "Follow me."

The call of LeviκαὶA second call, to the most despised of trades: Jesus summons a tax collector with the same word he gave the fishermen — 'follow me.'
Καὶandcoordinating conjunction
μετὰafterpreposition + acc. (time)
ταῦταthese thingsAccusativeobject of μετάοὗτος: 'these'; transitional formula.
ἐξῆλθενhe went outAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐξέρχομαιmain verb→ constative aoristἐξέρχομαι: 'go out.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐθεάσατοsawAor Mid Indic 3 Sg · θεάομαιmain verb→ constative aoristθεάομαι: 'behold, look at attentively.'
τελώνηνa tax collectorAccusativedirect objectτελώνης: 'tax-farmer, toll-collector'; a collaborator-class, ritually and socially despised.
ὀνόματιnamedDativedat. of reference ('by name')ὄνομα: 'name'; ὀνόματι = 'by name.'
ΛευὶνLeviAccusativeapposition (proper name)Λευί: Levi (= Matthew, cf. 6:15); the tax collector called.
καθήμενονsittingPres Mid Ptc · Acc Sg Masc · κάθημαιattributive/predicate participle→ progressive presentκάθημαι: 'sit'; at his post of trade.
ἐπὶatpreposition + acc. (place)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
τελώνιονtax boothAccusativeobject of ἐπίτελώνιον: 'tax/toll office, customs booth.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
αὐτῷto himDativeindirect object
ἈκολούθειfollowPres Act Impv 2 Sg · ἀκολουθέωimperative→ durative present imperativeἀκολουθέω: 'follow' (+ dat.); the discipleship summons.
μοιmeDativedat. complement of ἀκολούθει
28

καὶ καταλιπὼν πάντα ἀναστὰς ἠκολούθει αὐτῷ.

And leaving everything, he rose and followed him.

Levi's total responseκαὶLevi matches the fishermen: he leaves 'everything' — here a lucrative post — and follows.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
καταλιπὼνleavingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · καταλείπωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristκαταλείπω: 'leave behind, forsake.'
πάνταeverythingAccusativedirect object of καταλιπώνπᾶς: 'all'; echoes ἀφέντες πάντα (v.11).
ἀναστὰςrisingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀνίστημιantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristἀνίστημι: 'rise, get up.'
ἠκολούθειfollowedImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · ἀκολουθέωmain verb→ inceptive/customary imperfectἀκολουθέω: 'follow'; the imperfect marks the new, ongoing discipleship.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. complement of ἠκολούθει
29

καὶ ἐποίησεν δοχὴν μεγάλην Λευὶς αὐτῷ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἦν ὄχλος πολὺς τελωνῶν καὶ ἄλλων οἳ ἦσαν μετ’ αὐτῶν κατακείμενοι.

And Levi made him a great feast in his house; and there was a large crowd of tax collectors and others reclining with them.

Levi's banquetκαὶThe new disciple's first act is hospitality: a great feast that gathers the very 'sinners' Jesus came to call.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐποίησενmadeAor Act Indic 3 Sg · ποιέωmain verb→ constative aoristποιέω: here 'hold, give (a feast).'
δοχὴνa feastAccusativedirect objectδοχή: 'banquet, reception' (a Lukan word, 5:29; 14:13).
μεγάληνgreatAccusativeattributive adjectiveμέγας: 'great, large.'
ΛευὶςLeviNominativesubject (proper name)Λευί: Levi, now the host.
αὐτῷhimDativedat. of advantage (for Jesus)
ἐνinpreposition + dat. (place)
τῇtheDativearticle
οἰκίᾳhouseDativeobject of ἐνοἰκία: 'house, home.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἦνthere wasImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (existential, periphrastic)→ stative imperfect
ὄχλοςcrowdNominativesubjectὄχλος: 'crowd.'
πολὺςlargeNominativeattributive adjective
τελωνῶνof tax collectorsGenitivegenitive of content/appositionτελώνης: 'tax collector'; Levi's former colleagues.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἄλλωνothersGenitivegenitive (coordinate)ἄλλος: 'other(s)'; i.e. the disreputable in general.
οἳwhoNominativerelative pronoun (subject)
ἦσανwereImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · εἰμίimperfect (periphrastic)→ stative imperfect
μετ’withpreposition + gen. (accompaniment)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά
κατακείμενοιrecliningPres Mid Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · κατάκειμαιperiphrastic participle (w/ ἦσαν)→ progressive presentκατάκειμαι: 'recline (at table)'; table-fellowship — the offense.
30

καὶ ἐγόγγυζον οἱ Φαρισαῖοι καὶ οἱ γραμματεῖς αὐτῶν πρὸς τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ λέγοντες· Διὰ τί μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ἐσθίετε καὶ πίνετε;

And the Pharisees and their scribes grumbled at his disciples, saying, "Why do you eat and drink with the tax collectors and sinners?"

The objection to table-fellowshipκαὶThe opponents seize on the table-fellowship: eating with 'sinners' is a defiling scandal in their eyes.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἐγόγγυζονgrumbledImpf Act Indic 3 Pl · γογγύζωmain verb→ descriptive imperfectγογγύζω: 'murmur, grumble'; an onomatopoeic LXX word (Israel in the wilderness).
οἱtheNominativearticle
ΦαρισαῖοιPhariseesNominativesubjectΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
γραμματεῖςscribesNominativesubject (coordinate)γραμματεύς: 'scribe.'
αὐτῶνtheirGenitivegenitive of possession
πρὸςatpreposition + acc. (toward/against)
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
μαθητὰςdisciplesAccusativeobject of πρόςμαθητής: 'disciple, learner.'
αὐτοῦhisGenitivegenitive of possession
λέγοντεςsayingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · λέγωptc. of attendant manner→ progressive present
Διὰwhypreposition + acc. (in διὰ τί, 'why')
τίwhatAccusativeinterrogative (διὰ τί = 'why?')τίς: 'what'; διὰ τί = 'on account of what, why.'
μετὰwithpreposition + gen. (accompaniment)
τῶνtheGenitivearticle
τελωνῶνtax collectorsGenitiveobject of μετάτελώνης: 'tax collector.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἁμαρτωλῶνsinnersGenitiveobject of μετά (coordinate)ἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner'; the chapter's keyword (vv.8, 32).
ἐσθίετεdo you eatPres Act Indic 2 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ customary presentἐσθίω: 'eat.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πίνετεdrinkPres Act Indic 2 Pl · πίνωmain verb (coordinate)→ customary presentπίνω: 'drink.'
31

καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσιν οἱ ὑγιαίνοντες ἰατροῦ ἀλλὰ οἱ κακῶς ἔχοντες·

And Jesus answered and said to them, "Those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick;"

The physician proverbκαὶJesus answers with a proverb that reframes the scandal: the company of sinners is not contamination but the physician's proper sphere.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ἀποκριθεὶςansweredAor Pass Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · ἀποκρίνομαιpleonastic ptc. (Semitic idiom)→ antecedent aoristἀποκρίνομαι: 'answer.'
theNominativearticle
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject (proper name)
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition + acc.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
Οὐnotnegative
χρείανneedAccusativedirect object of ἔχουσινχρεία: 'need.'
ἔχουσινhavePres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἔχωmain verb→ stative presentἔχω: 'have.'
οἱtheNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
ὑγιαίνοντεςwellPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ὑγιαίνωsubstantival participle (subject)→ stative presentὑγιαίνω: 'be healthy, sound'; a medical term (Luke the physician).
ἰατροῦof a physicianGenitivegenitive after χρείαν (object of need)ἰατρός: 'physician, doctor.'
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantizes ptc.)
κακῶςbadlyadverb (w/ ἔχοντες = 'are ill')κακῶς: 'badly'; κακῶς ἔχειν = 'to be ill.'
ἔχοντεςbeingPres Act Ptc · Nom Pl Masc · ἔχωsubstantival participle (the sick)→ stative presentἔχω: in κακῶς ἔχοντες, 'those who are sick.'
32

οὐκ ἐλήλυθα καλέσαι δικαίους ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλοὺς εἰς μετάνοιαν.

I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance.

The mission statedasyndetonThe proverb's point applied: Jesus' very mission is to call sinners — and (a Lukan addition) 'to repentance.'
οὐκnotnegative
ἐλήλυθαI have comePerf Act Indic 1 Sg · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ intensive perfect (a mission with abiding effect)ἔρχομαι: 'come'; the perfect frames the whole earthly mission.
καλέσαιto callAor Act Inf · καλέωinfinitive of purpose→ constative aoristκαλέω: 'call, invite'; both 'summon' and 'invite (to the feast).'
δικαίουςthe righteousAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)δίκαιος: 'righteous'; ironically, the self-styled righteous critics.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
ἁμαρτωλοὺςsinnersAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)ἁμαρτωλός: 'sinner'; the chapter keyword — the objects of the call.
εἰςtopreposition + acc. (goal)
μετάνοιανrepentanceAccusativeobject of εἰς (goal)μετάνοια: 'repentance, change of mind'; Luke's distinctive addition (vs. Mark/Matt).
33

Οἱ δὲ εἶπαν πρὸς αὐτόν· Οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάννου νηστεύουσιν πυκνὰ καὶ δεήσεις ποιοῦνται, ὁμοίως καὶ οἱ τῶν Φαρισαίων, οἱ δὲ σοὶ ἐσθίουσιν καὶ πίνουσιν.

And they said to him, "The disciples of John fast often and make prayers, likewise also those of the Pharisees, but yours eat and drink."

The question about fastingδέA new charge: while John's and the Pharisees' disciples fast and pray, Jesus' eat and drink — the feasting motif reasserts itself.
ΟἱtheyNominativearticle (substantival, subject)
δὲandtransitional conjunction
εἶπανsaidAor Act Indic 3 Pl · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition + acc.
αὐτόνhimAccusativeobject of πρός
ΟἱtheNominativearticle
μαθηταὶdisciplesNominativesubjectμαθητής: 'disciple.'
Ἰωάννουof JohnGenitivegenitive of relationship (proper name)Ἰωάννης: John the Baptist.
νηστεύουσινfastPres Act Indic 3 Pl · νηστεύωmain verb→ customary presentνηστεύω: 'fast'; an act of mourning/piety.
πυκνὰoftenadverbial accusative (frequency)πυκνός: 'frequent'; neut. pl. as adverb.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
δεήσειςprayersAccusativedirect object of ποιοῦνταιδέησις: 'petition, prayer.'
ποιοῦνταιmakePres Mid Indic 3 Pl · ποιέωmain verb (idiom: 'make prayers')→ customary presentποιέω (mid.): in δεήσεις ποιοῦνται, 'offer prayers.'
ὁμοίωςlikewiseadverb (manner)ὁμοίως: 'in like manner.'
καὶalsoadjunctive
οἱthoseNominativearticle (substantival)
τῶνof theGenitivearticle
ΦαρισαίωνPhariseesGenitivegenitive of relationshipΦαρισαῖος: 'Pharisee.'
οἱtheNominativearticle
δὲbutadversative conjunction
σοὶyoursNominativepossessive adjective (substantival, subject)σός: 'your'; 'your (disciples).'
ἐσθίουσινeatPres Act Indic 3 Pl · ἐσθίωmain verb→ customary presentἐσθίω: 'eat.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
πίνουσινdrinkPres Act Indic 3 Pl · πίνωmain verb (coordinate)→ customary presentπίνω: 'drink.'
34

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς· Μὴ δύνασθε τοὺς υἱοὺς τοῦ νυμφῶνος ἐν ᾧ ὁ νυμφίος μετ’ αὐτῶν ἐστιν ποιῆσαι νηστεῦσαι;

And Jesus said to them, "Can you make the wedding guests fast while the bridegroom is with them?"

The bridegroom's presenceδέJesus answers with the bridegroom image: fasting is out of place at a wedding — his presence is a time of joy.
theNominativearticle
δὲandtransitional conjunction
ἸησοῦςJesusNominativesubject (proper name)
εἶπενsaidAor Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ constative aorist
πρὸςtopreposition + acc.
αὐτούςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
Μὴnotnegative (expecting 'no' in a question)μή: introduces a question anticipating a negative answer.
δύνασθεcan youPres Mid Indic 2 Pl · δύναμαιmain verb→ stative presentδύναμαι: 'be able.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
υἱοὺςguestsAccusativeaccusative subject of inf. νηστεῦσαι (object of ποιῆσαι)υἱός: in 'sons of the bridechamber,' a Semitism = the wedding guests/groomsmen.
τοῦof theGenitivearticle
νυμφῶνοςwedding hallGenitivegenitive of relationshipνυμφών: 'bridal chamber, wedding hall.'
ἐνinpreposition + dat. (temporal, 'while')
whichDativerelative pronoun (ἐν ᾧ = 'while')
theNominativearticle
νυμφίοςbridegroomNominativesubjectνυμφίος: 'bridegroom'; Jesus himself, the image of messianic joy (cf. Isa 62:5).
μετ’withpreposition + gen. (accompaniment)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of μετά
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (rel. clause, copula)→ stative present
ποιῆσαιto makeAor Act Inf · ποιέωcomplementary infinitive (after δύνασθε)→ constative aoristποιέω: 'cause, make (someone do).'
νηστεῦσαιfastAor Act Inf · νηστεύωobject infinitive (after ποιῆσαι)→ ingressive aoristνηστεύω: 'fast.'
35

ἐλεύσονται δὲ ἡμέραι, καὶ ὅταν ἀπαρθῇ ἀπ’ αὐτῶν ὁ νυμφίος, τότε νηστεύσουσιν ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις.

But days will come; and when the bridegroom is taken away from them, then they will fast in those days.

Days of fasting foretoldδέA shadow falls across the wedding: the bridegroom will be 'taken away' — a veiled passion-hint — and then fasting will have its place.
ἐλεύσονταιwill comeFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἔρχομαιmain verb→ predictive futureἔρχομαι: 'come.'
δὲbutadversative conjunction
ἡμέραιdaysNominativesubjectἡμέρα: 'day.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
ὅτανwhentemporal conjunction (+ subj.)
ἀπαρθῇis taken awayAor Pass Subj 3 Sg · ἀπαίρωverb of temporal clause→ constative aoristἀπαίρω: 'take away, remove'; the passive hints darkly at the violent removal (cf. Isa 53:8 LXX).
ἀπ’frompreposition + gen. (separation)
αὐτῶνthemGenitiveobject of ἀπό
theNominativearticle
νυμφίοςbridegroomNominativesubjectνυμφίος: 'bridegroom'; Jesus, to be taken in death.
τότεthenadverb (time)τότε: 'at that time.'
νηστεύσουσινthey will fastFut Act Indic 3 Pl · νηστεύωmain verb→ predictive futureνηστεύω: 'fast'; fasting finds its time after the cross.
ἐνinpreposition + dat. (time)
ἐκείναιςthoseDativedemonstrative adjectiveἐκεῖνος: 'that.'
ταῖςtheDativearticle
ἡμέραιςdaysDativeobject of ἐνἡμέρα: 'day.'
36

Ἔλεγεν δὲ καὶ παραβολὴν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὅτι Οὐδεὶς ἐπίβλημα ἀπὸ ἱματίου καινοῦ σχίσας ἐπιβάλλει ἐπὶ ἱμάτιον παλαιόν· εἰ δὲ μήγε, καὶ τὸ καινὸν σχίσει καὶ τῷ παλαιῷ οὐ συμφωνήσει τὸ ἐπίβλημα τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ καινοῦ.

And he also told them a parable: "No one tears a patch from a new garment and puts it on an old garment; otherwise, he will both tear the new, and the patch from the new will not match the old."

Parable of the patchδέThe first illustration of incompatibility: a patch torn from new cloth ruins the new and clashes with the old — the new order cannot be a mere mend of the old.
Ἔλεγενhe toldImpf Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ inceptive/customary imperfectλέγω: 'say, tell'; the imperfect introduces continued teaching.
δὲandtransitional conjunction
καὶalsoadjunctive
παραβολὴνa parableAccusativedirect objectπαραβολή: 'parable, comparison.'
πρὸςtopreposition + acc.
αὐτοὺςthemAccusativeobject of πρός
ὅτιthatconjunction (recitative)
Οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς: 'no one.'
ἐπίβλημαa patchAccusativedirect object of ἐπιβάλλειἐπίβλημα: 'a patch, piece put on' (from ἐπιβάλλω).
ἀπὸfrompreposition + gen. (separation)
ἱματίουa garmentGenitiveobject of ἀπόἱμάτιον: 'garment, cloak.'
καινοῦnewGenitiveattributive adjectiveκαινός: 'new (in kind/quality)'; the new order Jesus brings.
σχίσαςtearingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · σχίζωantecedent adverbial participle→ antecedent aoristσχίζω: 'tear, split'; Luke's vivid detail — the patch is torn from a new garment.
ἐπιβάλλειputsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · ἐπιβάλλωmain verb (gnomic)→ gnomic presentἐπιβάλλω: 'put on, sew on.'
ἐπὶonpreposition + acc. (place)
ἱμάτιονgarmentAccusativeobject of ἐπί
παλαιόνoldAccusativeattributive adjectiveπαλαιός: 'old, worn'; the old order/Judaism's forms.
εἰifconjunction (εἰ δὲ μήγε = 'otherwise')
δὲbutconjunction (in εἰ δὲ μήγε)
μήγεnotparticle (εἰ δὲ μήγε = 'otherwise')μήγε: 'otherwise, if not.'
καὶbothcorrelative (καὶ … καί)
τὸtheAccusativearticle
καινὸνnewAccusativedirect object (substantival adj.)καινός: 'new'; the new garment ruined by the tearing.
σχίσειhe will tearFut Act Indic 3 Sg · σχίζωmain verb→ predictive futureσχίζω: 'tear.'
καὶandcorrelative (καὶ … καί)
τῷtheDativearticle
παλαιῷoldDativedat. complement of συμφωνήσει (substantival adj.)παλαιός: 'old.'
οὐnotnegative
συμφωνήσειwill matchFut Act Indic 3 Sg · συμφωνέωmain verb→ predictive futureσυμφωνέω: 'agree, harmonize, match' (whence 'symphony').
τὸtheNominativearticle
ἐπίβλημαpatchNominativesubjectἐπίβλημα: 'patch.'
τὸtheNominativearticle (attributive)
ἀπὸfrompreposition + gen. (source)
τοῦtheGenitivearticle
καινοῦnewGenitiveobject of ἀπό (substantival adj.)καινός: 'new.'
37

καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς· εἰ δὲ μήγε, ῥήξει ὁ οἶνος ὁ νέος τοὺς ἀσκούς, καὶ αὐτὸς ἐκχυθήσεται καὶ οἱ ἀσκοὶ ἀπολοῦνται·

And no one puts new wine into old wineskins; otherwise the new wine will burst the wineskins, and it will be spilled, and the wineskins will be destroyed;

New wine, old skinsκαὶThe companion parable: fermenting new wine bursts brittle old skins — destroying both. The new movement needs new forms.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς: 'no one.'
βάλλειputsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · βάλλωmain verb (gnomic)→ gnomic presentβάλλω: 'throw, put, pour.'
οἶνονwineAccusativedirect objectοἶνος: 'wine.'
νέονnewAccusativeattributive adjectiveνέος: 'new (in time), fresh, young'; the still-fermenting new wine.
εἰςintopreposition + acc. (goal)
ἀσκοὺςwineskinsAccusativeobject of εἰςἀσκός: 'leather bag, wineskin.'
παλαιούςoldAccusativeattributive adjectiveπαλαιός: 'old'; brittle, already stretched skins.
εἰifconjunction (εἰ δὲ μήγε = 'otherwise')
δὲbutconjunction (in εἰ δὲ μήγε)
μήγεnotparticle (εἰ δὲ μήγε = 'otherwise')
ῥήξειwill burstFut Act Indic 3 Sg · ῥήγνυμιmain verb→ predictive futureῥήγνυμι: 'break, burst.'
theNominativearticle
οἶνοςwineNominativesubjectοἶνος: 'wine.'
theNominativearticle (attributive)
νέοςnewNominativeattributive adjectiveνέος: 'new.'
τοὺςtheAccusativearticle
ἀσκούςwineskinsAccusativedirect object of ῥήξει
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
αὐτὸςitNominativeintensive pronoun (subject, = the wine)
ἐκχυθήσεταιwill be spilledFut Pass Indic 3 Sg · ἐκχέωmain verb→ predictive futureἐκχέω: 'pour out, spill.'
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οἱtheNominativearticle
ἀσκοὶwineskinsNominativesubjectἀσκός: 'wineskin.'
ἀπολοῦνταιwill be destroyedFut Mid Indic 3 Pl · ἀπόλλυμιmain verb→ predictive futureἀπόλλυμι: 'destroy, ruin'; both wine and skins are lost.
38

ἀλλὰ οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινοὺς βλητέον.

But new wine must be put into new wineskins.

New wine, new skinsἀλλὰThe positive resolution: new wine demands fresh skins — the gospel calls for new vessels, not a patched-up old order.
ἀλλὰbutadversative conjunction
οἶνονwineAccusativeaccusative object (of the verbal adj.)οἶνος: 'wine.'
νέονnewAccusativeattributive adjectiveνέος: 'new, fresh.'
εἰςintopreposition + acc. (goal)
ἀσκοὺςwineskinsAccusativeobject of εἰςἀσκός: 'wineskin.'
καινοὺςnewAccusativeattributive adjectiveκαινός: 'new (fresh, unused)'; the matching new vessels.
βλητέονmust be putVerbal Adj (neut.) · βάλλωverbal adjective of necessity (impersonal)→ necessitativeβλητέον: '(it) must be put'; a rare verbal adjective of obligation (from βάλλω), NT hapax.
39

καὶ οὐδεὶς πιὼν παλαιὸν θέλει νέον· λέγει γάρ· Ὁ παλαιὸς χρηστός ἐστιν.

And no one after drinking old wine wants new, for he says, 'The old is good.'

The taste for the oldκαὶA closing, ironic aphorism (Lukan, omitted by some witnesses): habituation to the old breeds reluctance toward the new — the human resistance the parables diagnose.
καὶandcoordinating conjunction
οὐδεὶςno oneNominativesubjectοὐδείς: 'no one.'
πιὼνafter drinkingAor Act Ptc · Nom Sg Masc · πίνωantecedent adverbial participle (temporal)→ antecedent aoristπίνω: 'drink.'
παλαιὸνoldAccusativedirect object of πιών (substantival adj., = old wine)παλαιός: 'old'; the matured, mellow wine.
θέλειwantsPres Act Indic 3 Sg · θέλωmain verb→ gnomic presentθέλω: 'wish, want.'
νέονnewAccusativedirect object (substantival adj., = new wine)νέος: 'new, young.'
λέγειhe saysPres Act Indic 3 Sg · λέγωmain verb→ gnomic present
γάρforexplanatory conjunction
theNominativearticle
παλαιὸςoldNominativesubject (substantival adj.)παλαιός: 'old (wine)'; complacent preference for the familiar.
χρηστόςgoodNominativepredicate adjectiveχρηστός: 'good, pleasant, mellow' (of wine); some witnesses read the comparative χρηστότερος, 'better.'
ἐστινisPres Act Indic 3 Sg · εἰμίmain verb (copula)→ stative present